identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0397E660DC5B831DFC6D45CBF118FCBA.text	0397E660DC5B831DFC6D45CBF118FCBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimyema foissneri Li & Zhuang & Feng & Al-Farraj & Schrecengost & Roưerova & Beinart & Hu 2023	<div><p>Trimyema foissneri sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 2, 3; Table 2)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8AD1A266- 44AF-4BD0-A0ED-0E0A6ACFE65E.</p><p>Diagnosis: Cell size 20–35 × 10–20 μm in vivo, shape fusiform; 26–32 longitudinal somatic ciliary rows, forming three oblique ciliary girdles, making a turn slightly more than 360°. Region below posterior end of last girdle about 36% of body length, with spare cilia inserted. Caudal cilium about half body length. Epaulet present, including two to four kineties on right dorsal side with four to six kinetosomes, respectively. Ventrolateral fragment comprised of three or four kinetosomes. Oral opening oval, about 30% of cell length. Oral ciliature composed of two semicircular kineties intersecting spatially and one short kinety.</p><p>Etymology: We dedicate this new species to Prof. Wilhelm Foissner, University of Salzburg, Austria, in recognition of his significant contribution to the taxonomy of ciliates.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.20252&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.931614" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.20252/lat 35.931614)">Sediments</a> of intertidal zone in Tangdao Bay Park, ºingdao, China (35°55ʹ53.8″N; 120°12ʹ09.1″E) .</p><p>Type deposition: The protargol slide (registration number: LR2020062501-01) with the holotype specimen (Figs 2H, I, 3P) and several paratype specimens, and another slide (registration number: LR2020062501-02) with paratype specimens were deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, ºingdao, China. The holotype was marked by a black ink circle on back side of the slide.</p><p>Description of Chinese population: Body non-contractile, 20–35 × 10–20 μm in vivo with a ratio of length to width 1.9–2.4:1 and decreased to 1.2–1.7:1 aħer protargol staining. Body fusiform with anterior and posterior end slightly narrowed, dorsal side with slight concavity in posterior-third of body (Figs 2A–C, 3A–C, J, L). Macronucleus spherical to broadly ellipsoidal, centrally located or a liưle downward, 5–8 × 4–7 µm in vivo, many nucleoli always aưached to its outer surface in stained cells, but hardly observed in vivo (Figs 2A, C, G, 3C, D, G, P). Single globular micronucleus aưached to, or located near, macronucleus, 1–2 μm across in stained cells, usually unrecognizable in vivo (Figs 2G, 3D). Endoplasm colourless, containing numerous 1–2 μm across lipid droplets, few acontractile vacuoles and food vacuoles located at posterior part of cell (Figs 2A, 3A–C, J, M). Swims slowly by rotating around main body axis, always spiralling to the leħ.</p><p>Somatic cilia 5–10 μm long, arranged in 26–32 longitudinal somatic ciliary rows, forming three oblique parallel ciliary girdles, visible in both living and stained individuals (Figs 2A, D, H, I, 3F–I, L, P, º). Girdles beginning right to several kinetids located at the anterior end of oral kineties, extending downward along the cell surface, slightly more than 360°, with the passing surface a liưle dented (Figs 2D, 3M). Region below posterior end of last girdle 5–11 μm long, 36% of body length, with cilia irregularly and loosely arranged, mixing with mucocysts (Figs 2H, I, 3P, º). One flexible caudal cilium, 11–18 μm long, about half cell length (Figs 2A–C, 3A, C). Two to four somatic kineties on right dorsal side of oral area, composed of four to six kinetosomes each, forming a quadrilateral area so-called epaulet (Figs 2I, 3G–I). Ventrolateral fragment (VLF) located at right ventral side, about the same level as posterior end of oral kineties, comprised of three or four kinetosomes, arranged obliquely, further from somatic and oral kineties (Figs 2H, 3P, º). Thin argentophilic lines visible aħer staining, connecting longitudinally somatic ciliary rows (Figs 2H, I, 3N).</p><p>All data are based on protargol-stained specimens.Measurements in μm.Abbreviations:CV,coefficient of variation in %; M, median; Max, maximum;Min, minimum;Mean, arithmetic mean; N, number of specimens examined;SD, standard deviation.</p><p>Oral region oval in shape, 4–8 μm long, about 30% of cell length (Figs 2A–C, 3J). Funnel-like buccal cavity, transversely extending from lower half of oral region to dorsal side (Figs 2C, 3K). Oral ciliature including three monokinetidal oral kineties on leħ margin of oral region. Two longer oral kineties in a semicircle. Oral kinety 2 (OK2) slightly shorter than oral kinety 1 (OK1). OK1 and OK2 crossed at about midportion or slightly below (Figs 2E, F, H, 3F, O –º). Oral kinety 3 (OK3) especially short, hard to distinguish on ventral side, but sometimes recognized in leħ lateral view (Figs 2F, 3F). Kinetidal composition at the anterior part of OK1 is highly variable, usually formed by three dikinetids but a few individuals appear in other combinations such as two dikinetids or two dikinetids with one trikinetid (Figs 2E, H, 3O). Cytopharyngeal fibres thin, S-shaped, only visible in stained cells, 11–17 μm long (Fig. 3E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397E660DC5B831DFC6D45CBF118FCBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Ran;Zhuang, Wenbao;Feng, Xiaochen;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Schrecengost, Anna;Roưerova, Johana;Beinart, Roxanne A.;Hu, Xiaozhong	Li, Ran, Zhuang, Wenbao, Feng, Xiaochen, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Schrecengost, Anna, Roưerova, Johana, Beinart, Roxanne A., Hu, Xiaozhong (2023): Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of three anaerobic plagiopyleans (Alveolata: Ciliophora), retrieved from two geographically distant localities in Asia and North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 493-510, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015
0397E660DC5E831DFEB440FDF7ADFA2C.text	0397E660DC5E831DFEB440FDF7ADFA2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiopyla rariseta Li & Zhuang & Feng & Al-Farraj & Schrecengost & Roưerova & Beinart & Hu 2023	<div><p>Plagiopyla rariseta sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 4, 5; Table 3)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DD5C54CE-052D-4C2B-BA78-89C3B604B104.</p><p>Diagnosis: Cell size 55–80 × 25–45 μm in vivo, shape ellipsoidal. Length to width ratio 1.4–2.2: 1 in vivo. 50–58 monokinetidal somatic kineties. Cilia above the oral opening loosely arranged. One globular to slightly ellipsoidal macronucleus and one small, spherical micronucleus. Striated band about 32 μm long, extending to below midbody. One dense ciliary row. Numerous curved extrusomes, 8–11 µm long. Region above oral opening about 30% of cell length. Tube-shaped buccal cavity obliquely extended to the leħ dorsal side, about 80% of cell width, bending upwards in the middle.</p><p>Etymology: Composite of the Latin words rara (few, sparse) and saeta (bristle ~ cilia), referring to sparse cilia above the oral opening.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.37425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.200863" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.37425/lat 36.200863)">Sediments</a> of intertidal zone in Bainidi Park, ºingdao, China (36°12ʹ03.1″N; 120°22ʹ27.3″E) .</p><p>Type deposition: The protargol slide (registration number: LR2020071701-01) with the holotype specimen (Figs 4H, I, 5F, G) and several paratype specimens, and another slide (registration number: LR2020071701-02) with several paratype specimens were deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, ºingdao, China. The holotype was marked by a black ink circle on the back side of the slide .</p><p>Description of Chinese population: Body non-contractile, 55–80 × 25–45 μm in vivo, with length to width ratio 1.4–2.2:1. Shape ellipsoidal in both living and stained cells, dorsoventrally flaưened (Figs 4A, 5A, B). Cortex ridged with kinetosomes located at top of ridges (Fig. 5K). Cytoplasm colourless, including numerous small globular granules and a few food vacuoles with green algae inside (Figs 4A, 5A, B, L). One globular to slightly ellipsoidal macronucleus, 18–23 × 18–20 µm in vivo and 13–22 × 12–21 µm aħer staining, mostly located at midbody (Figs 4A, E, 5E). Single globular micronucleus, relatively small, 1.1–1.7 µm across in stained specimens, always slightly enveloped by macronucleus, hardly observed in vivo (Fig. 5E). Numerous curved extrusomes 8–11 µm long, distributed randomly in endoplasm and relatively densely under the cortex (Figs 4A, B, 5L). Extruded extrusomes slender, needle-shaped, 20–37 µm long (Figs 4C, 5C). Single subterminal contractile vacuole, opens dorsally with two distinct pores (Figs 4A, D, 5A, B, K, N). Striated band on dorsal surface, 29–35 µm long, 3–4 µm wide, extending below midlength. In normal cells, striated band usually rodshaped viewed from dorsal side, parallel to ciliary rows, loop at the front part easily observed in compressed cells (Figs 4D, I, 5O). Swims by spiralling counter-clockwise around body axis. Sluggish or even motionless aħer a period of exposure to air.</p><p>Somatic cilia 10–15 µm long, uniformly packed in 50–58 monokinetidal longitudinal kineties (25–31 on ventral, 25–30 on dorsal), except for about two dikinetid-like structures right to frontal region of striated band (Figs 4G, H, I, 5F, G). Cilia above the oral opening arranged loosely (Figs 4H, 5F). Seven to nine caudal cilia positioned at leħ rear margin, rigid, around 10 µm long, oriented to lower leħ (Figs 4A, 5M). One dense ciliary row (DC), 8–11 µm long, comprised of 10–16 kinetosomes, located leħ to cytoproct on dorsal side (Figs 4D, I, 5G).</p><p>Oral opening slit-shaped, opened at right ventral surface, surrounded by two lip-like structures (Figs 4A, H, 5A, B, F, H, J). No obvious nose-like structure on right side of upper oral lip. Region above oral opening about 30% of cell length. Buccal cavity long and thick, obliquely extended to leħ dorsal side, forming a deep tube, about 80% of cell width, making an upwards bend in middle (Figs 4F, 5D, H, I). Distance from anterior end of cell to top of buccal cavity 10–12 μm. Oral ciliature much denser than somatic one and discontinuous, leaving gaps around upper and lower lips, with upper gap 2–4 μm wide (Figs 4H, 5F). Oral kineties (51– 56) extended from exterior of oral cavity to interior (Figs 4F, H, 5D, F). Upper oral lip kineties 5–8 μm long (Figs 4F, H, 5D, F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397E660DC5E831DFEB440FDF7ADFA2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Ran;Zhuang, Wenbao;Feng, Xiaochen;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Schrecengost, Anna;Roưerova, Johana;Beinart, Roxanne A.;Hu, Xiaozhong	Li, Ran, Zhuang, Wenbao, Feng, Xiaochen, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Schrecengost, Anna, Roưerova, Johana, Beinart, Roxanne A., Hu, Xiaozhong (2023): Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of three anaerobic plagiopyleans (Alveolata: Ciliophora), retrieved from two geographically distant localities in Asia and North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 493-510, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015
0397E660DC5E8312FC6946EFF3F2F953.text	0397E660DC5E8312FC6946EFF3F2F953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiopyla flontata Kahl 1931	<div><p>Plagiopyla flontata Kahl 1931</p><p>(Figs 6, 7; Table 3)</p><p>1931 Plagiopyla flontata Kahl, Tierwelt Dtl., 21, fig. 45.10.</p><p>1933 Plagiopyla flontata Kahl, Tierwelt N, fig. 9.3.</p><p>2000 Plagiopyla flontata Esteban et al., J. Nat. Hist., 34, figs 34–37.</p><p>2007 Plagiopyla flontata Jankowski, Russian Acad. Sci., p. 792 (revision).</p><p>2019 Plagiopyla flontata Nitla et al., Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 186, p. 35 (revision).</p><p>2022 Plagiopyla flontata Omar &amp; Jung, J. Spec. Res., 11, fig. 4.</p><p>Although Plagiopyla flontata has been known for a long time, most descriptions lack molecular and infraciliature data. Based on the previous and current information, the improved diagnosis is provided here.</p><p>Improved diagnosis: Cell size 55–120 × 30–67 μm in vivo, shape slim ellipsoidal. Length to width ratio about 2: 1 in vivo; 40–68 somatic kineties. Striated band about 32 μm long and 3 μm wide, extending down to below midbody. One nearly spherical macronucleus and one spherical micronucleus. Two or three dense ciliary rows. Extrusomes 4–6 μm long, curved or straight. Region above oral opening about 17% of cell length, perpendicular to the oral opening. Tube-like buccal cavity about 60% of cell width, extending transversely to leħ.</p><p>Voucher slides: Three protargol slides (registration numbers: LR2020121301-01, LR2020121301-02, LR2020121301-03) with voucher specimens were deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, ºingdao, China.</p><p>Description of Chinese population: Body size 70–100 × 30–40 μm in vivo and 60–90 × 25–40 μm aħer protargol staining, with the ratio of length to width about 2:1. Cell slim ellipsoidal, acontractile, dorsoventrally flaưened (Figs 6A, E, F, 7A, B). Cytoplasm colourless, containing several food vacuoles and many fat globules (Figs 6A, 7A, B, E). One macronucleus, nearly spherical, 17–29 × 14–22 μm in vivo, located below oral opening (Figs 6A, E, F, H, 7A, E, L, M). Single globular micronucleus, about 3 μm in diameter, enveloped by macronucleus (Figs 6A, E, F, H, 7I). Extrusomes relatively short, 4–6 μm long, mainly distributed under the cortex, curved or straight shaped (Figs 6B, C, 7E, H). Extruded extrusomes about 20 µm long, slender, needle-shaped with one end slightly inflated. Single contractile vacuole located near posterior end of cell with two pores (Figs 6G, 7D). Striated band 28–42 µm long, 2–4 µm wide, extending below midbody (Figs 6G, I, 7G, M). Cytoproct located on dorsal side of cell (Figs 6G, 7F). Swims slowly by rotating around main longitudinal axis of cell.</p><p>Somatic cilia 11–14 µm long, densely and evenly distributed on the cell surface forming 56–68 longitudinal kineties (23–32 ventral kineties, 26–42 dorsal kineties) mainly composed of monokinetids, except for several kinetosomes irregularly and densely arranged near loop of striated band (Figs 6H, I, 7L, M). Dorsal kineties including 16–28 dorso-leħ kineties and 10–14 dorso-right kineties that form a suture at the posterior end of the cell. Seven to nine rigid caudal cilia, 11–14 µm long (Fig. 6A). Two or three dense ciliary rows located leħ to cytoproct (Figs 6G, I, 7M).</p><p>Oral opening wide-belt shaped, surrounded by two lip-like structures without nose-like protuberance on right side (Figs 6A, D, E, H, 7L). Region above oral opening 15–18% of cell length, outline perpendicular to oral opening (Figs 6A, E, F, H, 7A, B). Tube-like buccal cavity short, extending transversely to leħ, about 60% of cell width (Figs 6D–F, 7A, J, K). Upper oral lip kineties 3–5 µm long. Gap between upper oral lip kineties and somatic kineties 2–4 µm (Figs 6H, 7L); 52–58 oral kineties on cell surface and extending inwards (Figs 6D, H, 7J–L).</p><p>Molecular data and phylogenetic analyses</p><p>Twenty-one newly obtained SSU rRNA gene sequences were deposited in the GenBank database with length (bp), GC base content, accession numbers, and origin information shown in Table 1. Sequence identities and max BLAST scores are shown in the Supporting Information, Table S1.</p><p>The topologies of the phylogenetic trees from ML and BI analyses were almost identical, therefore only the ML tree topology is shown here (Fig. 8). All members of the family Plagiopylidae cluster together with maximum support (100% ML, 1.00 BI) and comprise two clades. In Clade I, ML analysis shows that the Chinese population of Plagiopyla flontata (SHAZIKOU OP114648) groups with four American populations (PJ7 OP186392, NARRIV13 OP186393, NAPAT2B OP186394, NAPAT2 OP186395), then clusters with another sequence of P. flontata (Z29440). However, these six P. flontata sequences are parallel to each other in BI analysis. Two sequences of P. nasuta (Z29442, KY563719) form a fully supported subclade, which is sister to the P. flontata subclade group. In Clade II, 10 newly obtained Plagiopyla species sequences (BI27A OP186391, BI29B OP186390, BLAPTMUD OP186389, GB33B OP186388, GOOSE1A OP186387, JUDRED OP186385, JUD8 OP186386, NINISW OP186384, SAÞ1B OP186383, and SAÞ1B3 OP186382) group together with P.ovata (MW762810) forming a strong branch (100% ML, 1.00 BI), then followed by P. ramani (KY563720), P. rariseta (BAINIDI OP114647), and P. narasimhamurtii (KY563721) with P. mystax (AF527757), respectively, with low support (19%, 35%, 41%) in ML analysis, whilethesefoursequencesgrouptogetherinBIanalysis. Plagiopyla species (FJ875150) is sister to other sequences in Clade II in both analyses. The family Trimyemidae is also a fully supported monophyletic group. Five Trimyema foissneri (TANGDAO OP114646, NINIBRI4 OP186378, JUDFA OP186379, JUD81 OP186380, and JUD11A OP186381) sequences cluster together with maximum support (100% ML, 1.00 BI) and together are sister to the assemblage containing T. compressum (AB285526, Z29438), T. finlayi (MF074215), and Trimyema species (Z29441) with moderate support (86% ML, 0.89 BI).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397E660DC5E8312FC6946EFF3F2F953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Ran;Zhuang, Wenbao;Feng, Xiaochen;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Schrecengost, Anna;Roưerova, Johana;Beinart, Roxanne A.;Hu, Xiaozhong	Li, Ran, Zhuang, Wenbao, Feng, Xiaochen, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Schrecengost, Anna, Roưerova, Johana, Beinart, Roxanne A., Hu, Xiaozhong (2023): Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of three anaerobic plagiopyleans (Alveolata: Ciliophora), retrieved from two geographically distant localities in Asia and North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 493-510, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015
0397E660DC568315FF23414AF7BBFAC1.text	0397E660DC568315FF23414AF7BBFAC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimyema Lackey 1925	<div><p>KEY TO VALID SPECIES OF TRIMYEMA —MODIFIED FROM ḎHL (1931) AND AUGUSTIN ET AL. (1987)</p><p>1. Anterior end slightly thick ............................................................................................................................................................................2 Anterior end not thick ...................................................................................................................................................................................3</p><p>2. 40 μm long, four ciliary girdles extended to two-thirds of cell length............................................................. Trimyema claviformis 60 μm long, six ciliary girdles extended almost to the posterior end of the cell............................................ Trimyema alfledkahli</p><p>3. Body asymmetric, tapered at both ends, anterior end deflected to the right and posterior end deflected to the leħ, five ciliary girdles...................................................................................................................................................................................... Trimyema kahli Body symmetrical, fusiform ellipsoidal or ovoid .....................................................................................................................................4</p><p>4. More than three complete (encircle completely about or more than 360°) ciliary girdles .............................................................5 Three complete ciliary girdles ......................................................................................................................................................................6</p><p>5. Endocommensal in sea urchins, seven complete ciliary girdles.................................................................... Trimyema echinometrae Free-living, four complete ciliary girdles ............................................................................................................ Trimyema pleurispiralis</p><p>6. Oral opening beak-like projected to the right.......................................................................................................... Trimyema minutum Oral opening without a beak-like projection ............................................................................................................................................7</p><p>7. Mucocyst girdle present, hypersaline water............................................................................................................ Trimyema koreanum Mucocyst girdle absent..................................................................................................................................................................................8</p><p>8. Extra short and incomplete ciliary girdles absent....................................................................................................................................9 Extra short and incomplete ciliary girdles present ............................................................................................................................... 10</p><p>9. Ciliary girdles extended greater than 450°, 14–24 somatic kineties, five dikinetids at the anterior region of OK1..................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Trimyema shoalsia Ciliary girdles extended slightly more than 360°, 26–32 somatic kineties, mainly three dikinetids at anterior region of OK1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Trimyema foissneri</p><p>10. Three short ciliary girdles on the ventral side, one short girdle on the dorsal side .......................................... Trimyema marinum One short ciliary girdle on the ventral side ............................................................................................................................................ 11</p><p>11. 50–60 somatic kineties............................................................................................................................................ Trimyema compressum 34–45 somatic kineties...................................................................................................................................................... Trimyema finlayi</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397E660DC568315FF23414AF7BBFAC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Ran;Zhuang, Wenbao;Feng, Xiaochen;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Schrecengost, Anna;Roưerova, Johana;Beinart, Roxanne A.;Hu, Xiaozhong	Li, Ran, Zhuang, Wenbao, Feng, Xiaochen, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Schrecengost, Anna, Roưerova, Johana, Beinart, Roxanne A., Hu, Xiaozhong (2023): Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of three anaerobic plagiopyleans (Alveolata: Ciliophora), retrieved from two geographically distant localities in Asia and North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 493-510, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad015
