taxonID	type	description	language	source
03938789FFCBFFB9123889A8FC3BFA0F.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION For the genus type description, we refer to Vitt (1983) and Vitt & Ramsay (2006). We only mention below the main distinguishing features in the New Caledonian context. Macromitrium plants are epiphytic on trunk, branches or twigs, rarely saxicolous, characterized by: 1) creeping stems giving rise to dense upturned branches, simple to bifurcate, rarely fastigiated; 2) stem and branch leaves usually different in shape; 3) branch leaves with different habits in dry and moist conditions, when wet usually straight to recurved or sigmoid, more or less widely spreading, when dry the various arrangements are important for species discriminating; and 4) branch leaf areolation usually different from top to down, typically with three different parts, this pattern being very useful to identify the species: – upper part usually single-layered, rarely multi-layered in patches or limited to apices, opaque, green to red tinged, with cells isodiametric to short oblong, flat or bulging, usually with a few small papillae, rarely smooth, mostly irregularly arranged, less frequently in regular longitudinal files, – transitional part short or long, variously green becoming colourless top-down, unfrequently null with abrupt transition to lower part, possibly reaching the base in some groups of species, transitional cells progressively longer toward base, oblong to short rectangular, with single papillae, rarely smooth; – lower part developed or not, then reduced to a few elongate cells in one or few basal rank, when developed colourless, with more or less elongate cells, rectangular to linear, thick-walled or not, regularly so or not, in relation to lumina wideness and orientation, straight, curved or sinuous, papillae single, rounded, low to high, usually scattered, aligned or not on plicae or margins, more rarely dense or absent; 5) costae single, strong to thin, reaching the apices, percurrent, often excurrent in mucrones, less frequently in more or less long aristae; 6) margins plane, in some case narrowly recurved in one side at base, at most crenulate-papillose in upper part, rarely smooth, usually smooth in basal part, or with scattered papillae; 7) when known, sexual condition pseudautoicous, very rarely autoicous, dwarf male plants present on the female branches, at vegetative leaves axils; 8) perichaetia are significantly conspicuous when exceeding the vegetative leaves, sheathing or not the seta bases, more often inconspicuous, perichaetial leaf size being then similar to the vegetative ones or smaller; when differentiated, perichaetial leaves larger or not, mostly hyaline, the short celled, opaque upper tissues restricted to small part below the apices, papillose or not; 9) setae upright, straight to sinuous, either medium to long and thin and twisted to the left or short and thick untwisted or shortly below the urn; 10) vaginulae either naked, possibly with short paraphyllae, or hairy with conspicuous long hairs visible among the perichaetial leaves or longer, sometimes reaching the capsule; 11) calyptrae large, mitrate, usually covering a large part of the capsule, very rarely conspicuously shorter, naked or with more or less dense hairs, erect or rarely bristling; 12) capsules erect, ovoid, elliptic or unfrequently cylindrical, rims contracted or not, plicate or smooth, erect or incurved, rarely collapse, brownish or concolorous; 13) peristomes single or absent, teeth sometimes very short or caducous or reduced to short membranes; and 14) spores papillose, usually anisomorphic, rarely isomorphic.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCFFFBD16DB8A88FEDCF8CE.taxon	description	(Figs 2 I, 5)	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCFFFBD16DB8A88FEDCF8CE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. Bourail. (lecto-, designated here fide Guo in Sched. [2007]: “ Bourail, 1905, Le Rat s. n., comm. Franc ”: PC [PC 0083687]!). TOTAL RANGE. — Macromitrium aurescens s. l. occurs in Australia and New Caledonia. The variety caledonicum is known only from the type locality in South Province of New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCFFFBD16DB8A88FEDCF8CE.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Sexual condition Unknown, the type variety is pseudautoicous according to Vitt & Ramsay (1985 a). Plant Small, creeping stems with short branches up to 3 - 5 (- 10) mm long. Branches When dry with leaves obliquely appressed, spirally coiled around the axis, strong costae prominent at back, when moist erect to slightly patent. Branch leaves 1.6 - 1.8 mm long, 0.35 - 0.55 mm wide, ligulate to oval-lanceolate, strongly carinate in lower part, apex obtuse mucronate, costae thick, ending just below the apex to short excurrent. Upper cells Single-layered, 10 - 12 µm wide, isodiametric, rounded, bulging, with a few small papillae, intermediate cells quadrate to short rectangular, with a single conical papilla, lower cells in a few basal ranks filling less than 1 / 10 length of the leaf, 20 - 30 µm long, 10 - 12 µm wide, short rectangular with thicker porous walls and unevenly sinuous lumina, some with a single high papilla. Perichaetial Leaves more or less similar to the vegetative ones. Calyptrae Narrowly cylindrical, 3 - 5 mm long, hairy. Setae Short, 5 mm long, straight to slightly curved, vaginulae with long hairs. Capsules Narrowly cylindrical, 2 mm long, with irregularly or not plicate rim, peristome not seen in New Caledonian specimen.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCFFFBD16DB8A88FEDCF8CE.taxon	discussion	REMARKS In the diagnosis, Thériot (1909) emphasize the leaf length of the New Caledonian plants as the only difference with the Australian Macromitrium cylindromitrium Müll. Hal. currently synonym of M. aurescens Hampe, whose leaf lengths range from 2 to 2.6 mm (Vitt & Ramsay 1985 a). Due to the scarcity of New Caledonian specimens, we cannot decide if the status of variety is valid or not for this plant. But it is likely synonym of the type variety. In addition, ecological requirements seem more or less similar; the type locality of the variety caledonicum, Bourail, is situated at low elevation in the south western plain, the driest part of the island, where Melaleuca quinquenervia and Casuarina collina forests are abundant, while the type variety, a north eastern Australia endemic, is found on barks of Melaleuca, Grevillea and Casuarina at low elevation (Vitt & Ramsay 1985 a). Macromitrium aurescens and its variety share with a handful of species, namely M. brachypodium, M. brevicaule, M. francii, M. orthostichum, some typical features as: 1) short branches; 2) short setae; 3) leaves ligulate or oval-lanceolate, short to medium sized; 4) upper cells strongly papillose; and 5) basal cells few, short or long, with a few high single papillae. It differs from everyone by having a narrow cylindrical urn, 2 mm long and sub-conduplicate leaves ending in hooked, cucullate apices. When dry, leaves are spirally whorled around the branches. The latter character is shared with Macromitrium brevicaule which is smaller, has lingulate leaves with fusiform gemmae and naked calytrae. In addition, Macromitrium brachypodium and M. francii have shorter setae. Macromitrium orthostichum is distinct by its stout and prorate setae.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCEFFBD16D0888AFC24FA2F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. “ Île des Pins ”, Cuming s. n. (lecto-, H-BR [designated by Vitt & Ramsay, 1985]; isolecto-, PC [PC 0096548]!). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Vitt & Ramsay (1985 a).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCEFFBD16D0888AFC24FA2F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Macromitrium brachypodium is very rare, with only one report in South Province (type locality, Île des Pins) and one in North Province, in a very disturbed environment. Due to the scarcity of the data, its ecological range in New Caledonia remains unknown. TOTAL RANGE. — New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Its occurrence in mainland Australia must be confirmed according to Vitt & Ramsay (2006).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCEFFBD16D0888AFC24FA2F.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Koumac, Tiebaghi ultramafic massif, on bark in small remnant of the moist forest amongst scrubland, in the vicinity of a former mining village, 28. IX. 2008, Thouvenot NC 288 (PC). DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous. Macromitrium brachypodium may be identified by: 1) small size of branches, less than 6 mm long, 0.8 - 1 mm wide; 2) branch leaves when dry erect to oblique, individually twisted, the incurved apices exposed by the margins, when wet patent to spreading, slightly sigmoid; 3) branch leaves 1.5 - 2.5 mm long, ligulate, obtuse to short acute, mucronate; 4) upper cells rounded, 6 - 8 µm, bulging, thick-walled, with c. 4 small rounded papillae; 5) basal part of leaves undifferentiated, with a few short rectangular lower cells, smooth; 6) perichaetial leaves longer than the vegetative ones, 3.5 mm long or more; 7) vaginulae naked; 8) calyptrae hairy; 9) setae very short, 1 - 1.5 mm long; and 10) capsules oblong, 1 - 1.3 mm long, smooth, rims erect, not plicate, peristomes single. It could be confused with other small species with little differentiated basal part. For differences with M. brevicaule and M. aurescens, see under the latter. Macromitrium francii and M. pilosum have longer branches, smaller leaves with papillose basal cells, vaginulae with conspicuous long hairs and capsule mouth plicate. In addition, Macromitrium orthostichum calyptrae have bristly hairs. See discussion in the paragraph dealing with the Francii group.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCEFFBF15B78909FEAAF94F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — This lowland species was collected between 0 - 55 m a. s. l. in North Province (type locality), South Province main island and Île des Pins. TOTAL RANGE. — Australasia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCEFFBF15B78909FEAAF94F.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province sud, Nouméa, Tina, 24. IX. 2012, on calcareous rock in mangrove, 0 m, Thouvenot NC 898, on bark in dry forest, 5 m, Larraín 35301; J. - M. Tjibaou Center, 24. IX. 2012, mangrove, 0 m, Thouvenot NC 900; Yaté, St Gabriel, 22. IX. 2008, on Pandanus roots in coral islet, 2 m, Thouvenot NC 93 (PC); Bourail, Gouaro-Deva, 25. IX. 2008, on bark in riparian forest, 55 m, Thouvenot NC 1121; on bark in coastal forest, 2 m, Thouvenot NC 1126 (PC); Île des Pins, Kuto, 30. XII. 2010, Guionnet NC 505. DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Plant Small, dark green, creeping stems with dense short branches, (1.5 -) 3 - 4 mm long. Branches When dry with leaves tightly spirally coiled, carinate with conspicuous white costae, erect-spreading when moist. Branch leaves Lingulate, short and wide, 1 - 1.4 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, L / l = c. 3, apex obtuse to slightly retuse, mucronate, costae thick, strongly prominent at back, excurrent in a mucro. Upper cells Single-layered, small, 7 - 8 (- 10) µm wide, rounded-quadrate, bulging, thick walled, with several small papillae, evenly ranked, marginal cells smoother and clearer in one rank, intermediate cells few, quadrate to oblong, very thick walled, lumina rounded to elliptic, smooth, lower cells very few, rectangular, 7 - 20 µm long, 7 - 10 µm wide, less thick walled, smooth. Fusiform gemmae Present on leaves. Perichaetial leaves Similar to the vegetative ones. Calyptrae Naked, margin laciniate. Setae short, 5 mm long, thick, straight to flexuous, vaginulae naked or nearly so. Capsules Oblong-elliptic, 2 mm long, with 8 ribs on the small rim. Peristome Single.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCEFFBF15B78909FEAAF94F.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium brevicaule is easily identified when propagules are seen. In addition, it may be separated from other small species with small setae and short and few basal cells by: 1) the linguiform short leaves with wide obtuse to truncate apex; 2) the smooth basal cells; 3) the naked calyptrae; and 4) its ecology: M. brevicaule grows at the lowest altitudes, often in mangrove or dry forest, in coastal saltwater environment or riparian forest. With hand lens, sterile dry plants might be confused with Macromitrium tongense which has similar short branches with tightly spirally arranged leaves, but isolated leaves have another shape and microscopical examination shows the multi-layered upper areolation and the papillose lower cells of the latter. The specimen of PC labelled Macromitrium brevicaule var. latifolium contains a large part of M. tongense and a small part of M. brevicaule. A new specimen recently collected in 2012 in Île des Pins corresponds to this plant which do not differ from the type.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCCFFA1171D89E9FD44FCED.taxon	description	(Figs 1 B, 6) Diagnoses d’Espèces et de Variétés nouvelles de Mousses 8 ème article: 5 (1910).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCCFFA1171D89E9FD44FCED.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. Tao, forêt, sur les écorces, alt. 600 à 800 m, 1910, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0096512]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0137618]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCCFFA1171D89E9FD44FCED.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — An infrequent species, corticolous in cloud forests and shrublands in the highest parts of the mountains, frequently foggy. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCCFFA1171D89E9FD44FCED.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Hienghène, Mont Panié, 18. IX. 2001, on the path from the road RPN 3 to the summit, epiphyte in a very wet forest, c. 1200 m, Frank Müller NC 128 (DR); Hienghène, summit of Mont Panié, 09. X. 2012, epiphyte in open shrub vegetation and forest with Agathis montana and Araucaria schmidii, 1640 m, Larraín 35875. Province sud, Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources, 21. IX. 2016, on bark in mountain wet forest with Araucaria rulei, 950 m, Thouvenot NC 2331. DESCRIPTION Dioicous (?). Plant Medium sized, upper parts yellow-green often red tinged, older lower parts red-brown, creeping stems loosely branched. Branches Medium to long, 8 - 20 mm long, 2 mm wide, slightly curved, simple or sometimes furcate, when dry curly with dense leaves loosely erect, individually twisted, carinate, the apex incurved to circinate or cork-screw like, when moist erect to patent, the apex little incurved to straight. Branch leaves Large, 3 - 4.5 mm long, 0.35 - 0.75 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, widest above the base at c. 0.15 the leaf length, upper part obscure, basal part translucent, ¼ - ¹ ⁄ ₅ the leaf length, apex acute rarely asymmetrically truncate, mucronate to aristate, aristae up to 250 µm long, costae relatively thin, excurrent, margins papillose-crenulate, slightly recurved in one side near base. Upper cells Single-layered, relatively large, 10 - 20 µm long, 7 - 12 µm wide, thick walled, with rounded to oblong lumina green or red, outer walls thicker, strongly bulging, with several papillae simple or furcate, marginal cells smaller in 1 - 2 bands, intermediate cells short rectangular, thick walled, nodulose at angles, with single rounded papillae, lower cells elongate, rectangular to linear, 25 - 75 µm long, 7 - 12 µm wide, very thick walled, walls 3 - 4 µm wide, more or less porous, lumina straight, narrow, single papillae usually numerous, rounded to high conical.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCCFFA1171D89E9FD44FCED.taxon	description	Perichaetia More or less conspicuous, loosely erect, not sheathing, perichaetial leaves similar to the vegetative, but longer aristate. Calyptrae Narrow, plicate, naked. Setae Usually large, 10 - 35 mm long, thin, straight, vaginulae hairless but with short paraphyses. Capsules 2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, narrowly oblong, smooth, plicate below the small rim. Peristomes Present, single, caducous.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFCCFFA1171D89E9FD44FCED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium cardotii is characterized by: 1) long branches red tinged to brown, usually simple; 2) large narrow leaves gradually narrowing from a short basal part to a narrowly acute apex usually short aristate, papillose thorough; 3) upper cells bulging with thicker external walls protruding, in section lens or cone like, with several small papillae; 4) long setae with oblong capsules; 5) peristomes single, caducous; and 6) naked calyptrae. The leaf shape and the presence of a peristome distinguish it from M. pulchrum and M. neo-caledonicum which, otherwise, share comparable leaf size, seta size and cell network. The gametophytes of M. pulchrum and its varieties as well as M. rufipilum differ from M. cardotii as follow: Macromitrium pulchrum and varieties: obtuse to shortly acute leaf apices, muticous or short aristate, and shorter branches or, if longer, leaves recurved to squarrose when moist. Macromitrium rufipilum: longer red aristae, ligulate leaves with obtuse apices and smooth basal cells. Sterile plants of M. leratii might be difficult to separe from M. cardotii in the absence setae, shorter in M. leratii, but the gametophytes of M. leratii may be separated from by the following characters: smooth basal cells, small upper cells, 6 - 8 µm long, locally two-layered, percurrent nerve. The specimen selected as lectotype is labelled in accordance with the diagnosis and is dated on January 1910. Since the travelling time from New Caledonia to France was usually three months at that time, that is consistent with the date of publication of the new species: November 1910.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD2FFA317178C4EFE67F9EF.taxon	description	(Figs 1 C, 7) Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 17: 308 (1907). M. contractum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 18: 253 (1908). — Type: New Caledonia, Mt Dzumac. (lecto- fide Vitt [1980]: New Caledonia, Mt Dzumac, 700 m, avril 1905, Le Rat s. n. [not Franc s. n.] [Herbarium Thériot n ° 66] PC [PC 0137649]!; iso-, PC [PC 0137650, PC 0137651]!) syn. nov.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD2FFA317178C4EFE67F9EF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. 1906, Franc s. n. (Renauld missit) (lecto-, designated here: New Caledonia, 1906, Franc s. n. [Herbarium Bonati ex herbarium Thériot] PC [PC 0096496]!; iso-, PC [PC 0738574!, PC 0137702!, PC 0137704!, PC 0137705] p. p.!)	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD2FFA317178C4EFE67F9EF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Macromitrium francii is frequent in North and South Province, in areas with various geologic substrates including calcareous ones, on barks and twigs, more than 1 m above the ground, from lowland up to 1200 m in scrublands, riparian forest, dry or wet or cloud forests. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD2FFA317178C4EFE67F9EF.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Poindimié, Pömwaga, 350 m, 11. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 924; Hienghène, La Gùèn (Panié), 550 m, 8. X. 2012, Larraín 35922; Ponérihouen, Aoupinié, 1000 m, 2. X. 2012, Larraín 35585. Province Sud, vicinity of Nouméa, 1907, Franc s. n. PC 0137701 (PC); Nouméa, 1908, Franc s. n. PC 0096496 (PC); Païta, trail to Dzumac massif, 915 m, 18. IX. 2008, Thouvenot NC 290 (PC); Thio, Mt Ningua, 1120 m, 29. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 873; Yaté, Madeleine falls, 240 m, 8. X. 2015, F. Müller NC 265 (DR); Rivière Bleue Natural Park, 6. IX. 2001, F. Müller NC 290 (DR). DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Medium, upper parts light green, lower parts olive green to light brown, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Thin, small to medium, (2 -) 5 - 8 (- 10) mm long, (0.5 -) 0.8 - 1 mm wide, straight to slightly curved, simple or furcate, when dry usually unevenly curly, not funiculate, with leaves erect, individually twisted flexuous, carinate, the apex incurved to circinate, exposed by the margin, when moist erect-patent, the apices usually little incurved. Branch leaves Small to medium, (0.75 -) 1 - 1.5 mm long, (0.22 -) 0.3 - 0.4 (- 0.5) mm wide, oblong to lanceolate in outline, laminae ligulate to lanceolate from a wider basal part ovate to oblong, the apices acute to obtuse and apiculate or mucronate, upper parts obscure to translucent, basal parts undifferentiated, costae thick, ending in the apices or apiculi, margins papillose crenulate, plane. Upper cells Single-layered, small, rounded to oval, (7 -) 10 - 12 mm wide, thin walled, bulging, with 3 - 5 small papillae per cell, the cells roughly aligned, marginal cells smaller in one row, usually oblate, transitional cells reaching the base, oval to short rectangular, thick walled, with single rounded papillae, lower cells few, rectangular, 15 - 35 µm long, 5 - 10 µm wide, thick walled, lumina relatively wide, lower cells with single rounded papillae scarce but present on most of the leaves. Perichaetia Inconspicuous, perichaetial leaves similar to the vegetative ones, someone more triangular in outline. Calyptrae With dense and erect hairs. Setae Very short, 1 - 1.5 (- 2) mm long, erect, vaginulae with long hairs reaching the capsule. Capsules Short exserted, 1 (- 1.2) mm long, ovoid to elliptic, smooth, rims plicate, brown, small, incurved. Peristomes Single. Spores Anisomorphic 12 - 35 µm.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD2FFA317178C4EFE67F9EF.taxon	discussion	REMARKS As stated above, Macromitrium francii is close to the other species brought together in the Francii group. When fertile, the very short setae of M. francii and the long hairy vaginulae are distinctive but vegetative parts of the plants could be confused with species with short or medium curly branches as M. involutifolium var. involutifolium, M. ligulaefolium and M. hemitrichodes var. sarasinii. They can be separated from as follow: Macromitrium involutifolium var. involutifolium has longer leaves, 2 - 3 mm long, and branches, up to 15 mm long, Macromitrium ligulaefolium has thicker branches, 1.5 mm wide, longer leaves, 1.5 - 2.7 mm long, narrowly ligulate to linear with conspicuous basal parts made of rectangular-elongate to linear cells, the third by longer lanceolate acuminate leaves, 1.6 - 2.4 mm long, strongly carinate and incurved in upper part. Macromitrium hemitrichodes var. sarasinii has longer leaves, 1.6 - 2.7 mm long, with many distinctive basal cells. For the lectotypification, we first looked for pockets of the original Thériot herbarium in PC but we could not find amongst them any part of the original collection made by Franc in 1906. The single original pocket of M. francii from Thériot herbarium at PC contains specimens gathered in 1907. Thériot (1907) pointed out that the specimens collected by Franc were sent to him by Renauld, so we could observe many isotypes from the Renauld herbarium, unless it could be certain that Thériot saw them. Therefore, we prefer to consider parts sent by Thériot to bryologist fellows and to select as lectotype an isotype from the Bizot herbarium which is copious, fertile and homogeneous, while the others are mixed with different Macromitrium species. Macromitrium contractum was first described by Thériot (1908), then reduced to synonymy with M. noumeanum (synonym of M. involutifolium) by the same author (Thériot 1921 b) who finally reinstate it as a distinct species (Thériot 1929). The lectotype was designated by Vitt (1980) as follow “ Nouvelle-Calédonie: Mont Dzumac récoltée par M. Franc ”, herbier Thériot. But the determinavit label let at PC do not have this precision and is annexed to a pocket extracted from Thériot’s herbarium with the same locality name but collected by Le Rat. The handwritten abreviation “ fig. ”, and the successive delated mentions “ Macrocoma contractum n. sp. ” and “ noumeanum ss forma ” are arguments in favour of an original specimen used by Thériot to define this species. In addition, another pocket (PC 0137651) including a duplicate bears the printed mention “ leg. Franc ” who was deleted and replaced by “ Le Rat ” handwritten by Thériot, that could explain the confusion of the original diagnose in the collector name, repeated by Vitt (1980). The examination of the lectotype showed resemblance with M. francii as well as with M. noumeanum. But the differences with M. francii are relatively low and quantitative, the branches, leaves and setae being longer but not so much, respectively 10 - 20 mm, 1.5 - 1.7 (- 1.9) mm and 1.8 - 2 mm, while the differences with M. noumeanum are more important: leaves exhibiting a different shape, in addition, strongly papillose especially in upper part and the elliptic capsules being shorter. Here we consider M. contractum as a form of M. francii.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	description	(Figs 2 A, 8)	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. Mt Canala, alt. 650 m, 1911, Sarasin 334. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0096515]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Macromitrium hemitrichodes var. sarasinii is only known from two specimens collected before 1952 in Province Nord. TOTAL RANGE. — This variety is endemic of New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — Australia. Macromitrium hemitrichodes North South Wales, Mt Lindsay, IX. 1900, W. Forsyth, com. Brotherus PC [PC 0659543]; Java, sin. loc., s. d., Korthals s. n., Herb. Lugd. Batav., PC [PC 0659544].	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	materials_examined	New Caledonia. M. sarasinii Province Nord, corticolous on Tapeinosperm a, mesophilous forest, ridge between the two Télème branches, west to Mt Colnett, c. 850 m, 11. IX. 1951, Hürlimann 2928, PC [PC 0659540].	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Sexual condition Unknown. Plant Small, orange brown in herbarium, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Thick, short, 3 - 6 mm long, simple, when dry strongly curly, leaves erect individually twisted, carinate, the apex incurved to circinate, exposed by the margin, when moist spreading incurved. Branch leaves Medium to large, 1.6 - 2.7 mm long, 0.4 - 0.7 mm wide, strongly carinate, laminae lanceolate to triangular above the wider oval bases, upper parts opaque, basal parts translucent, 1 / 6 - 1 / 4 the total leaf length, apices acuminate to acute, costae ending below the apices to excurrent in a mucro, margins entire. Upper cells Single-layered, quadrate rounded, 6 - 10 µm wide, bulging, very thick walled with several small papillae, marginal cells sometimes smooth in one rank, transitional cells becoming gradually longer, from hexagonal to short rectangular, walls unevenly thickened, lumina narrowly rhomboidal, with single rounded papillae, lower cells rectangular elongate, 25 - 50 µm long, 7 µm wide, very thick walled, lumina narrow, straight to wavy, single papillae numerous, eventually displayed on plicae, low to high rounded. Perichaetia Short, inconspicuous, loosely erect, not sheathing, perichaetial leaves smaller than the vegetative ones. Calyptra Not seen. Setae Short, 5 - 6 mm long, thin, vaginulae with short inconspicuous paraphyses. Old capsules Elliptic, strongly 8 - plicate, rims plicate erect. Peristome Not seen.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD0FFA516E48949FE92FB4C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium hemitrichodes var. sarasinii is characterized by: 1) very short but thick branches which are strongly curly when dry, the leaves loosely erect twisted with curved to circinate apices; 2) large branch leaves lanceolate above wider oblong bases; 3) very thick walled cells, the upper ones small, quadrate rounded, strongly bulging, pluripapillose, the basal ones elongate with narrow lumina straight or slightly sinuous, with numerous single papillae, intermediate cells numerous; 4) medium setae, mostly 6 mm long; and 5) elliptic capsules 8 - plicate when dry. We agree whith Thériot (1914) who stressed the similitude of this plant with the Australian Macromitrium hemitrichodes. Many features are identical, especially size and shape of branch leaves and their general habit in dry condition, most areolation characters, sporophyte, ect. Thériot related primarily the differences to quantitative assessment which have a low significance at species rank: more robust plant, shorter setae, larger leaves with relatively longer and less papillose basal parts, costae ending above the apices, ect. We reviewed the type specimen of M. sarasinii and found that all the sizes selected by Thériot to characterize his new species were included in the variability of M. hemitrichodes, according to the description by Vitt & Ramsay (1985) and our observation of M. hemitrichodes specimens. Only basal cells length, reaching 50 µm long, and leaf length, 1.6 - 2.7 mm long, can differentiate M. sarasinii. As in the case of Macromitrium aurescens var. caledonicum, these differences with the type variety are restricted to quantitative characters and, in our opinion, M. sarasinii is at most a variety of M. hemitrichodes. Further collections in New Caledonia and surrounding regions will allow to clarify this status. The status of Macromitrium hemitrichodes var. hemitrichodes, which is said endemic to eastern Australia, then could need ammendment. In addition, a sample labelled M. hemitrichodes and collected in Java by Korthals (around 1850) (PC), shows intermediate sizes in basal cell and leaf lengths, but longer branches, up to 20 mm long, and needs further investigations on more material from Java.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD6FFA5171D8BE8FB52FD52.taxon	description	(Figs 2 B, 9) Cryptogamie, Bryologie 37: 296 - 299, figs. 1 - 6, 8 - 16 (2016).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD6FFA5171D8BE8FB52FD52.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. South Province, Mt Humboldt, c. 1600 m, 31. VIII. 2003, F. Müller NC 763 (holo-, DR!; iso-, PC [PC 0723602]!). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Thouvenot & Müller (2016).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD6FFA5171D8BE8FB52FD52.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — This species was found on ultramafic rocks in montane scrubland of Mt Humboldt, at 1600 m a. s. l. one of the highest altitudes in New Caledonia. It is candidate to micro-endemic status since it is only known from a single collection on the summit of Mt Humboldt which is an isolated high mountain in the large southern ultramafic massif of Grande Terre, the main island of the archipelago. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia, South Province.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD6FFA5171D8BE8FB52FD52.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Macromitrium humboldtense is a very distinctive species characterised by: 1) a soft habit, when dry, leaves irregularly twisted, loosely spirally arranged, the apical parts of the leaves often wavy, with the unevenly oriented tips producing a shaggy effect; 2) short branches 3 - 7 mm long; 3) large branch leaves 3.6 - 4.6 mm long, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly triangular, regularly decreasing in width from the basal 1 / 8, long acuminate, ending in a piliform apex, hyaline or red-brown at the tip, up to 250 µm long; 4) laminal cells papillose, the upper cells mainly rounded quadrate, pluripapillose, occupying more than ¾ the leaf length, the transitional cells few, unipapillose, the lower cells long rectangular to linear, with straight lumina, extending only a short distance from the base, smooth or cells in the higher basal part with a single papilla; 5) setae 15 - 20 mm long, flexuous and smooth; and 6) calyptrae naked. Among these characters, the shape of the piliform apices is noteworthy since they have the appearance of long aristae, but the laminae really extend in wings along both sides of the costae, so that the costae are mainly percurrent or excurrent in a short point.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD6FFA615018DEEFC2AF809.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — We are only aware of a few specimens of this plant from New Caledonia and cannot define the New Caledonian distribution or ecology of this species which is frequent in eastern Australia from sea level to mid elevation, on rocks or trunks Vitt & Ramsay 2006). TOTAL RANGE. — New Caledonia and eastern Australia (Vitt & Ramsay 2006).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD6FFA615018DEEFC2AF809.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Pouhembout, Forêt Plate, 300 m, 7. IX. 2003, F. Müller NC 758 (DR). DESCRIPTION Macromitrium involutifolium subsp. involutifolium is characterized by: 1) medium sized plants, much fertile, with branches medium, up to 10 mm long; 2) branch leaves erect-twisted with incurved to circinate apices giving the branches a curly habit; 3) leaves narrow, long lanceolate, sometimes ligulate, 0.5 mm wide, 2.1 - 2.7 mm long, smooth in upper part; 4) lower cells few, rectangular with straight lumina; 5) short setae, 1.5 - 5 mm long; 6) perichaetia inconspicuous, not sheathing the seta base; 7) vaginulae and calyptrae hairy; and 8) capsules long elliptical, with single peristome and plicate rim erect and firm. The latter character distinguishes the type subspecies from M. involutifolium subsp. ptychomitrioides which has cylindrical capsules with collapse rims and lacking peristome as well as a usually more robust habit and leaves with more defined basal parts made of longer cells. B C D A E F G H J K I Depauperate specimens could be confused with Macromitrium francii, but the latter has smaller leaves, strongly carinate, different in shape, and densely papillose especially in upper parts. In addition, its setae are very short and the hairs of the vaginulae reach the capsules which are shorter, ovoid to elliptic.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD4FFA9169B8FCCFD9FFEF3.taxon	description	(Figs 1 G, 10) Journal Hattori Botanical Laboratory 59: 378 (1985).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD4FFA9169B8FCCFD9FFEF3.taxon	description	M. plicatum var. aristatum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 20: 99 (1910). — Type: New Caledonia, “ environs de Nouméa ”, Le Rat s. n. (lecto-, designated here: PC [PC 0083716]!) syn. nov.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD4FFA9169B8FCCFD9FFEF3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Species found in central (type specimen) and southern parts of the main island, from lowland up to 1100 m a. s. l. apparently avoiding seaside and highest mountains. It grows as an epiphyte in dry or wet forests preferably in edges, river or road sides, clearings, ect. TOTAL RANGE. — New Caledonia, eastern Australia, Norfolk Island and Tubai Island in French Polynesia (Vitt & Ramsay 1985).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD4FFA9169B8FCCFD9FFEF3.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Sud, Mont-Dore, Demazures forest, 330 - 420 m, 28. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2364; Yaté, Rivière Bleue Natural Park, Pont Germain, 175 m, 5. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2372; Thio, Mt Ningua, 1100 m, 29. IX. 2012, Larraín 35487; Farino, Grandes Fougères Natural Park, 370 m, 22. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2339; Païta, Nodwé, 40 - 80 m, 24. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 768. DESCRIPTION Here we provide the description of the type of M. plicatum and other specimens from New Caledonia. Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Medium to large young upper parts light green, main parts bronze-green to brown, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Medium to long (3 -) 5 - 25 (- 35) mm long, 1.5 (- 2) mm wide, straight to slightly curved, simple or fastigiate, when dry curly, with leaves erect to patent, individually twisted, strongly carinate, the apices circinate to enrolled, exposed by the margin, when moist erect to patent, sinuous with basal and middle parts recurved and apices incurved. Branch leaves Large 2.3 - 3.5 (- 4.2) mm long, 0.3 - 0.8 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, apices acuminate, acute, sometimes narrowly obtuse apiculate, upper parts clear, transitional parts medium to long, basal parts differentiated, relatively short, (1 / 8 -) 1 / 4 the whole leaf length, costae strong prominent on back, ending in apices or short excurrent in mucrones, margins entire, recurved to one side near base. Upper cells Medium to large (8 -) 10 - 15 µm wide, single-layered, roughly aligned, rounded-quadrate, walls thickened at angles, bulging, smooth to low papillose, marginal cells smaller in one row or undifferentiated, transitional cells progressively becoming longer, short rectangular, unipapillose, papillae rounded scarce to numerous, concentrated near the base, lower cells elongated to linear (20 -) 25 - 45 (- 100) µm long, (6 -) 7 - 8 µm wide, walls porous, thick to very thick (2.5 µm), lumina narrow, straight, single rounded papillae null or scarce and localized. Sporophytes Numerous on each fertile branch. Perichaetia Inconspicuous. Calyptrae Plicate, hairy. Setae Short, 1.5 - 3.5 mm long, vaginulae with more or less conspicuous hairs. Capsules 1 - 2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, elliptic to narrowly oblong, smooth, rim slightly plicate, brown, erect. Peristome Absent.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD4FFA9169B8FCCFD9FFEF3.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species is easily separated from other New Caledonian species by: 1) usually robust plants, profusely fertile, with fastigiated branches; 2) branch leaves erect-twisted with incurved to circinate apices giving the branches a curly habit; 3) leaves narrow, long lanceolate, sometimes ligulate, smooth in upper part; 4) lower cells elongate linear with straight lumina; 5) short setae; 6) perichaetia inconspicuous, not sheathing the seta base; 7) vaginulae and calyptrae hairy; and 8) capsules narrowly oblong to cylindrical, without peristome, with collapse rim. So, it differs from the other robust species in New Caledonia by many characters as straight lumina of basal cells, abundant sporophytes, smooth upper cells and inconspicuous perichaetia. The main difference in the varieties of M. plicatum described by Thériot is the apex shapes which are obtuse and mucronate in var. obtusifolius, aristate in var. aristatum whose type shows the highest values of leaf and branch sizes, respectively 4.2 mm long and 35 mm long. All these morphological features can be included in the variability of M. involutifolium subsp. ptychomitrioides as described by Bescherelle (1873) and Vitt & Ramsay (1985). In Vitt & Ramsay’s description and drawnings (1985) as well as in the specimens observed, the costa endings are variable, from below the apices to excurrent in short arista. In M. plicatum var. aristatum, the costa excurrence reaches 0.1 mm, in accordance with the character of A B D C E H F G “ gigant ” form of this specimen among the others (see above in the chapter “ morphological characters ”).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFA9172C8E4CFB8CFBAC.taxon	description	(Figs 1 D, 11) Diagnoses d’Espèces et de Variétés nouvelles de Mousses 8: 5 (1910).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFA9172C8E4CFB8CFBAC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. Mt Koghis, troncs d’arbre, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here fide Guo in Sched. [2007]: 1909, Franc s. n. PC [PC 0083685]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0083686!, PC 0083687]).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFA9172C8E4CFB8CFBAC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — This species is only known from the type collection and a few old specimens, without locality indicated. Thus, its distribution and ecology remain unknown. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia (South Province).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFA9172C8E4CFB8CFBAC.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia, 1913, Franc s. n., PC 0721080 (Herbarium I. Thériot) (PC). DESCRIPTION Sexuality Unknown. Plant Medium, young upper parts light green, main parts usually light more or less red tinged, at least the costae, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Medium, 10 - 20 mm long, 1 - 1.5 mm wide, straight, simple or furcate, when dry curly, with leaves erect to patent, individually twisted, strongly carinate, the apices circinate to coiled and exposed by the margin, when moist patent and sinuous with basal and middle parts recurved and apices incurved. When mounted, leaf apices remain incurved and carinate and hard to flatten. Branch leaves Medium, 1.3 - 1.7 mm long, 0.3 - 0.4 mm wide, lanceolate to ligulate above oblong basal parts, apices obtuse to shortly acute or apiculate, upper parts obscure, transitional parts very short, basal parts differentiated (1 / 2 -) 1 / 3 the whole leaf length, costae thin, ending in apices or short excurrent in mucrones or apiculi. Upper cells Small, 7 - 8 µm wide, single-layered thorough, in conspicuous longitudinal rows, quadrate with rounded lumina, thick walls, not bulging, strongly papillose, marginal cells undifferentiated, transitional cells poorly differentiated, lower cells smooth thorough, rectangular elongated, 20 - 35 µm long, 8 - 10 µm wide, thick walled, lumina narrow, sinuous. Perichaetia Conspicuous, sheathing the setae base, inner perichaetial leaves hyaline, oblong-ligulate to sub-triangular, apices obtuse, costae ending in the apices. Calyptrae Plicate, naked. Setae Short, 2 - 2.5 mm long, vaginulae naked. Capsules 2 mm long, elliptic, smooth, rims slightly plicate, brown, erect. Peristomes Single.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFA9172C8E4CFB8CFBAC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS In the diagnosis, Thériot (1910 b) describes cells smooth thorough (omnibus laevibus, hence the name laevigatum), while, in the type, the upper cells have numerous small papillae. According to Thériot, Macromitrium laevigatum is close to M. leratii but smaller in all parts. But, in M. laevigatum, the wide acute apices, single-layered, of the relatively shorter branch leaves are distinctive, especially from the smallest forms of M. leratii, whose branch leaves are long acuminate and locally bistratose at apices. Macromitrium salakanum and M. semperi have similar appearance by the shape and arrangement of branch leaves as well in dry as in wet conditions, but both are larger plants and, in addition, the first have hairy calyptrae and the second aristate perichaetial leaves.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFAA15598B8FFE55F98F.taxon	description	(Figs 2 D, 12) Cryptogamie, Bryologie 36: 344 - 346, fig. 1 - 15 (2015).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFAA15598B8FFE55F98F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. North Province, Hienghène, summit of Mt Panié, c. 1640 m, 9. X. 2012, Larraín 35846 (holo-, PC [PC 0167650]!; iso-, NOU! KLU, F, CONC, NY, S). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Thouvenot & Yong (2015); Müller et al. (2016).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFAA15598B8FFE55F98F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — So far only known from Mt Panié, the highest summit in the country. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to North Province of New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDAFFAA15598B8FFE55F98F.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia, Province Nord, Mt Panié, along the hiking trail from RPN 3 to the summit, c. 1200 m, 13. IX. 2001, F. Müller NC 98 & NC 202 (DR). DESCRIPTION Macromitrium larrainii is well characterised by: 1) long branches up to 25 mm long; 2) lanceolate branch leaves distinctively slender, laminae widest near base, very narrow and asymmetrical above; 3) a very shaggy habit due to the long, thin aristae up to 1 mm long and excurrent costae of the branch leaves irregularly arranged; 4) cells smooth throughout the leaves; 5) upper leaf cells irregular in shape and size and basal ones linear and evenly thick-walled, with straight lumina; and 6) setae 8 - 10 mm long. A B C F E D G H I Epiphyte growing on barks in rain and cloud forests and scrublands, at higher altitudes, this species is candidate to micro-endemic status since it is only known from two collecting places relatively close one from the other, in the northernmost part of the Central Range.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD9FFAD16C489A9FC67FACC.taxon	description	(Figs 1 E, 13) Öfversigt af Finska vetenskaps-societetens förhandlingar 48 (15): 12 (1906).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD9FFAD16C489A9FC67FACC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. “ in silvaticis montis Dzumac, alt. 1100 m. et in monte Ouin, ad arbores, alt. 1000 m ”, Le Rat s. n.; Prony, Etesse s. n. (lecto-, “ In silvaticis montis Dzumac, alt. 1100 m, VII. 1904 ”, Le Rat s. n., “ marked as a probable isotype in H-BR by D. H. Vitt in 1983 ” (H) [Vitt et al. 1995]; syn-, H; isosyn-, Mt Ouin, VII. 1905, Le Rat s. n., PC [PC 0096510, PC 013779]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD9FFAD16C489A9FC67FACC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Present in North and South Province. TOTAL RANGE. — East Australia, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD9FFAD16C489A9FC67FACC.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia, Province Nord, Ponérihouen, Mt Aoupinié, 950 m, 2. X. 2012, Larraín 35612; Hienghène, trail to La Guen, 10. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1025; Touho, Pombeï, 415 m, 12. X. 2016, Thouvenot 2287; Province Sud, Yaté, base of Pic du Grand Kaori, 250 m, 22. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 734; Rivière Bleue Nature Parc, La Tranchée, 220 m, 19. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2379 (PC); Pont Germain, 170 m, 5. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2390; Mont-Dore, Demazures forest, 360 m, 28. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2362 (PC); Païta, Mt Dzumac, 920 m, 19. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2237 (PC); Mt Mou, 1110 m, 17. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2231; Dumbéa, Mt Bouo, 930 m, on rocks, 16. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2301 (PC); Thio, Mt Ningua, 1120 m, 29. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 869; Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve, 28. IX. 2012, 550 m, Larraín 35473; Boulouparis, Mt Do, 1000 m, 27. IX. 2012, Larraín 35412. DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Large to medium, young upper parts green, main parts usually red brown to dark brown, rarely olive green, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Thick and long, (4 -) 10 - 25 (- 40) mm long, 1.5 - 2 mm wide, straight to slightly curved, simple or furcate, when dry curly, with leaves erect to patent, individually twisted, carinate, the apices circinate to coiled, exposed by the margins, when moist spreading and sinuous with middle parts squarrose and apices incurved. Branch leaves Large, (1.6 -) 2 - 3.5 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, ending in acute apices, upper parts obscure, transitional parts shorter, basal parts differentiated, translucent, (1 / 2 -) 1 / 3 the whole leaf length, costae thin, percurrent, margins sub-entire, plane or recurved at base on one side. Upper cells Partly bistratose at apices, elsewhere single-layered, in conspicuous longitudinal rows, small, 6 - 8 µm long, 6 - 8 (- 12) µm wide, quadrate with rounded to oval lumina, thick walled, not bulging, with several small papillae per cell, marginal cells undifferentiated or smaller in one row, transitional cells short rectangular, walls unevenly thickened and smooth, lower cells smooth thorough, linear, 20 - 50 (- 60) µm long, 7 - 8 µm wide, very thick walled 3 - 5 µm thick, lumina narrow, straight or slightly sinuous in the same leaf. Perichaetia Conspicuous, sheathing the setae base, inner perichaetial leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apices widely rounded to obtuse, hyaline, costae ending below the apices to short excurrent, cells very thick walled, linear at base to roundedoblong in upper part. Calyptrae Plicate, naked. Setae Short, 3 - 7 mm long, vaginulae naked. Capsules 1.5 (- 2) mm long, ovoid to elliptic, smooth, rim slightly plicate, brown, erect. Peristome Single. Spores (12 - 25 µm) finely papillose.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFD9FFAD16C489A9FC67FACC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The partly bistratose apex of vegetative leaves has been hitherto overlooked in Macromitrium leratii while this feature is important to differenciate this species from the nearly similar M. semperi or M. salakanum. Likewise, the shape of perichaetial leaves has been mistaken in Vitt & Ramsay (1985 a). These authors describe and illustrate “ acuminate-stoutly cuspidate acute apices ” of the perichaetial leaves while the isotype and New Caledonian specimens observed exhibit constantly wide obtuse to rounded mucronate apices in sheathing perichaetial leaves which are more often oblong lanceolate. In this way, the perichaetial leaves separate M. leratii from M. semperi which have lanceolate perichetial leaves with the apices acuminate and aristate. M. semperi was quoted from New Caledonia without any precise reference (Vitt et al. 1995). As we could not find any sample of this species, we believe that mention of M. semperi is based on misidentifications and must be removed from the New Caledonian flora. Conversely, M. leratii shares perichaetium characters with M. salakanum but it may be separated from by the bistratose apices and long acuminate shape of vegetative leaves, as well as the naked calyptrae. The synonymy of M. salakanum var. majus with M. leratii was established by Brotherus (1906) who emphazised the absence of peristome in M. leratii as distinctive from M. salakanum, but we could observe some capsules with peristome, mostly caducous, in both type specimens. The invalid name Macromitrium seleniblastum Müll. Hal. m. s. is written on the specimen PC 0138025, Balansa 916. Macromitrium leratii var. erectifolium is just a robust form with strongly coiled leaf apices and longer branches. The type specimen is sterile so that we cannot find distinctive feature dealing with perichaetium or sporophyte. Macromitrium leratii is frequent at all but extreme altitudes, between 100 - 1200 m, relatively more frequent in the higher band of 800 - 1200 m. It was collected in scrublands, wet or dry forests at 100 - 900 m a. s. l. and up to 1200 m in tall scrublands and open cloud forests. It usually grows on bark of trunks or twigs but depauperate forms may rarely be found on rocks. The more robust plants are growing in half-light situations in scrublands, forest edges, open forests, ect.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDEFFAF15918A68FB04FD92.taxon	description	(Fig. 14) Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 40: 170 (1898). M. brevipilosum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 18: 253 (1908). — Type: New Caledonia, “ versant ouest du Mont Koghis, 300 m ”, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0137607]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0137608 - 10, PC 0096495]!). M. cucullatum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 19: 307 (1907). — Type: New Caledonia, “ environs de Nouméa, 1906 ”, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here fide Guo in Sched. [2007] PC [PC 0083639]!). Macromitrium perminutum Broth. & Paris, Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 51 A (17): 15 (1909). — Type: New Caledonia, “ L’Hermitage prope Nouméa, ad cortices arborum ”, Le Rat s. n. (holo-, H fide Vitt in Sched. [1983] H. BR [H. BR 2563014]!; iso-, PC [PC 0083637]!). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Vitt (1983). Here we provide a description of the type of M. brevipilosum.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDEFFAF15918A68FB04FD92.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — M. ligulaefolium is very frequent anywhere below 700 m, rarely up to 1150 m. TOTAL RANGE. — Australasia. Eastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand (Vitt & Ramsay 2006). Common in Australia and New Zealand, it was considered as endemic of these countries but, as stressed by Vitt (1983), this species was expected to “ have a more extensive range in the Pacific Islands ”.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDEFFAF15918A68FB04FD92.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Touho, Tipiléi valley, 100 - 400 m, 12. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1015 (PC); Pombéi, 249 m, 12. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2275; Hienghène, La Guen (Panié massif), 550 m, 8. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1024 (PC); Poindimié, Povila, 350 m, 11. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 916; Poindimié, Nessapoué, 40 m, 4. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 907; Province Sud, Païta, Nodwé, 40 - 80 m, 24. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1004; Thio, Mt Ningua, 1120 m, 29. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 864; Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources Strict Nature Reserve, 950 m, 21. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2061; Yaté, Rivière Bleue Nature Park, 175 m, 5. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2225; Plaine des Lacs, on Retrophyllum minor, 245 m, 6. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2369 (PC); Mont Dore, Prony village, 10 m, 21. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 875 (PC); Farino, Grandes Fougères Nature Park, creek Houé, 425 m, on Araucaria sp., 22. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2338; Nouméa, Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, 1 m, mangrove, 24. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 899 (PC); Koghis, c. 700 m, 9. IX. 2001, F. Müller NC 198 (DR). DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Small, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Short, thin, 3 - 4 (- 5) mm long, 0.6 - 1 mm wide, when dry curly, not funiculate, with leaves erect, individually twisted, carinate, the apex incurved to circinate, exposed by the margins, when moist erect to patent, the apices usually little incurved. Branch leaves Medium, 1.2 - 1.8 mm long, 0.28 - 0.35 mm wide, ligulate obtuse with apiculate apices, upper parts obscure to translucent, transitional parts long, basal parts short, costae strong, protruding on the back, ending in the apiculi, margins papillose crenulate. Upper cells Single-layered, small, quadrate-hexagonal with rounded lumina, c. 10 mm wide, thin walled, bulging, with 3 - 5 small papillae per cell, the cells roughly aligned, transitional cells quadrate to short rectangular, thick walled, bulging, with single rounded papillae, lower cells few, rectangular elongate, 15 - 40 µm long, 10 µm wide, thick walled, lumina relatively wide, straight, cells with single rounded papillae scarce but present on most of the leaves. Perichaetia Inconspicuous, perichaetial leaves lanceolate, progressively acuminate, shorter and wider than the vegetative ones. Calyptrae Naked at base, with a few short hairs on the top. Setae Short, 2 - 5 (- 6) mm long, erect, vaginulae with inconspicuous hairs. Capsules Short exserted, 1 - 1.2 mm long, elliptic, smooth, rim plicate, red brown, small, incurved. Peristome Absent. Spores Not seen.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDEFFAF15918A68FB04FD92.taxon	discussion	REMARKS In New Caledonia, Macromitrium ligulaefolium is characterized by: 1) very short branches tightly curly when dry; 2) short setae; 3) ligulate branch leaves medium length; 4) a few basal cells long rectangular; 5) calyptrae with short hairs confined to the top; 6) vaginula hairs inconspicuous; and 7) peristome absent. As stressed by Thériot (1908), the plants here brought together under this name may be separated from the other New Caledonian Macromitrium with short branches, short setae and plicate capsule rims by the short and scarce hairs of the calyptrae. In the superficially similar Macromitrium brachypodium, M. francii and M. pilosum the vaginulae are conspicuously long hairy, the branches longer and the setae shorter. M. hemitrichodes var. sarasinii has numerous long basal cells with narrow lumina. Vitt & Ramsay (1985 a: 448) considered M. brevipilosum as a synonym of M. ligulaefolium, without examination of the type. We could find type specimens in PC so that we agree with these authors, on the basis of most straits, but these New Caledonian plants have smaller leaves, less narrowly ligulate in most cases. Furthermore, the peristome is absent while, in M. ligulaefolium, it may be present, reduced or absent. Two more names synonymized by Vitt & Ramsay (op. cit.), M. cucullatum and M. perminutum are plants singularized by nearly smooth cells and upper half of branch leaves strongly carinate, difficult to flatten between slide and slip cover, so that the apex seems cucullate. Their branch length, 2 - 3 mm long, are the smallest in the range. Macromitrium ligulaefolium was frequently collected from seaside to medium elevation, rarely above 700 m, often in half-light, relatively dry condition such as mangroves, anthropized environments, secondary forests, forest edges, shrublands, dry forests, wet forest with higher Araucarias, ect. Always epiphytes, on usually various kind of trunks, even on the usually moss free Melaleuca quinquenervia, on branches and twigs, rarely on thatched roof, ect.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDCFF90154B8DAEFE9CFB0C.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 A) In Schwägr. Species Muscorum Frondosorum, suppl. 2, 2: 130 (1827).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDCFF90154B8DAEFE9CFB0C.taxon	description	M. pacificum var. longisetum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 20: 99 (1910). — Type: New Caledonia, “ Dent de St Vincent ”, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0096529]!) syn. nov. ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Vitt (1983); Vitt et al. (1995).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDCFF90154B8DAEFE9CFB0C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — M. microstomum is frequent in North and South Provinces. TOTAL RANGE. — Australia. New Zealand, Indonesia, Philippine Islands, Papua New Guinea, South Pacific Islands, Hawaï, Central America, West Indies (Vitt & Ramsay 2006).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFDCFF90154B8DAEFE9CFB0C.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Touho, Tipiléi valley, waterfall, 315 m, 12. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1279; Ponérihouen, Aoupinié, 1000 m, 20. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 882; Hienghène, Panié massif, 1245 m, 9. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1382; Ouégoa, Mandjélia, 730 m, 5. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 876; Province sud, Païta, Mt Humboldt, 1600 m, 31. VIII. 2003, F. Muller NC 766 (DR); path to Mt Ouin, 900 m, 19. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2318 (PC); Dzumac massif, 840 m, 26. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 881; Mt Mou, 900 m, 10. IX. 2001, F. Müller NC 427 (DR); Sarraméa, Dogny plateau, 943 m, 26. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2267 (PC); Bouloupari, Mt Do, 875 m, 25. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1023 (PC); Thio, Mt Ningua, 1284 m, elfin forest, 24. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2346 (PC); Yaté, Rivière Bleue Nature Park, 680 m, 20. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2326; Pic du Grand Kaori, 400 m, 4. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2227; Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources Strict Nature Reserve, 745 m, 21. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2387; path to Mt Bouo, 850 m, 9. IX. 2001, F. Müller NC 230 (DR). DESCRIPTION The types of Macromitrium pacificum as well as other New Caledonian specimens of M. microstomum are easily recognized with the naked eyes or with hand lens by the habit of the branches in dry condition together with the length of the setae. This species is characterized by: 1) dense branching, short and thin branches 2 - 4 (- 10) mm long, 0.5 - 1 mm wide, when dry regularly funiculate with leaves twisted together in rows spirally coiled around the branches, leaf apices incurved to circinate; 2) small leaves narrowly lanceolate (0.7 -) 1 - 1.5 mm long; 3) cells smooth thorough, not bulging, thick walled, the upper ones small 5 - 10 µm long, 3 - 8 µm wide, the lower linear, up to 50 µm long, with narrow straight lumina; 4) perichaetia conspicuous, erect along the seta bases; 5) usually long thin setae (5 -) 10 - 30 mm long; 6) capsules oblong, 1.5 mm long, with very small mouths and plicate erect rims, peristome single; 7) naked calyptrae; and 8) autoicous condition and spores isomorphic. In New Caledonia, M. microstomum can only be confused with M. taoense (see under this species). The varieties described by Thériot are distinguished only by the length of the setae which is known to be a variable feature in the Macromitrium species with medium sized setae. Therefore, we do not keep them as distinct species. (Yu et al., 2018). The synonymy of Macromitrium pacificum with M. microstomum has been highlighted by Vitt (1983). Thereafter, Yu et al. (2018) have synonymized the variety brevisetum but hesitated to include the variety longisetum as they could not observe type specimen. Here we formalize its status and designate an original specimen as a lectotype. In New Caledonia, Macromitrium microstomum is a mountain epiphyte, very frequent above 600 m up to the highest altitudes, rare below (300 - 400 m). It grows on trunks, branches and twigs in wet forests, riversides, elfin forests and mountain shrublands. It can be found in very shady environment, like near waterfall, as well as in sunny places in ultramafic bush.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9016FF8A28FC3EFE93.taxon	description	1 - 10 (1842). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Dozy & Molkenboer (1859); Vitt et al. (1995).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9016FF8A28FC3EFE93.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — M. orthostichum was rarely found in New Caledonia. TOTAL RANGE. — Tropical Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Melanesia, Philippine Islands, Tahiti (see Wilbraham 2016, for more details).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9016FF8A28FC3EFE93.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Mt Panié, ad radices, II. 1909, Le Rat s. n. PC [PC 0721082]! (Herbarium Thériot, comm. Brotherus). DESCRIPTION Macromitrium orthostichum is close to M. pilosum with which it can easily be confused in sterile or immature conditions. Like this species, it is characterized by: 1) branches short, c. 5 mm long, funiculate, when dry, leaves erect appressed, incurved in upper part; 2) in wet conditions, branch leaves spreading squarrose recurved; 3) basal cells few, with many single papillae; 4) setae short, 2 - 4 mm long; and 5) peristome single. It can be separated from by: 1) vaginulae without conspicuous hairs; 2) setae verrucous; and 3) calyptrae shorter, covering half of the mature capsules, with many spreading hairs in basal part.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9015B98EADFC3EF8EE.taxon	description	(Fig. 15) Cryptogamie, Bryologie 39: 444 - 448, figs 1 - 24 (2018).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9015B98EADFC3EF8EE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. South Province, Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve, Neocallitropsis plateau, 745 m, 21. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2329 (holo-, PC [PC 0786119]!; iso-, author’s private herbarium). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Thouvenot (2018).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9015B98EADFC3EF8EE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — M. panduraefolium was collected in two remote massifs, separated each other by 75 km and from Mt Humboldt, the locality of the nearest other aristate Macromitrium, by respectively 47 and 33 km. Therefore, this species is also candidate to micro-endemic status. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia, only known from two localities in South Province.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9015B98EADFC3EF8EE.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS (PARATYPES). — New Caledonia. Province Sud, Boulouparis, Mt Do, corticolous, on the bark at the basis of a dead Araucaria sp.; wet forest in an ultramafic massif; altitude 990 m; coordinates 21 ° 45 ’ S, 165 ° 59 ’ E; 15. IX. 2016, L. Thouvenot NC 2306; Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve, Neocallitropsis plateau, on the bark of Dacrydium araucarioides in mountain scrubland in an ultramafic massif; 22 ° 08 ’ S, 166 ° 35 ’ E; altitude 745 m; 21. IX. 2016, L. Thouvenot NC 2334, NC 2386 (PC 0786118!). DESCRIPTION Macromitrium panduraefolium is characterized by: 1) small branches fusiform, with leaves spirally appressed in dry condition, erect when moist; 2) costae of the vegetative and perichaetial leaves excurrent in conspicuous hyaline aristae; 3) branch leaves oblong-ligulate constricted at middle, rounded to obtuse or truncate at apex; 4) upper cells relatively large with thick bulging external walls and small acute papillae; 5) basal cells linear, all or most smooth, with straight lumina; and 6) exserted capsules with medium sized setae. It may be separated from Macromitrium rufipilum by its smaller size in all features, branch habit in dry condition and original branch leaf outline. Macromitrium panduraefolium is corticolous, the specimens were collected on the bark of endemic gymnosperms of the genera Dacrydium and Araucaria in mountain scrublands and wet forests on medium elevation ridges, 745 - 990 m a. s. l., in ultramafic massifs.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9315EA884AFBBBF9AF.taxon	description	(Figs 1 H, 16) Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 17: 308 (1907) Macromitrium pilosum var. brevifolium Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 20: 99 (1910). — Type: New Caledonia, “ pied des Koghis, forêt, 300 m ”, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0083718]!) syn. nov. Macromitrium koghiense Thér., Diagn. Esp. Var. Nouv. Mouss. 8: 4 (1910). — Type: New Caledonia, « Mts Koghis, troncs d’arbre, alt. 500 m », Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0096519]!) syn. nov. Macromitrium koghiense var. spiricaule Broth. & Paris, Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 53 A (11): 16 (1911). — Type: New Caledonia, Me Areimbo, L. Le Rat s. n. (lecto-, not seen; iso-, PC [PC 0096520]!) syn. nov. Macromitrium subsessile Broth. & Paris, Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 51 A: 17 (1909). — Type: New Caledonia, “ Mt Dzumac, ad corticem arborum ”, A. Le Rat s. n. (lecto-, designated here REN [REN 000099] [Herbarium E. G. Paris]!; isolecto-, H [H-BR 2561004]! [fide Isoviita in Sched. 1983], PC [PC 0137890]!) syn. nov.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9315EA884AFBBBF9AF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. “ environs de Nouméa ”, 1906, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here Herbarium Thériot s. n. PC [PC 0096514]!)	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9315EA884AFBBBF9AF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — M. pilosum was hitherto only found in South Province. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9315EA884AFBBBF9AF.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Sud, Koghis, 1909, Franc s. n., PC 0721081 (PC); Thio, Mt Ningua, 1100 m, 29. IX. 2012, Larraín 35510; Yaté, Plaine des Lacs, 245 m, 6. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2389 (PC); Dumbéa, Trail to Dzumac massif, 900 m, 26. IX. 2012, Larraín 35355; Yaté, Rivière Bleue Natural Park, 216 m, 22. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2243 (PC); Yaté, route à horaire, 105 m, 11. IX. 2016, Guilloud NC 2295; Farino, Grandes Fougères Natural Park, 540 m, 22. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2343; La Foa, Dogny plateau, 926 m, 26. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2357 (PC); Païta, Mt Mou, 1100 m, 17. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2310 (PC); Dumbéa, Mt Bouo, 930 m, 16. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2300. DESCRIPTION Sexual Condition unknown. Plant Medium, upper parts light green, lower parts olive green to light brown, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Thin, small to medium, 2 - 8 (- 12) mm long, 0.5 - 1 mm wide, straight to slightly curved, simple or furcate, when dry funiculate, with leaves erect to appressed, usually spirally arranged, carinate, the apex adaxially incurved and hidden between the neighbouring leaves, sometimes twisted on branch tips, when moist spreading recurved. Branch leaves Small to medium, 0.75 - 1.2 (- 1.6) mm long, 0.3 - 0.4 mm wide, usually lanceolate in outline, laminae lanceolate to ligulate from a wider basal part, the apices acute to obtuse and apiculate or mucronate, upper parts obscure to translucent, transitional parts short to long, basal parts undifferentiated to very short, (1 / 5 -) 1 / 8 - 1 / 10 the whole leaf length, costae thick, ending in apices or apiculi, margins papillose crenulate, plane. Upper cells Single-layered, rounded to oval, small, 6 - 10 (- 12) µm wide, thin walled, bulging, with 3 - 5 small papillae per cell, the cells roughly aligned, marginal cells undifferentiated or smaller in one row, usually oblate, transitional cells oval to short rectangular, walls unevenly thickened, with single rounded papillae, lower cells few, rectangular, 12 - 35 µm long, 7 - 8 (- 10) µm wide, thick walled, lumina wide or narrow in the same leaf, basal cells with single rounded papillae abundant to scarce but present on most of the leaves. Perichaetia Inconspicuous, perichaetial leaves similar to the vegetative. Calyptrae With dense and erect hairs. Setae Very short, 1 - 1.5 (- 2) mm long, erect, vaginulae with long hairs reaching the capsule. Capsules Short exserted, 1 (- 1.2) mm long, ovoid to elliptic, smooth, rim plicate, brown, small, incurved. Peristome Single. Spores Anisomorphic 20 - 45 µm.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE3FF9315EA884AFBBBF9AF.taxon	discussion	REMARKS For differences with close species, see above paragraphs dealing with Francii group and Macromitrium francii. Amongst the new synonyms, M. koghiense does not show any difference with M. pilosum, M. koghiense var. spiricaule is a form with relatively long thin branches, up to 12 mm long. The pocket of the specimen at PC was first labelled “ M. spiricaule B. P. n. sp. ” handwritten by Brotherus who sent it to Thériot, the latter added the name “ M. koghiense Thér. ined. ” Likely, Brotherus tooks acompte of that in his publication. Therefore, the specimen PC could be selected as a lectotype, but it would be better to look for a more pertinent sample at H. BR. A part of the type of M. subsessile, sent by Brotherus, was annotated by Thériot as similar to M. pilosum. Indeed, our observation of type specimens as well as the Brotherus protolog support the synonymy with M. pilosum. The specimen kept in H-BR as a type (unpublished) lack sporophyte whereas Brotherus protolog includes its description. We therefore chose the fertile duplicate in Paris herbarium (REN) as the lectotype. The variety brevifolium of M. pilosum, only distinguished by short leaves, cannot be retained. Macromitrium pilosum is frequent in ultramafic as well as sedimentary massifs, on barks and twigs one meter up above the ground, from lowland up to 1200 m in scrublands or riparian, wet and cloud forests. It is significantly more present at lowest altitude, 100 - 200 m.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE0FF95154A8989FA81F80E.taxon	description	(Figs 1 I, 17) Annales des Sciences naturelles, Botanique, sér. 5, 18: 210 (1873).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE0FF95154A8989FA81F80E.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Widely distributed in North and South Province. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE0FF95154A8989FA81F80E.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Hienghène, Mt Panié massif, between Bwa Téan and Payolé, in wet mountain forest, 1245 m, 9. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1374 (PC); Province Sud, Boulouparis, Mt Do, stunted vegetation with patches of Araucaria montana and Notofagus forests, 1000 m, 27. IX. 2012, Larraín 35414; Dumbéa, Montagne des Sources, wet forest with Araucaria rulei, 950 m, 21. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2330 (PC); Dumbéa, Koghis, along the trail from Auberge des Koghis to the summit, c. 900 m, 9. IX. 2001, Frank Müller NC 116 (DR); Mt Humboldt, on the trail to the hut near the summit, 1400 m, 30. VIII. 2003, Frank Müller NC 768 (DR); Thio, Mt Ningua, stunted forest, 1120 m, 29. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 872; Païta, Mt Mou, tall mountain scrubland, on ridge, 1110 m, 17. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2297 (PC); Yaté, Pic du Grand Kaori, tall scrubland, 363 m, 4. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2371 (PC); Parc de la Rivière Bleue, open wet forest, 680 m, 20. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2249. DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Medium to large, upper parts light green, sometimes reddish, or olive green, lower parts light to dark brown, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Thick, medium to long, (4 -) 7 - 16 (- 20) mm long, 1.5 - 2 mm wide, straight to curved, simple or furcate, when dry usually unevenly curly, not funiculate, with leaves erect, individually twisted flexuous, carinate, the apex incurved to circinate, exposed by the margins, when moist erect to patent, usually little recurved or straight. Branch leaves Large, 2.5 - 4 (- 4.5) mm long, 0.4 - 0.8 mm wide, lanceolate in outline, laminae usually ligulate from a wider basal part ovate to oblong, the apex narrowly obtuse, mucronate to short aristate, in a few cases lanceolate acuminate, upper part opaque, basal translucent part occupying 1 / 3 - 1 / 5 the leaf length, aristae if any less than 0.2 mm long, costae medium thick, excurrent, margins papillose crenulate, plane or recurved on one side near base. Upper cells Single-layered, of various sizes ranging (7 -) 10 - 20 (- 30) µm long, (7 -) 10 - 12 mm wide, quadrate, rounded to oblong elliptic, thick walled, bulging, the external walls strongly protruding, rounded to conical with small papillae simple to furcate, the cells roughly aligned, marginal cells smaller in one row, transitional part usually short, transitional cells short rectangular, thick walled, walls irregular, porous nodulose, with single rounded papillae, lower cells rectangular elongate to linear, 20 - 55 (- 80) µm long, 7 - 10 µm wide, very thick walled, walls 2.5 - 3.5 µm wide, lumina straight, narrow, single papillae scarce, low to high rounded. Perichaetia More or less visible, erect, loosely sheathing the seta bases, perichaetial leaf sizes and papillae similar to the vegetative ones, lanceolate, mostly acuminate or acute, aristate, translucent thorough. Calyptrae Naked. Setae Long, (15 -) 18 - 30 (- 35) mm long, thin, flexuous, vaginulae naked. Capsules 1.5 - 2 mm long, elliptic to narrowly oblong, smooth, rims plicate, brown, small, erect to incurved. Peristome Absent or reduced to a papillose membrane. Spores Anisomorphic (12 -) 15 - 32 (- 37) µm.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE0FF95154A8989FA81F80E.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium pulchrum is easily recognized by: 1) medium to large size with long setae; 2) dense branching with simple branches, curly when dry, with leaves erect, individually twisted to curved apices exposed by the margins; 3) large branch leaves ligulate to lanceolate, with a widened basal part ovate oblong; 4) upper cells uneven in size, bulging because of the strongly protruding external walls, pluripapillose; 5) basal cells linear with very thick walls, straight narrow lumina and scarce single papillae; 6) calyptrae naked; and 7) capsules narrowly oblong, sub-cylindric, with brown erect plicate rims and peristome lacking or reduced to a short membrane. Apart from the Pulchrum group, none of the other New Caledonian species exhibit such combination of characters, most of them being smaller species with smaller setae. Other large species like Macromitrium leratii, M. laevigateum or M. salakanum have short setae and different leaf shape. For differences with species of the Pulchrum group: Macromitrium cardotii, M. rufipilum and M. pulchrum var. neocaledonicum, which also are large plants and possess large setae, see comments in the corresponding paragraphs. The varieties described by Thériot (1921 a) show too minor differences to be kept here: Macromitrium pulchrum var. densirete more closely resemble M. pulchrum var. neocaledonicum (see below) but with the branch habit of M. pulchrum var. pulchrum when wet. M. pulchrum var. aristatum has leaves like the type variety but longer excurrent costae and longer branches which are variable intra-specific characters in the Pulchrum group. The type in PC has long branches, simple or fasciculate, up to 22 mm long, setae 18 - 20 mm long, basal cells with single scattered or ranked papillae. So, M. pulchrum var densirete and var. aristatum may be included in the variability of the type variety. Macromitrium pulchrum is one of the most frequent species in New Caledonia, growing on trunks in wet mountain forests above 400 m, rarely at 300 - 400 m. It mostly inhabits cloud forests on ridges and summit up to 1400 m.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE5FF9716F68969FEFDFAEC.taxon	description	(Fig. 18)	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE5FF9716F68969FEFDFAEC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia, “ in monte Mou, 1200 m, Balansa 2980 cum M. pulchro socium ” (lecto-, fide Vitt in Sched. [1983] BM [BM 000982735]; isolecto-, PC [PC 0137835, 0137836, 0096506]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE5FF9716F68969FEFDFAEC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Rarely found in South Province. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE5FF9716F68969FEFDFAEC.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — New Caledonia. Province Sud, Païta, Dzumac massif, in mountain forest with understorey dominated by Cyperaceae, in ultramafic massif, 915 m, 18. IX. 2008, Thouvenot NC 230.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE5FF9716F68969FEFDFAEC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium neocaledonicum is very similar to M. puchrum whose it shares most traits except: 1) in dry condition, leaf apices less tightly enrolled; 2) in wet condition, leaves spreading recurved instead of erect-spreading; 3) branches usually longer with fastigiated branchlets, up to 20 mm long, the perichaetia developing at apices of branchlets or single main branches; 4) upper leaf shape narrowly ligulate, rounded to obtuse and mucronate at apices instead of lanceolate acute; and 5) upper cells more evenly isodiametric, less thick-walled. These typical features were used by Bescherelle to define M. neocaledonicum as a species since they are well expressed in the type specimen. However, we could observe among type specimens in PC or more recent collections some samples lacking one or more of these characters, e. g.: 1) samples with simple and shorter branches can be considered as included in intra-specific variability. Fastigiated branches are quite rare in New Caledonian Macromitrium and we are not aware of their value as a specific discriminating character; 2) samples may possess lanceolate leaves with narrowly obtuse to acute apices. In these cases, the plants are intermediate between M. neocaledonicum by their dry / wet habit and M. pulchrum by their size and leaf shapes; and 3) the type of M. pulchrum var. densirete has branches with fastigiate branchlets, smaller cells and narrowly rounded leaf apices, like M. neocaledonicum, but with the shape of M. pulchrum branches when moist. Due to these various patterns in the features used to discriminate these two taxa, we do not retain the specific status for M. neocaledonicum. However, it seems necessary to keep in mind this well characterized “ form ”, especially because the type specimen of M. neocaledonicum was found mixed in a sample of M. pulchrum. It could hide different evolutionary processes that cannot be understood at this stage of knowledge and needs further studies involving more material and molecular studies. Besides, the difference in the wet habit of the leaves could be interesting regarding adaptation to ecological constraints (see above in the Francii group paragraph). Therefore, we provisionally propose a varietal status.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE4FF9917258A68FE8EF809.taxon	description	(Fig. 19) Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 17: 307 (1907). Macromitrium gracilipes Cardot, Bull. Herb. Boiss. Sér 2, 8: 168 (1908). — Type: New Caledonia, Balade, Vieillard 1735 (lecto-, designated here fide Guo in Sched. [2007] PC [PC 0083666]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 083665]!) syn. nov. Macromitrium leratioides Broth. & Paris, Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 51 A (17): 15 (1909). — Type: New Caledonia, Mt Dzumac, “ ad arbores ”, A. Le Rat s. n. (lecto-, designated here fide Vitt in Sched. [1983]: H. BR [H. BR 2618013]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0096518]! pro parte) syn. nov.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE4FF9917258A68FE8EF809.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. “ env. Nouméa ”, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here, fide Guo in Sched. [2007] PC [PC 0083728]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE4FF9917258A68FE8EF809.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — More frequent in South Province. In North Province known only from the type specimen. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE4FF9917258A68FE8EF809.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — Macromitrium renauldii New Caledonia. Province Sud, Païta, Dzumac, on bark in mountain forest with Cyperaceae, 915 m, 18. IX. 2008, Thouvenot NC 196; Boulouparis, Mt Do, on bark in mountain wet forest, 800 m, 25. X. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1017 (PC); Yaté, Madeleine waterfalls, epiphyt, 248 m, 4. IX. 2003, Frank Müller NC 761 (DR); Plaine des Lacs, on bark of Retrophyllum min or on river bank, 245 m, 6. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2367 (PC), Parc de la Rivière Bleue, on bark in wet forest on deep soil, 175 m, 5. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2233; Plaine des Lacs, Creek Amos, on bark in gallery forest inside shrubland, 270 m, 6. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2377 (PC); Pic du Grand Kaori, on bark in shrubland, 490 m, 4. X. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2263. M. leratioides; Plaine des Lacs, 1904 (?), Compton s. n. (PC 009650). DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Small to medium sized, upper parts yellow-green, older lower parts brown or olive green, creeping stems densely branched. Branches Thin, short to medium, 2 - 8 (- 10) mm long, 0.8 - 1 mm wide, straight, simple or rarely shortly furcate, when dry loosely coiled, leaves loosely erect or obliquely to transversely oriented, individually twisted, carinate, the apex incurved to circinate, unevenly directed, when moist erect to patent, usually little recurved. Branch leaves Small to medium, 0.8 - 1.8 (- 2.3) mm long, 0.2 - 0.4 mm wide, lanceolate, more or less long acuminate, translucent thorough, basal part being 1 / 3 the leaf length, apex acute, apiculate to very short aristate, aristae less than 0.1 mm long, costae thick, ending just below the apex to excurrent, margins smooth, plane to slightly recurved on one side near base. Upper cells Single-layered, small, 7 - 10 (- 12) µm wide, very thick walled, quadrate with rounded to oval lumina, flat to little bulging, smooth or rarely with a few low papillae, the cells arranged in continuous longitudinal rows with the transverse limits usually inconspicuous, marginal cells sometimes smaller in 1 - 3 ranks, transitional part null to very short, with an inverted “ v ” shape, transitional cells short rectangular, thick walled, sometimes with single rounded papillae, lower cells rectangular elongate, 10 - 40 µm long, 7 - 10 µm wide, very thick walled, walls 2 - 5 µm wide, lumina straight to wavy, narrow, single papillae scarce to numerous, possibly displayed on plicae, low to high rounded. Perichaetia More or less obvious, loosely erect, not sheathing, perichaetial leaves usually distinct, larger than the vegetative ones, oblong to more widely lanceolate or triangulate. Calyptrae Hairy. Setae Medium to large, 12 - 25 mm long, thin, straight to flexuous, vaginulae with long hairs, usually conspicuous. Capsules 1.5 - 2 mm long, narrowly elliptic to sub-cylindric, smooth, rims brown, small, erect, without plicae. Peristomes Present, single or little developed.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE4FF9917258A68FE8EF809.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The taxa brought together under the name of M. renauldii share: 1) the original arrangement of the smooth upper cells in very regular longitudinal rows, underlined by thicker walls; 2) short branches; 3) branch leaves when dry typically spirally coiled with apices incurved like crooks or circinate; 4) basal cells elongate with narrow lumina usually wavy and single papillae; 5) long setae; and 6) vaginulae and calyptrae hairy. In the upper cells, the border of contiguous transversal walls of cells are barely visible and the bands of cells appears in parallel files more or less transversally staggered, making the lamina rough. The lower cells are also arranged in longitudinal rows, underlined by thicker longitudinal walls and sinuous lumina which make a conspicuous wavy line. So that the entire leaves appear longitudinally striated. The ornamentation of the lower parts is variable, from nearly smooth thorough to locally strongly papillose. The variability concerns the branch length and shape or the costa excurrence. The characteristic features underlined in the diagnosis are incompletely recognized in the type specimens examined: in M. gracilipes, Cardot (1908) emphasises shorter branches, branch leaves patent-spreading when moist, less excurrent costae and smooth capsule rims versus squarrose leaves when moist with long excurrent costae and plicate capsule rims in M. renauldii. The type specimen checked exhibits less evidence because the leaf apices are varying in shape and costa excurrence. In the Brotherus’ description of M. leratioides (1909), all the features are identical to those described by Thériot (1907) for M. renauldii and observed in the type. The type specimens of the three taxa and nine recently collected samples match our description with emphasis on branch leaf shapes, cell ornamentation and areolation, seta length, branch density, length range and shape in dry condition. Macromitrium taoense shares the same areolation, setae and branch length and branch habit in dry condition but differs from by its naked calyptrae and vaginulae. However, it could be reduced to synonymy, but material of M. taoense is too scarce to conclude. Thus defined, M. renauldii is found on barks of trees and treelets in riparian shrublands, lowland mesophilous forests or mountain wet forests with fairy open canopy, in the ultramafic massifs. It is a little frequent species growing in lowland up to medium elevation, usually collected between 100 - 1000 m a. s. l.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEAFF9A158D8FCCFC35F809.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 H, 20) Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 169 f. 4 (1908).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEAFF9A158D8FCCFC35F809.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — Balade, Vieillard s. n. (“ typus in herb. Boissier et herb. Cardot ”). Vieillard 1735 p. p. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0096531]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0096534]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEAFF9A158D8FCCFC35F809.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Hitherto only collected in two localities of North Province. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEAFF9A158D8FCCFC35F809.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia. Province Nord, Canala, Mt Bogota, altitude 500 m, X. 1911, Sarasin 391, PC [PC 0737584 (PC)]. DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Medium sized, red brown in herbarium, stems creeping. Branches Thick, medium sized, 5 - 13 mm long, when dry loosely spiralled, spiky, leaves erect to oblique, flexuous, carinate, the incurved apex unevenly directed, when moist erect to patent, straight. Branch leaves Large, 3 - 4.5 mm long, 0.5 - 0.8 mm wide, ligulate, widening slightly downwards, the apices usually obtuse to truncate, some of them shortly acute on the same branch, long aristate, the aristae thin, flexuous, red with hyaline tip, 0.4 - 1.5 mm long, basal parts of leaves 1 / 4 - 1 / 5 leaf length, costae thin, red, long excurrent, margins papillose crenulate. Upper cells Single-layered, of varying size ranging 10 - 20 µm long, 10 - 12 µm wide, thick walled, rounded, ovate to oblong, strongly bulging, the external walls strongly protruding, rounded to high conical with small papillae simple to furcate, the cells roughly aligned, marginal cells smaller in one row, transitional part usually short, transitional cells rectangular, thick walled, walls irregular, porous nodulous, with rounded to high single papillae, lower cells rectangular, elongate to linear, 35 - 85 µm long, 7 - 10 (- 15) µm wide, very thick walled, lumina straight, irregularly narrow 1 / 3 - 1 / 4 cell width, papillae null in basal parts to numerous near transitional parts. Perichaetia Indistinct, perichaetial leaf size and cell ornamentation like the vegetative ones, shape lanceolate, acuminate or acute, long aristate. Calyptrae Naked. Setae Long, 20 - 25 mm long, thin, flexuous, vaginulae hairless but with a few short paraphyses. Capsules 2 - 2.5 mm long, narrowly oblong, sub-cylindric, smooth, rims plicate, brown, erect. Peristome Absent or reduced to a white ridge.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEAFF9A158D8FCCFC35F809.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium rufipilum is the most distinctive taxon in the Pulchrum group, essentially by the long reddish aristae and the conspicuous spiky and spiralled shape of the branches in dry condition. Other characters such as very long leaves, smooth basal cells, longer capsules allow to separate it from most of the specimens in the Pulchrum group, but they can also be observed in some M. pulchrum var. pulchrum specimens with short aristate and obtuse leaves. Compared to other species with long aristae, M. larrainii, M. humboldtense and M. panduraefolium, M. rufipilum differs from by many significant features (see under these species). The lectotype selected here is included in a pocket coming from the Cardot’s herbarium kept in PC. Ecological conditions are unknown.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B16C78FCCFEFAFB0C.taxon	description	2: 646 (1851). ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTION. — Vitt et al. (1995).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B16C78FCCFEFAFB0C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Rarely found but present in North Province. TOTAL RANGE. — Indonesia, Philippines, Western Melanesia (Vitt et al. 1995).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B16C78FCCFEFAFB0C.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — Java. Tjibodas im Berggarten an Bäumen 1450 m, III. 1900, Fleischer Musci Archipelagi Indici 128, PC 0738562 (PC); New Caledonia. Province Nord, Poindimié, mountains south of Amoa River, in shrublands and low forests, 230 m, 11. X. 2012, Larraín 35929 (PC).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B16C78FCCFEFAFB0C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Compared with Macromitrium leratii, the plants related to M. salakanum in New Caledonia are medium to large with branches reaching 22 mm long, thinner, 1 - 1.5 mm wide, branch leaves smaller, 2 - 2.6 mm long, lanceolate, with the same areolation. But they can be separated from more easily by: 1) the upper cells single-layered thorough; 2) the intermediate cells more progressively longer toward the leaf base; 3) branch leaves less narrowly acuminate; and 4) calyptrae somewhat hairy in upper part. The differences between Macromitrium leratii and M. salakanum are not very robust in New Caledonia specimens and it would be necessary to look for molecular evidences in order to test that distinction. The bistratose upper cells observed in M. leratii must be linked to other features such as calyptra hairiness, long acuminate vegetative leaves and molecular data.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B17118A28FD7AF93F.taxon	description	(Figs 1 F, 21) Diagnoses d’Espèces et de Variétés nouvelles de Mousses 8: 5 (1910).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B17118A28FD7AF93F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — New Caledonia. “ Tao, forêt, sur l’écorce des arbres, alt. 0 à 100 m ”, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here: PC [PC 0096517]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0695985, PC 0695986]!).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B17118A28FD7AF93F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Rarely found in North (type locality) and South Provinces. TOTAL RANGE. — Endemic to New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFE8FF9B17118A28FD7AF93F.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMEN. — New Caledonia. Province Sud, Dumbéa, trail to Mt Dzumac, 900 m, 26. IX. 2012, Larraín 35357.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	description	(Figs 2 E, 22, 23) United States Exploring Expedition Wilkes Musci 7: table 5 (1859). Macromitrium villosum (Besch.) Broth., Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. I (3): 486. 1903. — Drummondia villosa Besch., Annales des Sciences naturelles, Botanique, sér. 5, 18: 207. 1873. syn. nov. — Types: New Caledonia, “ Île des Pins ”, Pancher 578 “ Sud de la Nouvelle Calédonie ”, Pancher 574; Mt Mou, Balansa 2979. (lecto-, designated here: Balansa 2979, [Ms CRY 2 p. 24, PC [PC 0774037]! Bibliothèque de Botanique, MNHN, Paris]; isolecto-, PC [PC 0695939, PC 0695940, PC 0695941]!; syn-, PC [PC 0096505, PC 0695938, PC 0096513]! — Dasymitrium villosum (Besch.) A. Jaeger., Bericht über die Thätigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1877 - 1878: 423 1880). M. villosum var. longisetum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 17: 308. 1907. — Type: New Caledonia, 1906, Franc s. n. com. Renauld (lecto-, designated here: PC [PC 0695934]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0096504]!) syn. nov. M. villosum var. elongatum Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 17: 308. 1907. — Type: New Caledonia, 1906, Franc s. n. com. Renauld (lecto-, designated here: PC [PC 0083740]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 0096502]!) syn. nov. M. villosum var. intermedium Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 17: 308. 1907. — Type: New Caledonia, 1906, Franc s. n. com. Renauld (lecto-, designated here fide Guo in Sched. [2007]: « env. Nouméa » PC [PC 0083741]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 96503]!) syn. nov. M. ludoviciae Broth. & Paris, Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 53 A (11): 17. 1911. — Type: New Caledonia, “ Île des Pins, Watchia ”, L. Le Rat s. n. (lecto-, designated here fide Vitt in Sched. [1983]: H-BR [H-BR 2563009]!; isolecto-, PC [PC 137795]!, REN [REN 000207]!) syn. nov. M. densifolium Thér., Bulletin de l’Académie internationale de Géographie botanique 18: 253. 1908. — Type: New Caledonia, 1907, Franc s. n. (lecto-, designated here PC [PC 0137661]!, isolecto-, PC [PC 0096532]!) syn. nov. M. chrysoneuron Müll. Hal. nom. herb. (C. M. in Bescherelle’s herbarium), reference specimen: Wagap, Vieillard s. n. (PC: BESB 1950!). M. subvillosum Broth. & Paris Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 51 A (17): 16. 1909. — Type: New Caledonia, Mt Dzumac, A. Le Rat s. n. (lecto-, designated here fide Vitt in Sched. [1983] H-BR [H-BR 2561008]!; isolecto, H-BR [H-BR 2561005]!, PC [PC 0096521]!) syn. nov.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE. — Tonga. Tongatabu (Holotype:?; iso, PC [PC 0695994, PC 0695995]!)	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. — Frequent at low to medium altitude in North and South Provinces. TOTAL RANGE. — Western New Guinea, Polynesia (Pitcairn Isl.), Tonga, Fiji, New Caledonia.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	description	SELECTED SPECIMENS. — Macromitrium tongense: New Caledonia. Province Nord, Pouembout, Tiéa dry forest, 40 m, on trunks, 26. IX. 2008, Thouvenot NC 122 (PC); Forêt Plate near Ouendé waterfall, 300 m, epiphyt, 7. IX. 2003, F. Müller NC 755 (DR); Province Sud, Nouméa, Tina, mangrove edge, 1 m, on dead stump, 24. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1451 (PC), on rock, 24. IX. 2012, Thouvenot NC 1444 (PC); Mont-Dore, Demazures wet forest, 400 m, on trunks, 28. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2262 (PC); Farino, Grandes Fougères Nature Park, 400 m, 8. XII. 2010, K. Reichel NC 767 (DR); Bourail, Gouaro-Déva, Nindouri, 105 m, on trunks, 25. IX. 2008, Thouvenot NC 1124 (PC); Fiji, Malatta, 0 - 100 m, 29. III. 1934, A. C. Smith 1443, det Bartram (PC 0146832); Macromitrium chrysoneuron: New Caledonia. Île des Pins, Pancher s. n. (PC 0137629); Macromitrium ludoviciae: New Caledonia. Île des Pins, Koumo, McKee 33758 (PC 0096537); Macromitrium densifolium: New Caledonia. Province Nord, Balade, Vieillard 1733, PC 0096500 (PC); Macromitrium subvillosum: New Caledonia. Province Sud, Mt Humboldt, trail to the hut below the summit, on stone, 800 m, 30. VIII. 2003, F. Müller NC 764 (DR); Macromitrium villosum var. intermedium: New Caledonia. Province Sud, Mont-Dore, Demazures forest, on trunks, 412 m, 28. IX. 2016, Thouvenot NC 2360 (PC);	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	materials_examined	South AFrica. Macromitrium serpens: Cape of Good Hope, Burchell s. n. type: E 00007638 (E); Tahiti. Macromitrium tahitisecundum: Nadeaud 266 (type PC 0695992).	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Pseudautoicous Dwarf male plants on leaf axis of female branches. Plant Small, creeping stems with dense erect fusiform branches. Branches Short, 2 - 4 (- 10) mm long, simple, rarely innovating by fasciculate branchlets, when dry usually tightly funiculate, with leaves erect to obliquely appressed and spirally coiled, sometimes loosely so, stout costae prominent on the back, when moist patent to spreading, straight to slightly incurved, spirally inserted. Branch leaves Small, 1.1 - 1.6 mm long, (0.2 -) 0.3 - 0.4 mm wide, carinate, ligulate above the more or less oblong wider bases, rarely lanceolate, upper parts opaque with a sharp transition, in inverted “ v ”, towards the basal parts which take up c. ½ the total leaf length, apices usually obtuse mucronate or apiculate, less frequently abruptly acute, costae strong, percurrent in apiculi or excurrent in stout mucrones, margins plane, subentire to crenulate, basal part plicate. Upper cells Small, (5 -) 8 (- 12) µm wide, irregularly multi-layered, the internal layers made of rounded-quadrate cells, thick walled, unevenly contiguous, in a slightly embossed surface, covered on both sides by more or less dense patches of spherical cells thick walled, bearing several small papillae, the internal cells with the same papillae when exposed. This pattern of cellular arrangement is variously developed on the upper half surfaces of the leaves, sometimes including the ventral side of the costae, but more often scattered, at least limited to the apices. Lower cells Rectangular elongate, 12 - 35 µm long, 7 - 10 µm wide, very thick walled, lumina narrow, variously wavy, single rounded papillae present, scattered or lined up on the plicae. Perichaetial leaves erect along the seta bases, not or slightly exceeding the vegetative leaves, oblong to wide lanceolate, smooth. Calyptrae Hairy. Setae Short to medium, 4 - 6 (- 10) mm long, rigid. Vaginulae Hairy. Capsules Elliptical to short cylindrical, 1.2 - 1.5 (- 2) mm long, smooth, with rims brown, small and erect, slightly plicate or smooth. Peristomes Single.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
03938789FFEEFF9F17128D0DFBC0F8EE.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Macromitrium tongense is well characterized by: 1) small branches fusiform, acute, usually simple; 2) leaves obliquely appressed, spirally coiled in dry condition, usually tightly so; 3) upper cells multi-layered with the continuous internal layers being covered on both sides by patches of rounded papillose cells; in transverse section the internal cells are arranged in staggered row, with additional cells in a discontinuous row on one or both sides; 4) basal cells rectangular elongate with thicker walls and sinuous narrow lumina; 5) perichaetia inconspicuous; 6) vaginulae and calyptrae hairy; 7) setae short to medium; and 8) oblong elliptical urns, mouth narrowed and usually smooth. It is easily distinguished from the Indian-African Macromitrium serpens Burch. ex Hook. et Grev.) Brid., a species with longer lanceolate leaves, long acuminate, contorted in dry condition with fragile apices incurved so that the dry branches appear curly. Macromitrium tahitisecundum Margad. from Society Islands, should be a synonym of M. tongense as the distinguishing characters cited by Bescherelle (1898) and observed on types specimens are included within the variability observed in the later. Bescherelle himself stated that this species (first named Dasymitrium nadeaudii Besch.) was very similar to Dasymitrium villosum. All the syntype samples of Macromitrium villosum in PC, kept in the general herbarium of bryophytes as well as in the Bescherelle’s herbarium, have the characteristic features of M. tongense and the examination of many samples allows to evaluate the variability of the species, mainly varying in cover ratio of the upper laminae by patches of rounded cells which may cover nearly all the surface or be very scattered or limited to the apex (e. g. specimen Pancher 578). The lengths of the setae are evenly short, not exceeding 9 mm, but the var. longisetum, with setae 10 - 20 mm long, was isolated by Thériot on this single criterium. We do not consider here the single seta length as relevant, because it may be variable in some extant in many species of the genus. Thériot described M. villosum var. elongatum with longer branches, up to 7 mm, but a close examination reveals that this size regards branches innovating with fasciculate branchlets, while single branches do not exceed 4 mm. Branch innovations are rarely observed in the species. Since it is the single difference with the type, we include this variety within the species concept. Brotherus compared M. ludoviciae to M. cucullatum, synonym of M. francii, but the different type specimens actually match M. villosum, except for the branch dry habit that is variable, some specimens exhibiting very loosely spirally coiled branch leaves so that the typical fusiform spiralled habit of the branches is inconspicuous. In M. densifolium, Thériot emphasized the thick costae and mucrones, but it is a common feature in the species. M. subvillosum was isolated by Brotherus according to minor differences with M. villosum, namely the shape of the leaves, narrowly acuminate and acute, the rigid habit and larger cells. In the type specimens, we found no striking differences regardint to the two latter characters. However, leaves are variously spirally coiled in dry condition and the leaf upper parts are narrower and acute, upper cells are arranged as in M. villosum var. intermedium. The latter is distinguished from the other types brought together under the name M. tongense by the branch dry habit with very loosely spirally coiled leaves, branch leaves narrower, long ligulate, very obtuse to rounded, upper cells pluripapillose, single-layered except in the apices, setae 7 - 15 mm long. It represents a mix of extreme modes in the features of M. villosum. Recent samples matching to this variety have been collected at about 400 m, an elevation at the limit of the distribution range. Another sample matching with M. subvillosum, has been found at c. 800 m. Thus, these forms might represent extreme modes of variation in M. tongense characters and could be linked to ecological conditions. Amongst the syntypes, the most accurate specimen, likely considered as typical of Drummondia villosa by Bescherelle, is the collection of Balansa n ° 2979. Indeed, Bescherelle wrotes this reference in original documents found in his private herbarium: the part glued to his personnal sample book (Bescherelle 1873, Ms CRY 2) and the corresponding pencil sketches in a volume of plates (Bescherelle, s. d., Ms CRY 3 - 30, ined.), likely intended to illustrate the “ Florule bryologique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ” (Bescherelle 1873). Therefore, we select this part of the Balansa specimen in the Bescherelle herbarium as the lectotype and the other parts in PC are isolectotypes. Macromitrium tongense is a frequent species in coastal, lowland and foothill areas, growing mainly on tree trunks but it can also be found on deadwood and rocks in various lowland habitats: mangroves, dry forests, wet forests, from 0 to 450, rarely up to 800 m a. s. l. These small plants seem adapted to harsh environments.	en	Thouvenot, Louis (2019): A review of the genus Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta) in New Caledonia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (16): 167-217, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2019v40a16
