identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039487CBAB42C71459E9F944FEFDFA22.text	039487CBAB42C71459E9F944FEFDFA22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paepalanthus ferrugineus Andrino & Echtern. 2021	<div><p>Paepalanthus ferrugineus Andrino &amp; Echtern., sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, 3).</p> <p>Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Rio Pardo de Minas, Parque Estadual da Serra Nova. Alto da serra, passando pela estrada até <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.81361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.676667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.81361/lat -15.676667)">Gerais Santana</a>, 1257 m elev., 15 o 40’36” S 42 o 48’49” W, 19 April 2014, L. Echternacht, T. V. Bastos, M. S. Freitas &amp; A. P. L. Werlang 2415 (holotype OUPR! [29438], isotypes B!, HUFU!, NY!, P!, RB! SPF!).</p> <p>Diagnosis:— The new species is similar to Paepalanthus bombacinus (Silveira 1928: 83), P. regelianus Körnicke (1963: 386), P. regalis Körnicke (1963: 393), and P. barbulatus Herzog (1924: 83), sharing the robust rhizomatous habit, with basal leaf rosettes and scapes two to three times longer than the leaves. It is distinguished from these species by the rust-colored involucral bracts (vs. brown), surpassing the floral disc in early mature capitula (vs. not surpassing the floral disc), and tufted adaxially (vs. glabrous), together with the petals of pistillate flowers distally brown (vs. cream to straw-colored).</p> <p>Perennial herbs, terrestrial, 15–60 cm tall. Roots ca. 1 mm diam. Rhizome sub-horizontal to erect, 3–10 cm long, branched or not. Basal rosettes of leaves solitary or branching at ground level. Leaves 6–20 × 0.5–1 cm, lanceolate, chartaceous, striate abaxially with prominent veins, margins thickened, apex acute to acuminate; abaxially glabrous, adaxially pilose, pubescent to glabrous, margin ciliate to glabrous; hairs simple, patent, of two lengths, short 0.1–0.3 mm and long 1–5 mm long. Spathes 6–20 cm long, as long as the leaves or exceeding them by 1–2 cm, opening obliquely, 3–20 mm long, acute to acuminate, chartaceous, pilose to glabrescent; hairs sparse, denser at the apex, margin ciliate, hairs similar to those on the leaves, dehiscent, base bulbous, persistent. Scapes axilar, 18–55 cm long, 3–4-costate, pilose to pubescent; hairs simple, ascending, 1–6 mm long, dehiscent, base bulbous, persistent. Capitula 11–18 mm in diameter, hemispherical. Involucral bracts in (3–)5–8 series, brown, commonly with a reddish to orange tinge, darker at apex, those of the external series ovate to ovate-triangular, 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm; those of the internal series ranging from ovate-triangular to narrow triangular, 4–8 × 1.5–3 mm, surpassing the floral disc 1–2 mm in early mature capitula, apex acute to attenuate; abaxially tomentose, adaxially tufted distally, ciliate, hairs simple, appressed, 0.3–2 mm long, cilia longer on the internal series. Floral bracts light to dark brown, darker at the apex, grading to straw-colored toward the base, 2.9–5.7 (–7.2) × 0.2–0.7 mm, often surpassing the flowers by 0.3–0.5 (–0.6) mm, dark apices often visible on the surface of the capitulum, more or less linear or broadest near the middle, apex obtuse to acute; hairs similar to those on the involucral bracts, apical tuft (0.2–) 0.4–1 mm long, decurrent along margins ca. 1 mm. Flowers 3-merous, actinomorphic, 2.5–4 mm long including the pedicel, membranaceous, more than 200 per capitulum, forming cycles of staminate flowers intercalated by cycles of pistillate ones; pedicel brown, ca. 0.5 mm long, densely pilose with simple hairs ca. 2 mm long. Staminate flowers with sepals dark to light brown, lighter toward the cream-colored base, 2–3 mm long, free, concave, narrow obovate, apex obtuse to acute, abaxially glabrous, adaxially tufted at apex, ciliate, hairs simple, decurrent along margins ca. 0.5 mm, dehiscent; anthophore ca. 0.5 mm long; petals light brown to brown, with a greenish tinge, ca. 2 mm long, fused, tubular, truncate, with six short lobes ca. 0.2 mm long, alternate and opposite to the stamens, involute after anthesis, ciliate; stamens 2.5–3 mm long, epipetalous ca. 0.6 mm long, cream-colored to yellowish, introrse, exserted; pistillodes brown, ca. 0.5 mm long, apex cream-colored, fimbriate. Pistillate flowers with sepals straw-colored from base to middle, dark brown at apex, 2–3 mm long, fused at base, concave, oblong, apex obtuse, tufted at the apex on both surfaces, hairs simple, decurrent along margins ca. 0.5 cm long, dehiscent, thickening during fruit maturation, hygroscopic; petals cream-colored, brown at apex, 2–2.5 mm long, free, oblong to narrow obovate, pilose as the sepals; gynoecium 2.5–3 mm long; ovary ca. 0.7 mm long, style column ca. 0.2 mm long, nectariferous portion brown, 0.5–0.7 mm long, fimbriate at apex, stigmatic portion brown, shortly bifid, 1.5–2 mm long, exserted. Seed 0.6 × 0.3 mm, ellipsoid, reddish-brown, reticulate, with longitudinal striations prominent.</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet “ ferrugineus ”, Latin for rusty, refers to the distinctive rust-colored involucral bracts of this species.</p> <p>Flowering:— It was collected with flowers and fruit in March and April, suggesting a flowering period at the beginning of the dry season.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— The species is endemic to the SNSP, forming large populations of hundreds of individuals, mainly on the high plateaus of the Serra Nova, with records ranging from 850 to 1300 m elev. It grows on open, quartzitic Campos Rupestres, among herbaceous to shrubby vegetation, growing over white to grey, sandy to gravelly soil.</p> <p>Conservation status:— The species is known from a single locality, but forms large populations within a restricteduse protected area, on its more isolated and conserved highlands. In spite of these circumstances, disturbances occur related to fire, cattle grazing, and road construction, the responsible governmental agencies often lack resources for maintenance and surveillance, and the conservation of habitat quality cannot be taken for granted. Based on the IUCN Red List guidelines and criteria, it is assessed as Critically Endangered, considering its EOO of 57 km 2 (B1), its AOO of 5 km 2 (B2), one known location (Ba), and declining quality of habitat (Bb).</p> <p>Notes and taxonomic affinities:— Paepalanthus ferrugineus is very similar to species of P. subg. Xeractis (Körnicke 1863: 336), a lineage endemic to the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais (Andrade et al. 2010, Trovó et al. 2013, Andrino et al. 2021). The new taxon shares with the species of this subgenus the following characters: adaxially pilose involucral bracts surpassing the floral disc, pilose petals of pistillate flowers, and tufted involucral bracts and sepals, with decurrent hairs along margins (Hensold 1988). The synapomorphy of P. subg. Xeractis is the corolla of staminate flowers pilose adaxially, but P. ferrugineus has ciliate petals, glabrous adaxially. Thus, despite these morphological resemblances, the listed differences led us to discard this species as a member of Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis.</p> <p>A group of about 20 species included in Paepalanthus ser. Paepalanthus have morphological characteristics similar to P. ferrugineus, with many of them closely related phylogenetically (Clade Q, Andrino et al. 2021), while others have not yet been tested. They are robust species, more than 30 cm tall, with short aerial stems and lignified subterranean stems, usually vertical, leaves flat, persistent, lanceolate, disposed in rosettes, numerous (15–30) scapes per individual and usually twice to thrice as long as the leaves. Within this group, P. ferrugineus is morphologically similar to P. bombacinus, to P. regelianus, and to P. regalis, all from the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais state. Another similar species is P. barbulatus, from the Espinhaço Range in Bahia state. No sympatric species belongs to this group, although the area is still poorly sampled. Paepalanthus ferrugineus can be distinguished from these four taxa by the rust-colored involucral bracts (vs. brown), surpassing the floral disc in early mature capitula (vs. not surpassing the floral disc), and tufted adaxially (vs. glabrous), together with the petals of pistillate flowers distally brown (vs. cream to straw-colored). Leaf indumentum is quite variable among these species, but densely pilose individuals were observed in P. ferrugineus and not in the other species, which tend to be pubescent to glabrous. Paepalanthus ferrugineus has narrower leaves than P. regalis and P. regelianus (0.5–1 vs. 1.1–2.2 cm) and tomentose involucral bracts (vs. pubescent to glabrous). Paepalanthus regalis has a very distinctive feature, bilateral capitula, while the other Paepalanthus have radial capitula. Another differences from these species are detailed in Table 1.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Rio Pardo de Minas, Parque Estadual da Serra Nova. Alto da serra, passando pela estrada até <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.770832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.779722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.770832/lat -15.779722)">Gerais Santana</a>, 976 m elev., 15 o 46’47” S 42 o 46’15” W, 19 April 2014, L. Echternacht et al. 2414 (DIAM! HUFU!, HDJF!, MCCA!, OUPR!); alto da serra, passando pela estrada até <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.815834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.671111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.815834/lat -15.671111)">Gerais Santana</a>, 1244 m elev., 15 o 40’16” S 42 o 48’57” W, 19 April 2014, L. Echternacht et al. 2408 (HUFU!, OUPR!); topo do Morro do Gerais, 1298 m elev., 15 o 39’42” S 42 o 45’58” W, 22 March 2012, L. A. A. Góes-Neto et al. 697 (BHCB!); trilha <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.731388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.653889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.731388/lat -15.653889)">Areial</a> em direção ao açude, 850 m elev., 15 o 39’14” S 42 o 43’53” W, 20 March 2012, M. J. R Rocha et al. 402 (BHCB!).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487CBAB42C71459E9F944FEFDFA22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Echternacht, Livia;Watanabe, Maurício Takashi Coutinho;Andrino, Caroline Oliveira	Echternacht, Livia, Watanabe, Maurício Takashi Coutinho, Andrino, Caroline Oliveira (2021): Novelties from the Serra Nova State Park (Minas Gerais, Brazil): two new endemic species of Eriocaulaceae. Phytotaxa 505 (2): 187-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2.5
039487CBAB44C71859E9F9D3FC09FCC8.text	039487CBAB44C71859E9F9D3FC09FCC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syngonanthus polyaxis Echtern. & M. T. C. Watan. 2021	<div><p>Syngonanthus polyaxis Echtern. &amp; M.T.C.Watan., sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 4, 5).</p> <p>Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Rio Pardo de Minas, Parque Estadual da Serra Nova. Alto da serra, passando pela estrada até <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.77361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.773055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.77361/lat -15.773055)">Gerais Santana</a>, campo rupestre quartzítico, solo arenoso e úmido. 15 o 46’23” S 42 o 46’25” W, 983 m elev., 19 April 2014, L. Echternacht, T. V. Bastos, M. S. Freitas &amp; A. P. L. Werlang 2405 (holotype OUPR!, isotypes B!, HUFU!, NY!, P!, RB!, SPF!).</p> <p>Diagnosis:— Syngonanthus polyaxis is unique within the genus due to its compound inflorescence architecture (synflorescence), with differentiated axes, which a primary axis emerges from the rhizome, bearing deciduous bracts in spiral throughout or rarely naked, with a densely whorl of bracts at apex; followed by one to five thinner secondary axes, naked throughout, with a whorl of less numerous bracts at apex; a tertiary axis is rarely present; the apical part is composed by scapes, bearing capitula, arranged in a terminal umbel-shaped structure. The verticillate bracts approaches S. polyaxis to S. verticillatus Ruhland (1903: 262) and S. graomogolensis Silveira (1928: 342), however these last two differ from the new species by the undifferentiated synflorescence axis, with more numerous verticilles (3–6 vs 2), and involucral bracts with simple hairs only (vs. simple and capitate).</p> <p>Perennial herbs, 15–65 cm tall. Roots ca. 1 mm in diameter, cream-colored to orangish, spongy. Rhizome 1–20 × 0.5–1 cm, horizontal to oblique, densely branched, tomentose to villous, with dense, white, curled hairs in young parts, becoming sparsely pilose to glabrescent, with filamentous hairs when older; each branch terminating in a set of overlapping rosettes of leaves, each rosette bearing 1–5 synflorescences. Leaves of the rosette 10–30 × 0.15–0.85 mm, linear to narrowly lanceolate, flat to semi-terete, apex acute to acuminate or acuminate to round, patent to recurved, chartaceous, sometimes striate adaxially with 3 prominent veins; pilose on both surfaces, with simple and capitate hairs, patent, 0.1–0.5 mm long, glabrescent with age; leaf sheath not enlarged. Synflorescence erect, emerging from rhizome, in the leaf axils, with polymorphic axes: a primary axis bearing 1–5 secondary axes, these are sustaining an umbel-shaped structure of 5–30 scapes. Primary axis 4–20 × 0.7–1.8 cm diam, reddish-brown to whitish due to the lanose and deciduous indument, simple filamentous trichomes, up to 1 cm long, glabrescent when older; bracts in spiral along the axis in younger individuals, numerous to few, deciduous, or bracts in spiral absent, 0.3–1 cm long, patent, form and indumentum similar to that of the rosette leaves; numerous bracts densely whorled at the apex, 0.5–2.5 cm long, linear, patent to incurving when young, reflexed with age. Secondary axis thinner than the proximal, 5–20 cm × 0.4–0.9 mm, velutinous and whitish when young, with simple patent hairs, 0.5–1 mm long, soon reddishbrown, pubescent to glabrescent, with simple and capitate hairs; bracts in a whorl restricted to the apex, few, lanceolate to linear, 0.3–1.5 cm long, indumentum like that on the leaves. Rarely a tertiary axis of the synflorescence is present, similar to the secondary axis. Spathes 1.0– 2.8 cm long, chartaceous, cylindrical, lax, obliquely opened, apex acute, erect to recurved, margin entire, pilose abaxially with dense, patent, capitate hairs and less frequently simple hairs, glabrous adaxially. Scapes 4–17 cm long, green to straw-colored with age, densely pilose with appressed, creamcolored, simple hairs and patent, yellowish, capitate hairs. Capitula 3–10 mm diam, obconic. Involucral bracts in 3–5 series, pilose abaxially with capitate hairs more frequent on the external series, filamentous hairs more frequent on the internal series, ciliate, glabrous adaxially, apex acute; external series 1–3 × 0.5 mm, narrowly triangular to lanceolate, stramineous throughout with longitudinal middle band, margins cream-colored to hyaline; internal series 2.5–3.5 × 0.7 mm, slightly oblanceolate, cream-colored and hyaline with a stramineous longitudinal middle band, equaling the flower disc height. Floral bracts absent. Flowers 3-merous, 20–50 per capitulum, the staminate and pistillate flowers generally equal in number, mixed, cream-colored, hyaline when wet, membranaceous. Staminate flowers slightly zygomorphic, 3–3.5 mm long including pedicel of 0.7–1 mm long, pedicel pilose with filamentous hairs; sepals 1.5–2 mm long, shortly fused at base, concave, elliptical to slightly oblanceolate, apex acute, pubescent and ciliate at the upper abaxial surface, tufted, with simple filamentous hairs or glabrescent when older, glabrous adaxially; anthophore ca. 0.5 mm long; petals 2–2.5 mm long, fused, tubular, lobes obtuse, involute after anthesis, glabrous; stamens ca. 3 mm long, epipetalous, anthers dorsifixed, ca. 0.4 mm long, cream-colored to yellowish, introrse, exserted; pistillodes ca. 0.5 mm long, clavate. Pistillate flowers actinomorphic, 2.5–3 mm long including pedicel of 0.2–1 mm in length, pedicel pilose with filamentous hairs; sepals 2–2.3 mm long, free, concave, elliptical, apex obtuse, densely pilose abaxially, ciliate, with simple filamentous hairs, adaxially glabrous; petals 2–2.5 mm long, fused at the upper half, free at base, linear, elliptical, obtrullate or oblong, pilose abaxially with simple hairs; gynoecium 2.5–3 mm long; ovary 0.5–0.7 mm long; style column ca. 0.3 mm long, nectariferous portion 0.5–0.7 mm long, the glandular apex clavate, stigmatic portion simple, 1.5–2 mm long, exserted. Seed 0.5 × 0.2 mm, ellipsoidal, reddish-brown, reticulate, with longitudinal striations more prominent.</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet “polyaxis” comes from the Greek, meaning “many axes”, in reference to the different parts composing the synflorescence, a unique characteristic within the genus.</p> <p>Flowering:— The species was collected in flower and fruit from April to October, during the dry season.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— This species is endemic to the SNSP and occurs in quartzitic Campos Rupestres, growing among sparse, herbaceous to shrubby vegetation. Populations form aggregates and are well distributed within the Park, each composed of tens of individuals, mainly in white-sand soil, which can also appear greyish by the accumulation of organic matter. Plants were observed in depressions in lower plains, where soil becomes soggy during the rainy season.</p> <p>Conservation status:— Syngonanthus polyaxis is under the same threats as P. ferrugineus, with the aggravation that most of its populations were recorded from the lowlands of the Park, a much more disturbed area, closer to villages, roads and agriculture. In addition, populations are not dense, each being composed of tens of individuals. It is assessed as Critically Endangered following the IUCN (2019) criteria, with an EOO of 3.6 km 2 (B1), an AOO of 3 km 2 (B2), one known location (Ba), and declining quality of habitat (Bb).</p> <p>Notes and taxonomic affinities:— The species is morphologically similar to Syngonanthus verticillatus and S. grao-mogolensis, both with synflorescence axes bearing whorled bracts throughout. The three species also share abundant capitate hairs on the axis and axial bracts, and similar capitula with lanceolate, stramineous involucral bracts. The axial internodes in S. verticillatus and S. grao-mogolensis species are interpreted as similar parts and not as several, because they look alike, with the same structure, although anatomical comparative data is still lacking. In Syngonanthus polyaxis, the parts differ in width, color, indumentum and bract covering; being the primary axis frequently with densely bracts in spiral, and bearing one to five secondary axes. Additional differences are the number of whorls along the synflorescence (2 [rarely 3] in S. polyaxis, 3–6 in S. verticillatus, and 5–10 in S. grao-mogolensis) and the presence of capitate hairs in the involucral bracts only in S. polyaxis. The new species also differs from S. grao-mogolensis by densely pilose scapes (vs. glabrous) and petals of pistillate flowers pilose adaxially (vs. glabrous). Comparison among the three species is summarized in Table 2. Syngonanthus verticillatus and S. grao-mogolensis occur in the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais as far north as Grão Mogol municipality, around 100 km south of Serra Nova. Sympatric species of Syngonanthus are morphologically distinct and cannot be confounded with the new taxon, although the area being poorly sampled.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Rio Pardo de Minas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.733055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.615278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.733055/lat -15.615278)">Parque Estadual da Serra Nova. Chegada</a> da trilha para o córrego da velha a partir da vila, próximo da Pedreira, 815 m elev., 15 o 36’55” S 42 o 43’59” W, 18 April 2014, L. Echternacht, T. V. Bastos, M. S. Freitas &amp; A. P. L. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.736668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.645278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.736668/lat -15.645278)">Werlang</a> 2403 (HUFU!, OUPR!); ao lado da sede do IEF, entre vegetação herbácea densa, solo arenoso quartzoso e úmido, 828 m elev., 15 o 38’43” S 42 o 44’12” W, 20 April 2014, L. Echternacht, T. V. Bastos, M. S. Freitas &amp; A. P. L. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.733055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.615278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.733055/lat -15.615278)">Werlang</a> 2426 (HUFU!, OUPR!); próximo ao córrego da Velha e à Pedreira, no caminho para o Escorregador, 815 m elev., 15 o 36’55” S 42 o 43’59” W, 10 October 2015, L. Echternacht, M. P. Soares et al. 2640 (HUFU!, OUPR!)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487CBAB44C71859E9F9D3FC09FCC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Echternacht, Livia;Watanabe, Maurício Takashi Coutinho;Andrino, Caroline Oliveira	Echternacht, Livia, Watanabe, Maurício Takashi Coutinho, Andrino, Caroline Oliveira (2021): Novelties from the Serra Nova State Park (Minas Gerais, Brazil): two new endemic species of Eriocaulaceae. Phytotaxa 505 (2): 187-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2.5
