identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5.text	03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting 1900) Nutting 1900	<div><p>Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900)</p><p>(Figs 1, 2A–G)</p><p>Dentitheca dendritica — Galea, 2010: 28, figs 1F, G; 7A–G (synonymy).</p><p>Plumularia habereri — Wedler, 2004: 89, fig. 2 [not Dentitheca habereri (Stechow, 1909)].</p><p>Material examined. Martinique, La Charmeuse, lat. 14.794190, long. -61.221464, 0 8 February 2012, 8– 13 m, sample M162: numerous fragments up to 15 cm high from large (30–60 cm high), fully fertile male (MHNG- INVE-82192) and female (MHNG-INVE-82193) colonies; 13 February 2012, 8– 10 m, sample M189: a few fragments up to 8 cm high bearing rare female gonothecae.</p><p>Description. For a detailed description of the trophosome, see Galea (2010). Individual colonies are dioecious. Gonothecae are mainly borne in two parallel rows on either sides of stem and branches (Fig. 1 B), or are carried on by the cladia. In the first case, internode apophyses bear two axillar, bithalamic nematothecae (one anterior, the other posterior), and a mamelon ending in a cone-shaped nematotheca [see Fig. 7C in Galea (2010)], the latter giving off a gonotheca (Fig. 2A). On hydrocladia, gonothecae replace either the mesial (Fig. 2D) or one of the lateral nematothecae (Fig. 2B, C), occasionally the pair.</p><p>Gonothecae are nearly similar in both sexes, pear shaped to conical, though female are more often irregular, as the mass of eggs tends to distort the lateral walls of the theca (for variation in shape and size, see Fig. 2G). Male gonothecae are comparatively smaller than female (385–520 vs. 560–790 µm long, 280–335 vs. 280–405 µm wide), and nearly radially symmetrical (Fig. 2E, F). Basal part of the theca narrows gradually and has no definite pedicel; the distal end is flattened and provided with a watch glass shaped operculum (diameter 220–280 µm in male, 190–280 µm in female). The perisarc is thickened near the insertion point of the gonotheca, thin and transparent elsewhere.</p><p>There is a single gonophore per gonotheca (Fig. 1 C–F). Its development from young to adult has not been observed, the collected material comprising nearly or fully mature gonophores ready to spend their gametes. Each gonophore is budded off from a blastostyle ending in an apical plate (the latter almost residual to totally absent in ripe gonophores, Fig. 1 G, H), and both are enveloped by an ectodermic mantle.</p><p>The gonophore is a rounded-ovoid cryptomedusoid, with thin mesoglea, and a slightly eccentric, cylindrical spadix, nearly as long as the subumbrella (Fig. 1 E, F), and surrounded by a densely packed mass of gametes, filling the whole subumbrellar cavity. There is a ring of nearly spherical (20–30 µm wide), solid, refringent bodies around the bell aperture (Fig. 1 G, H). In the absence of histological sections, it is impossible to state whether a velum is either present, though reduced, or totally absent. Radial and circular canals, tentacles, mouth, and sense organs are absent. The gonophores are also devoid of nematocysts, neither on the exumbrella nor the spadix. Oocytes, up to 20 per gonophore, are large (75–150 µm wide), polygonal, with conspicuous nuclei, pink in life (Fig. 1 C, D). Male gonophores are milky-white (Fig. 1 E, F).</p><p>Spawning occurred within the gonotheca (Fig. 1 I), since most medusoids remained attached to the blastostyle (Fig. 1 K–M), or eventually detached from it after this process took place. Though not thoroughly documented, the release of oocytes occurred rapidly and synchronously without involving apparent contractions of the bell, most probably through the rupture of the ectoderm. Released oocytes changed in shape from polygonal to spherical (110–150 µm in diameter) and became more opaque, with indiscernible nuclei. Gonothecal operculum opened wide outwardly or, most often, inwardly, and occasionally was shed, allowing in either case the eggs to be partly or totally liberated from the theca.</p><p>Since male and female colony fragments were collected together (sexes could not be ascertained in situ), fertilization occurred even within the female gonotheca, and embryonic development proceeded up to the morula or blastula stages (Fig. 1 J). Spent medusoids became very reduced and nearly spherical (270–290 µm wide), and degenerated rapidly. No myoepithelial cells could be observed in the subumbrella of emptied gonophores.</p><p>Discussion. Fertile specimens of D. dendritica were obtained for the first time by Wedler (2004, misidentified as D. habereri, a species known to occur in the Indo-Pacific) in an original experiment aiming to induce the formation of gonophores in hydroids by transplanting whole colonies from their normal habitat to a new, more stressful environment.</p><p>The gonothecae were observed so far in nature only twice in Martinique, in October 2010 and February 2012. The second observation showed that they appear and disappear in a short interval: fully fertile colonies were found nearly devoid of gonothecae five days later upon their reinspection, thus confirming the conclusions drawn earlier by Wedler. This possibly explains why D. dendritica was never reported until now in the literature in a fertile state from the field since its original description by Nutting (1900).</p><p>FIGURE 2. A–G: Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) —gonotheca given off from stem apophysis, replacing the coneshaped nematotheca at tip of mamelon (A); female gonothecae arising from within one of the lateral nematothecae flanking the hydrotheca, in lateral (B) and frontal (C) views, or replacing the mesial nematotheca (D); size difference between male (E) and female (F) gonotheca; size and shape variation of female gonotheca (G1–5). H–N: Nemalecium gracile sp. nov. —silhouette of a stem (H); stem internodes (I1–5); hydrotheca (J); female (K, L) and male (M, N) gonothecae. O–Z: Nemalecium cf. lighti (Hargitt, 1924) —silhouettes of colonies from Martinique (O) and Alor (T); internodes in specimens from Martinique (P, Q), Alor (U, V), and Hatta (X); hydrotheca from material from Hatta (Y); male (R) and female (S) gonothecae from colony from Guadeloupe; male gonothecae from specimens from Alor (W) and Hatta (Z). Scale bars: 200 µm (A–D, J, Y), 300 µm (E–G), 500 µm (I, K–N, P–S, U–X, Z), 1 mm (H, O, T).</p><p>The origin of gonothecae in D. dendritica is peculiar among the genus, as they always replace nematothecae: usually, they are given off from the conical nematothecae situated in the axil of the internode apophyses of stem and branches, but also from the mesial, or one or both lateral nematothecae associated with a hydrotheca. In contrast, the gonotheca of D. alata (Bale, 1888) replaces a hydrocladium near the stem base (Watson 1997), and is borne in the axil of internode apophyses in D. asymmetrica (Bale 1914), D. bidentata (Migotto &amp; Marques 1999), D. habereri (Di Camillo et al. 2010), and D. hertwigi (Hirohito 1995) .</p><p>Dentitheca dendritica appears to be a dioecious species, while Migotto &amp; Marques (1999) found both mono- or dioecious cormoids in D. bidentata, yet no information is available on the remaining members of the genus.</p><p>The present study suggests that the medusoids of D. dendritica are non-released, most of them remaining attached to the blastostyle during and after the spawning, then degenerating inside the gonotheca (Fig. 1 K–M). This is also firmly supported by the lack of muscle fibers in the ectoderm of subumbrella, and possibly of a (functional) velum. No active contractions of the bell have been seen, suggesting that they may be unable to undertake efficient movements (including swimming), thus explaining why they remain captive within the gonotheca and undertake locally their spawning, followed by their decline.</p><p>In contrast, the medusoids of D. bidentata appear comparatively more robust, having a thick-jellied umbrella provided with a basal velum, enabling them to swim actively and shed their gametes through vigorous contractions of the bell (Migotto &amp; Marques 1999).</p><p>It is curious to note that the non-released medusoids of D. dendritica exhibit certain common features with the dispersive stage observed in as an yet undescribed, epiphytic species of Antennella from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean (Bourmaud &amp; Gravier-Bonnet 2005). Both share in common the lack of muscular fibers and nematocysts, as well as the apparent absence of a velum.</p><p>The absence of stinging cells, the keystone diagnostic feature of cnidarians in general and hydrozoans in particular, is striking. A similar situation is met with in the medusoids of Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885) but, as a difference, they are still capable to swim due to the presence of muscle fibers in the ectoderm of the umbrella (Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Lebon 2002).</p><p>From the present, rather scant data, we conclude that is possible that the non-released medusoids of both D. dendritica and Antennella sp. may represent a further step towards gonophore regression. It is, however, too early to draw a solid conclusion regarding the evolutionary implications of such a phenomenon, and the discovery of additional life cycles in the thecates is necessary to provide further evidence on this question.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.;Ferry, Romain;Bertot, Jean-Marie	Galea, Horia R., Ferry, Romain, Bertot, Jean-Marie (2012): Medusoids in the life cycle of Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) and Nemalecium gracile sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 3527: 43-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282751
03977B1EB304FFC3ED9385BCFC8106F2.text	03977B1EB304FFC3ED9385BCFC8106F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemalecium gracile	<div><p>Nemalecium gracile sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 2H–N, 3, 4A–D; Table 1)</p><p>Nemalecium lighti — Calder, 1991a: 27, figs 17, 18.— Galea, 2008 (pro parte): 24, fig. 4M, O [not fig. 4N = Nemalecium cf. lighti (Hargitt, 1924)].</p><p>not Halecium lighti Hargitt, 1924, 489, pl. 4 fig. 13.</p><p>Material examined. Nemalecium gracile — Martinique, Les Abîmes, lat. 14.807514, long. -61.226698, 25 February 2012, 8 m, sample M257: female colony, ca. 3.5 cm high, with ripe gonophores (holotype, MHNG- INVE-82194); sample M258: male colony, ca. 3.0 cm high, with ripe gonophores (paratype, MHNG-INVE- 82195). Martinique, Anse Trois Airs, lat. 14.513223, long. -61.097730, 0 4 February 2012, sample M147: colony up to 2.4 cm high, with mono- and dioecious stems, on Pinna carnea (Bivalvia) (MHNG-INVE-82196). Martinique, Pointe Lamare, lat. 14.780461, long. -61.211935, 28 January 2012, 10 m, sample M098: monoecious colony on Halimeda sp. Martinique, Petite Sirène, lat. 14.490951, long. -61.089147, 29 January 2012, 6 m, sample M114: female colony, ca. 1.2 cm high, on Halimeda sp. Guadeloupe, Stn1. 1, 20 March 2008, several colonies, ca. 5 mm high, some fertile, on Thalassia testudinum . Guadeloupe, Stn. 6, 28 March 2008, numerous colonies, some fertile, up to 0.4 cm high, on T. testudinum . Guadeloupe, Stn. 7, 27 March 2008, a few sterile colony, up to 0.5 cm high, on T. testudinum . Nemalecium cf. lighti (Caribbean) — Guadeloupe, Stn. 6, 23 March 2008: numerous sterile colonies, with both mono- and polysiphonic stems, up to 5.0 cm high, on various algae, concretions and sponge. Guadeloupe, Stn. 7, 25 March 2008: a monoecious colony, ca. 1.8 cm high, on sponge; 27 March 2008, a</p><p>1. Data on stations from Guadeloupe are given in Galea (2008).</p><p>few sterile colonies, up to 1.0 cm high, on hydrocoral. Martinique, Les Abîmes, sample M252: colonies on dead gorgonians, up to 2.0 cm high, some stems bearing rare, immature male gonothecae. Nemalecium cf. lighti (Indonesia) —Hatta (Rozengain) Island, lat. -4.590954, long. 130.039919, 19 October 2011, 7 m: portion of a rich colony growing on hydrocoral, with stems up to 1.2 cm high and numerous mature male gonothecae. Derawan Island, lat. 2.284377, long. 118.243072, 18 April 2010, 15 m: portion of a colony growing on dead gorgonian, stems up to 1.8 cm high, some bearing immature male gonothecae. Alor Island, lat -8.272613, long. 124.400860, 29 October 2010, 20 m: small colony composed of a few stems detached from substrate, up to 2.2 cm high, some bearing mature male gonothecae.</p><p>Description. Delicate, upright, unbranched or sparingly branched, coplanar colonies, up to 3.5 cm high, with mono- or slightly polysiphonic stems, arising at irregular intervals from creeping, ramified hydrorhiza (Figs 2H, 3A). Stems and side branches divided into internodes by transverse to slightly oblique nodes; internodes long, slender, slightly geniculate, of approximately the same length (Fig. 2I); distally with a lateral hydrophore and an upwards-directed apophysis supporting subsequent internode. Hydrophore slightly surpassing level of distal node, bearing a hydrotheca at top (Fig. 2J). Side branches borne on short apophyses given off laterally from hydrophores, just below hydrothecal bases (Fig. 2I 1); first internode comparatively longer than subsequent ones; branching up to 3rd order. Hydrotheca shallow, walls straight, slightly flaring, margin not everted, rather slightly rolled inwardly for a short distance; distinct, large desmocytes as a ring of refringent nodules above diaphragm (Fig. 2J). Renovated hydrothecae occur irregularly; secondary hydrothecae arising at level of diaphragm from within primary hydrothecae; borne on funnel shaped hydrophores of varied length, perisarc annulated basally, smooth elsewhere (Fig. 2I 3–5). Hydranths tall, slender, constantly foraging; distally, a prominent constriction, delimiting the hypostome region from the rest of the body; body with a short, distal, slightly swollen digestive region, bright yellow in life, and a much longer, non digestive part below, nearly transparent in life (Fig. 3 A, insert); hypostome region conical, bearing terminally the mouth, encircled by a row of 22–26 filiform tentacles (Fig. 3 B), characteristically irregularly raised (Fig. 3 A, insert); normally two conspicuous nematodactyls; between tentacle bases, large glandular cells (Fig. 3 E), these also scattered over the hydranth body as ovoid, granular patches (Fig. 3 B, g.c.); nematodactyls curved inwards towards hypostome from diametrically opposite sides or nearly so; each armed along either side with a row of 12–13 large pseudostenoteles (Fig. 3 F).</p><p>Nematocysts (Fig. 4 A–D): 1) pseudostenoteles, 2) microbasic mastigophores typical of the haleciid hydroids, 3) microbasic euryteles resembling the microbasic mastigophores, but comparatively wider, and 4) ovoid rhopaloid heteronemes with oblique shaft (for measurements, see Table 1).</p><p>Colonies and individual stems either mono- or dioecious. Gonothecae given off from primary hydrophores below hydrothecal bases (Fig. 2K, L, N, 3H–J), occasionally from the stolon. Gonothecae of both sexes similar, tubular, tapering gradually basally, walls undulated, distally truncate to watch glass shaped.</p><p>Gonophores one per gonotheca, budded off from a blastostyle ending in a conspicuous apical plate, all enveloped together in an ectodermic mantle (Fig. 3 J). Gonophores of cryptomedusoid type; large, ovoid, with thick mesoglea; an eccentric, moderately long, club shaped spadix (Fig. 3 P) surrounded by a compact mass of gametes, living only a reduced subumbrellar cavity (Fig. 3 J); basally a fairly developed velum; bell aperture surrounded by a belt of spherical (8.5–17.0 µm wide), solid, refringent corpuscles arranged in 1–3 concentric rows (Fig. 3 L and insert); subumbrella provided with conspicuous transverse myoepithelial cells (Fig. 3 O); there are no radial or circular canals, no tentacles, no mouth, and no sense organs. Female gonophore with ca. 30–35 polygonal eggs with large nuclei (Fig. 3 H).</p><p>Elongating blastostyle, followed by the mantle withdrawal allow the gonophore to be progressively liberated (Fig. 3 K) through the rupture of a rounded, apical "lid" of the gonotheca (fig. 2M). Spawning and fertilization could not be observed in either sex.</p><p>Discussion. The material assigned to Nemalecium lighti (Hargitt, 1924) by Calder (1991a) shows striking resemblances to the present species. The shape and size of the internodes, the primary hydrophores surpassing the level of the distal node, as well as the size of the pseudostenoteles, strongly suggest that it is conspecific with N. gracile (see also Table 1 for comparison).</p><p>The same is partly true for the material studied earlier by Galea (2008). Indeed, upon its reexamination, it was found that it is actually composed of two species, one of which is N. gracile . Distinction between them is easier, especially when living specimens are examined, given the present material from Martinique. Nemalecium gracile has very long, nearly transparent (except for the digestive part, with a conspicuous bright yellow tinge), constantly foraging hydranths, whose tentacles are typically raised at different levels (see insert of Fig. 3 A). In contrast, the second species2 has shorter, nearly immobile, milky white hydranths (except for their digestive part, which is pale yellow), with all tentacles always raised at the same level. Microscopically, both species are especially distinguished through the shape and size of their internodes (compare Fig. 2I 1–5 and 2P, Q), as well as the cnidome composition (compare Fig. 4 A–D and E–H).</p><p>The type material of N. lighti, the sole nominal species belonging so far to that genus, was not examined and specimens from the type locality (Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines) were unavailable for this study in order to confirm the identification of the second Caribbean species. However, material belonging to Nemalecium originating from three remote (700–1500 km distant) Indonesian localities (Alor, Derawan, and Hatta islands) is housed in the private collection of the senior author and was therefore available for comparison with the original description of N. lighti by Hargitt (1924) and with the Caribbean specimens in hand.</p><p>The materials from Alor and Derawan agree well with the description of the type of N. lighti (especially in the colony structure and the length of their internodes3), and they are most probably conspecific. In contrast, the colony from Hatta, growing over a gorgonian, has a different appearance and seems to display a few distinctive features, such as a tendency to form widely-spaced, mostly unbranched, rather stout stems, with irregular internodes (Fig. 2X), while the specimens from Alor and Derawan form characteristically more crowded stems, branched strictly in one plane, and provided with typical collinear internodes (Fig. 2U, V). In contrast, the cnidome seems uniform in all three sets of material4.</p><p>2. A living colony from Guadeloupe is illustrated in Galea (2010), p. 6, fig. 1A.</p><p>3. Material with a similar trophosome was reported on by Pennycuik (1959) from Queensland, Australia. 4. This should be checked again using living material so as to obtain fully discharged capsules.</p><p>data and the present study. N.I. signifies that information was not indicated by the authors cited. N.B.: Male and female</p><p>gonothecae of the Caribbean specimens assigned to Nemalecium cf. lighti were not fully formed and their dimension are</p><p>expected to be above the range given herein.</p><p>There is increasing evidence that we are most probably dealing with more than one species of Nemalecium in the Indo-Pacific, some materials having been likely erroneously assigned earlier to the binomen N. lighti, as exemplified by the specimens from Papua New Guinea studied by Bouillon (1986). His material displays some obvious morphological differences compared to the type of N. lighti described by Hargitt (1924), such as the presence of very long, slender internodes, similar to those of N. gracile . In addition, Di Camillo et al. (2008) mentioned an as yet unnamed species inhabiting the "shady crevices of the corals" in North Sulawesi, while Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud (2006) found another species "colonizing walls and tips of large grey sponges" in Juan de Nova Island, as well as two additional species occurring in the Maldives (Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud 2012)5.</p><p>We conclude that a comprehensive study of Nemalecium, based on abundant, fertile material, is imperative, though out of the scope of the present paper. Subtle morphological differences could, indeed, be noted only if living material is studied, including the precise identification of the nematocyst types upon obtaining fully discharged capsules.</p><p>On the other hand, comparison of the second species of Nemalecium from the Caribbean (Fig. 2P, Q) with the materials from Alor and Derawan indicate that they are indistinguishable morphologically from each other, a conclusion equally supported by their respective cnidomes (compare Fig. 4 E–H and 4I –L). Therefore, we tentatively assign the second Caribbean Nemalecium to Hargitt's (1924) species, pending reexamination of the type of N. lighti .</p><p>It is curious to note that the cnidome of Nemalecium was underestimated in earlier accounts (Bouillon 1986, Calder 1991a, Migotto 1996). In addition to the conspicuous pseudostenoteles and the numerous microbasic mastigophores, it appears to comprise at least two additional, less abundant types of capsules: a microbasic eurytele similar in length to the mastigophores, but comparatively wider (Fig. 4 C, G, K), and an unidentified rhopaloid heteroneme, possibly a microbasic eurytele (Fig. 4 D, H, L). Pseudostenoteles are found not only in the nematodactyls (Fig. 3 F, G), but occur also in the coenosarc of the trophosome, as well as in the gonophores, where they are more easily seen in the male medusoids as large capsules (p.s.) scattered among the mass of sperm cells (Fig. 3 P). The microbasic mastigophores (m.b.m.) heavily arm the filiform tentacles of the hydranths (Fig. 3 F), but are equally found in the coenosarc and the exumbrella of the medusoid. The microbasic euryteles occur in the coenosarc of the trophosome, as well as in the gonophore mantle, while the heteronemes are found in the coenosarc and the spadix of the medusoid.</p><p>Based on the cnidome composition alone, especially on the shape and size of the pseudostenoteles, it is obvious that N. gracile could be readily distinguished, through its comparatively smaller capsules (Calder 1991 and the present study), from the Indonesian (present study), Papua New Guinean (Bouillon et al. 1986), and Brazilian (Migotto 1996) materials, as well as from the Caribbean specimens provisionally assigned to N. lighti .</p><p>The swimming gonophores of N. gracile are morphologically similar to, and exhibit apparently the same expulsion mechanism from the gonotheca as those described earlier by Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Migotto (2000) for N. cf. lighti 6. Gross differences rely in the number of eggs (possibly 7 30–35 vs. 40–62) and the shape of the marginal corpuscles (rounded vs. irregular). Similarities between the medusoids of Nemalecium and those belonging to other hydrozoan families have been discussed at length by the above-mentioned authors.</p><p>Due to their apparent mineral composition and their shape and size possibly being influenced by physicochemical parameters, it is unclear whether these corpuscles are good indicators for the separation of species. Morphological differences have been observed, for instance, between specimens from Reunion and Brazil, as noted by Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Migotto (2000). Moreover, corpuscles with heterogenous morphology may occur within the same species, as illustrated by Antennella sp. from Reunion Island (Bourmaud &amp; Gravier-Bonnet 2005).</p><p>On the other hand, the number of eggs should be, in theory, species-specific, but there are contrary evidences demonstrating that it can vary depending on environmental factors in at least two documented cases: Macrorhynchia philippina and an as yet unidentified Rhizogeton from the Indian Ocean (Bourmaud &amp; Gravier- Bonnet 2004).</p><p>5. Due to complete absence of formal descriptions and illustrations, all these "species" records are considered with some reservation, and are listed herein for information only, pending detailed taxonomical studies that clarify their identities. 6. According to Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Migotto (2000), slight differences were observed between the specimens from São Sebastião and those from Reunion Island, suggesting that they were probably dealing with two different species. 7. Egg number could not be evaluated with certainty in non-spawned medusoids. Their number was estimated in nonreleased gonophores, through the transparency of the gonothecal wall. Attempts to estimate their number in dissected, formalin-fixed gonophores proved inconclusive.</p><p>Since neither swimming of the gonophore, nor the spawning could be observed in N. gracile, it is assumed that the role of the subumbrellar myoepithelial cells is to favor peristaltic movements of the bell allowing the gametes to be liberated out of the gonophore, while the contractions of the velum would help the medusoid to swim and spread its gametes in the water column.</p><p>Ecology. Nemalecium gracile occurs on Halimeda sp., on the leaves of Thalassia testudinum, on some bivalve shells (e.g. Pinna carnea), and on artificial inert substrates (e.g. fishing wires). In contrast, N. cf. lighti of the tropical western Atlantic is found on a larger variety of substrates, mainly sponges and (dead) gorgonians, but also on mineral concretions, worm tubes, various artificial inert substrates, or the algae Tricleocarpa sp. and Amphiroa sp., as well as Halimeda sp.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Bermuda (Calder 1991a), Guadeloupe (Galea 2008, pro parte), Martinique (present study), possibly Belize (Calder 1991b, as N. lighti, presumably the specimens growing on T. testudinum). The species is expected to occur in the whole Caribbean basin and northwards to Bermuda, and possibly to the neighboring Gulf of Mexico (though not listed by Calder &amp; Cairns 2009).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name gracile, Latin, meaning “slender” or “thin”, makes reference to the delicate appearance of the colonies and the features of their internodes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03977B1EB304FFC3ED9385BCFC8106F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.;Ferry, Romain;Bertot, Jean-Marie	Galea, Horia R., Ferry, Romain, Bertot, Jean-Marie (2012): Medusoids in the life cycle of Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) and Nemalecium gracile sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 3527: 43-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282751
