taxonID	type	description	language	source
0392BB4BFFB7F5437D92FBECFD08FAAF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the family, but with interambulacrum 5 continuous, basicoronal 5 contiguous with both postbasicoronals; postbasicoronals in interambulacrum 5 greatly elongated and arrow-shaped, at least three times the length of more distal oral postbasicoronals in the same interambulacrum; periproct marginal inside posterior notch.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFB7F5437D92FBECFD08FAAF.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Abertella complanata Brito, 1981.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D.taxon	description	1981 Abertella complanata Brito: 3 – 4, figs 1 – 2. 2000 Abertella pirabensis Marchesini Santos — Mooi et al.: 266, in part.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the genus, which is emended from Brito's (1981: 3) original diagnosis or description (it is not stated which). Brito's information does not diagnose the species because it does not distinguish it from other members of the genus Abertella to which it was originally assigned (translated from the Portuguese): " Test flattened, flat on the oral and convex on the aboral surface, with a semicircular outline, and a marked anal indentation, a small but sharp indentation in the anterior ambulacrum, and only a sinuosity in the paired ambulacra. Petals closed, measuring approximately two-thirds of the test radius with the poriferous zones slightly narrower than the interporiferous. Central peristome, from which extend five food grooves that soon fork. Periproct ventral in the posterior indentation. "	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D.taxon	materials_examined	Type and other material studied. The holotype, MNRJ 5460 - I, is the only originally described specimen, and is housed at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We also examined other specimens assigned to this species by Brito (1986), including MNRJ 5536 - I, MPEG- 886 - I, MPEG 1753 - I, MPEG 2405 - I, and DNPM 6217. These are generally of higher quality than the holotype, revealing new information concerning the species.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D.taxon	description	Description. Brito (1986: 2) expanded upon the original description / diagnosis of the species based on new material, adding that there were five distinct genital pores. This is evidently an error, as Brito's (1986) own photos and original description indicate four gonopores. Our emended description is as follows. Holotype (Fig. 2 A, B) approximately 25 mm TL (measured as described in Table 1, from junction of perradial suture of ambulacrum III with anterior edge of test to junction of interradial suture of interambulacrum 5 with posterior edge of test [i. e. inside notch]). Largest known specimen (Brito 1986: Fig. 1) approximately 45 mm TL, almost 55 mm in test width at widest point. Best preserved specimen (MNRJ 5536 - I, Fig. 2 C, D) approximately 38 mm TL (Fig. 2 C, D), 57 mm test width. Ratio of width to length including lobes on either side of notch 1.17. All ensuing percentage calculations for species are from MNRJ 5536 - I (Fig, 2 C, D). Aboral surface slightly domed, oral surface flat. Highest point of test approximately 17 % TL, located at apical system. Very sharply defined, parallel-sided, narrow posterior notch in largest specimens, depth just over 25 % TL, width 10 % TL, notch slightly widening near ambitus in holotype (Fig. 2 A, B). Broad but shallow marginal indentations present where perradial suture meets ambitus in each ambulacrum, particularly in posterior paired ambulacra. Apical system monobasal, pentagonal (not star-shaped), 49 % TL from ocular III to anterior edge of test, length 11 % TL, numerous hydropores scattered over madreporic plate. Four gonopores, one in each of paired interambulacra and located at suture between madreporic plate and first adapical plates of interambulacral column. Ambulacra petaloid adapically. Posterior paired petals (I and V) noticeably longest, each extending 67 % of corresponding test radius, but 39 % TL; anterior paired petals (II and IV) 59 % of corresponding test radius, but 33 % TL; anterior unpaired (III) shortest, 68 % of corresponding test radius, but 31 % TL. Petal V width at widest point 16 % TL, interporiferous zone 7 % TL; petal IV width 18 % TL, interporiferous zone 10 % TL; petal III width 16 % TL, interporiferous zone 9 % TL. Petals lyrate, almost closed distally, with four or five trailing tube feet (sensu Mooi 1989) at distal end of each column of respiratory tube feet (Fig. 3 A). Respiratory tube foot pore pairs strongly conjugated, inner pore slightly elongate or almost circular, outer pore extremely elongated, comprising about half length of pore pair, apparently subdivided by stereom septae. Four or five occluded plates present at tips of petals. At ambitus, ambulacra strongly widened, forming strip-like ambital plates that follow contour of shallow indentation at each perradius, and curving strongly adapically to form test wall along each side of posterior notch (Fig. 4). Ambulacra all in agreement with Lovén’s Rule (sensu David et al. 1996). Ambulacral basicoronal plates all similar, narrow and straight with almost parallel radial sutures on each side (Fig. 4). Interambulacra narrow and straight on oral surface, narrowing towards ambitus, but containing paired, zig-zag plates right up to madreporic plate. On oral surface, two postbasicoronal plates in each half-interambulacrum in interambulacrum 5, about four in interambulacra 1 and 4, and about five in interambulacra 2 and 3. Widest point of each interambulacrum about two thirds of way from basicoronal to ambitus, narrowing distally to about half that width so that paired interambulacra only about 14 % width of adjacent ambulacra at ambitus. In each paired interambulacrum, first postbasicoronal greatly elongated, nearly five times as long as wide, about twice length of corresponding second postbasicoronal. Unpaired posterior interambulacrum 5 very narrow near basicoronal, widening distally, then narrowing as it approaches ambitus inside notch (Fig. 4). All interambulacral basicoronals broadly in contact with both corresponding first postbasicoronals. Peristome circular, relatively small, about 4 % TL, with distinct perradial process in each ambulacrum extending into peristome beyond slight bulge containing sphaeridium (Fig. 3 B). Anterior edge of peristome 60 % TL from anterior edge of test. Periproct small, about 4 % TL, situated at ambitus in anterior wall of posterior notch, between second and third pair of postbasicoronals. Aboral tuberculation homogeneous. Very slight enlargement of tubercles in oral interambulacral regions relative to those in ambulacral regions. In specimens with best preservation of surface detail, distinct tube foot pores visible in food grooves. Food grooves well developed (Figs. 2, 3, 4), restricted to oral surface, with primary bifurcation near adapical ends of ambulacral basicoronal plates. After this branch point, food grooves continuously diverging as they approach ambitus. Secondary branching faint in all specimens, apparently poorly developed. Slight depressions along perradial sutures on oral surface forming extremely shallow channels reminiscent of rudimentary pressure drainage channels. Occurrence. Known from the holotype collected from the early Miocene Pirabas Formation in the town of Castelo on the island of Fortaleza, State of Pará, Brazil, and from several additional specimens from the same formation, 5 km north of Capanema, near Colônia Pedro Teixeira, Pará, Brazil.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See the description of the family for etymology of the genus name. None of Brito's (1981, 1986) descriptions illustrates oral plate patterns, but these are crucial to interpreting the taxonomic placement of Placatenella complanata. Our investigations indicate that Placatenella is very different in many respects from Abertella pirabensis. Although these two taxa are found near each other in similar stratigraphic circumstances, it is clear that Mooi et al. 2005 were incorrect in assuming that P. complanata and A. pirabensis were conspecific, and that examination of Brito's (1986) additional material of the former was not going to shed light on the morphology of the latter. It was only through re-examination of the type material of both taxa that the major differences became apparent, particularly in oral view. For example, the periproct is on the oral surface in A. pirabensis (see below), not marginal as in Placatenella. The interambulacra of A. pirabensis are all discontinuous (Fig. 4), as is typical for all adult specimens of any species of Abertella. In all specimens of Placatenella in which plate patterns can be discerned either completely (Fig. 4), or in part (including the holotype), all interambulacra are continuous. Unusual among scutelliforms, and perhaps unlike any known species of abertellid, P. complanata typically has more oral postbasicoronal plates in the anterior paired interambulacra than in the posterior paired interambulacra. In addition, the oral tuberculation of Placatenella is more strongly differentiated in the interambulacral and ambulacral regions, and the regions between the branches of the food grooves are more depressed along the perradial suture, than in Abertella. In A. pirabensis, tuberculation of the oral surface is very uniform, and the surface itself is nearly planar, without significant perradial depressions. Placatanella also differs from A. pirabensis in petal shape. In the former, the petals are more lyrate, whereas in the latter, the two columns of pore pairs are more parallel, and remain so for a great portion of the petals' lengths. In addition, the petals of A. pirabensis vary less in length, are distinctly narrower relative to test length, and have narrower interporiferous zones than in Placatenella. The posterior notch of Placatenella is remarkable for its depth and narrowness. This condition is unmatched in other South American non-lunulates, including the abertellids and the other genus of placatenellid, Camachoaster. The only species in the Americas that has a posterior notch similar to that of P. complanata is Abertella palmeri Durham, 1957, which stands out in this respect even among the abertellids. However, A. palmeri is easily assigned to the genus Abertella, having all interambulacra markedly discontinuous, and the periproct on the oral surface. The test outline of A. palmeri is also much more strongly alate (sensu Mooi et al. 2000) than in P. complanata. There can be little question that these two forms are not closely related.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF54F7D92FACBFD0BF93F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the family, but with interambulacrum 5 discontinuous, the basicoronal widely separated from the first postbasicoronals by adjacent first postbasicoronal plates I and V.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF54F7D92FACBFD0BF93F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in recognition of Dr. Horacio Homero Camacho (1922 - 2015), the first geologist and paleontologist to revisit the early 20 th century work of H. von Ihering on Patagonian Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas. Camacho worked and taught at the University of Buenos Aires for over 65 years, and was among the first to recognize the importance of the study of Patagonian echinoids in stratigraphic correlation and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF54F7D92FACBFD0BF93F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF5497D92F91AFAE4FBB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the genus.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF5497D92F91AFAE4FBB5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the type locality of Punta Maqueda, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, where the sand dollars occur in the Chenque Formation, which is exposed about 2 km south of the point. Type material studied. Material is housed at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN). Holotype is MACN-Pi 5809, from shoreline deposits about 2 km south of Punta Maqueda, Santa Cruz Province, southern Argentina. These deposits form part of the Chenque Formation, lower Miocene. There are two paratypes, MACN-Pi 5859 and MACN-Pi 5860. These have the same provenience as the holotype.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF5497D92F91AFAE4FBB5.taxon	description	Description. Holotype and largest specimen (Fig. 5) 59.3 mm TL. Measurements for all known specimens given in Table 1. All ensuing percentages, calculated to facilitate comparisons with other descriptions herein, are from holotype. Aboral surface slightly domed, oral surface flat. Highest point of test 11 % TL, located at apical system. Very shallow but distinct posterior notch, depth just over 5 % TL, width 16 % TL, notch widening significantly near ambitus. Broad, shallow marginal indentations present where perradial suture meets ambitus in each ambulacrum. Apical system monobasal, pentagonal (not star-shaped), 49 % TL from ocular III to anterior edge of test, length 8 % TL, numerous hydropores scattered over madreporic plate. Four gonopores, one in each of paired interambulacra and located at suture between madreporic plate and first adapical plates of interambulacral column (Fig. 8 A). Ambulacra petaloid adapically. Posterior paired petals (I and V) not noticeably longer than any other petals, each extending 56 % of corresponding test radius, but 30 % TL; anterior paired petals (II and IV) 51 % of corresponding test radius, but 29 % TL; anterior unpaired (III) 56 % of corresponding test radius, but 29 % TL. Petal V width at widest point 12 % TL, interporiferous zone 4 % TL; petal IV width 12 % TL, interporiferous zone 5 % TL; petal III width 13 % TL, interporiferous zone 6 % TL. Petals lyrate, almost closed distally (Figs. 5, 8 A, B), with two or perhaps as many as three trailing tube feet (sensu Mooi 1989) at distal end of each column of respiratory tube feet (Fig. 8 A). Respiratory tube foot pore pairs strongly conjugated, inner pore slightly elongated, outer pore extremely elongated, comprising about half length of pore pair, apparently subdivided by stereom septae (Fig. 8 A, B). Five or six occluded plates present at tips of petals (Fig. 8 A). At ambitus, ambulacra greatly widened, forming strip-like ambital plates that follow contour of shallow indentation at each perradius, and curving adapically to form test wall along each side of posterior notch (Fig. 7). Ambulacra all in agreement with Lovén’s Rule (sensu David et al. 1996). Ambulacral basicoronal plates all similar, narrow and straight with almost parallel radial sutures on each side (Figs. 6, 7). Interambulacra narrow and straight on oral surface, narrowing towards ambitus, but containing paired, zig-zag plates right up to madreporic plate. On oral surface, three or four postbasicoronal plates in each halfinterambulacrum in interambulacrum 5, four or five in in other interambulacra. Widest point of each interambulacrum about one third of way from basicoronal to ambitus, narrowing distally so that paired interambulacra about 22 % width of adjacent ambulacra at ambitus. In each paired interambulacrum, first postbasicoronal greatly elongated, about four times as long as wide, about twice length of corresponding second postbasicoronal. In interambulacra 1 to 4, basicoronals broadly in contact with both corresponding first postbasicoronals. Unpaired, posterior interambulacrum 5 discontinuous, separated from basicoronal by adjacent ambulacral postbasicoronals (Figs. 6, 7). Peristome circular, relatively small, about 5 % TL, with distinct perradial process in each ambulacrum extending into peristome beyond slight bulge containing sphaeridium (Fig. 8 C). Anterior edge of peristome 51 % TL from anterior edge of test. Periproct small, about 3 % TL, on oral surface between second and third pair of postbasicoronals. Aboral tuberculation homogeneous. Very slight enlargement of tubercles in oral interambulacral regions relative to those in ambulacral regions. In specimens with best preservation of surface detail, distinct tube foot pores visible in food grooves (Fig. 8 C). Food grooves well developed (Figs. 5, 7, 8 C), restricted to oral surface, with primary bifurcation near adapical ends of ambulacral basicoronal plates. After this branch point, food grooves continuously diverging as they approach ambitus. Secondary branching well developed (Fig. 5). Extremely shallow depressions along perradial sutures on oral surface. Occurrence. Known only from the type locality. Geologic setting. The shallow marine deposits in which the new species was found have been described in Mooi et al. (2016). In summary, the rocks of the Chenque Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin (Chubut and Santa Cruz Provinces, Argentina) exposed near Punta Maqueda have been described as early Miocene (del Río 2004). The type specimens of Monophoraster telfordi Mooi et al., 2016 were collected from the same thin bed (up to 15 cm thick) of fine-grained sandstones from which the new species of non-lunulate was recovered.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBBF5497D92F91AFAE4FBB5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp. is found in the same strata as Monophoraster telfordi Mooi et al., 2016, the former is immediately recognizable as a different species, as well as representing a different major scutelliform clade, by its complete lack of an anal lunule. Camachoaster resembles the Abertellidae only in the possession of a shallow notch, and in the discontinuity of the posterior interambulacrum. However, the continuity of the paired interambulacra immediately invites favorable comparison with Placatenella, as do the similar shapes and dimensions of the petals. Nevertheless, Camachoaster differs from Placatenella in having the posterior interambulacrum discontinuous. Camachoaster ' s combination of continuous paired interambulacra with a discontinuous posterior, unpaired interambulacrum, is unique among South American forms. A small species of Vaquerosella from California seems to have a similar oral plate pattern. However, among large scutelliforms with a posterior notch, this condition seems to be shared only with a Mexican species previously ascribed to Abertella, A. kewi Durham, 1957. The original description of A. kewi lacks figures of, or any reference to, oral plate architecture, likely due to the condition of the specimens. However, access to material from UCMP locality B 8562, collected from the same locality as the types (Simojovel, Chiapas, Mexico) allows reconstruction of this architecture for comparison with Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp. (Fig. 7). This suggests that A. kewi is not an Abertella. Aspects of the oral plate pattern are reminiscent of some abertellid species, notably Abertella miskellyi Kroh et al., 2013, such as the periproct placement, the reduced posterior interambulacral basicoronal, and discontinuity of the posterior interambulacrum. However, A. kewi is unlike any abertellid in the continuity of the paired interambulacra, and the insertion of very small first postbasicoronals in either the " a " or the " b " column of each of the ambulacra. The latter situation is seen in the Pliocene Scutellaster Cragin, 1895, the Miocene and Pliocene Kewia Nisiyama, 1935, and in the Eocene Eoscutella, all from the northwest Pacific coasts of North America. The occurrence of these small postbasicoronals has not yet been analyzed in a phylogenetic context in order to determine its overall significance. The aforementioned differences between Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp. and A. kewi might suggest that they are not congeneric, but we here provisionally place A. kewi in Camachoaster as Camachoaster? kewi pending full revision of all the relevant North American taxa associated with the Abertellidae and Placatenellidae.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBDF5567D92FB93FD8EFBB5.taxon	diagnosis	Emended diagnosis. Scutelliforms with shallow to very deep, usually well-defined notch at ambitus in posterior interambulacrum; all oral interambulacra discontinuous, sometimes widely disjunct; interambulacral basicoronals large, usually more than twice length of ambulacrals. In addition, the following plesiomorphic features that are useful in that they are found in virtually all members of the family: two to five distinct trailing tube feet at end of each column of respiratory tube feet; pressure drainage channels absent, but ambulacral regions between main branches of food grooves populated by spines slightly shorter than interambulacral basicoronals; posterior interambulacral column typically narrowing towards ambitus and into posterior notch; periproct on oral surface between second, or second and third postbasicoronals.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBDF5567D92FB93FD8EFBB5.taxon	description	Description and remarks. Previous diagnoses of the family (Durham 1953, 1955, 1966) relied on combinations of easily discerned features otherwise not unique within the scutellines. Durham (1955) provided the following description for his new family: " Medium-sized to large, flattened; internal supports well developed; with broad ambulacral and anal indentations of margin; petals well defined, nearly closed; outer member of pore-pair greatly elongated, few primary pore-pairs outside petals; all interambulacra discontinuous on oral surface; basicoronal interambulacral plates considerably larger than ambulacral plates; periproct on oral surface; ambulacral food grooves bifurcating just outside basicoronal row; 4 genital pores. " Unfortunately, not a single one of these features, taken on their own, is unique to the Abertellidae, and do not provide an unequivocal diagnosis in the modern concept of a diagnosis, which should consist of autapomorphies and, in some cases, distinctive plesiomorphic features unique to the taxon being diagnosed. In part because it is an entirely extinct group, this remains a challenge for the Abertellidae, and even the diagnosis provided above does not contain synapomorphies entirely unique to the abertellids. However, when all these features are taken in combination, the family is well circumscribed. Durham (1955) noted both the discontinuous oral interambulacra and the pronounced posterior notch. Some other South American non-lunulate taxa possess this notch as well, but are not like abertellids in other ways, including the pattern of interambulacral discontinuity. Therefore, in considering such taxa, we are left with a choice of considerably broadening the concept of the Abertellidae to include these species, or establish new supraspecific taxa. We decided to restrict the concept of the Abertellidae to include only those forms that have all the oral interambulacra discontinuous, as discussed above in the sections dealing with the excluded forms such as Placatenella and Camachoaster. The diagnosis of Abertellidae is therefore emended here to include scutellines with a shallow to very deep notch at the ambitus in the posterior interambulacrum, in combination with having all oral interambulacra strongly discontinuous in all adult specimens. Studies of specimens of the type species, A. aberti, from the Smithsonian Institution (NMNH 438168, 438169) permits inclusion of characters concerning spine morphology and distribution that seem unique to the family. Although the spines are differentiated and distributed in fields of aboral club-shaped and miliary types as in most scutelliforms, the oral surface is populated by fields of locomotory and geniculate spine types similar to those seen in mellitids, but not as strongly differentiated. There are no well-differentiated pressure drainage channels, but ambulacral regions between the main branches of the food grooves are populated by spines slightly shorter than interambulacral basicoronals. Each main branch of the food grooves beyond the primary bifurcation at the ends of the ambulacral basicoronals is always strongly developed in abertellids, but the degree of secondary branching is variable. The periproct is always situated distinctly on the flat portion of the oral surface, surrounded by the second pair of postbasicoronal interambulacral plates, or sometimes in contact with one (rarely both) of the third postbasicoronals. Features of the petals, which are lyrate, almost closed, but large (one half to three-quarters the length of the corresponding aboral ambulacrum), do not serve to distinguish abertellids from other scutelliforms. Trailing tube feet at the end of each column of respiratory tube feet are always large and distinct in abertellids, and can number up to five, but this also does not separate abertellids from other forms. The type species, A. aberti, can attain a TL of well over 150 mm, but the smallest known species, such as A. palmeri, are not known to exceed 60 mm TL. As noted and figured by Clark & Twitchell (1915), the microcanal system is well developed, as it is in several other scutelliform groups including lunulates such as the monophorasterids.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFBDF5567D92FB93FD8EFBB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus. Abertella Durham, 1953	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA2F5567D92FB93FCAAF9EC.taxon	diagnosis	Emended diagnosis. As for the family, see above.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA2F5567D92FB93FCAAF9EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Scutella aberti Conrad, 1842, by original designation (Durham 1 953, p. 350). Included species. A. aberti (Conrad, 1842); A. cazonesensis Kew in Dickerson & Kew, 1917; A.? habanensis (Sánchez-Roig, 1949); A. palmeri Durham, 1957; A. pirabensis (Marchesini Santos, 1958); A. gualichensis Martínez et al., 2005; A. dengleri Osborn & Ciampaglio, 2010; A. miskellyi Kroh et al., 2013.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA2F5567D92FB93FCAAF9EC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Of the above included species, only A. pirabensis, A. gualichensis, and A. miskellyi are known to occur in South American outcrops. Abertella? habanensis is provisionally listed as an Abertella until further information comes to light on this species. Abertella kewi Durham, 1957, as listed by Kroh et al. (2013), is hereby formally removed from Abertella and moved provisionally to Camachoaster as Camachoaster? kewi, as it no longer satisfies the emended diagnosis provided in this paper.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA2F5577D92F96AFAA2FE2D.taxon	description	2005 Abertella gualichensis Martínez et al.: 1230 – 1232, figs. 2 – 3.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA2F5577D92F96AFAA2FE2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abertella with pronounced, marginally-directed, curved extensions of oral ambulacral plates joining proximal edges of first interambulacral postbasicoronal plates in posterior interambulacrum; posterior notch shallow but acute; paired interambulacra narrower, than in other Abertella, not narrowing near the ambitus. Type material studied. Holotype MACN-Pi 4714, paratypes MACN-Pi 4705, 4706, 4709. Description. See Martínez et al. (2005). Occurrence. A. gualichensis is recorded only from the earliest middle Miocene of Salina del Gualicho, Río Negro Province, Argentina in the lower part of the Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation (Fig. 1).	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA2F5577D92F96AFAA2FE2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the original description, A. gualichensis was distinguished from other Abertella largely by its broad but shallow posterior notch and its relatively narrow, non-alate test compared to other members of the genus. In addition, the separation of the oral interambulacral postbasicoronals from the basicoronal plates is less pronounced in A. gualichensis than in most other Abertella, with the exception of A. pirabensis, and the oral interambulacra of A. gualichensis do not widen and then markedly attenuate as they approach the ambitus.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5577D92FE39FDB5FBCD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abertella with strongly heterogeneous interambulacral basicoronal plates (small in interambulacrum 5, largest in interambulacra 2 and 3); oral interambulacra discontinuous by involvement of two adjacent ambulacral plates (rather than one as in other Abertella) in at least one of the oral interambulacra; apparent " violation " of Lovén's Rule in oral ambulacrum III.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5577D92FE39FDB5FBCD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material studied. Holotype MB E. 7463, paratype MB E. 7462.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5577D92FE39FDB5FBCD.taxon	description	Description. See Kroh et al. (2013). Occurrence. A. miskellyi is recorded only from the (possibly early) Miocene of Chubut Province, southern Argentina in the Camarones Formation (Fig. 1).	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5577D92FE39FDB5FBCD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is unique among Abertella in that the posterior interambulacral basicoronal plate is much smaller than that in each of the paired interambulacral basicoronals. It is also the only Abertella in which specimens are known to have a discontinuity involving more than one postbasicoronal plate in a given halfambulacrum. An unusual feature of one of the known specimens of A. miskellyi is that ambulacral basicoronal III at first seemed longer in the " a " column than in the " b " column, suggesting violation of Lovén's Rule (sensu David et al. 1996) until a small plate was detected, wedged between the basicoronal plates of ambulacrum III to re-establish the Lovénian pattern (Kroh et al. 2013).	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5527D92FB59FDCBF8D5.taxon	description	1958 Karlaster pirabensis Marchesini Santos: 16 – 19, pl. 5: figs. 1 – 3. 1979 Karlaster pirabensis Santos — Brito: 736 – 738, pl. 3: fig. 1, pl. 4: fig. 6. 1997 Abertella pirabensis (Marchesini Santos) — Martínez & Mooi: 61.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5527D92FB59FDCBF8D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. An Abertella in which the posterior notch is deep and sharply defined, the periproct just barely between the second pair of posterior interambulacral postbasicoronals, and the length of the disjunction between the interambulacral basicoronal and first postbasicoronals much less than half the length of the corresponding basicoronal in paired interambulacra.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5527D92FB59FDCBF8D5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material studied. The holotype, DNPM 4493, is the only known specimen.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5527D92FB59FDCBF8D5.taxon	description	Description. In general, the original description by Marchesini Santos (1958) is accurate and detailed, except for the instances discussed below. Her images do not satisfy modern standards, and we provide additional images of both surfaces, detailed views of the oral surface and wall of the notch, and a reconstructed plate map (Figs. 4, 9). The following description is of the same format as for placatenellid species discussed above, to facilitate comparisons. Holotype (Fig. 9 A, B) approximately 51 mm TL (as defined in Table 1). Ratio of width to length including lobes on either side of notch 1.21. Aboral surface slightly domed, oral surface extremely flat, nearly planar and without significant sculpting or radial depressions. Highest point of test approximately 11 % TL, located at apical system. Well-defined posterior notch, depth estimated to be approximately 11 % TL, width approximately 10 % TL at ambitus, notch widening near ambitus. Marginal indentations extremely shallow where perradial suture meets ambitus in posterior paired ambulacra, nearly absent in anterior paired ambulacra. Apical system monobasal, star-shaped, 54 % TL from ocular III to anterior edge of test, length 9 % TL, numerous hydropores scattered over madreporic plate. Four gonopores, one in each of paired interambulacra and located at suture between madreporic plate and first adapical plates of interambulacral column. Ambulacra petaloid adapically. Posterior paired petals (I and V) longest, but only slightly so, each extending 65 % of corresponding test radius, but 34 % TL; anterior paired petals (II and IV) 62 % of corresponding test radius, but 33 % TL; anterior unpaired (III) shortest, 61 % of corresponding test radius, but 32 % TL. Petal V width at widest point 13 % TL, interporiferous zone 4 % TL; petal IV width 13 % TL, interporiferous zone 5 % TL; petal III width 15 % TL, interporiferous zone 6 % TL. Petals not obviously lyrate, but have outer edges of each pore pair column in a given petal parallel for most of its length, petals almost closed distally, with three or four trailing tube feet at distal end of each column of respiratory tube feet. Respiratory tube foot pore pairs strongly conjugated, inner pore slightly elongate or almost circular, outer pore extremely elongated, comprising about two thirds length of pore pair, apparently subdivided by stereom septae. Five or six occluded plates present at tips of petals. At ambitus, ambulacra greatly widened, forming strip-like ambital plates, curving strongly adapically to form test wall along each side of posterior notch (Figs. 4, 9 C, D). Ambulacra all in agreement with Lovén’s Rule (sensu David et al. 1996). Ambulacral basicoronal plates all similar, narrow and straight with almost parallel radial sutures on each side (Fig. 4). Interambulacra narrow and straight on oral surface, narrowing towards ambitus, but containing paired, zig-zag plates right up to madreporic plate. On oral surface, three or four postbasicoronal plates in each halfinterambulacrum in interambulacrum 5, four or five in the other interambulacra. Widest point of interambulacra 1 and 4 at first or second postbasicoronals, about one third of way to ambitus, narrowing distally to about two thirds that width so that paired interambulacra about 21 % width of adjacent ambulacra at ambitus. In each paired interambulacrum, first postbasicoronal slightly elongated, two to three times as long as wide in posterior paired interambulacra, three to four times as long as wide in anterior paired interambulacra. Unpaired, posterior interambulacrum narrowing as it approaches ambitus inside notch (Fig. 4). All interambulacral basicoronals discontinuous, separated from first postbasicoronals by adjacent ambulacral first postbasicoronals, very widely so in interambulacrum 5 (Fig. 4), but by far less than half length of a corresponding basicoronal in paired interambulacra. Peristome circular, relatively small, about 4 % TL, with distinct perradial process in each ambulacrum extending into peristome beyond slight bulge containing sphaeridium. Anterior edge of peristome 54 % TL from anterior edge of test. Periproct small, about 4 % TL, situated 90 % TL from anterior edge of test, just barely between second pair of postbasicoronals, with slight apparent contact with one of the first pair of postbasicoronals (Fig. 4). Aboral tuberculation homogeneous, oral tuberculation nearly so, without discernible enlargement of tubercles in oral interambulacral regions. Tube foot pores visible in food grooves (Fig. 9 C). Food grooves well developed (Figs. 4, 9 B, C), restricted to oral surface, with primary bifurcation near adapical ends of ambulacral basicoronal plates. After this branch point, food grooves continuously diverging as they approach ambitus. Secondary branching faint or non-existent. No significant depressions along perradial sutures on oral surface, no evidence of pressure drainage channels. Occurrence. A. pirabensis is known only from the early Miocene Pirabas Formation, Ponta de Pirabas, Ilha de Fortaleza, State of Pará, Brazil.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA3F5527D92FB59FDCBF8D5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We suggest that all previous attempts to allocate this taxon to a genus were incorrect to some degree. We were able to confirm the original suggestion, indicated by the figures of Marchesini Santos (1958) and Brito (1979), that all interambulacra are discontinuous. This alone suggests that the attempts to place A. pirabensis in the Monophorasteridae Lahille, 1896 are misguided because all the interambulacra of all species in that family are broadly continuous, both postbasicoronal plates being in contact with the basicoronal, with a minor exception in a specimen of M. telfordi (see Mooi et al. 2016). Martínez and Mooi (1997) and Mooi et al. (2000) compared A. pirabensis with what was then known as Abertella complanata (here placed in the new genus Placatenella), and became convinced that A. complanata was a junior synonym of A. pirabensis. However, this was before the oral surface plate pattern of A. pirabensis could be confirmed to be of the Abertella configuration. Moreover, the hitherto unknown plate architecture of the oral surface of what we here recognize as Placatenella complanata has turned out to be unique among all taxa with a posterior notch because all the oral interambulacra are continuous. This is clearly unlike any Abertella, and undermines any relation between A. pirabensis and P. complanata. The conclusion is that the only known specimen of A. pirabensis is the holotype, described as the type specimen of a new genus, Karlaster, by Marchesini Santos (1958). Karlaster Marchesini Santos (1958) is not recognized by the present revision, and in this respect, we follow the work of Mooi et al. (2000) in regarding Karlaster a junior synonym of Abertella. We have been unable to support the assertion by Marchesini Santos (1958) that A. pirabensis possessed an anal lunule. Breakage along the posterior edge of the only known specimen would have rendered it impossible to make the determination that the distal parts of the lobes meet again at the ambitus. However, the curvature of the ambulacral plate sutures on either side of the posterior indentation is not consistent with that observed in all other scutelliforms that possess an anal lunule. The anal lunule of all mellitids and monophorasterids possesses walls constructed of interambulacral plates in the cross-linked pattern (sensu Seilacher 1979: Fig. 8 B, Mooi et al. 2000: Fig. 4.4), a situation than can be considered diagnostic for the anal lunule. In A. pirabensis, there are no traces of the cross-linked pattern, leading us to reconstruct A. pirabensis with a notch of moderate depth through extrapolation of the aforementioned ambulacral plate curvatures (Fig. 4). Examination of the anterior wall of the notch reveals no evidence for the existence of an opening that could be interpreted as a periproct (Fig. 9 D). Marchesini Santos (1958) appears to have been correct in interpreting the aperture on the oral surface as the periproct. It is neither a trace of an anal lunule, nor damage to the fossil. However, there does appear to be some damage to the test around the edges of the aperture, causing enlargement that could explain why the periproct appears to be in slight contact with the first interambulacral postbasicoronals (Fig. 9 C). The periproct of A. pirabensis is between the second pair of interambulacral postbasicoronals, not solely enclosed within the first pair as in all monophorasterids. Therefore, the periproct position of A. pirabensis is like that of abertellids, but not of monophorasterids. The unequal development of the interambulacral basicoronals is also very similar to the condition seen in other Abertella, notably A. miskellyi, further undermining placement of A. pirabensis in the monophorasterids.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA7F5537D92FCB5FEA7FAB6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the family.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA7F5537D92FCB5FEA7FAB6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Scutella patagonensis Desor in Agassiz & Desor, 1847, by original designation (Desor 1847: 135). Material studied. Holotype of Echinarachnius juliensis Desor in Agassiz & Desor, 1847, MCZ 102431, plus specimens attributed to I. patagonensis, including CPBA 16493 - 95, MACN-Pi 4586, MACN-Pi 5144, ROM 5433 M, 5468 M, 5469 M, and two specimens sent to R. M. for identification by A. Wyss (University of California, Santa Barbara).	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA7F5507D92FA91FACFFDC5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the family and genus. We note, in addition, that I. patagonensis is the only South American scutelliform clypeasteroid in which test length and width are nearly equal (all other such species being significantly wider than long). Occurrence. Arguably the most commonly encountered species of clypeasteroid in South America, I. patagonensis was evidently widespread during the late Oligocene and early Miocene in the southern Patagonian region of Argentina from the southern edge of Golfo San Jorge south to the northern edge of Tierra del Fuego (Fig. 1, inset). The recent discovery of specimens from the early Miocene Guadal Formation extends the known range of I. patagonensis westward to the Pampa Castillo region of southern Chile (Frassinetti & Covacevich, 1999; Andre Wyss, pers. comm.).	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
0392BB4BFFA7F5507D92FA91FACFFDC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We recommend usage of the original spelling of the species name used in Desor (1847) and Agassiz & Desor (1847). Desor (1847) only listed names of taxa from Patagonia, without accompanying figures or descriptions, and these names are therefore here considered nomina nuda. In the same year, Desor (in Agassiz & Desor, 1847) provided cursory, but valid descriptions of two taxa, with locality information from the Patagonian region. Lacking figures, these descriptions have been the source of great confusion ever since. The type of one of these forms, Echinarachnius juliensis, from " Port Saint Julien " (Desor in Agassiz & Desor, 1847: 134), is known to exist in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. All known specimens presently identified as Iheringiella patagonensis compare favorably with this type. The types of the second form, Scutella patagonensis, reported to be from " Port Desire " (Desor in Agassiz & Desor, 1847: 135), have not been yet been found. The situation is made more difficult by our inability to locate the original material upon which Lahille (1898) based his revision. Given the complex taxonomic history of the species involved, along with the provenance of the material, a full revision of the nomenclature is warranted and pending. For comparison with other taxa described herein, we provide a map of plate architecture of the oral surface of a typical specimen from the Puerto Santa Cruz region of Argentina. This specimen compares most favorably with the type of Scutella juliensis. However, as is common for all such material, it is identified as Iheringiella patagonensis until the situation concerning the relationship between the types of S. juliensis and I. patagonensis can be resolved. What seems clear from the present evidence is that these two named entities are congeneric. Iheringiella does not have any indication of a posterior notch, making it the only described species of South American scutelliform to lack this feature.	en	Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J., Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó (2018): Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species. Zootaxa 4369 (3): 301-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1
