taxonID	type	description	language	source
039487B55C27803AF286FF48FC34FD81.taxon	description	Habitat: — On lateritic surface of termites nests, on the soil and on wet rocky surfaces. Samples examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Horto Florestal, 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T P. Azevedo and J. Komárek, (SP 427507, SP 427509, SP 427511); State Park of “ Ilha do Cardoso ”, 29 June 2010, W. A. Gama Jr. and C. F. S. Malone (SP 401436). Notes: — This species is considered cosmopolitan in unpolluted soil habitats and on rocky substrates (Geitler 1932). As other commonly distributed species, it has a great morphological variability and has been described under various concepts. We identify this species in the original sense, corresponding to Geitler (1932). The Brazilian populations are similar to S. minutum Bornet & Flahault (1886: 72) according to descriptions in the literature, but there are doubts about their identity in European populations. Even within the Brazilian populations, there are slight differences, indicating that this group requires a revision comparing the tropical / subtropical populations with those from temperate regions.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C26803AF286FD4EFB00F894.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, preserved sample collected on 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (Holotype SP 427508!). Filaments forming dense clusters, morphologically similar to the branches which separate them from the main filaments in right angles; both polyseriate, (18) 28 – 45 (50) µm wide. Branches narrowed at the base and toward the ends, with short uniseriate segments in terminal parts, ends rounded, up to 25 µm. Sheaths firm, limited, mostly yellow-brown. Cells irregulary sphaerical, 11 – 20 µm diameter. Heterocytes numerous, intercalar or lateral, with the same dimensions as the cells. Habitat: — On rocky walls.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C26803AF286FD4EFB00F894.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — Species is named to the honor of the famous French specialist in Cyanophyceae (Cyanobacteria) Abbé Pierre Frémy, who first described and documented similar Stigonema populations from African tropical localities. Notes: — The Brazilian population with polyseriate filaments and more or less morphologically identical branches (only slightly narrower) corresponds well to the concept of S. minutum sensu Frémy (1930). However, these specimens clearly differ from the original description of S. minutum (Geitler 1932) by the morphology of polyseriate filaments, dimensions, ecology, and also by the occurrence in tropical habitats. The type of branching is very characteristic in the studied material as well as in Frémy´s material from Africa: branches are often characteristically narrowed at the initial point from the main filaments. Based on our studies of populations corresponding to the original description of S. minutum, we could confirm that our material, and also that of S. minutum sensu Frémy are specifically tropical species, clearly different from the typical S. minutum described in temperate regions. Thus, we named the new species S. fremyi, which includes the material from Africa identified by Frémy (1930) as S. minutum and the Brazilian material.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C298034F286F949FEE1F86A.taxon	description	Habitat: — On wet soil. Samples examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Mata Atlântica, 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (SP 427510); State Park of “ Ilha do Cardoso ”, 29 June 2010, W. A. Gama Jr. and C. F. da S. Malone (SP 401439). Notes: — The Brazilian populations correspond almost exactly to the original description of S. flexuosum, and the ecology is not very different (wet soils, rocky substrates, stagnant waters). However, very similar populations were often recorded from tropical regions under different names (S. ocellatum Bornet & Flahault 1886: 69, S. hormoides Bornet & Flahault 1886: 68 or S. hormoides var. africanum Fritsch 1923: 370). The taxonomy of these similar types is still unclear and should be resolved with culture studies and experimental methods.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C2A8036F286FF48FB62F841.taxon	description	Habitat: — On wet wooden substrate. Samples examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Horto Florestal, 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (SP 427513). Notes: — This species is not very common and is rarely recorded, probably in different senses according to various authors. For this reason, the identification of this species is unclear. The fasciculation of trichomes is its main characteristic. Stigonema tomentosum grows on wet rocks and wood, but it has been recorded from very distant areas worldwide, both from temperate and tropical regions. The material from the Atlantic Rainforest corresponds quite well to the original description of this species, mainly in relation to large, flat, blackish woolly mats on a wet wooden desk. The principal characteristics of this species are the simple, densely arranged, fasciculated trichomes. In basal parts numerous creeping main filaments occur, from which parallel branches grow erect. Stigonema crassivaginatum (Geitler) Sant’Anna, Kaštovský, Hentschke & Komárek, comb. et stat. nov. (Figs 9, 10) Basionym: — Stigonema hormoides var. crassivaginatum Geitler, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 12: 629, 1933 (Geitler 1933). Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo State: São Luiz do Paraitinga, 23 º 13 ’ S, 45 ° 18 ’ W, 9 November 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo & J. Komárek (holotype: SP 427514). Filaments creeping, more or less straight, uniseriate, narrowed towards the ends (both trichomes and filaments), 20 – 25 (40) µm wide. Branching relatively rare, branches short, usually conical, 12 – 15 µm wide at the end. Sheaths relatively thick, distinct, delimited, stratified, yellow-brown, colorless at the end and in young branches, closed and round. Trichomes constricted at cross walls, attenuated, composed of near-regular rows of slightly compressed round cells, 12 – 14 µ m wide, at the ends 7 – 8 µ m. Heterocytes rarely hemispherical, usually barrel-shaped or shortly barrel-shaped, of the same size as the neighbouring vegetative cells. Hormogonia are formed at the end of narrowed branches, cylindrical, almost without constrictions at cross-walls. Habitat: — On rocks. Samples examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Ecological Station “ Juréia-Itatins ”, 15 August 2011, C. L. Sant’Anna (SP 427307). Notes: — Stigonema hormoides is a very variable species and is recorded under different concepts (Frémy 1930, Silva & Sant’Anna 1996). According to Bornet & Flahault (1886), S. hormoides var. hormoides presents subglobose cells and rarely branched subtorulose filaments that can be uni- or biseriate The tropical material from Brazil and from the Sunda Islands presents uniseriate and non-subtorulose filaments with frequent branching and compressed cells. Moreover, the typical populations of S. hormoides grow in peaty, acidic habitats in temperate regions, where this species was described, while the tropical populations were found on wet rocks. The concept of subspecific taxa in cyanobacterial taxonomy is unclear, and the taxon from Brazil and from Sunda Islands should be recombined to a status of species rank.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C2F8033F286FF45FDF1FAB9.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Brazil. São Paulo: State Park of “ Serra do Mar ” (Santa Virginia), preserved sample collected on 22 February 2010, W. A. Gama Jr. and E. M. Caltran (Holotype SP 427515!); Ubatuba, 9 november 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna, M. T. P. Azevedo and J. Komárek (Isotype SP 427511!). Clusters of densely agglomerated filaments, not distinctly separated in the main filaments and branches. Filaments are mono- to polyseriate, relatively short, flexuous, sometimes wart-like, irregular, usually from 12 (monoseriate) to 40 (polyseriate) µm wide, ends of branches about 10 – 15 µm wide. Numerous stages with irregular cell agglomerations. Sheaths distinct, homogeneous or lamellate, hyaline to yellow-brown, closed at the ends. Cells irregularly round, up to 10 µm in diameter, apical cells usually solitary, larger and rounded from outside, cell content brownish. Heterocytes mainly hemispherical, usually lateral, rarely intercalar, 5 – 6 µm long, 6 – 7 µm wide. Habitat: — On tree barks or in soil among mosses.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C2F8033F286FF45FDF1FAB9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — Species named according to the main occurrence on bark of trees. Notes: — Stigonema corticola is an interesting stigonematacean type with closely agglomerated and frequently branched, uni-to multiseriate, isopolar filaments. The main filaments are only slightly recognizable and are very similar to the branches. Stigonema corticola probably belongs to the vicinity of S. minutum, but differs in morphology mainly because of the presence of an amorphous stage (agglomeration of cells with lateral heterocytes) in young individuals of S. corticola. In addition, both types differ in ecology, since S. minutum from northern Europe is typically epilithic, while the tropical S. corticola typically grows on tree barks or less frequently on soils.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C33802FF286FF45FE76FA3B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Brazil. São Paulo: Ecological Station “ Juréia-Itatins ”, preserved sample collected on 19 September 2002, C. L. Sant’Anna (Holotype SP 427516!, Isotype SP 427517!). Thallus forming flat mats on the substrate, composed of relatively short, parallel and densely arranged filaments, perpendicular to the substrate. Filaments mostly uniseriate, only rarely with 2 (3) cells aside, wider near the bases (10 – 18 µm), narrowed toward the ends (8 – 10 µm). Branches lateral, very short, narrowed towards the ends, rounded at the apex. From the layer of short, parallel oriented filaments sometimes solitary longer, flexuous filaments grow, also with short branches, up to 3 times longer than other filaments. Hormogonia 4 – 12 - celled, mostly 7 – 8 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid in outline, composed of short barrelshaped cells, constricted at the cross-walls. Hormogonia are formed also at the end of elongated filaments. Sheaths slightly up to intensely lamellate, yellow-brown. Cells irregularly rounded, mostly shorter than wide, rarely isodiametric. Cell content grey-blue-green, olive green, or pale blue-green. Habitat: — On wet lateritic soil.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
039487B55C33802FF286FF45FE76FA3B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — Specific name refers to the parallel organization of filaments in thalli. Notes: — This species represents a morphologically very distinct and characteristic stigonematacean type with heteropolar filaments, attached by one end to the substrate and very characteristic life cycle. Short, mostly uniseriate filaments are round at the apical ends, attached firmly to the substrate, and arranged very densely and parallel in erected fascicles. The short hormogonia liberate individually from the sheaths in the apical part of filaments attached to the substrate, representing the main mode of reproduction (see Fig. 15). The only stigonematacean species with a similar morphology and life cycle is Stigonema compactum Gardner (1927: 10), described from China, but with a distinctly different cell morphology. Since there are no other similar known stigonematacean taxa, we describe this as a new Stigonema species. The biology and morphology of this Brazilian morphotype are so specific that the separation at the generic level might be possible in the future.	en	Sant’Anna, Célia L., Kaštovský, Jan, Hentschke, Guilherme S., Komárek, Jiŕí (2013): Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phytotaxa 89 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.89.1.1
