identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03959059FFCAFFC75A25FE468151FCB2.text	03959059FFCAFFC75A25FE468151FCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Manota natalensis Jaschhof & Mostovski 2006	<div><p>Manota natalensis sp. n.</p> <p>Figs 1–3</p> <p>Etymology: From the distribution area, KwaZulu-Natal.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Distinguished from Manota whiteleyi, the only other Manota species known from South Africa (see below), by the shorter antennae and maxillary palpi, non-setose preepisternum 2, and in features of both male and female terminalia. Male gonocoxites are conspicuous, even in low magnification, by the dorsal row of numerous black megasetae.</p> <p>Description:</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Body size 2.6–3.0 mm.</p> <p>Head: Antenna with node of fourth flagellomere 0.9 times as long as wide; nodes of more distal flagellomeres longer than wide. Maxillary palpus short, 1.5 times the height of head; third palpal segment with short apical process without curved sensilla; fourth segment with short apical process.</p> <p>Thorax: Anepisternum fully setose. Anepisternal cleft completely separating anepisternum and anterior basalare. Anterior basalare, preepisternum 2 and laterotergite non-setose. Episternum 3 setose. Wing: Membrane with a few setae along posterior margin. Portion of Sc basally of h setose dorsally, portion distally of h non-setose. CuA-fork complete. CuA-stem setose. A1 discernible as long line of setae. A2 faint but long, setose.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergite 8 with broadly rounded distal margin; densely setose, including 5–7 very large setae apically. Terminalia: Sternite 9 large, almost as long as gonocoxites, very weak distally, with deeply incised distal margin, with large setae on central portion (Fig. 1). Tergite 9 not traceable. Gonocoxites with setae very dense ventro-mesially, and very large disto-laterally; dorso-mesially, in position I+II, with some 15 short, pointed megasetae on elongate lobe; disto-mesially, in position III+IV, with weak, elongate lobe bearing apically one short, pointed megaseta and one large, flat megaseta tapering to tip (Figs 1, 2). Gonostylus with basolateral apophysis long, handle-like; two-lobed which becomes apparent in lateral view; ventral lobe roundish, with 7–8 very large setae apically; dorsal lobe with some 5 large setae outside and innumerable finer setae inside (Figs 1, 2). Parastylar lobe large but weak, with 1 or 2 large setae (Fig. 1). Tegmen long, medially bulbous (Figs 1, 2). In between tegmen and apex of sternite 9 with large, sclerotised V-shaped rib. Hypoproct with numerous setae apically including 2 or 3 pairs of large setae; with pair of lobe-like extensions ventrally, forming hood above tegmen apex, with setae pointing ventrally (Fig. 1). Tergite 10 present as weak, bare lobe. Lobes of cerci elongate, dorso-medially fused, baso-laterally with elongate, curved apodemes; dorsally and apically setose (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Body size 3.0 mm.</p> <p>Head: Antennal flagellomeres with nodes 0.8 times as long as wide.</p> <p>Terminalia (Fig. 3): Segment 7 very short. Tergites 8 and 9 largely fused, only laterally separated, densely setose. Sternite and gonocoxite 8 merged, large, densely setose; apical lobe with dense, large setae. Gonapophysis 8 discernible, bare. Gonapophysis 9 extending far caudally, interconnected with ventro-lateral portions of sternite 10. Tergite 10 largely covered by preceding tergite, very short; on either side with 2 very large setae on large protuberances. Sternite 10 extending far caudally, with row of small lateral and large apical setae. Cercus two-segmented; proximal segment 4 times as long as distal segment; both segments with strong, stiff setae; distal segment inside with some 8–10 bud-like sensilla. Mouth of spermathecal ducts sclerotised.</p> <p>Holotype: ơ (on slide). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Karkloof Nat. Res. (29 ° 19.1'S: 30 ° 15.5'E), alt. 1325 m, mistbelt forest, 24.xi–18.xii.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski, M. &amp; C. Jaschhof.</p> <p>Paratypes: 3ơ 1^(all on slides), same data as the holotype; 2ơ 1^(all on slides), KwaZulu-Natal: Northern Drakensberg, Royal Natal Nat. Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.226667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.96" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.226667/lat -28.96)">Gudu Forest</a> (28 ° 40.9'S: 28 ° 55.8'E), alt. 1680–1730 m, old-growth indigenous forest, 28.xi–13.xii.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski, M. &amp; C. Jaschhof; 2ơ (on slides), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.226667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.96" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.226667/lat -28.96)">Central Drakensberg</a>, Cathedral Peak Nat. Res., Rainbow Gorge (28 ° 57.6'S: 29 ° 13.6'E), alt. 1500 m, old-growth indigenous forest, 3–15.xii.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski, M. &amp; C. Jaschhof.</p> <p>Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: 1ơ (in ethanol), same locality as holotype but 24.iv–27.v.2005; 1ơ (in ethanol), same locality but 26.vii–28.ix.2005; 1ơ (in ethanol), Northern Drakensberg, Royal Natal Nat. Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.32165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.569283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.32165/lat -29.569283)">Devil’s Hoek valley</a> (28 ° 42.7'S: 28 ° 55.3'E), alt. 1650 m, old-growth indigenous forest, 11.xii.2005, sweepnet and aspirator, M. Jaschhof; 1ơ (in ethanol), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.32165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.569283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.32165/lat -29.569283)">Central Drakensberg</a>, Cathedral Peak Nat. Res., Rainbow Gorge (28 ° 57.6'S: 29 ° 13.6'E), alt. 1500 m, old-growth indigenous forest, 4.xii.2005, sweepnet, M. Jaschhof; 1ơ (in ethanol), Pietermaritzburg, Hilton (29 ° 32'30.7''S: 30 ° 18'18.4''E), suburban garden with compost pile, 17–29.ii.2004, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski; 1ơ (in ethanol), Queen Elizabeth Park Nat. Res. (29 ° 34.157'S: 30 ° 19.299'E), alt. 860 m, forest patch, 1–5.xii.2003, Malaise trap, J.G.H. Londt &amp; M. Mostovski.</p> <p>Remarks: Among Afrotropical species of Manota, presence in the male gonocoxites of a dorsal row of megasetae is not unusual (see Søli 1993), but if other characters are taken into account, none of these species are really close to natalensis. Relatively short maxillary palpus and lack of curved sensilla on the third palpal segment are characters giving natalensis a rather isolated position among its congeners.</p> <p>This new species was collected predominantly in various indigenous forests of both the mountains and lowland of KwaZulu-Natal, with one specimen being found in a suburban garden. Preimaginal stages and the habitat of larvae are unknown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03959059FFCAFFC75A25FE468151FCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jaschhof, Mathias;Mostovski, Mike	Jaschhof, Mathias, Mostovski, Mike (2006): First record of Manota (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Manotinae) from southern Africa, with the description of two new species. African Invertebrates 47: 237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667327
03959059FFC8FFC15A2EFCC084A2FC42.text	03959059FFC8FFC15A2EFCC084A2FC42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Manota whiteleyi Jaschhof & Mostovski 2006	<div><p>Manota whiteleyi sp. n.</p> <p>Figs 4, 5</p> <p>Etymology: To honour the lepidopterist Earle Whiteley for his efforts in protecting and exploring the biodiversity of the native bush of Ramsgate Butterfly Sanctuary.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Distinguished from natalensis by the longer antennae and maxillary palpi, and setose preepisternum 2. Male terminalia of natalensis and whiteleyi differ greatly. The female of whiteleyi lacks lateral setae on sternite 10 which are present in natalensis. Differs from M. joerni Søli from Tanzania in details of the male terminalia: (1) the gonocoxites with an elongate and setose lobe dorso-apically (this lobe is absent in joerni), ordinary setae in position I+II (megasetae), and a slender lobe in position III+IV bearing apically one seta and one large, blunt megaseta (each one megaseta on two separate lobes); (2) the gonostylus bearing 3 spine-like setae dorso-mesially (without such setae). Description:</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Body size 3.0– 3.2 mm.</p> <p>Head: Antenna with node of fourth flagellomere 1.1 times as long as wide. Maxillary palpus long, 2.7 times the height of head; third palpal segment on apical process with 4 or 5 large curved sensilla; fourth segment subapically with small parasegment.</p> <p>Thorax: Anepisternum fully setose. Anepisternal cleft completely separating anepisternum and anterior basalare. Anterior basalare and laterotergite non-setose. Preepisternum 2 and episternum 3 setose. Wing: Membrane with a few setae along posterior margin. Portion of Sc basally of h setose dorsally, portion distally of h nonsetose. CuA-fork complete. CuA-stem setose. A1 discernible as long line of setae. A2 long, setose.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergite 8 with broadly rounded distal margin; densely setose, including 5 or 6 very large setae apically. Terminalia: Sternite 9 much shorter than gonocoxites, bilobed distally, with large setae (Fig. 4). Tergite 9 not traceable. Gonocoxites with setae of various lengths including very large setae along ventro-mesial margin and distolaterally; dorso-apically with elongate, setose lobe; dorso-distally, in position I+II, with 10–15 dense, short setae on small lobe; disto-mesially, in position III+IV, with slender lobe bearing apically one seta and one large, blunt megaseta (Figs 4, 5). Gonostylus elongate; with setae of various lengths including some 8 very large setae along mesial and distal margins; dorso-mesially with 3 subapical spine-like setae (Fig. 4). Parastylar lobe large but weak, with 5 or 6 large setae apico-mesially and dense cover of large trichia (Fig. 4). Tegmen short, with apical process pointing ventrally. (Fig. 4). Hypoproct with 2 large setae on apical margin; with pair of lobe-like extensions pointing ventrally on either side of tegmen apex, with setae pointing ventrally (Fig. 4). Tergite 10 present as weak, bare lobe with rounded distal margin. Lobes of cerci elongate, dorso-medially fused, baso-laterally with small, weak apodemes; apically setose (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Body size 3.0 mm.</p> <p>Head: Antennal flagellomeres with nodes 0.8 times as long as wide.</p> <p>Terminalia: As in previous species, except for sternite 10 lacking lateral row of setae. Holotype: ơ (on slide). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ramsgate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.34&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.888332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.34/lat -30.888332)">Butterfly Sanctuary</a> (30 ° 53.3'S: 30 ° 20.4'E), alt. 45 m, patch of indigenous forest near small stream, 3–26.ii.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski.</p> <p>Paratypes: 3ơ 1^(all on slides), same data as holotype; 1ơ (on slide), same locality but 3.xii.2004 – 8.i.2005; 1ơ (on slide), same locality but 9.i–2.ii.2005.</p> <p>Other material examined: 2ơ (in ethanol), same locality, 3.xii.2004 – 8.i.2005.</p> <p>Remarks: Judged from features of the male terminalia, M. joerni is closest to whiteleyi, a view supported by the presence in both species of a setose preepisternum 2 and nonsetose laterotergite.</p> <p>This species is known from one patch of coastal lowland forest close to the southern border of KwaZulu-Natal.All individuals were captured in summer between December and February. Preimaginal stages and the habitat of larvae are unknown.</p> <p>REMARKS ON SPECIES IDENTIFICATION</p> <p>As late as the 1970s, species richness in Manota had been greatly underestimated (e.g. Matile 1978). Species diagnoses from that period lack the degree of accuracy that later was realised to be indispensable for distinguishing closely related species (Søli 1993). Most recent study strongly suggest that the male terminalia provide the only useful characters for separating sister species (Jaschhof &amp; Hippa 2005), a fact rendering species descriptions based only on females very problematic, if not useless. Of the 20 Afrotropical Manota species now named, three are known from the female only (Matile 1972), and six from the male only. Male terminalia were illustrated for the 17 species where the male is known, but with varying accuracy and being only partially supplemented by sufficiently detailed descriptions. Consequently, creating a wellfunctioning key to the Afrotropical species is impossible on the basis of the available literature, and for identification we must refer to the primary sources (Matile 1972, 1978; Søli 1993).A considerable increase in the number of Afrotropical Manota species, that may result from future study, will inevitably necessitate re-examination of types and redescription of species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03959059FFC8FFC15A2EFCC084A2FC42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jaschhof, Mathias;Mostovski, Mike	Jaschhof, Mathias, Mostovski, Mike (2006): First record of Manota (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Manotinae) from southern Africa, with the description of two new species. African Invertebrates 47: 237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667327
