identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039487B55C27803AF286FF48FC34FD81.text	039487B55C27803AF286FF48FC34FD81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigonema minutum Hassall ex Bornet & Flahault 1886	<div><p>Stigonema cf. minutum Hassall ex Bornet &amp; Flahault (1886: 72) (Figs 4, 5)</p> <p>Main filaments mono or biseriate, composed by rows of cells, 15–35 µm wide, with firm, delimited, brownish sheaths. Branches are morphologically the same as the main filaments, slightly and continually narrowed at the end, often ending in monoseriate parts, 15–30 µm wide. Trichomes moniliform, 12–30 µm wide, with compressed or irregularly rounded cells, 6.5–10.0 µm long, terminal cells sometimes slightly elongated and rounded at the end. Lateral heterocytes rounded, intercalary compressed, with the same dimensions as the cells. Hormogonia develop at the ends of branches, usually 4–8 cells.</p> <p>Habitat:— On lateritic surface of termites nests, on the soil and on wet rocky surfaces.</p> <p>Samples examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Horto Florestal, 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T P. Azevedo and J. Komárek, (SP 427507, SP 427509, SP 427511); State Park of “Ilha do Cardoso”, 29 June 2010, W.A. Gama Jr. and C.F.S. Malone (SP 401436).</p> <p>Notes:— This species is considered cosmopolitan in unpolluted soil habitats and on rocky substrates (Geitler 1932). As other commonly distributed species, it has a great morphological variability and has been described under various concepts. We identify this species in the original sense, corresponding to Geitler (1932). The Brazilian populations are similar to S. minutum Bornet &amp; Flahault (1886: 72) according to descriptions in the literature, but there are doubts about their identity in European populations. Even within the Brazilian populations, there are slight differences, indicating that this group requires a revision comparing the tropical/subtropical populations with those from temperate regions.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487B55C27803AF286FF48FC34FD81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sant’Anna, Célia L.;Kaštovský, Jan;Hentschke, Guilherme S.;Komárek, Jiŕí	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C26803AF286FD4EFB00F894.text	039487B55C26803AF286FD4EFB00F894.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigonema fremyi	<div><p>Stigonema fremyi Sant’Anna, Kaštovský, Hentschke&amp; Komárek, sp. nov. (Fig. 6)</p> <p>Strata subaerophytica, fasciculata vel aggregata, tomentosa, atro-olivacea. Fila ramique similares, multiseriata, 18–50 µm lata; rami de filis principalis plus minusve ad angulum 90 o divaricati, ad apices gradatim attenuati, cum segmentis curtis terminalibus uniseriatis, ad 25 µm latis, apice rotundati. Vaginae firmae, distinctae, paucim laminosae, luteo-fuscae. Cellulae irregulariter sphaericae, 11–20 µm diametro. Heterocytae solitariae, intercalares, dimensionibus similaris cellulis vegatativis. Hormogonia curta, praecipue uniseriata, terminaliter separantur.—Habitatio: Aerophytice ad saxa et rupes facultative madidas, in montibus " Mata Atlantica " dictis, prope Campos de Jordão, provincia São Paulo, Brasilia.</p> <p>Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, preserved sample collected on 9 November 2002, C.L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (Holotype SP 427508!).</p> <p>Filaments forming dense clusters, morphologically similar to the branches which separate them from the main filaments in right angles; both polyseriate, (18)28–45(50) µm wide. Branches narrowed at the base and toward the ends, with short uniseriate segments in terminal parts, ends rounded, up to 25 µm. Sheaths firm, limited, mostly yellow-brown. Cells irregulary sphaerical, 11–20 µm diameter. Heterocytes numerous, intercalar or lateral, with the same dimensions as the cells.</p> <p>Habitat:— On rocky walls.</p> <p>Etymology:— Species is named to the honor of the famous French specialist in Cyanophyceae (Cyanobacteria) Abbé Pierre Frémy, who first described and documented similar Stigonema populations from African tropical localities.</p> <p>Notes:— The Brazilian population with polyseriate filaments and more or less morphologically identical branches (only slightly narrower) corresponds well to the concept of S. minutum sensu Frémy (1930). However, these specimens clearly differ from the original description of S. minutum (Geitler 1932) by the morphology of polyseriate filaments, dimensions, ecology, and also by the occurrence in tropical habitats. The type of branching is very characteristic in the studied material as well as in Frémy´s material from Africa: branches are often characteristically narrowed at the initial point from the main filaments. Based on our studies of populations corresponding to the original description of S. minutum, we could confirm that our material, and also that of S. minutum sensu Frémy are specifically tropical species, clearly different from the typical S. minutum described in temperate regions. Thus, we named the new species S. fremyi, which includes the material from Africa identified by Frémy (1930) as S. minutum and the Brazilian material.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487B55C26803AF286FD4EFB00F894	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sant’Anna, Célia L.;Kaštovský, Jan;Hentschke, Guilherme S.;Komárek, Jiŕí	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C298034F286F949FEE1F86A.text	039487B55C298034F286F949FEE1F86A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigonema flexuosum West & West 1897	<div><p>Stigonema flexuosum West &amp; West (1897: 293) (Fig. 7)</p> <p>Filaments entangled, mostly creeping on the substrate, uniseriate, only occasionally with two cells aside, more or less cylindrical, 15–20(22) µm wide. Morphology of the main filaments and branches is almost the same, branches sometimes slightly narrower, rounded at the ends. Sheaths slightly lamellate, mostly slightly brownish. Trichomes moniliforms, 13–17 µm wide. Cells rounded, usually shorter than wide, after lengthwise division almost isodiametric, 9–15 µm long. Heterocytes numerous, mostly lateral 10–13 µm wide, less frequently intercalar, with the same dimensions as the cells. Hormogonia short, cylindrical, composed of shortened cells, uniseriate, separated from sheaths at the ends of branches.</p> <p>Habitat:— On wet soil.</p> <p>Samples examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Mata Atlântica, 9 November 2002, C.L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (SP 427510); State Park of “Ilha do Cardoso”, 29 June 2010, W.A. Gama Jr. and C.F. da S. Malone (SP 401439).</p> <p>Notes:— The Brazilian populations correspond almost exactly to the original description of S. flexuosum, and the ecology is not very different (wet soils, rocky substrates, stagnant waters). However, very similar populations were often recorded from tropical regions under different names (S. ocellatum Bornet &amp; Flahault 1886: 69, S. hormoides Bornet &amp; Flahault 1886: 68 or S. hormoides var. africanum Fritsch 1923: 370). The taxonomy of these similar types is still unclear and should be resolved with culture studies and experimental methods.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487B55C298034F286F949FEE1F86A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sant’Anna, Célia L.;Kaštovský, Jan;Hentschke, Guilherme S.;Komárek, Jiŕí	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C2A8036F286FF48FB62F841.text	039487B55C2A8036F286FF48FB62F841.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigonema tomentosum (Kutzing) Hieronymus 1895	<div><p>Stigonema tomentosum (Kützing) Hieronymus (1895: 166) (Fig. 8)</p> <p>Thallus forming a black thin layer on the substrate, slightly woolly surface. Creeping filaments from which grow numerous fasciculated, more or less erect branches, similar in morphology. Creeping filaments cylindrical, uniseriate to biseriate, 15–20 µm wide. Branches rise perpendicular from the main filaments, often near one another, 12–17 µm, forming erect fascicles, usually divaricated at the apical region. Sheaths yellow-brown. Trichomes moniliform in the main filament, 12–15 µm wide, with rounded and compressed cells 6–10 µm long; and almost not constricted in the apical parts of the branches. Branches 11–15 µm wide, with shorter than wide cells, 4–10 µm long. Heterocytes intercalary arranged, short barrel-shaped up to rounded-cylindrical, generally 5–8 µm wide, 10.5–11.5 µm long. Hormogonia formed at the ends of branches, composed of 5–18 short cells, distinctly constricted at cross walls.</p> <p>Habitat:— On wet wooden substrate.</p> <p>Samples examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Horto Florestal, 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (SP 427513).</p> <p>Notes:— This species is not very common and is rarely recorded, probably in different senses according to various authors. For this reason, the identification of this species is unclear. The fasciculation of trichomes is its main characteristic. Stigonema tomentosum grows on wet rocks and wood, but it has been recorded from very distant areas worldwide, both from temperate and tropical regions. The material from the Atlantic Rainforest corresponds quite well to the original description of this species, mainly in relation to large, flat, blackish woolly mats on a wet wooden desk. The principal characteristics of this species are the simple, densely arranged, fasciculated trichomes. In basal parts numerous creeping main filaments occur, from which parallel branches grow erect.</p> <p>Stigonema crassivaginatum (Geitler) Sant’Anna, Kaštovský, Hentschke&amp; Komárek, comb. et stat. nov. (Figs 9, 10)</p> <p>Basionym: — Stigonema hormoides var. crassivaginatum Geitler, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 12: 629, 1933 (Geitler 1933). Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo State: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.3/lat -23.216667)">São Luiz do Paraitinga</a>, 23º13’S, 45°18’W, 9 November 2002, C.L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo &amp; J. Komárek (holotype: SP 427514).</p> <p>Filaments creeping, more or less straight, uniseriate, narrowed towards the ends (both trichomes and filaments), 20–25 (40) µm wide. Branching relatively rare, branches short, usually conical, 12–15 µm wide at the end. Sheaths relatively thick, distinct, delimited, stratified, yellow-brown, colorless at the end and in young branches, closed and round. Trichomes constricted at cross walls, attenuated, composed of near-regular rows of slightly compressed round cells, 12–14 µ m wide, at the ends 7–8 µ m. Heterocytes rarely hemispherical, usually barrel-shaped or shortly barrel-shaped, of the same size as the neighbouring vegetative cells. Hormogonia are formed at the end of narrowed branches, cylindrical, almost without constrictions at cross-walls.</p> <p>Habitat:— On rocks.</p> <p>Samples examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Ecological Station “Juréia-Itatins”, 15 August 2011, C.L. Sant’Anna (SP 427307).</p> <p>Notes:— Stigonema hormoides is a very variable species and is recorded under different concepts (Frémy 1930, Silva &amp; Sant’Anna 1996). According to Bornet &amp; Flahault (1886), S. hormoides var. hormoides presents subglobose cells and rarely branched subtorulose filaments that can be uni- or biseriate The tropical material from Brazil and from the Sunda Islands presents uniseriate and non-subtorulose filaments with frequent branching and compressed cells. Moreover, the typical populations of S. hormoides grow in peaty, acidic habitats in temperate regions, where this species was described, while the tropical populations were found on wet rocks. The concept of subspecific taxa in cyanobacterial taxonomy is unclear, and the taxon from Brazil and from Sunda Islands should be recombined to a status of species rank.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487B55C2A8036F286FF48FB62F841	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sant’Anna, Célia L.;Kaštovský, Jan;Hentschke, Guilherme S.;Komárek, Jiŕí	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C2F8033F286FF45FDF1FAB9.text	039487B55C2F8033F286FF45FDF1FAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigonema corticola	<div><p>Stigonema corticola Sant’Anna, Kaštovský, Hentschke&amp; Komárek, sp. nov. (Figs 11–13)</p> <p>Strata aerophytica, fasciculata cum filis irregulariter et dense aggregatis, praecipue nigro-fusca. Fila irregulares, flexuosa, multiseriata, rarissime uniseriata, saepe in agglomerationes cellulis transientes, cum ramis numerosis curtis, plus minusve filis principalis similares, apice rotundatae, saepe cum cellula solitaria, irregulariter rotundata terminatae; fila 12–40 µm lata, ad apices 10–15 µm lata. Numerosae agglomerationes cellularum irregularium. Vaginae firmae, distinctae, homogeneae vel lammelosae, sine colore vel luteo-fuscae, apice clausae. Cellulae irregulariter sphericae, ad 10 µm in diametro, contentu fuscescente. Heterocytae solitariae, intercalares, praecipue laterales, hemisphaericae 5–6 × 6–7 µm. Hormogonia curta, uniseriata, cylindrica, cum cellulis curtis, apice separantur.—Habitatio: Aerophytice vel epiphytice, praecipue ad cortice arborum, minus quam superficie solis praesens, in sylvis in montibus " Mata Atlantica " dictis, provincia São Paulo, Brasilia.</p> <p>Type:— Brazil. São Paulo: State Park of “Serra do Mar” (Santa Virginia), preserved sample collected on 22 February 2010, W.A. Gama Jr. and E.M. Caltran (Holotype SP 427515!); Ubatuba, 9 november 2002, C.L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (Isotype SP 427511!).</p> <p>Clusters of densely agglomerated filaments, not distinctly separated in the main filaments and branches. Filaments are mono- to polyseriate, relatively short, flexuous, sometimes wart-like, irregular, usually from 12 (monoseriate) to 40 (polyseriate) µm wide, ends of branches about 10–15 µm wide. Numerous stages with irregular cell agglomerations. Sheaths distinct, homogeneous or lamellate, hyaline to yellow-brown, closed at the ends. Cells irregularly round, up to 10 µm in diameter, apical cells usually solitary, larger and rounded from outside, cell content brownish. Heterocytes mainly hemispherical, usually lateral, rarely intercalar, 5–6 µm long, 6–7 µm wide.</p> <p>Habitat:— On tree barks or in soil among mosses.</p> <p>Etymology:— Species named according to the main occurrence on bark of trees.</p> <p>Notes:— Stigonema corticola is an interesting stigonematacean type with closely agglomerated and frequently branched, uni-to multiseriate, isopolar filaments. The main filaments are only slightly recognizable and are very similar to the branches. Stigonema corticola probably belongs to the vicinity of S. minutum, but differs in morphology mainly because of the presence of an amorphous stage (agglomeration of cells with lateral heterocytes) in young individuals of S. corticola. In addition, both types differ in ecology, since S. minutum from northern Europe is typically epilithic, while the tropical S. corticola typically grows on tree barks or less frequently on soils.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487B55C2F8033F286FF45FDF1FAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sant’Anna, Célia L.;Kaštovský, Jan;Hentschke, Guilherme S.;Komárek, Jiŕí	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C33802FF286FF45FE76FA3B.text	039487B55C33802FF286FF45FE76FA3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigonema parallelum	<div><p>Stigonema parallelum Sant’Anna, Kaštovský, Hentschke&amp; Komárek, sp. nov. (Fig. 14, 15)</p> <p>Strata aerophytica, fusco-atrata, tenues, atteram adhaerentes, de filis curtis, erectis, parallele agglomeratis composita. Fila bipolares, praecipue uniseriata rarisime ad tri-seriata, apud basis 10–18 µm lata, ad apices rotundatis attenuata ad 8–10 µm, rarissime elongata, flexuosa cum ramis lateralis. Rami curti, ad apices rotundati. Vaginae firmae, lamellosae, luteo-fuscae. Cellulae irregulariter rotundatae, saepe brevior quam latae vel ad isodiametricae, contentu griseo-aeruginosae vel olivaceae. Heterocytae solitariae, intercalares vel laterales subsphaericae vel irregulariter ovales. Hormogonia curta, 4–12-cellularia, praecipue 7–8 µm lata, cylindrica vel ellipsoidea, cum cellulis curtis, barriliformis composita, apice de filis ramisque separantur.—Habitatio: Aerophytice in solis latericis humidis in sylvis montium " Mata Atlantica " dictis, provincia São Paulo, Brasilia.</p> <p>Type:— Brazil. São Paulo: Ecological Station “Juréia-Itatins”, preserved sample collected on 19 September 2002, C.L. Sant’Anna (Holotype SP 427516!, Isotype SP 427517!).</p> <p>Thallus forming flat mats on the substrate, composed of relatively short, parallel and densely arranged filaments, perpendicular to the substrate. Filaments mostly uniseriate, only rarely with 2(3) cells aside, wider near the bases (10–18 µm), narrowed toward the ends (8–10 µm). Branches lateral, very short, narrowed towards the ends, rounded at the apex. From the layer of short, parallel oriented filaments sometimes solitary longer, flexuous filaments grow, also with short branches, up to 3 times longer than other filaments. Hormogonia 4–12-celled, mostly 7–8 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid in outline, composed of short barrelshaped cells, constricted at the cross-walls. Hormogonia are formed also at the end of elongated filaments. Sheaths slightly up to intensely lamellate, yellow-brown. Cells irregularly rounded, mostly shorter than wide, rarely isodiametric. Cell content grey-blue-green, olive green, or pale blue-green.</p> <p>Habitat:— On wet lateritic soil.</p> <p>Etymology:— Specific name refers to the parallel organization of filaments in thalli.</p> <p>Notes:— This species represents a morphologically very distinct and characteristic stigonematacean type with heteropolar filaments, attached by one end to the substrate and very characteristic life cycle. Short, mostly uniseriate filaments are round at the apical ends, attached firmly to the substrate, and arranged very densely and parallel in erected fascicles. The short hormogonia liberate individually from the sheaths in the apical part of filaments attached to the substrate, representing the main mode of reproduction (see Fig. 15). The only stigonematacean species with a similar morphology and life cycle is Stigonema compactum Gardner (1927: 10), described from China, but with a distinctly different cell morphology. Since there are no other similar known stigonematacean taxa, we describe this as a new Stigonema species. The biology and morphology of this Brazilian morphotype are so specific that the separation at the generic level might be possible in the future.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487B55C33802FF286FF45FE76FA3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sant’Anna, Célia L.;Kaštovský, Jan;Hentschke, Guilherme S.;Komárek, Jiŕí	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
