taxonID	type	description	language	source
03972845FFC8FFEF90C73A849610B0C6.taxon	description	Cuticle with fine striations on the body and prominently striated on the tail region. Head not demarcated as a cephalic capsule. Buccal cavity small with three minute teeth or one dorsal tooth (or absent). Amphideal fovea simple spiral with a circular outline, usually located close to the apex and partially surrounded with cuticular striations. Posterior pharyngeal bulb round to pyriform. Male spicules slender with well-developed swollen proximal end, precloacal supplements present or absent, single anterior testis. Female with two reflexed ovaries. Tail conico-cylindrical, usually filiform.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFC9FFEB9082399F9671B3AC.taxon	description	(Figures 2, 3; Table 1)	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFC9FFEB9082399F9671B3AC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype and paratype material Three males and two females were obtained from the subtidal zone of Bohai Bay. Holotype male and paratype female 1 on slide BHB 16 - (0 - 2) - 10. Paratype male 2 on slide BHB 16 - (0 - 2) - 9; paratypes male 3 and female 2 on slide BHB 06 - (2 - 5) - 6. Holotype and paratype locality and habitat Holotype male, paratype male 2 and female 1 were collected from Station BHB 16: 38.589 N, 117.774 E; depth: 6 m; temperature: 14.9 ° C; salinity: 31.2 psu; silt sediment in the west of Bohai Bay. Other paratypes were collected from Station BHB 06: 38.748 N, 118.504 E; depth: 21 m; temperature: 17.8 ° C; salinity: 31.596 psu; silt sediment in the middle of Bohai Bay.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFC9FFEB9082399F9671B3AC.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is from the Latin macros (great) and amphid, referring to its large amphideal fovea.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFC9FFEB9082399F9671B3AC.taxon	description	Measurements All measurement data are given in Table 1. Description	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFC9FFEB9082399F9671B3AC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. Body cylindrical with rounded anterior end. Cuticle striated, beginning from the middle of the amphideal fovea and ending at tail tip. Inner labial sensilla papilliform. Six outer labial sensilla setiform, about 2 μm long. Four cephalic setae about 10 μm long, located at the level of the anterior border of the amphideal fovea. Four subcephalic setae 8 μm long, located at anterior to posterior border of the amphideal fovea, about 10 µm from the cephalic setae (Figures 2 (a), 3 (b )). Somatic setae not found. Amphideal fovea unispiral, longitudinal loop-shaped, 15 μm long and 12 μm wide, i. e. 60 % of the corresponding body diameter, about 7 μm from the anterior end. Buccal cavity conical, with a small dorsal tooth. Pharynx cylindrical with a pyriform terminal bulb. Cardia small, conical. Nerve ring and excretory system not observed. Tail conico-cylindrical with prominent transverse striations except its terminal end, 4.3 times cloacal body diameter long. Three caudal glands present. Reproductive system with one outstretched testis. Spicules slender, arcuated with ventral velum, 1.9 times as long as cloacal body diameter. Proximal end enlarged, and distal end tapered. Gubernaculum 19 μm long, without apophysis. Sixteen papillary precloacal supplements, evenly spaced. Females. Similar to males in most morphological characters. Reproductive system didelphic, with two opposed and reflexed ovaries. Anterior ovary located to the right of intestine, posterior ovary to the left of intestine. Spermathecae not observed. Vagina straight, cuticularised, about 0.2 times vulval body diameters long. Vulva raised, situated on ventral side of mid-body, about 50 % of body length from anterior end.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFC9FFEB9082399F9671B3AC.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis and discussion The present species is characterised by cuticle with annulations along the body, amphidial fovea unispiral, longitudinal loop-shaped, partially surrounded with cuticular striations (Figures 2 (a), 3 (a )); conical buccal cavity with a dorsal tooth; pharynx with a pyriform terminal bulb; tail conico-cylindrical; spicules strongly curved with enlarged proximal end and ventral velum; 16 papillary precloacal supplements, evenly spaced. Among 11 known valid species within the genus, only Perspiria flagellata Vitiello, 1971 and Perspiria papillata Vincx and Gourbault, 1989 have precloacal supplements. The new species is most similar to P. papillata in having 15 – 16 precloacal supplements and the similar de Man ratio ̍ a ̾, ̍ b ̾. However, the new species can be distinguished from the latter species by the shape of the amphidial fovea (longitudinal loop-shaped vs circular); much longer spicules (53 – 61 µm vs 35 µm); and obviously shorter tail (c ̾ = 3.6 – 4.3 vs 7.4). The new species is also similar to P. megamphida in having a relatively large amphidial fovea and relatively short tail length (shorter than 3 times cloacal body diameter in the latter species). However, the new species can be easily distinguished from the latter species by the shape of the amphidial fovea (longitudinal loop-shaped vs rounded), the presence of precloacal supplements (vs absence), spicules with ventral velum (vs absence), buccal cavity with tooth (vs absence) and much slenderer body (a = 49 – 59 vs 31.1). The difference between the new species and its congeners can be inferred from the key below.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFCCFFE690B13CCD91BBB562.taxon	description	(Figures 4, 5; Table 2)	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFCCFFE690B13CCD91BBB562.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype and paratype material Two males and two females were collected from the subtidal zone of Bohai Bay. Holotype male on slide BHB 40 - (0 - 2) - 2. Paratype male 2 on slide BHB 40 - (0 - 2) - 7; female 1 on slide BHB 04 - (2 - 5) - 8; female 2 on slide BHB 41 - (0 - 2) - 3. Holotype and paratype locality and habitat Holotype male and paratype male 2 were collected from Station BHB 40: 38.416 N, 118.140 E; depth 18 m; temperature 16.18 ° C; salinity 31.2 psu; silt sediment in the east of Bohai Bay. Female 1 was collected from Station BHB 04: 38.964 N, 118.328 E; depth: 7 m; temperature: 14.9 ° C; salinity: 30.43 psu; silt sediment in the north of Bohai Bay. Female 2 was collected from Station BHB 41: 38.533 N, 118.91 E; depth: 18 m; temperature: 15.9 ° C; salinity: 32.0 psu; silt sediment in the east of Bohai Bay.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFCCFFE690B13CCD91BBB562.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species is named in reference to its relatively large body for the genus.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFCCFFE690B13CCD91BBB562.taxon	description	Measurements All measurement data are given in Table 2. Description	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFCCFFE690B13CCD91BBB562.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. Body cylindrical with blunt anterior end and tapered tail end. Cuticle striated, beginning from the level of the middle of amphideal fovea. Inner labial sensilla not observed, six outer labial sensilla papilliform, four cephalic setae thin, about 8 μm long, located level with the middle of the amphideal fovea. Two latero-dorsal and two latero-ventral longitudinal rows of 5 – 6 cervical setae (4 – 6 μm long), somatic setae short, arranged irregularly on the surface of the body. Amphideal fovea unispiral, about 7 μm in diameter, i. e. 37 % of the corresponding body diameter, and 5 μm from the anterior end. Buccal cavity minute, with a small dorsal tooth. Pharynx 124 μm long, cylindrical, with an oval anterior bulb and a pyriform terminal bulb. Cardia small, conical. Nerve ring located at about 75 % of pharyngeal length from anterior end. Ventral gland and excretory pore not observed. Tail conico-cylindrical with prominent transverse striations except its terminal end, 2.5 times cloacal body diameter. Three caudal glands present. Reproductive system with single outstretched testis. Spicules arcuated without ventral velum, 1.2 cloacal body diameters long, proximal end enlarged, heart-shaped, and distal end tapered. Gubernaculum plate-shaped, 10 µm long, broadest in middle portion and tapering proximally and distally, without apophysis. Precloacal supplements absent. Females. Similar to males in most morphological characters except the body slightly larger. Reproductive system didelphic, with two opposed and reflexed ovaries. Anterior ovary located to the right of intestine, posterior ovary to the left of intestine. Spermathecae not observed. Vagina straight, cuticularised, about 0.2 times vulval body diameters long. Vulva raised, situated on ventral side of mid-body, about 55 % of body length from anterior end.	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
03972845FFCCFFE690B13CCD91BBB562.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis and discussion The species is characterised by the presence of four longitudinal rows of 5 – 6 cervical setae, small unispiral amphidial fovea, partially surrounded with cuticular striation (Figures 4 (a), 5 (b )); conical buccal cavity with a small dorsal tooth; pharynx with an oval anterior bulb and a pyriform terminal bulb; spicules arcuated with heart-shaped proximal end and tapered distal end, without ventral velum. Gubernaculum plate-shaped without apophysis. Precloacal supplement absent. Tail relatively short, conico-cylindrical with prominent transverse striations. The new species is most similar to P. megamphida Vincx and Gourbault, 1989 in having a short tail that is shorter than 3 times cloacal body diameter. However, the new species differs from the latter species by its much smaller amphidial fovea (37 % of corresponding body diameter vs more than 60 %); the presence of the dorsal tooth (vs absence) and longer body length (1914 – 2241 μm vs 1605 μm). The difference between the new species and its congeners can be inferred from the key below. Updated key to all valid species of Perspiria including the new species	en	Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149
