taxonID	type	description	language	source
039287CEFFCC2A33FDCEFA53FC52F938.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Mesothrips melastomae Zimmermann. This genus comprises 12 Asian species (ThripsWiki 2015). These have three sense cones on antennal segment III and four on IV, and have a very characteristic swollen fore femur, with the inner margin bearing a basal tubercle and a row of minute tubercles. These are predatory thrips on gall-living insects, including other thrips species (Mound and Minaei 2007). The Asian Androthrips ramachandrai Karny, is the only species recorded from the New World and is now widespread in the Americas. Larvae and adults of this thrips feed on the immature stages of the gall-inducer Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann) inside the leaf-galls on Ficus benjamina (Cavalleri et al. 2011; Melo et al. 2013).	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFCE2A36FDCEFA55FDEBFA8F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cephalothrips yuccae Hinds. This genus includes seven species from North America, all of which breed on plants of the genus Yucca, plus one from New Guinea and another from South Africa (Mound and Marullo 1996; Hoddle et al. 2012). In appearance Bagnalliella species are similar to some Haplothrips, but they differ in having only two or three sense cones on antennal segment IV (Mound and Marullo 1996). The widespread B. yuccae (Hinds) is reported from Central America, and populations studied in Australia exhibit remarkable variation in the number of sense cones on antennal segments III and IV (Tree 2010). This species is characterised by having small grooves on the cheeks, and is considered pestiferous to Yucca plants (Hoddle et al. 2012).	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFC82A37FDC7FA83FD45F908.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Dolichothrips longicollis Karny. This genus comprises about 20 species, mostly from south Asia (ThripsWiki 2015). They are all presumably phytophagous, feeding in flowers and buds (Mound and Minaei 2007). Almost all of the species bear three sense cones on antennal segment III and four on IV, and the mouth cone is unusually long and pointed, extending between the fore coxae (Figure 1 A). The only species recorded from the Americas is the Asian D. indicus, which was collected in pepper and eggplants in Puerto Rico (Cabrera-Asencio 1998). Lima (2011) referred this species living in Acacia flowers in north-eastern Brazil. This species has been shown to have spread to the New World tropics, including Barbados, Trinidad and Florida (Susan Broda and Laurence Mound, unpublished records), and is often associated with plants of the family Malvaceae. Apart from the long mouth cone, D. indicus is characteristic in exhibiting basantra longer than wide, and mesopresternum forming two lateral triangles.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFCA2A35FE1DFA68FB75F90B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Phloeothrips albipennis Burmeister This is the third largest genus within Thysanoptera, comprising more than 250 species worldwide (ThripsWiki 2015). Two subgenera are informally recognised: Haplothrips, in which species bear duplicated cilia on the fore wing; and Trybomiella, which lack such setae (Mound and Zapater 2003). This genus is related to Karnyothrips, but antennal segment IV bears four sense cones and the fore tarsi lack the typical forwardly directed curved tooth found in Karnyothrips. Apparently all males lack sternal pore plates, except one species described below which bears a small pore plate on sternite VIII. Most Haplothrips species breed in flowers, including Poaceae florets, although a few species are predatory on other arthropods (Mound and Minaei 2007). This genus is particularly diverse in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, and nine species are now reported from Central and South America (Table 1). A key to these species is provided below and comments on these taxa can be found in Mound and Marullo (1996).	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD42A2BFE1EFF47FE18FEB2.taxon	description	(Figures 2, 3 A – D) Macropterous male. Body brown with red internal pigment; fore tibiae and fore tarsi paler, middle and hind tibiae brown; antennal segment I concolorous with head, II brown in basal 2 / 3 and lighter at tip, III – IV yellow, V – VI shaded with brown, VII – VIII light brown; fore wings pale, without median dark line, clavus brown; major body setae yellow; tergite X uniformly brown. Head about 1.3 times as long as greatest width, cheeks straight; po setae well developed and expanded at tip; maxillary stylets retracted halfway to po setae and wide apart (about 0.7 of head width); antennae slender and eight-segmented, III with two and IV with four sense cones, VIII slightly constricted at base. Pronotum rectangular and without reticulation, with a dark median longitudinal line; four pairs of long and capitate setae, am not longer than discal setae; basantra and ferna well developed; notopleural sutures complete; mesonotum weakly striate anteriorly; metanotum with no reticulation anteromedially and with a pair of median setae; fore femora enlarged, fore tarsal hamus well developed, tarsal tooth absent; duplicated cilia on fore wings present but variable in number (five to nine). Pelta sharply triangular and weakly reticulate; paired campaniform sensilla present; tergites II – VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae, second pair stouter; tergite IX setae S 1 weakly expanded, S 2 short and pointed, S 3 finely acute, sternites with 12 to 20 discal setae placed in a row; sternite VIII with a small and irregular pore plate. Anal setae as long as tube. Measurements of male (holotype), in microns (µm): length about 1522; head length 162, greatest width across cheeks 125, po length 40; median length of pronotum 120, width 187, aa length 32, ml length 30, epim length 47, pa length 40; tergite X length 102, basal width 50, apical width 27; length (width) of antennal segments III – VIII 40 (23), 41 (26), 42 (25), 37 (20), 32 (17), 25 (10), respectively. Macropterous female (Figure 2 A). Similar to male in colour and structure, but slightly longer; anterior femora not so enlarged; S 1 setae on tergite IX smaller than S 2 and S 3, S 2 long and finely acute. Measurements of female (paratype): length about 1700; head length 165, greatest width across cheeks 135, po length 40; median length of pronotum 115, width 202, aa length 35, ml length 37, epim length 52, pa length 50; tergite X length 92, basal width 55, apical width 28; length (width) of antennal segments III – VIII 42 (27), 42 (30), 40 (25), 35 (22), 32 (17), 25 (10), respectively.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD42A2BFE1EFF47FE18FEB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype male, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Juiz de Fora county, from Lippia sp. flowers, November 2010 (Rodrigues, A. col.) (UFRGS 2335). Paratypes: two females and seven males collected with holotype; 18 females and 33 males from Brazil, Juiz de Fora, from Lippia sp. flowers, December 2011 (Cavalleri, A. col.). Remarks Haplothrips dissociatus is remarkable in having maxillary stylets strongly V-shaped and wide apart in head. The fore wing bears duplicated cilia and it is not as wide as what is exhibited by the typical South American species fi ebrigi, heliotropica and trellesi. Haplothrips graminis is similar to dissociatus in having reduced pronotal am setae, but the first has only one sense cone on antennal segment III and po setae is long and acute. Finally, the presence of a pore plate on sternite VIII of H. dissociatus males is unique within the genus Haplothrips.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD52A2BFDDFFEA4FEBDFB12.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Karynia weigeli Watson. Almost 50 species are included in this genus, most of them described from the New World (ThripsWiki 2015). It is probably polyphyletic, with several species not well differentiated from Apterygothrips species (Mound and Minaei 2007). Some Karnyothrips species are very similar to Haplothrips, but antennal segment IV usually has three sense cones or fewer, and the fore tarsi bear a small tooth. The anal setae of some species are unusually longer than the tube, and those species from the Neotropics often exhibit a well-developed male pore plate on sternite VIII (Mound and Marullo 1996). The members of this group are probably all predatory on small arthropods (Mound and Marullo 1996; Mound and Minaei 2007). The species Karnyothrips grassoi comb. nov. (De Santis) was originally described in Adraneothrips and subsequently transferred to Apterygothrips by De Santis (1980) without major comments apart from the sense cone formula. The type series of this species was examined at MLP and the holotype and many paratypes are fully winged. Moreover, the presence of one sense cone on antennal segment III is also exhibited by the New World Karnyothrips caxamarca Hood and K. longiceps Hood. Karnyothrips grassoi, however, is unusual in bearing only two sense cones on antennal segment IV. In addition, Karnyothrips longiceps (Hood) which was described from the USA is here recorded from Brazil for the first time, living on dead twigs in Itaituba, Pará state, Northern Brazil. A key to the Central and South American Karnyothrips species is provided by Mound and Marullo (1996).	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD52A28FDF4FB04FBCDFE8D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Cryptothrips aspersus Hinds. This New World genus currently includes 40 species and is possibly related to Haplothrips (Mound and Marullo 1996). Leptothrips species are all dark bodied with purple internal pigmentation, and bear an elongate, closely striate, triangular area on the metanotum. More than 10 species are reported from Central and South America, and a key to species was given by Johansen (1987). In that study five informal groups were recognised, but most are ill defined, and several characteristics used to differentiate the groups and species are highly variable inter- and intraspecifically. Moreover, there is a great possibility that several of them are synonyms of each other (Mound and Marullo 1996). For instance, the distinguishing character states used to differentiate Leptothrips mali (Fitch) from L. malia ffi nis Johansen are possibly based on a misinterpretation of the numbers of sense cones on antennal segment IV, and these two taxa are likely to represent the same species (Hoddle et al. 2012). Leptothrips species are generally considered obligate predators on small arthropods, but adults and larvae of the North American Leptothrips fasciculatus (Crawford) were recently found feeding on pollen and flower tissue of Eriogonum fasciculatum in the Mojave Desert (Wiesenborn 2012).	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD62A28FE8CFE81FB72F908.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Mirothrips bicolor Cavalleri, Souza, Prezotto and Mound. This recently described genus now comprises four Neotropical species that are closely related to Karnyothrips. Mirothrips species are easily recognisable by the presence of two pairs of setae on the metanotum arising medially, and by the long and slender antennal segment VIII which is constricted at the base (Cavalleri et al. 2013). The maxillary stylets are remarkably low and widely separated, and males bear sternal pore plates on segment VIII. The antennal sense cone formula is variable amongst species, with two or three on III and usually three or four on IV, although the number of sense cones on IV varies from two to four in M. analis. We studied the type series of Mirothrips vespicola comb. nov. (De Santis 1980) at MLP, collected from Mischocyttarus drewseni nests (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Curitiba, South Brazil. This species is closely related to M. arbiter, in which adults and larvae feed on the eggs of polistine wasps in Southeastern Brazil (Cavalleri et al. 2013). They both have the major body setae unusually translucent and stout, although these structures are thicker at the tip in M. arbiter. These two taxa are likely to exhibit similar biology, and they can be separated using the key below. All Mirothrips species are presumably predatory on small arthropods and are known only from South America.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD72A29FDD8FF47FEEAFDE4.taxon	description	(Figures 5, 6) Both sexes macropterous. Head long, slightly constricted basally; with one pair of postocular setae expanded at tip and close to cheeks; maxillary bridge present; mouth cone rounded at tip; antenna eight-segmented, segment III with two and IV with four sense cones; segment VIII slightly constricted at base. Pronotum trapezoidal, with only pa and epim setae well developed. Notopleural sutures complete, basantra present; mesopraesternum large and entire; spinasternum enlarged and oval. Fore femora enlarged in females; fore tarsi bearing both hamus and tooth. Fore wings weakly constricted medially, basal setae unusually small. Pelta triangular, two pairs of wing-retaining setae, but females frequently have a third sigmoid seta anterolaterally. Males with a large pore plate in sternite VIII, tergite IX setae S 2 short and acute.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD72A2EFE04FD6EFBCAFB7C.taxon	description	Head about 1.7 times as long as greatest width, cheeks slightly curved; po close to cheeks and expanded at tip, about half the eye length; maxillary stylets retracted to po level and about 1 / 3 of head width apart, maxillary bridge present; mouth cone short (scarcely reaching basantra) and rounded at tip; antennal segment III with two and IV with four sense cones. Pronotum trapezoidal, with a dark longitudinal median line; only pa and epim welldeveloped, aa, am and ml similar in size to discal setae; prosternum with well-developed ferna, basantra about as broad as long; mesonotum with elongate reticles at anterior region; metanotum with equiangular reticulation anteromedially, and with one pair of long and pointed setae medially; duplicated cilia on fore wings present but variable in number (nine to 13). Fore femora enlarged, fore tibiae shorter than mid and hind tibiae and curved, fore tarsi with large hamus and strong tooth. Pelta triangular, with paired campaniform sensilla, reticulation well defined and arcuate anteromedially, tergites II – VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae, sometimes with an additional pair of wing retaining setae (more frequent on III – V); tergite IX setae S 1 softly pointed, S 2 and S 3 finely acute, all about the same size; tergite X with anal setae about as long as tube. Sternites with three pairs of posteromarginal setae, median pair distinctly longer, and about 15 – 20 discal setae, placed in a single row. Measurements of female (holotype), in microns (µm): length about 2547; head length 305, greatest width across cheeks 182, po length 42; median length of pronotum 242, width 308, epim length 75, pa length 50; tergite X length 172, basal width 75, apical width 35; length (width) of antennal segments III – VIII 67 (35), 70 (37), 62 (32), 55 (27), 45 (22), 35 (12), respectively. Macropterous male. Smaller than but similar to female in colour; pa setae sometimes reduced, but longer than discal setae; duplicated cilia on fore wings present; fore femora and pronotum not as enlarged as in females, fore tarsi with smaller tooth; transverse pore plate on sternite VIII occupying almost all sternite area; S 2 setae on abdominal tergite IX short and pointed. Measurements of male (paratype): length about 1184; head length 256, greatest width across cheeks 160, po length 26; median length of pronotum 172, width 240, epim length 57, pa length 12; tergite X length 152, basal width 57, apical width 30; length (width) of antennal segments III – VIII 57 (30), 62 (30), 57 (27), 50 (21), 42 (18), 27 (11), respectively. Larvae are uniformly red in colour, and all immature stages were found coexisting with Holopothrips inside Myrcia guianensis galls.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD72A2EFE04FD6EFBCAFB7C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype female, Brazil, São Francisco de Paula (29 ° 29 ’ 16 ” S, 50 ° 12 ’ 04 ” W), from Myrcia guianensis gall (induced by Holopothrips), 9 September 2011 (Shizen, T. col.) (UFRGS 2446). Paratypes: 24 females and 10 males with same data as holotype. Remarks The generic relationships of this new taxon are not easy to access, considering its remarkable morphology. The number of sense cones on antennal segments III and IV is typical of Haplothrips, although this character is known to be highly variable in that genus (Mound and Minaei 2007). However, M. variabilis contrasts with Haplothrips members in having the head unusually long and only two pairs of long setae on the pronotum. An elongate head evolved several times within Haplothripini and also occurs in most Leptothrips and some Karnyothrips. The short and pointed sub-basal setae on the fore wings are also observed in some Podothrips, such as the Brazilian P. bambusae Hood which also shows short pronotal aa, am and ml setae and enlarged fore legs. The presence of enlarged fore legs and additional sigmoid wing-retaining setae is also found in such Haplothripini as Euoplothrips and Mesothrips, both also presumably invaders of thrips leaf-galls from the Oriental and Pacific regions (Mound and Minaei 2007). Our observations suggest that M. variabilis is phytophagous on gall tissue, and we did not detect predation on the gall-inducing Holopothrips. No individuals were collected outside the M. guianensis galls, and this association is likely to be specific.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
039287CEFFD02A2EFDF9FAF6FC23F93C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Podothrips semi fl avus Hood. This genus includes 30 species from various parts of the world, but the majority of them were described from the Old World (Mound and Minaei 2007). Members of Podothrips have prosternal basantra unusually longer than wide, enlarged fore femora, and fore tarsi bearing a tooth (sometimes also a tooth at the apex of the fore tibia) (Ritchie 1975). This genus might be related to Haplothrips, and most species seem to be predaceous on scale insects in Poaceae. Only three Podothrips species are reported from Central and South America, two originally described from Brazil and one from Puerto Rico (Table 1). Mound and Marullo (1996) provided a key to these Neotropical species.	en	Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana F., Mendonça Jr, Milton de S. (2016): New Neotropical Haplothripini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with a key to Central and South American genera. Journal of Natural History 50: 1389-1410, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1113316
