taxonID	type	description	language	source
039587C33C0F6346E4ABA996FD957394.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY. — Kaw River estuary (French Guiana), mud flat station (V). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: ♀ mounted on a slide (MNHN AM 871); paratypes: 3 ♀♀ mounted on slides (MNHN AM 875).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0F6346E4ABA996FD957394.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Among the bdelloids, D. guyanensis n. sp. is easily distinguished due to the presence of four toes and three pairs of strong dorsal thorns. Two of the pairs are located at the end of the second pseudosegment of the trunk (the first one being more lateral), and the third is situated at the third pseudosegment of the trunk. The foot bears two acutely pointed, long spurs. The rami have three median big teeth with many minor teeth. MEASUREMENTS (in µm). — Total length 280 - 330, spur length 40 - 50. OCCURRENCE. — Encountered at the three stations of the Kaw River (Fig. 1), in the wet season, during the spring and neap tides, and in the dry season.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0F6346E4ABA996FD957394.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The anterior part, especially the corona, is inconspicuous in the preserved state, except for the dorsal antenna, which is slightly protruding in lateral view. The trunk is composed of three pseudosegments. The second pseudosegment is the widest, and the third is the narrowest. The posterior part of the body bears three pairs of spines: the first pair is the biggest and appears dorso-laterally on the larger part of the second pseudosegment, pointing forward. The two others are on the second and the third segment, respectively, and both point backward.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0F6346E4ABA996FD957394.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION The French Guianan form undoubtedly belongs to the genus Dissotrocha in view of its four toes, long spurs and viviparity (Donner 1965). To date, two species with very long toes, D. aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1832) and D. hertzogi Hauer, 1939, have been recognized as belonging to the genus.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0F6346E4ABA996FD957394.taxon	description	Family EPIPHANIDAE Bartos, 1959	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C096347E4B3A996FB2372D8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY. — Kaw River (French Guiana), estuary station (E). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: ♀ mounted on a slide (MNHN AM 874); paratypes: 10 ♀♀ preserved in an Eppendorf tube (MNHN AM 870).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C096347E4B3A996FB2372D8.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Small species with a conical body that is prolonged by a foot having two equal toes. The trophi are of the malleate type with 10 to 14 teeth in the uncus. The three first teeth have a jointed base.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C096347E4B3A996FB2372D8.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS (in µm). — Length of the body 140 to 200; foot 31.2 - 36.4; toes 15.6 - 18.2; unci length 20.8. OCCURRENCE. — This species was encountered at very low numbers at the three sampling stations (Fig. 1), during spring tide as well as during neap tide. The African specimens of E. desmeti n. sp., collected by De Smet in a small, polluted pond (“ manioc retting, washing and bathing ”), apparently show a predilection for organically loaded water, which is also the case in French Guiana. Epiphanes desmeti n. sp. could be a tropical vicariant of E. senta (O. F. Müller, 1773). DESCRIPTION Conical body with an enlarged anterior part (112 µm) that progressively tapers towards the foot. The foot is composed of three segments, the third being the longest. Two equal toes are almost as long as the last foot segment. The integument is soft. Despite the absence of a true lorica, some specimens were fully extended in the preserved condition. The stout toes are equally long, elongate-conical. Two lateral tentacles are located just above the first foot pseudosegment. The corona is composed of two parts that appear spiral when spread out, with a medial hump bearing a frontal tentacle or sensory seta. The mastax (trophi malleate) relates to the genus Epiphanes. The unci have 10 to 12 teeth, with the first three fused at their base as figured by De Smet (1988, 1989).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C096347E4B3A996FB2372D8.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION To our knowledge, De Smet (1988, 1989) provides the only description of a very similar specimen from Kiyendi in the Bas-Zaïre (now Democratic Republic of Congo), but with 14 teeth in the uncus. According to the mastax type, the author ranks it without any doubt in the genus Epiphanes. All other species of similar morphology (conical body with short foot and toes) have less than seven uncus teeth (Koste 1978). Berzins (1982 b) described un- der Veltae mesembrinus, an “ odd-looking ” form of Epiphanes from Madagascar, which differs from our species by its larger size, longer and asymmetrical toes (as shown in Table 1), and with the first foot pseudosegment being the longest (versus the third one here). Family FLOSCULARIIDAE Harring, 1913	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY. — Kaw River estuary (French Guiana), mangrove swamp station (M). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype mounted on slide (MNHN AM 868); paratype mounted on slide (MNHN AM 869). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Same locality, 1 specimen photographed.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — The species is characterised by two long and curled ventral tentacles, a morphological character not seen in other species to date.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS (in µm). — Trunk length 185 - 300, trunk width 80, foot length up to 600, ventral tentacles length 50 - 60. OCCURRENCE. — Mangrove swamp station (M, Fig. 1) during spring tide (outflow). DESCRIPTION The divided corona (four lobes) and the presence of two small neck hooks are evidence that it belongs to the genus Floscularia Cuvier, 1798 (see Segers 1997). A sheath, usually present in all members of the genus (Koste 1972; Segers 1997; Fontaneto et al. 2003) was not seen. The foot is very long (400 - 600 µm), more than twice the length of the trunk. On the contracted individual, a small dorsal antenna is situated at the base of the hooks. A specific character is the presence of two long, lumbar and curled antennas, widely separated at their base (= ventral tentacles “ apically ” displaced). There is no apical cuticular wing-like structure as in F. noodti (Koste, 1972). Unci formula: three big teeth followed by approximately six thinner teeth. Family TESTUDINELLIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Testudinella Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1826	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Because of the loss of type specimens (no trace of holotype in Belgium after extensive searching by Segers) and with the original descriptions limited to morphology, a neotype is here designated: ♀ from French Guiana, mounted on slide (AM 872). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 6 specimens preserved in an Eppendorf tube (AM 873).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — The large Guianan specimens of T. haueriensis are characterised both by a strong spine at the middle of the anterior aperture and by ramified gastric glands and, to a lesser degree, vitellogen.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS OF GUIANAN SPECIMENS (in µm). — Total body length 280 - 335 (anterior spine included), body width 215 - 235, frontal spine length 31 - 44. OCCURRENCE. — Estuary station (E, Fig. 1) during the spring tide (outflow), and sporadically in a sample from the mangrove swamp (M, Fig. 1) (neap tide, inflow) and at the mud flat station (V, Fig. 1) (neap tide and spring tide).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C086345E758AB66FBDA73F5.taxon	description	Reviewing the Testudinella literature, we can make the following observations: based on its size (<150 µm) and anatomy, T. mucronata can be linked to the patina group (as done by Koste 1978); further, the two species T. mucronata and T. patina have been observed cohabiting (Hudson & Gosse 1886), and they are both cosmopolitan and common in temperate freshwaters. They differ by the presence / absence of a medio-anterior frontal spine. The group of tropical forms, all of large size (> 250 µm), seem to be heterogeneous (as shown in Table 2). The so-called T. “ trilobata ” of Rousselet (Kirkman 1901) and T. dendradena De Beauchamp, 1955 show the same peculiar anatomy, with ramified gastric glands and vitellogen, and with no anterior spine. On the other hand, T. haueriensis (Gillard 1967) and the giant form described by Koste (1972) possess a dorsal mucron, but the structure of the gastric glands and vitellogen are unknown. Harring (1915) described, from the Black Swamp in Panama, a ramified vitellogen form with a long and slender spine on the dorsal margin of the anterior median lobe, and noted the presence of the same in Guatemala (Juday collection) and Paraguay (Daday 1905). The French Guianan specimens accord perfectly with the description of Harring. The distribution of all of these ramified vitellogen and gastric gland forms seems to be exclusively tropical. Therefore, the problem is to decide whether the larger size, presence of a medio-antero-dorsal mucron, and morphology of the gastric glands and vitellogen are valuable specific criteria. As anatomic characters can be considered for other families (Pourriot 1989), why not here? It thus appears to be necessary to examine both morphology and anatomy to identify the genus Testudinella. Family SYNCHAETIDAE Remane, 1933	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0A6348E75EA877FE07725B.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 10 ♀♀ in an Eppendorf tube (MNHN AM 867); 6 ♀♀ in an Eppendorf tube (laboratory Écosystèmes lagunaires, University Montpellier II).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0A6348E75EA877FE07725B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Easily distinguished from the other members of the genus by the conical and acute dorsal extension of the integument and by the two dorsal hornlike appendages. Contracted animals take the shape of a crescent.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0A6348E75EA877FE07725B.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS (in µm). — Body length ≈ 150 (more or less contracted animals). Trophi: total length 66, B a e r fulcrum 35, manubrium 44, ramus 16, uncus 14. Subitaneous egg with thin shell and short spines: 42 × 39. OCCURRENCE. — Estuary station (E, Fig. 1), mud flat station (V, Fig. 1), mangrove swamp station (M, Fig. 1). DESCRIPTION Generally, contracted females appear crescent-shaped with three dorsal conical points: two located in the front part of the animal and the third in the hind part. In some rare extended specimens, the paired horn-like appendages (L = 36 µm, W max = 13 µm) are located below the ciliated auricles and can be pointing forward as in S. bicornis Smith, 1904. The third point of the crescent is made by a basal, globular appendage tapering conically and strongly. In some animals, the small globular foot was extruded ventrally to this postero-dorsal appendage (see Fig. 6 D). The foot has two tiny pedal glands (2.5 µm) and terminates with two small appressed toes (L = 5 µm). The head, with a ciliated corona, was mostly retracted, but apparently convex judging from three more or less extended specimens. The species has a double cerebral eye and tubular lateral tentacles located below the third part of the trunk, as in S. bacillifera Smirnov, 1933. Trophi: virgate of the Synchaetidae type; mastax large, conical, filling about one third of the anterior part of the body. Unci composed of a well separated hook preceding three teeth joined into a small plate, followed by three (left uncus) or two (right uncus) distinctly separated teeth. A last and small tooth of each uncus looks like a gingko leaf.	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
039587C33C0A6348E75EA877FE07725B.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION The crescent shape of fixed animals, the acute postero-dorsal appendage, and the gingko leaf-shaped tooth of both unci agree with the description of S. arcifera by Xu Youqin (1998) in a succinct Chinese publication, although his description differs particularly by the absence of the foot and toes. Xu clearly states (p. 167) that “ no foot and toes can be observed whether living or in formalin ”: that is not the case in our specimens. This Synchaeta needs careful comparison with S. bicornis, S. fennica Rousselet, 1909 and S. bacillifera, species with horn-like appendages (as shown in Table 3). REMARKS In view of the scarcity of S. arcifera and of the very succinct and probably incomplete original description, it seemed useful to deposit specimens of Guianan animals and to describe anew this very rare species. REMARKS ON SPECIES ECOLOGY Of the five species described in this paper, only Synchaeta arcifera, a true planktonic species, was encountered during both the wet season (in 4 samples / 18) and the dry season (in 20 samples / 32, with a highest density of 12 ind. / l). The genus Synchaeta is widespread in fresh, brackish and sea water (Ruttner-Kolisko 1974), with at least half of its 34 species occurring in marine / brackish waters (Hollowday 2002). Some of them are euryhaline and show varying tolerance limits to salinity, as described for a Mediterranean lagoon (Rougier et al. 2000). In the Kaw River estuary, the conductivity varies between 25 and 40 mS during the dry season, and between 0.1 and 6 mS during the wet season, with the temperatures being similar between the two periods (27 - 30 ° C). During the dry season, a coastal type plankton develops with rotifers (Synchaeta arcifera, S. vorax Rousselet, 1902, S. cecilia Rousselet, 1902, S. neapolitana Rousselet, 1902, Trichocerca marina Daday, 1890), tintinnids ciliates (Tintinnopsis spp. and Codonellopsis sp.) and copepods (Paracalanus crassirostris Dahl, 1894, Oithona hebes Giesbrecht, 1891). The phytoplankton is mainly composed of Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae. During the wet season, S. arcifera was the only member of Synchaetidae encountered, except once when it was accompanied by S. cecilia. Unlike S. arcifera, the four other species described from the Kaw estuary, Dissotrocha guyanensis n. sp., Epiphanes desmeti n. sp., Floscularia curvicornis n. sp. and Testudinella haueriensis, were encountered only during the rainy season, suggesting that they were probably carried away with the freshwater flow. Like Synchaeta, Epiphanes desmeti n. sp. is planktonic, while the three others are tychoplanktonic. These species were accompanied by other rotifers (Bdelloida Hudson, 1884, Colurellidae Bartos, 1959, Lecanidae Bartos, 1959, Trichocercidae Remane, 1933, Notommatidae Remane, 1933, etc.), cladocerans (Chydoridae Dubowski & Grochovski, 1894, Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867, Ilyocryptidae Smirnov, 1976, Sididae Baird, 1850), and some copepods. The densities of this continental plankton type were very low (8 - 10 ind. / l, about 50 times lower than the density observed during the dry season). The phytoplankton was dominated by the Chlorophyceae (> 80 %).	en	Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5394813
