taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961063/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961063	Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.	Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3739904/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739904	Fig. 4. CT reconstructions of tyrannosaurid nasals in side and top views. Anterior is to the right. A. Tyrannosaurus rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). B. Daspletosaurus torosus (TMP 98.48.1). C. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 2000.12.1). D. Adult Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 86.64.1). E. Juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 86.144.1). Scale bars 15 cm.	Fig. 4. CT reconstructions of tyrannosaurid nasals in side and top views. Anterior is to the right. A. Tyrannosaurus rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). B. Daspletosaurus torosus (TMP 98.48.1). C. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 2000.12.1). D. Adult Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 86.64.1). E. Juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 86.144.1). Scale bars 15 cm.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3739906/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739906	Fig. 5. CT cross sections and reconstructions of Allosaurus fragilis nasals: A, largest (UUVP 1663/UMNH VP 9146); B, midsize (UUVP 1913/ UMNH VP 9144); and C, smallest (UUVP 10854/UMNHVP 7784). Anterior is to the right. Cross sections are from the strongly pneumatized regions of the nasals, at positions indicated by the dashed lines. The slices are normalized to the same size to show the relative degree of pneumatic excavation, evident despite mineral infilling in some sections. Reconstructions are in lateral views and in dorsal views with single left or right specimens mirrored to replicate complete pairs. Specimen B is broken over the posterior part of the external nares. Scale bar 10 cm.	Fig. 5. CT cross sections and reconstructions of Allosaurus fragilis nasals: A, largest (UUVP 1663/UMNH VP 9146); B, midsize (UUVP 1913/ UMNH VP 9144); and C, smallest (UUVP 10854/UMNHVP 7784). Anterior is to the right. Cross sections are from the strongly pneumatized regions of the nasals, at positions indicated by the dashed lines. The slices are normalized to the same size to show the relative degree of pneumatic excavation, evident despite mineral infilling in some sections. Reconstructions are in lateral views and in dorsal views with single left or right specimens mirrored to replicate complete pairs. Specimen B is broken over the posterior part of the external nares. Scale bar 10 cm.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3739900/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739900	Fig. 1. Comparison of cranial and nasal morphology of: A, the tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033) and B, the carnosaur Allosaurus fragilis (UUVP 1663/UMNH VP 9146; mirrored to depict a complete pair). Scale axes for crania are in meters. Nasals in their life positions are highlighted in lateral and dorsal cranial views, and rendered in oblique view (not to scale). The T. rex nasals are tall, vaulted, and fused, while the A. fragilis nasals are lower and unfused.	Fig. 1. Comparison of cranial and nasal morphology of: A, the tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033) and B, the carnosaur Allosaurus fragilis (UUVP 1663/UMNH VP 9146; mirrored to depict a complete pair). Scale axes for crania are in meters. Nasals in their life positions are highlighted in lateral and dorsal cranial views, and rendered in oblique view (not to scale). The T. rex nasals are tall, vaulted, and fused, while the A. fragilis nasals are lower and unfused.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961033/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961033	Fig. 2. Comparison of vertical bending strengths of adult theropod dentaries, graphed as mid−dentary section modulus versus mandible length (data from Therrien et al. 2005). Lines fitted by least squares regression, by log transformed values for the tyrannosaurid data. Carnosaur dentary strengths scale linearly with dentary length, while tyrannosaurid dentary strengths show an exponential increase. The tyrannosaurid dentaries are stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given mandible length, indicating a relatively stronger bite. See Appendix 1 for specimen labels; Gc, Giganotosaurus carolinii.	Fig. 2. Comparison of vertical bending strengths of adult theropod dentaries, graphed as mid−dentary section modulus versus mandible length (data from Therrien et al. 2005). Lines fitted by least squares regression, by log transformed values for the tyrannosaurid data. Carnosaur dentary strengths scale linearly with dentary length, while tyrannosaurid dentary strengths show an exponential increase. The tyrannosaurid dentaries are stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given mandible length, indicating a relatively stronger bite. See Appendix 1 for specimen labels; Gc, Giganotosaurus carolinii.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961065/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961065	Fig. 7. CT−scanned cross−sections of fused tyrannosaurid nasals, showing greater vaulting and higher cross−sectional areas of bone in larger individuals. A. Gorgosaurus libratus (juvenile: TMP 86.144.1). B. Gorgosaurus libratus (subadult: TMP 86.64.1). C. Daspletosaurus torosus (adult: TMP 98.48.1). Numbers 1–4: cross−sections at topologically similar positions, from posterior to anterior.	Fig. 7. CT−scanned cross−sections of fused tyrannosaurid nasals, showing greater vaulting and higher cross−sectional areas of bone in larger individuals. A. Gorgosaurus libratus (juvenile: TMP 86.144.1). B. Gorgosaurus libratus (subadult: TMP 86.64.1). C. Daspletosaurus torosus (adult: TMP 98.48.1). Numbers 1–4: cross−sections at topologically similar positions, from posterior to anterior.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3739908/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739908	Fig. 6. Geometry used to compute the area, centroid, and second moments of area of a nasal cross−section (from middle region of fused Tyrannosaurus rex nasals: TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). A. Decomposition of the cross−section to compute area by summing areas of triangles. Small “+”s are centroids of individual triangles. Large “+” is the centroid for the complete section. B. Cross−section partitioned into horizontal and vertical strips of known area and position, used to calculate second moments of area.	Fig. 6. Geometry used to compute the area, centroid, and second moments of area of a nasal cross−section (from middle region of fused Tyrannosaurus rex nasals: TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). A. Decomposition of the cross−section to compute area by summing areas of triangles. Small “+”s are centroids of individual triangles. Large “+” is the centroid for the complete section. B. Cross−section partitioned into horizontal and vertical strips of known area and position, used to calculate second moments of area.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961039/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961039	Fig. 8. Average strengths of nasal cross−sections in tyrannosaurids and Allosaurus fragilis, plotted against nasal length. A. Cross−sectional areas, proportional to compression strengths. B. Second moment of area, proportional to vertical bending strength. C. Second moment of area, proportional to lateral bending strength. Values for the A. fragilis nasals are uncorrected for the hollowness of the sections, which would reduce their strengths. Lines fitted to the tyrannosaurid values are derived from log transformed data. See Appendix 1 for labels.	Fig. 8. Average strengths of nasal cross−sections in tyrannosaurids and Allosaurus fragilis, plotted against nasal length. A. Cross−sectional areas, proportional to compression strengths. B. Second moment of area, proportional to vertical bending strength. C. Second moment of area, proportional to lateral bending strength. Values for the A. fragilis nasals are uncorrected for the hollowness of the sections, which would reduce their strengths. Lines fitted to the tyrannosaurid values are derived from log transformed data. See Appendix 1 for labels.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3739912/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739912	Fig. 9. Comparison of theropod nasal strengths at multiple transverse sections. Horizontal (Iy) and vertical (Iz) second moments of area of nasal cross−sections of Allosaurus fragilis (upper two graphs) and tyrannosaurids (lower two graphs). Second moments of area are proportional to lateral (Iy) and vertical (Iz) bending strengths. X−axes of graphs show relative position of slices along the long axes of the bones: 0.0 is posterior and 1.0 anterior.	Fig. 9. Comparison of theropod nasal strengths at multiple transverse sections. Horizontal (Iy) and vertical (Iz) second moments of area of nasal cross−sections of Allosaurus fragilis (upper two graphs) and tyrannosaurids (lower two graphs). Second moments of area are proportional to lateral (Iy) and vertical (Iz) bending strengths. X−axes of graphs show relative position of slices along the long axes of the bones: 0.0 is posterior and 1.0 anterior.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3739914/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739914	Fig. 10. Heights and widths of tyrannosaurid nasal slices normalized for slice area and bone length. A. Normalized heights (“vaulting index”) showing convergence of vaulting pattern at large size. B. Normalized widths (“span index”) showing isometric form in most specimens, but exaggerated relative width in Tyrannosaurus rex nasals. Points of maximum vaulting and span are indicated on nasals of T. rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). Symbols as per Fig. 9.	Fig. 10. Heights and widths of tyrannosaurid nasal slices normalized for slice area and bone length. A. Normalized heights (“vaulting index”) showing convergence of vaulting pattern at large size. B. Normalized widths (“span index”) showing isometric form in most specimens, but exaggerated relative width in Tyrannosaurus rex nasals. Points of maximum vaulting and span are indicated on nasals of T. rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). Symbols as per Fig. 9.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961067/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961067	Fig. 11. Top and side views of theropod crania used to reconstruct crosssectional shapes, and oblique views of reconstructed plinge cross−sections for each cranium. Second moments of area of the plinges were calculated as indices of bending and torsional cranium strengths. A–D, carnosaurs; E–G, tyrannosaurids.	Fig. 11. Top and side views of theropod crania used to reconstruct crosssectional shapes, and oblique views of reconstructed plinge cross−sections for each cranium. Second moments of area of the plinges were calculated as indices of bending and torsional cranium strengths. A–D, carnosaurs; E–G, tyrannosaurids.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961043/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961043	Fig. 12. Schematic trapezoidal cross−sections of theropod crania, with geometry and expressions for computing second moments of area. A. Determining moments with respect to the horizontal (Z) axis. The width of a strip of area is a function of its vertical (Y) coordinate. B. Determining moments with respect to the vertical (Y) axis; the cross−section is partitioned into two central rectangular areas, and two lateral triangular regions.	Fig. 12. Schematic trapezoidal cross−sections of theropod crania, with geometry and expressions for computing second moments of area. A. Determining moments with respect to the horizontal (Z) axis. The width of a strip of area is a function of its vertical (Y) coordinate. B. Determining moments with respect to the vertical (Y) axis; the cross−section is partitioned into two central rectangular areas, and two lateral triangular regions.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961069/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961069	Fig. 13. Strength indicators computed for theropod crania under mediolateral (A), dorsoventral (B), and torsional (C) loadings. Tyrannosaurid crania are invariably stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given skull length. See Appendix 1 for labels.	Fig. 13. Strength indicators computed for theropod crania under mediolateral (A), dorsoventral (B), and torsional (C) loadings. Tyrannosaurid crania are invariably stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given skull length. See Appendix 1 for labels.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961071/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961071	Fig. 14. A. Functional integration of strengths of the tyrannosaurid head skeleton when subjected to feeding forces. Dark arrows represent direct influences of forces on structures, and direct integration of structural strengths. Light arrows represent less direct influences of structures on one another. B. Correlated progression of tyrannosauroid feeding adaptations mapped onto a tyrannosauroid cladogram after Xu et al. (2004) and Holtz (2004). Arrow at left represents phyletic increases that likely occurred at all ingroup nodes except G. libratus + A. sarcophagus.	Fig. 14. A. Functional integration of strengths of the tyrannosaurid head skeleton when subjected to feeding forces. Dark arrows represent direct influences of forces on structures, and direct integration of structural strengths. Light arrows represent less direct influences of structures on one another. B. Correlated progression of tyrannosauroid feeding adaptations mapped onto a tyrannosauroid cladogram after Xu et al. (2004) and Holtz (2004). Arrow at left represents phyletic increases that likely occurred at all ingroup nodes except G. libratus + A. sarcophagus.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/3961073/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3961073	Fig. 15. Nasal articulations with maxillae in juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (nasals at top; TMP 86.144.1) adult Tyrannosaurus rex (nasals in middle and maxilla below; TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). The interlocking, staircase−style articulation in the adult Tyrannosaurus rex efficiently transmitted compressional forces and increased the shear strength of the articulation. Dashed lines show the extent of the staircased articulation, and the solid line indicates a projection on the nasals and the corresponding depression in the maxilla.	Fig. 15. Nasal articulations with maxillae in juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (nasals at top; TMP 86.144.1) adult Tyrannosaurus rex (nasals in middle and maxilla below; TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). The interlocking, staircase−style articulation in the adult Tyrannosaurus rex efficiently transmitted compressional forces and increased the shear strength of the articulation. Dashed lines show the extent of the staircased articulation, and the solid line indicates a projection on the nasals and the corresponding depression in the maxilla.	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
0394878AEC2DFFDC537BF954FD17FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5196278/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5196278	(1)	(1)	2006-12-31	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips		Zenodo	biologists	Eric Snively;Donald M. Henderson;Doug S. Phillips			
