identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039587B3BE30FFFDFF51FD8E5F437A1A.text	039587B3BE30FFFDFF51FD8E5F437A1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pinulasma , Reiswig & Stone 2013	<div><p>Genus Pinulasma Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013</p><p>Type species: Pinulasma fistulosum Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013:15 by original designation.</p><p>Genus diagnosis. Chonelasmatinae of funnel form with hollow tubular, sometimes branching fistules covering the lateral body surface, produced by crenulate growth at atrial margin. Fistules open to the atrial cavity but in life closed distally by dense network of unfused spicules or open by small parietal oscula; after death fistules also open distally. Primary layer with longitudinally elongate rectangular meshes with transverse-radial connecting beams aligned to form dictyonal lamellae; longitudinal strands present. Thin secondary cortices developed both on dermal and atrial sides with shallow epirhyses but no aporhyses. Dermalia and atrialia are pentactins or pinular hexactins with proximal rays of greatly varying length. Other megascleres include pentactins, regular hexactins, diactins, tauactins, one or two classes of scopules, and uncinates. Microscleres are mainly discohexactins and oxyhexactins or discohexasters and oxyhexasters; rare hemidiscohexasters, hemioxyhexasters or oxyhexactins may occur (Modified from Reiswig &amp; Stone 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE30FFFDFF51FD8E5F437A1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51.text	039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pinulasma bowiensis Reiswig 2018	<div><p>Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 2, 3 &amp; 4, Table 2)</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype: RBCM 016-00230-001, FV Pacific Viking, Set 18,0 8 June 2016, Bowie Seamount, 180 km W of Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada, 53°21.1’N, 135°35.6’W, 476– 988 m.</p><p>Species diagnosis. Pinulasma with fistulous outgrowths of the dermal body wall that branch and anastomose. Dermalia and atrialia are microspined pentactins. Other spicules include tyloscopules, uncinates, two types of discohexasters and oxyhexasters.</p><p>Description. Body form of the holotype is not precisely known since it was broken during collection and recovered as about 60 hard but fragile fragments ranging in size from 2 to 121 mm (Fig. 2A); it was most likely a large cone or plate. The atrial surface of the largest fragment is rather smooth with large evenly-spaced openings (Fig. 2B), 4.7– 6.9 –9.2 (n = 15) mm in diameter and 15– 20 –25 (n = 21) mm center-to-center spacing, extending vertically outwards into diverticula of the dermal surface. On the dermal surface, those atrial apertures extend into hollow dermal processes that extend vertically outwards 2–3 cm from the dermal surface and bend rather abruptly to extend parallel to the body wall and anteriorly as evidenced by orientation of dictyonal skeleton (Figs 2A, C– D).The dermal processes are somewhat flattened laterally and they often assume wall- or ridge-like form containing the round tubular component distally. The outer horizontal components of dermal processes commonly branch and anastomose; their distal walls often remain incompletely fused (Fig. 2C) or, if completely fused they bear small apertures as parietal oscula along their outer surfaces and at their terminal ends (Figs 2D–F), with diameters of 0.6– 2.7 –6.0 (n = 23) mm. The fragments preserved in alcohol are white.</p><p>The dictyonal framework of the fragments, and thus the entire specimen, is delicate and fragile; it consists of two components, the main wall of the specimen and walls of the dermal processes (Figs 3A–B). The dictyonal framework of the main wall consists of three layers, a primary unchannelized layer with elongate meshes and nodes and short beams lined up in-register to form transverse septa or ranks (Figs 3C–E). The thick dermal cortex layer of the main wall is channelized by cylindrical epirhyses (Fig 3D). The atrial layer is generally too thin to show channels but its channelization cannot be ruled out with the little information provided by this single specimen. In contrast to the main wall framework, that of the dermal processes shows a distinctive difference. About one cm outwards on the dermal processes the skeleton shifts from a 3 layered form with septate middle layer to a 1-layered framework without a distinct differentiated primary layer, without septa and with meshes of fairly equal sides (Figs 3B, F). Dictyonal spurs are rough and lanceolate (Fig. 3G) and the framework is inconsistently ornamented with small spines, some areas being smooth (Fig. 3H).</p><p>Megascleres (for measurements see Table 2) consist of a pentactine dermalia and atrialia, tyloscopules, small oxyhexactins and uncinates. Dermalia and atrialia (Fig. 4A) are regular pentactins that are similar in form and size, but those of the outer surfaces are slightly larger. They are entirely and evenly covered by fine spines. Tangential ray- ends are round, proximal ray ends are bluntly pointed. The tyloscopules (Fig. 4B) are likewise similar on both sides of the body wall; all encountered have 4 tines ending in spherical tips. Some have a smooth shaft, some are entirely covered by fine spines but all heads are covered by small reclined spines. Small oxyhexactins (Fig. 4C) which occur loose as single spicules or grouped by fusion as small groups; they are not found attached to the framework. They are uniformly covered by strong spines and ray tips are either finely tapered to sharp tips or bluntly pointed. Uncinates (Fig. 4D) are oriented obliquely throughout the wall; they are straight with welldeveloped brackets and barbs moderately inclined to the spicule surface.</p><p>Microscleres are two size classes of discohexasters, regular oxyhexasters, rare hemioxyhexasters and even rarer oxyhexactins. Oxy–tip microscleres are far more abundant (82% of 400) than disco-tip microscleres (18%). The small discohexasters 1 (Fig. 4E upper, F left) are somewhat stellate and have 3–11 sigmoid terminal rays originating from the sides of a small swelling at the tip of the primary ray; occasionally single terminal rays originate below the end of the primary ray. All surfaces bear small reclined spines; terminal rays end in a disc with 4–6 marginal spines. The larger discohexasters 2 (Figs 4E lower, F right) are more stellate with 2–4 sigmoid terminal rays originating obliquely from the tip, not sides, of each primary ray. Terminal rays are finely spined but primary rays are smooth. Oxyhexasters and rare hemioxyhexasters (Figs 4G–H) have the form of discohexaster 2 in shape (main curvature of terminal rays, if present, is outwards in middle) and in the origin of terminal rays (obliquely from the end of the distal rays). They are entirely rough. Oxyhexactins are similar to oxyhexasters but slightly larger.</p><p>Etymology. The species name, bowiensis, refers to the location of collection, Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area.</p><p>Remarks. This specimen with its three-layer dictyonal framework of the main body wall with a primary layer of elongate prismatic meshes and dermal and atrial cortices is consistent with diagnoses of the genera Chonelasma Schulze, 1886 and Pinulasma . In its fistular body wall, however, it is very similar to P. fistulosum and unlike Chonelasma, all species of which are without fistular body walls. The dictyonal framework of the Bowie specimen is nearly identical to that of the Aleutian P. fistulosum and if the only material available were the frameworks, they would probably be considered conspecific. But we have the spicules and there are major differences between them. Pinulasma fistulosum has hexactine dermalia and atrialia (vs pentactin dermalia and atrialia in the Bowie specimen), both discoscopule and strongyloscopule (vs tyloscopule) and discohexactin as the main microsclere (vs oxyhexaster). Based upon these differences, the new specimen from Bowie Seamount is considered the first member of a new species described here and named Pinulasma bowiensis .</p><p>In forming the genus Pinulasma, Reiswig &amp; Stone (2013) considered two points of difference from Chonelasma to be of prime importance, its fistular body wall and pinular dermalia. By assigning the Bowie specimen as only the second species of Pinulasma, it is not surprising that the genus diagnosis needs to be altered; importance of the form of dermalia is now decreased and the fistular body wall has become a stronger defining character of the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE33FFFEFF51FA5B5FFA784E.text	039587B3BE33FFFEFF51FA5B5FFA784E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Farrea Bowerbank 1862	<div><p>Genus Farrea Bowerbank, 1862</p><p>Type species: Farrea occa Bowerbank,1862 by monotypy</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE33FFFEFF51FA5B5FFA784E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE33FFF4FF51F92C5FE87D3C.text	039587B3BE33FFF4FF51F92C5FE87D3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Farrea schulzei Reiswig 2018	<div><p>Farrea schulzei nomen nov.</p><p>(Figs 5 &amp; 6, Table 3)</p><p>Synonymy:</p><p>Farrea aculeata Bowerbank l875: 561, Pl 57: 1; Schulze 1887: 271; 1904:141; Lopes et al. 2011:178.</p><p>Farrea aculeata Schulze 1899: 69, Pl. 15: 3-4.</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Farrea aculeata Schulze, 1899, USNM 0 7549, USFCS Albatross Stn. 3071, 28 June 1889, off Sea Lion Rock, Washington State, USA, 47.48°, 125.56°W, 1161 m., two fragments, one now wet, one dry.</p><p>Non-Type material: CAS 218812, ROV Hercules from EV Nautilus, dive H1566, 26 Aug 2016, Wreck of USS Independence, side of midship gun turret, off Farallones Is., Farallones Sanctuary, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 37.4776°N, 123.1346632°W, 805.8 m, fragment fixed 95% ethanol.</p><p>Not seen: MCZ IZ 141496, data as above, fragment.</p><p>Species diagnosis. Farrea with microspined pentactine dermalia and atrialia which are indistinguishable. Clavules are all anchorate and atrial, bearing few (0-10) shaft claws similar in size and form to the head claws. Large uncinates occur in two length classes. Microscleres are smooth oxyhexasters with equal primary and secondary ray lengths varying to hemioxyhexasters and rare oxyhexactins.</p><p>Description. Body form of the holotype described and figured as Farrea aculeata by Schulze (1899) consists of two apple-size pieces of anastomosing tubes, one with rather uniform finger-size tubes and the other as a cuplike form with terminal openings of several cm in diameter. The following description is restricted to the new specimen collected from the wreck of USS Independence. The body (Fig. 5A) is a pendant mass of branching and anastomosing tubes with widened outer apertures. Only a fragment consisting of a terminal tube and attached branch point (Fig. 5B) was available to the author for description. Tubes in the main body were not available for direct examination but their diameter can be assumed to be that of the smaller terminal tube openings, approximately 1.6 cm. Terminal tube diameters measured from in situ and laboratory images and the subsamples are 1.6– 2.8 –5.2 (n = 34) cm. Wall thickness is 0.78– 0.91 –1.10 (n = 4) mm. The dictyonal framework (Fig. 5C and Table 3) is farreoid, being a single layer thick from the growing edge (Fig. 5D) to the lower end of the fragment. Meshes are rectangular; polyaxial longitudinal strands are pervasive and lateral beams are biaxial. Spurs are long thin rays, ~50% rough and ending in rounded or sharp tips, that curve evenly on both sides of the framework toward the osculum (Fig. 5E). Lattices of rough pentactins cover both inhalant and exhalant wall surfaces. In the whole-mounted wall, thick-rayed anchorate clavules are present only on the atrial surface (Fig. 5F arrow heads), and there only in patches. The entire specimen measured from laser scales on in situ images was 53.3 cm long by 20.0 cm wide. Color in life was white; preserved it is light beige. Distribution of the species is known from N Washington State to N California at a depth of 805–1161 m.</p><p>Megascleres (for measurements see Table 3) consist of pentactine and a few paratetractine dermalia and atrialia, anchorate clavules and uncinates. Dermalia (Fig. 6A) are rough pentactins and rare paratetractins with rounded or sharp tangential ray tips and sharp proximal ray tips. Atrialia (Fig. 6B) are similar but overall slightly thinner. Clavules (Fig. 6C) occur only on the atrial side and are anchorate in two extreme forms. Since a complete series of intermediates occur, they are considered to be a developmental series and are treated here as a single category. The common form is the large one (&gt; 350 µm length) with 6– 7 –9 (n = 20) thick, bluntly-pointed head claws and 2– 4 –7 (n = 41) similar shaft claws. The uncommon smaller form (&lt;350 µm length) has 5–8 thin sharp head claws and few (0–3) shaft claws. Both forms are entirely rough and terminate in a parabolic tip on the shaft. Uncinates (Fig. 6D) occur in two distinct size classes by frequency analysis; a larger class with mean length of 3.37 mm and a smaller class with mean length of 1.32 mm. Both have well developed brackets and barbs.</p><p>n.a. = not available due to breakage; n.p. = not present; * = dermalia and atrialia not separable in preparations.</p><p>Microscleres (for measurements see Table 3) are hemioxyhexasters (55%) and full oxyhexasters (45%); no oxyhexactins were encountered in LM spicule counts but one was found on the SEM filter so they do occur. Oxyhexasters (Fig. 6E) and hemioxyhexasters (Fig. 6F) are similar in being entirely smooth and having primary rays slightly longer than secondary rays. Secondary ray per primary ray number 1– 3 –5. Secondary ray tips are commonly curved in a slight hook. The single oxyhexactin seen (Fig. 6G) has distinct swellings where primary and secondary parts of the rays meet. The spicule is also entirely smooth and has one ray tip slightly curved.</p><p>Remarks. Among the 46 known valid species of the genus Farrea, the new specimen from the Farallones Sanctuary conforms with only the preoccupied species Farrea aculeata Schulze, 1899, from N Washington State, USA. Comparison with our measurements of the type of Schulze’s Farrea aculeata (Table 3) shows spicule types are similar in form but some differences are attributable to differences in maturity and method of collection of the two specimens; the type is from an older part while the Farallones specimen was only available from a young distal tube. In the type, spurs are worn off the framework and dermal and atrial pentactins are displaced and not confidently separable; small oxyhexactins are extremely abundant both fused to the framework beams and as free spicules; breakage of larger uncinates and clavules are presumed to be responsible for the lack of data for uncinate 1 and bias of clavule data towards shorter lengths. Measurements of microscleres are almost identical.</p><p>Schulze, however, erred in naming the N Washington sponge as F. aculeata, a name already occupied by F. aculeata Bowerbank, 1875 and thus forming a junior homonym. Schulze was well aware of Bowerbank’s use of the name for a species which originated from an uncertain location (West Indies?), lacked free spicules and was considered then, and still now, as unrecognizable (Lopes et al. 2011, van Soest et al. 2018). Here we designate a replacement of the preoccupied name, F. aculeata Schulze, 1899, with a new combination formed, by convention, after the original describer, as Farrea schulzei n. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE33FFF4FF51F92C5FE87D3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE39FFF4FF51FBFB5EF17AAE.text	039587B3BE39FFF4FF51FBFB5EF17AAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhabdocalyptus Schulze 1886	<div><p>Genus Rhabdocalyptus Schulze, 1886</p><p>Type species: Rhabdocalyptus mollis Schulze, 1886: 51, by subsequent designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE39FFF4FF51FBFB5EF17AAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE39FFE8FF51FB5958847C38.text	039587B3BE39FFE8FF51FB5958847C38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhabdocalyptus trichotis Reiswig 2018	<div><p>Rhabdocalyptus trichotis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 7 &amp; 8, Table 4)</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype: RBCM 016-00227-001, FV Ocean Agressor, Set 0 0 8, 12 May 2016, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-135.74167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -135.74167/lat 53.29)">Bowie Seamount</a>, 180 km W of Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada, 53°17.4’N, 135°44.5’W, 714 m.</p><p>Species diagnosis. Rhabdocalyptus with long prostal diactins all around body; veil of raised pentactin hypodermalia limited to the area a few cm wide around the terminal osculum. Both dermalia and atrialia are mostly rough pentactins.</p><p>Description. Body form of the holotype is that of an ovoid tun, with a body length of 96.8 mm and width of 55.4 mm; the long axis intersects the attachment to small cobbles basally and the 19 mm diameter osculum apically. The entire body is densely covered by a layer of diactine prostalia (Fig. 7A) that radiate from low conules in small groups of 2–5 for an emergent length of 18–47 mm. A veil of raised pentactine hypodermalia extend apically from the low conules around the osculum and down the lateral body for 10.6 mm (Figs 7B–C) but below that area the pentactine hypodermalia are sparsely present but not raised. The dermal surface is formed by a lattice of loose pentactine and stauractine dermalia raised over the subdermal spaces and supported by diactine and pentactine hypodermalia (Fig. 7D). On lateral surfaces of the atrium, the atrial lattice supported by diactine hypoatrialia is closely adherent to the underlying choanosome (Fig. 7E), without an intervening subatrial space. Exit apertures of exhalant canals are uncovered on the walls of the atrium. The types of spicules composing the atrial lattice are pentactins and stauractins, or in some places, diactins (Fig. 7F). Body wall thickness is 7.9–10.6 mm. Color is light tan. The known distribution of the species is so far only that of the type location on Bowie Seamount, off Haida Gwaii, 714 meters depth..</p><p>Megascleres (for measurements see Table 4) consist of prostal diactins, hypodermal pentactins, choanosomal diactins, dermalia (mostly pentactine and stauractine plus rare tauactine and paradiactine) and atrialia (mostly pentactine plus stauractine, diactine, paratetractin, tauactine and hexactine). Prostal diactins (Fig. 8A) are large spicules usually with a smooth surface but some very small spines may be present subterminally; ray tips are sharply pointed and there is no detectable central swelling. About 10-11 mm of each prostal diactin lies within the body wall, irrespective of the length of the emergent part. Hypodermal pentactins (Fig. 8B) are regular or irregular and crucial or paratropal in shape. Among 136 raised ones, 93% are entirely smooth and 7% have robust thorns on the distal face of tangential rays; among 46 unraised spicules all are smooth and without thorns. Ray tips are bluntly pointed or rounded. Choanosomal diactins (Fig. 8C) are highly variable in size but size classes are not evident in size-frequency analysis. These are mostly smooth spicules with rough ends, often rounded or even inflated; a swollen centrum is often small but always detectable. Dermalia (Fig. 8D) are mostly rough regular pentactins (68% of 493 counted) and stauractins (28%) with a few tauactins, paratetractins, bent diactins (together 6%) and no hexactins; ray tips are rounded. Atrialia (Fig. 8E) assessed at 5 locations, are consistently mainly rough regular pentactins (69.7% of 885 counted) but the second most abundant is either stauractins (12.1% overall) or diactins (10.5% overall); less abundant are tauactins (3,6%), paratetractins (2,5%) and hexactins (1.6%). Ray tips are rounded. Only pentactins, stauractins and diactins have been measured for Table 4.</p><p>Microscleres (for measurements see Table 4) are discoctasters, oxyhexasters, hemioxyhexasters, oxyhexactins and microdiscohexasters. Discoctasters (Fig. 8F) are highly variable in size but classes are not demonstrated in frequency histograms; the dermal ones are generally smaller than the atrial ones (180 vs 212 µm mean diameters) but there is complete overlap of ranges. Both primary and terminal rays are rough but the centrum is smooth. Terminal rays number 1– 4.4 –7 (n = 98) on each primary ray; they end in small button hemispherical discs not wider than the terminal ray shaft. Terminal rays often originate abnormally on the sides of primary rays and short curved processes project from the sides of the primary ray bases. Oxyoid microscleres consist of about 70% hemihexasters, 10% full hexasters, and about 20% hexactins. Oxyhexasters and hemioxyhexasters (Fig. 8G) are thin spicules with very short, usually smooth, primary rays bearing 1–3 rough, straight terminal rays ending in very sharp points. Oxyhexactins (Fig. 8H) are similar to the oxyhexaster but lack ray branching and are about 13% larger. Microdiscohexasters (Figs 8I –J) are minute compact spicules with each primary ray bearing ~20 terminal rays ending in hemispheric discs with ~6 marginal teeth. At resolution of the SEM available, both primary and secondary rays appear smooth and nearly the same length, the secondary rays only ~17% longer than primary rays.</p><p>Etymology. The species name is derived from the Greek word, trichotos, meaning "hairy".</p><p>Remarks. By the presence of both smooth and thorned pentactine hypodermalia as undoubted proper spicules, this specimen is assignable to the genus Rhabdocalyptus . Of the 17 accepted valid species, seven have dermalia as mostly or significantly pentactins as found here: R. dawsoni (Lambe, 1893), R. asper Schulze, 1899, R. nodulosus Schulze, 1899, R. tener Schulze, 1899 and R. tenuis Schulze, 1899, and R. borealis Okada, 1932 and R. heteraster Okada, 1932 . However, all seven of these are unlike the present form in having atrialia as mainly or significantly hexactins (vs atrialia as mainly pentactins and hexactins being rare here). The combination of pentactin dermalia with pentactin atrialia is new for the genus and sets this specimen apart from all Rhabdocalyptus members. It is here considered to be the first known member and holotype of a new species, here named Rhabdocalyptus trichotis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE39FFE8FF51FB5958847C38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE25FFE8FF51FD265EF57CE8.text	039587B3BE25FFE8FF51FD265EF57CE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurocalyptus Ijima 1897	<div><p>Genus Staurocalyptus Ijima, 1897</p><p>Type species: Rhabdocalyptus dowlingi Lambe 1894: 37 by subsequent designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE25FFE8FF51FD265EF57CE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE25FFECFF51FC8B5C907C81.text	039587B3BE25FFECFF51FC8B5C907C81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurocalyptus pamelaturnerae Reiswig 2018	<div><p>Staurocalyptus pamelaturnerae n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 9 &amp; 10, Table 5)</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype: CAS 218813, ROV Hercules from EV Nautilus, dive H 1566, 26 Aug 2016, Wreck of USS Independence, side of midship gun turret, off Farallones Is., Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary off San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 37.4776°N, 123.1346632°W, 805.8 m, Fix 95% ethanol.</p><p>Not seen: Holotype fragment: MCZ IZ 141509, data as above.</p><p>Species diagnosis. Staurocalyptus with body of branching tubes, with veil of raised crucial hypodermal prostalia restricted to a narrow band around the oscula. Exhalant canal openings into the atrium are uncovered. Dermalia are mostly pentactins with some stauractins and tauactins; atrialia are mainly hexactins and pentactins with a few stauractins, tauactins and diactins. Discoctasters are entirely rough with great size range, 98–363 µm diameter.</p><p>Description. Body form of the holotype is that of a soft-bodied, bright yellow, branching tubular sponge hanging from attachment to metallic surface (Fig. 9A). Six terminal oscula on tubular body elements are recognizable on in situ images of the specimen; the body wall around larger oscula is flared or turned out trumpetlike. Tubular elements leading to the large terminal oscula are about 10 cm in diameter and 5.7–8.1 mm wall thickness. A fringe of long spicules surrounding oscular margins in situ images proved to be a short veil of smooth pentactins and diactins serving as lateral and marginal prostalia. About one-third of the specimen was collected, including the large central osculum. The author was supplied with only an oscular margin fragment (Fig. 9B) for analysis and description but extensive imagery of other parts were also examined. The veil of prostal pentactins and diactins extends for a short distance around the blunt oscular margin (Fig. 9C), 1–2 mm onto atrial surface but 7–12 mm onto the dermal surface. Diactin and pentactin prostalia extend in groups from small conules spaced about 100 µm apart. The dermal surface beyond the veil is smooth, without either emergent or subdermal large diactins or hypodermal pentactins but some conules may still occur there. Whether the lowest parts of the body near the site of attachment bear more prostalia is unknown and will have to wait for further sampling of this species.</p><p>Beneath the raised hypodermalia, the dermal lattice, a fine-meshed grid of mostly pentactin (85%) and a few stauractin (11%) lateral rays, spans across inhalant canals; no hexactins were found in small fragments from the dermal tissue. In contrast, the atrial surface has exhalant canals widely open to the atrium and uncovered by a lattice of atrialia or hypoatrialia; the atrial lattice is tightly bound on the atrial surface between exhalant canals and it is composed of mostly hexactins (57%), a smaller proportion of pentactins (32%) and small numbers of stauractins, triactins and diactins. Many atrialia with a short spherical remnant of the sixth ray, at least twice the diameter of lateral rays, are here considered unusual pentactins and counted as such. The branched holotype is calculated from laser scales to have been 88.9 cm long by 39.9 cm wide; only a small portion was collected and the author was provided with a 11.8 x 4.6 cm subsample of that (Fig. 9B) for preparing this description. Color of the fragments preserved in ethanol is light tan. The known distribution of the species is the type location on the sunken USS Independence in the Farallones Sanctuary off San Francisco, California, at a depth of 804.9 m.</p><p>Megascleres (for measurements see Table 5) consist of a variety of diactins (prostalia and three size classes of choanosomals), hypodermal pentactins, dermalia and atrialia. Prostal diactins (Fig. 10A) are the longest and thickest spicules, usually gently curved and reaching nearly 17 mm; their tips are smooth and rounded. Hypodermal pentactins (Fig. 10B) are regular and crucial in form with rays approximately equal in length. Tangential ray ends are parabolic but proximal rays tapered to a sharp point; all ray ends are subterminally rough. Choanosomal diactins (Fig. 10C) are the most common spicules of the body; they are smooth. straight to gently curved, mostly smooth with rough rounded ends. Dermalia (Fig. 10D) are mostly pentactins (85% of 101) and stauractins (11%) and a few tauactins; hexactins occur but are rare (&lt;1%). These spicules are entirely rough, have cylindrical rays and rounded rough tips. Atrialia (Fig. 10E) are mostly hexactins (57%) and pentactins (32%) with few stauractins (2.5%) and rare tauactins and diactins.</p><p>Microscleres (for measurements see Table 5) are, in order of descending abundance, hemioxyhexasters (39% of 300), microdiscohexasters (33%), oxyhexasters (13%), oxyhexactins (10%), and discoctasters (only 5.3% but dominant by size). Microdiscohexasters (Figs 10F, G) are typical for an acanthascinine, with primary and secondary rays about equal in length, entirely smooth, ~20 µm in diameter, with numerous terminal rays, counted here as 28– 32 –35. Oxy-tip microscleres, including hemioxyhexasters (Fig. 10H), full oxyhexasters (Fig. 10I) and oxyhexactins (Fig. 10J), have 1–4 straight and tapered secondary rays on each primary ray; the rays are smooth with very sharp tips. Discoctasters (Figs 10K–L) vary greatly in size. It is likely that several size classes occur here but a very large number of measurements would be needed to show them. The primary rays each bear 1–5, most commonly 3-4, slightly splayed but straight terminal rays that end in small but clear terminal discs (Fig. 10L magnified ray tip). These spicules are entirely covered by small reclined spines; it is not uncommon to encounter spicules with single terminal rays developed outside the eight normal primary rays.</p><p>Remarks. This specimen is clearly a member of Staurocalyptus by possession of discoctasters and hypodermal pentactins without thorns. It differs from all 17 known species by several characters. The hypodermal pentactins are much smaller than those of S. affinis Ijima, 1904, S. celebesianus Ijima, 1927, S. glaber Ijima, 1897, S. pleorhaphides Ijima, 1897, S. roeperi (Schulze, 1886), and S. solidus Schulze, 1899 . They are much larger than those of S. fuca Tabachnick, 1989, S. hamatus Lendenfeld, 1915, S. heteractinus Ijima, 1897, S. microchaetus Ijima, 1898, and S. tylotus Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013 . They are all crucial while 69% of those in S. psilosus Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013 are paratropal. Of the remaining five species with hypodermal pentactins similar to those of this species, they all differ in having atrialia as only hexactins, without pentactins; these are S. dowlingi (Lambe, 1894), S. entacanthus Ijima, 1904, S. fasciculatus Schulze, 1899, S. rugocruciatus Okada, 1932, and S. tubulosus Ijima, 1903 . These differences, among others too numerous to list, verify that the specimen is the holotype of a new species, here designated as Staurocalyptus pamelaturneri .</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after Pamela Turner, the wife of a member of the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary whose financial donation to the Greater Farallones Association made description of this new species possible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE25FFECFF51FC8B5C907C81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE21FFECFF51FCA85E5E7D7F.text	039587B3BE21FFECFF51FCA85E5E7D7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalascus Ijima 1896	<div><p>Genus Hyalascus Ijima, 1896</p><p>Type species: Hyalascus sagamiensis Ijima 1896:251 by monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE21FFECFF51FCA85E5E7D7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
039587B3BE21FFEFFF51FC7A5C7D79D8.text	039587B3BE21FFEFFF51FC7A5C7D79D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalascus farallonesensis Reiswig 2018	<div><p>Hyalascus farallonesensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 11 &amp; 12, Table 6)</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype: CAS 218807, ROV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.13467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.4776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.13467/lat 37.4776)">Hercules</a> from EV Nautilus, dive H 1566, 26 Aug 2016, Wreck of USS Independence, side of midship gun turret, off Farallones Is., Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, off San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 37.4776°N, 123.1346632°W, 805.8 m, Fix 95% ethanol . Paratype: CAS 218809, same ship, same dive, same date, same general location, edge of flight deck by aft elevator, 37.4775 °N, 123.1345499 °W, 802.6 m.</p><p>Not seen: Holotype fragment: MCZ IZ 141480, data as above. Paratype fragment: MCZ IZ 141485, data as above.</p><p>Species Diagnosis. Hyalascus with bare surface (no prostalia), hypodermalia with tangential rays to 4.6 mm long, dermalia are about equal numbers of rough stauractins and pentactins, atrialia as mostly non-pinular hexactins. Microscleres include oxyhexactins, hemioxyhexasters, full oxyhexasters and microdiscohexasters of small size (19.1–32.9 µm).</p><p>Description. Body form of the holotype is that of a hanging trumpet with the distal body wall turned out to 90° at the oscular margin (Fig. 11A), while the paratype is a cylindrical tube without any diversion of the distal body wall (Fig. 11B). Bodies of both specimens are soft, smooth (without prostalia) and so cavernous that upon removal from water the body and especially the dermal side collapses (Fig. 11C) leaving only strands of tissues where support is adequate. The atrial surface has firm subsurface support and thus retains its form (Fig. 11D). The extent of the large water-filled spaces is clearly shown in a thick wall section of the turned-out margin of the holotype (Fig. 11E). The dermal lattice of the outer surface remains only as patches on strands of diactins left standing after collapse of most of the dermal surface (Fig. 11F, dermal side on left). The atrial surface of the holotype is traversed by pore fields of ca 8 x 17 mm diameter scattered across the surface (Fig. 11D); the individual pores are about 0.3– 0.9 – 1.5 mm in diameter (Fig. 11G). The larger area of the atrial surface appears imperforate but fine spaces probably remain between spicules; the atrialia here form a compact felt-like layer on a close-packed layer of supporting diactins (Fig. 11H). In the paratype, the relative areas of pore fields and aporous surface are reversed; the pore fields covered almost the entire surface and the aporous areas were relatively small. The holotype is calculated to have been 40.6 cm long by 38.5 cm wide at the flared oscular margin with collection restricted to a significant part (nearly half) of the margin; the fragment available for study was an 8.1 by 4.5 cm marginal subsample of that, (Figs 11C–D). Total size of the paratype could not be determined due to orientation of the specimen of in situ images but it is similar in size to the holotype. The preserved fragment available for study was again a subsample of the margin, 7.0 x 3.9 cm, Color of the fragments preserved in ethanol is light tan. The known distribution of the species is the type location on the USS Independence sunken in what is now the Farallones Sanctuary off San Francisco, California at a depth of 802.6-805.8 m.</p><p>Megascleres (for measurements see Table 6) a variety of diactins (primary, choanosomal, small atrial), hypoatrial pentactins, dermalia and atrialia. Primary diactins (Fig. 12A) are the longest and thickest spicules, usually gently curved and reaching nearly 17 mm; their tips are rough, either rounded or tapered to a small parabolic tip. Hypodermal pentactins (Fig. 12B) are regular crucial forms with rays approximately equal in length; all ray ends are subterminally rough but the tangential tips are tapered to a smooth point and the proximal tips are slowly tapered to a long drawn-out smooth round tip. Choanosomal diactins (Fig. 12C) are the most common spicules of the body; they are smooth. straight to gently curved, mostly smooth with rough rounded ends. Short diactins of the atrial surface (Figs 12D &amp; F) differ from typical body diactins in having sharp tips and being entirely rough. Their size and morphology suggest that the smaller members of this group may act to support atrialia and some may be atrialia, thus the two groups widely overlap in Table 6. Dermalia (Fig. 12E) are mostly stauractins (53% of 100) and pentactins (43%) and a few tauactins; hexactins occur but are rare (&lt;1%). These spicules are entirely rough, have cylindrical rays and have rounded rough tips without the smooth terminal end found in most diactins and hypodermal pentactins. Atrialia (Fig. 12F) are patchy as to form; overall 1244 spicules from three locations were grouped with the most common being hexactins (50%), followed by diactins (22%), pentactins (19%), stauractins (6%), tauactins (1%), and paratetractins (0.6%).</p><p>Microscleres (for measurements see Table 6) are mainly oxy- and hemioxyhexasters (78% of 138), oxyhexactins (22%) and microdiscohexasters, not enumerated but their abundance is approximately the same as oxyhexasters. Oxyhexasters and hemioxyhexasters (Fig. 12G) have short primary rays and 1-3 relatively stumpy robust secondary rays on each primary ray; terminal rays are sparsely covered with very small reclined spines. Oxyhexactins (Fig. 12H) are similar to oxyhexasters but lack ray branching. Microdiscohexasters (Figs 12I –J) are spherical; each smooth and stout primary ray carries a tuft of 11– 14.2 –17 (n = 12) thin, crooked, sparsely–spined secondary rays which are about twice the length of the primary rays. Disks at ray tips have 6–9 marginal teeth.</p><p>Remarks. This lyssacine species with choanosomal megascleres as diactins and with hypodermal pentactins is clearly a member of Rossellidae; without strobiloplumicomes or discoctasters it falls into the subfamily Rossellinae . Keys to genera of Rossellinae and generic diagnoses in Systema Porifera (Tabachnick 2002) show it is compatible only with the genus Hyalascus: hypodermalia are crucial (= orthotropal); lacks large choanosomal hexactine megascleres; microsclere ends are oxyoid and discoid forms; discoid microscleres are only micro-size [not defined], dermalia are mainly pentactins and stauractins. Hyalascus presently contains nine accepted species. Among other differences the new form differs from H. anisoactinus Tabachnick &amp; Lévi, 2004, in longer tangential rays of hypodermal pentactins (to 4.56 vs 0.6 mm) and much smaller microdiscohexasters (19.1–32.9 vs 25–72 µm); from H. attenuatus Okada, 1932 in longer tangential rays of hypodermal pentactins (to 4.56 vs 1.5 mm) and smaller microdiscohexasters (19.1–32.9 vs 40–45 µm); from H. baculifer (Schulze, 1886) in having dermalia of different form (pentactins and stauractins vs diactins) and smaller discohexasters (19.1–32.9 vs 120 µm calculated from figure); from H. giganteus Ijima, 1898, in longer tangential rays of hypodermal pentactins (to 4.56 vs 0.7 mm) and commonness of full oxyhexaster microscleres (~ 16% of oxy-tip microscleres vs none); from H. mitsukurii (Ijima, 1898) in absence of prostal diactins (none vs present) and absence of a class of larger of discohexasters (none vs 80-120 µm class); from H. pinulohexactinus Tabachnick &amp; Lévi, 2004, in longer tangential rays of hypodermal pentactins (to 4.56 vs to 0.53 mm) and form of atrialia (non-pinular (regular) vs pinular); from H. sagamiensis Ijima, 1898, in longer tangential rays of hypodermal pentactins (to 4.56 vs to 1.2 mm) and smaller microdiscohexasters (19.1–32.9 vs 80–90 µm); from H. similis Ijima, 1904, in longer tangential rays of hypodermal pentactins (to 4.56 vs to 1.2 mm as in H. sagamiensis) and smaller microdiscohexasters (19.1–32.9 vs 2 classes, spherical 76 µm and stellate 46–50 µm); from H. stellatus Schulze, 1886, in mixed form of dermalia (near equal pentactins and stauractins vs almost all stauractins) and smaller microdiscohexasters (19.1–32.9 vs 50 µm calculated from figure). These and other differences lead to the conclusion that the Farallones specimens represent a new species of Hyalascus, here designated as H. farallonesensis .</p><p>Etymology. The species name is formed from the location of collection, the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE21FFEFFF51FC7A5C7D79D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Reiswig, Henry M.	Reiswig, Henry M. (2018): Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific. Zootaxa 4466 (1): 124-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11
