taxonID	type	description	language	source
0393879EFFDEFFDBDBF74F46FD907954.taxon	description	(Figs 4 a, 5 a, 6 a, b, d, e, 7 a, 8 a, 9 a, 10 a, b, c, 12 a, b, e, 13 a – g, 16 a, d, 18 a)	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFDEFFDBDBF74F46FD907954.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA, 2 ♀♀ F (RMNH. INS. 557684, RMNH. INS. 557685), Sungai Datai and tributaries, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Kapit Division, Sarawak, 1.6493 N, 112.2627 E, 22 viii 2013, leg. A. Pasang.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFDEFFDBDBF74F46FD907954.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitus: small larva, squat body with long, thin banded legs and mottled pattern on the body and appendages (Fig. 4 a); sagittate head; scape slightly less than half total length of antennae, pedicel with dark tip; lateral caudal gills form two rapier like tapered spikes with numerous short backward pointing spines and setae; central cone-like epiproct represents the vestigial median gill.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFDEFFDBDBF74F46FD907954.taxon	description	Head: in dorsal view rounded pentagonal, ca 5 / 6 th as long as broad, with occipital hind margin deeply excavated, producing overall sagittate outline (Fig. 5 a), frontoclypeus smooth. Antennae 7 - segmented (Fig. 5 a); scape long and thick, about 2 / 5 th length of entire antenna with basal and apical markings, bearing short fine, curved setae, often recurved to touch integument (Fig. 6 b), which create a warty appearance when wet (but not submerged) as they trap droplets of fluid held by surface tension; pedicel with distinct dark mark on apex; bearing sparse long setae; remaining segments thin and pale. Labrum (Fig. 6 a) broadly curved with distinct dorsal and ventral parts, the latter boomerang shaped, the two parts meeting along thickened anterior ridge bearing small tubercles laterally; ventral part with median row of 12 – 13 ventrally directed strong setae, forming distinctive ‘ moustache’, patches of shorter setae mid-ventrally and tufts of long fine setae towards corners; entire labrum forms a curved cavity into which anterior half of mandibles fit on either side. Vertex with three smooth swellings representing ocelli; eyes irregularly trapezoidal and prominent occupying outer 1 / 3 rd of lateral part of head but compound facets restricted to two small globular areas at the outer corners, clearly demarked by an anterior groove (Figs 5 a, 7 a); postocular lobes with prominent dorsolateral tubercle anterior to the posterior corner. Dorsal surface of head, excluding vertex scattered with small sparse low warty structures extending even onto inner marginal areas of eyes; antennal sockets swollen, with sparse long, fine setae laterally. Ventrally, genae bear a cluster of short heavy subocular spines, with one strong row dorsally, the anterior 2 – 3 acuminate, the remainder rounded, and below this a sparse irregular scattering of shorter rounded tubercles clearly visible in lateral and ventral view (Fig. 7 a); postocular lobes with ventrolateral cluster of weakly developed spines and setae; strong ventral spur at margin of gena and occiput. Mask long and thin, articulation resting between anterior part of coxae of mesothorax (Fig. 8 a); prementum narrow basally, gradually flared anteriorly with margins of anterior half weakly convex; lateral margins with sparse fine setae on distal 2 / 3 rd (Fig. 9 a) anterior median lobe weakly convex with coarsely serrate margins; median cleft open and moderately deep with small nearly circular aperture at base (Fig. 10 a); Lobe of labial palp bifid (Figs 10 a – c), with dorsal process a long claw bearing secondary dorsal hook and ventral process a shorter claw with small interior beak like process; inner margin of lobe with fine sparse denticulations evident even on the inner process; movable hook stout, moderately long and curved especially in apical half. Maxillae as shown (Figs 12 a – b, 12 e); galeolacinea with four long strong teeth towards apex curved orally; apical tooth with row of three inner broad-based supplementary denticles (Fig. 12 e), basal pair partially fused at base, longest one apicad; row of ca 5 strong setae along low ridge aligned with apical tooth; long fine setae present on internal margin of galeolacinea; palp tapering, not reaching tip of apical tooth, bearing long strong setae in all outward directions. Mandibles (Figs 13 a – f) — both left and right with five distinct teeth on incisor visible in external view (Figs 13 a, b); in inner view (Fig. 13 c) right incisor lobe with four long teeth and one shorter one between fourth and fifth one ventrally and small supplementary tooth basal to strong ventral tooth; molar crest a low swelling with two small nipple-like points, lightly sclerotised (Fig. 13 c, e); left incisor (Fig. 13 d, f) with six teeth, the third from the dorsal being vestigial and only visible on inner face, pronounced gap between first and second teeth from ventral; molar crest bearing strong rounded cupped blade (Fig. 13 d) with nine minute denticles along roughly straight distal margin (Fig. 13 g). Single strong seta at exterior basal corner on each mandible (Fig. 13 d), not always visible, depending on angle of view. Thorax: prothorax saddle-shaped with narrow flange anteriorly fitted into occipital margin; dorsum with transverse central groove; two pairs of prominent broad tubercles, a central pair just behind groove and a lateral pair posterior to these and close to ends of posterior flange that curves broadly around posterior margin (Fig. 5 a). Propleura swollen with small anterior ventral truncated spur, well ahead of coxae. Remainer of thorax with shallow grooves and bulges; entire dorsum of thorax with sparse fine warty texture, as on head, and with sparse long, fine setae collapsed in preserved specimens. Marking (not illustrated on body) variable and mottled but always with broad pale band pale between two anterior tubercles on prothorax. Wing sheaths slightly spatulate, not completely obscuring abdomen at sides, forewing reaching to end of S 4, hindwing to 3 / 4 along S 5 (Fig. 4 a). Legs long and thin, metafemur reaching end of S 7; femora all with three distinct evenly spaced dark bands on ochreous ground colour, with tiny dark mark at base sometimes also on trochanter; all femora with anterior ridge bearing very small outward directed spines, some bearing setae, and sparse fine setae towards tibial joint, some quite long; tibiae unmarked or with single basal darker band, with fairly sparse setae, mainly fine and straight but some stronger and curled, longer denser ventral patch of straight setae apically; tarsus (Figs 6 d, e) bearing two rows each of ca 25 strong, tapering pectinate setae (Fig. 6 e). Tarsal claws simple. Abdomen: squat, mainly dark with well-defined pale narrow middorsal stripe (not figured). Laterally with patches of small spine like setae and mixture of curved and fine long setae; each segment from S 4 with submarginal row of small ventral spines; ventrolateral margin of S 9 with 4 – 5 strong, long spines intermingled with 4 – 5 smaller spines partly placed a little above margin and four strong spines along ventral margin; S 10 hind-margin with 4 strong rearward pointing ventrolateral spines and 3 long spines extending to lateral hind-margins, smaller spines along ventral hind margin and on venter (Figs 16 a, d). Outer female gonapophyses arising from base of S 9 and extending well beyond hind margin of S 10 (Fig. 16 a), ventral margin with series of sparse heavy spines and terminating in a single long heavy spine deflected ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 16 d); inner apophyses smooth, curved smoothly upward to a rounded point extending well beyond outer apophyses and epiproct. Male gonapophyses unknown. Epiproct, short, subconical, in shape of elongated onion dome. Caudal spikes long, about 55 % body length, broad basally and from just before midpoint tapered gradually and smoothly to a sharp point (Fig. 18 a); bearing numerous backwardly curved strong sharp spines, heavy setae, and also long fine setae too entangled to assess accurately. Measurements (in mm): body length excluding antennae, caudal appendages and spikes 11.8; lateral caudal spikes 6.5; head width 2.7; prementum 2.65; palpal lobe (to tip of dorsal branch) 0.85; movable hook 0.72; maxillae base to distal hook of galeolacinea (1.24), maxillary palp (0.54); mandibles long axis (0.85); antenna 1.70, 0.65, 0.70, 0.50, 0.28, 0.19, 0.10 (total 4.11). Variation: outwardly no noticeable variation, other than minor differences in the mottling on the head, in the numbers of large setae in the ‘ moustache’ of the labrum, and in the number of spines present on S 9 and S 10, was evident in the two female specimens examined. The unusual dentition of the mandibles differed slightly in the two specimens examined in that in the second specimen (not illustrated) the vestigial inner tooth at the base of the 2 nd and 3 rd incisor teeth from the dorsal is minute, no more than 15 μm long. No significant differences were evident in the male specimen photographed in some detail by POMS; no image was made of the gonapophyses hence these cannot be described, but they are unlikely to present useful diagnostic characters.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFDEFFDBDBF74F46FD907954.taxon	discussion	Remarks While unusual characteristics of the mouthparts, especially the dentition of the mandibles appear to be consistent it is possible that the inner vestigial left incisor tooth is entirely lacking in some specimens. The labrum, while similar in other species examined (see below), is unique among odonates and is probably an autapomorphy for the family. Pectinate setae confined to tarsi, previously recorded by Kumar (1973) and Kumar & Prasad (1977), are another probable family apomorphy. Two other species of Heliocypha larvae have been described in some detail: H. biforata (as H. biforata beesoni, now considered a synonym of H. biforata biforata), by Kumar & Prasad (1977) and H. p. perforata by Xu (2015). The drawing of the antenna in the former paper depicts the scape as 0.33 times the overall length of the antenna, but by the measurements given in the text and the depiction of the antennae on the habitus drawing this proportion should be 0.42, which is very close to the other species considered, hence the detailed drawing itself must be regarded as a lapsus, perhaps because it was inadvertently observed at an angle. The authors do not comment on an obviously relatively short scape. They also illustrate the scape with a rough warty texture, but in H. biseriata it was found that these apparent structures were an illusion (seemingly present in photographs taken independently by AGWO and POMS) created by short recurved setae trapping fluid in wet specimens and giving the appearance of small tubercles where none were present. The shape of the prementum in H. biforata, although basically similar, differs from that of H. biseriata in being relatively shorter, and the anterior median lobe is strongly convex with only a small notch representing the median cleft. The subocular spines on the gena appear very similar. Similarly, in H. p. perforata the prementum is relatively shorter than in H. biseriata but is otherwise very similar. There are also strong similarities in the female genital apophyses. The depiction of the labial palp by Xu (2015) is erroneous, as it omits the secondary upper branch of the palpal lobe, a structure clearly evident in photographs of this species (Ng 2024). However both Kumar & Prasad (1977) and Xu (2015) depict the caudal spikes of H. biforata and H. perforata respectively and they are very similar in form to those of H. biseriata, being rather heavy and tapering gradually to a point from around the midpoint (in this respect the drawing by Xu 2015 is misleading, but this character can clearly be seen in the habitus photograph provided). The spikes are relatively long in H. perforata (ca 55 % body length) but are figured as shorter in H. bisignata (ca 46 % body length) depicted by Fraser (1928) and later briefly described by the same author (Fraser 1934). Although lacking subtlety, the 1928 illustration agrees quite well with other Heliocypha species, especially in the form of the caudal spikes. Neither Xu (2015) nor Ng (2024) examine the subocular spines on the gena, of H. perforata but it seems these, and the form of the caudal spikes, may be characteristic of the genus. Both H. biforata and H. perforata also have long legs, with the metafemur reaching the hind margin of S 7 in F stadium larvae. The depiction of the prementum and labial palps of H. fenestrata by Lieftinck (1962), is very reminiscent of H. biseriata but the habitus drawing does not depict the caudal spikes convincingly. This, and the style, strongly suggest the drawing was executed by a Bogor Museum staff member such as G. Abdulkadir rather than Lieftinck himself (see van Tol 1992), and it is well known that many such drawings are more decorative than accurate.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD6FFDADBF7498AFE297C4C.taxon	description	(Figs 4 b, 5 b, 6 c, 7 b, 8 b, 9 b, 12 f, 14 a, b, 15 a, b, 17 a, 18 a)	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD6FFDADBF7498AFE297C4C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA, 1 ♀ F (RMNH. INS. 500054), Tributary of Sungai Telom, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, 4.613 N, 101.404 E, 19 ix 2008, leg. C. Y. Choong.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD6FFDADBF7498AFE297C4C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitus: very similar to H. biseriata with the following differences: overall slightly larger with long, thin banded legs relatively slightly shorter (Fig. 4 b); very similar mottled pattern on the body darker in specimen examined (not figured); sagittate head, antennae and very similar to H. biseriata; abdomen obviously narrower and more elongate, bearing distinct lateral keels on most segments; caudal spikes relatively shorter and less tapered than in all other species studied, with numerous short rearward pointing spines and setae.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD6FFDADBF7498AFE297C4C.taxon	description	Head: in dorsal view as illustrated (Fig. 5 b), almost identical to H. biseriata except antennae relatively slightly shorter (1.44 times maximum head width versus 1.52 in H. biseriata) and markings stronger and with slight differences but tip of pedicel with similar dark coloration; scape of similar length but with longer and mainly straighter setae so that even wet specimens appear smooth, rather than warty (Fig. 6 c). Labrum as in H. biseriata except ‘ moustache’ with 14 setae. Ventrally, genae bear a cluster of subocular spines longer and less numerous than in H. biseriata, with anterior strong three distinctive, being longer, more curved and sharply acuminate; remaining spines differ as shown (Fig. 7 b). Proportions and other features of head seen in lateral view very similar to H. biseriata with small differences as shown (Fig. 7 a, b), some of which may relate to subtle differences in angle of view, although ventral spur at margin of gena and occiput is clearly directed forward more strongly and the post occipital dorsal tubercle set further back in A. fenestrella. Mask long and thin, articulation resting between anterior part of coxae of mesothorax (Fig. 8 b) as in H. biseriata; prementum narrow basally, gradually flared anteriorly with margins of anterior half weakly convex, slightly more so than in H. biseriata; similarly lateral margins with sparse fine setae on distal 2 / 3 rd (Fig. 9 b) seated in slightly raised sockets (Fig. 11 a); anterior median lobe as in H. biseriata but slightly more produced; median cleft almost completely closed with tinted groove marking line of closure (Fig. 11 a); lobe of labial palp bifid with shorter process on each branch as in H. biseriata with slight differences in degree of torsion of distal lobe and form of processes as indicated (Figs 8 a, 10 a, b, c); movable hook long and strongly curved inward. Maxillae general form and arrangement of setae as in H. biseriata; apical tooth with row of three inner denticles (Fig. 12 f), all well separated, longest one apicad, all finer and longer than in H. biseriata. Mandibles (Figs 14 a, b, 15 a, b) — both left and right with five distinct teeth on incisor visible in internal view; right with small supplementary tooth basal to strong ventral tooth; right molar crest a low swelling with two strong, sharp spines, the ventral being longer, heavily sclerotised (Fig. 14 a, 15 b); left incisor (Figs 14 b, 15 a) with five well developed teeth, the strongest ventrally; molar crest a strong flat dorso-ventral blade with 13 minute denticles along a convex distal margin, with end denticles markedly heavier and longer, especially ventrally (Figs 14 b, 15 a). Strong basal seta on both mandibles as in H. biseriata (not visible in Fig. 14 a). Thorax: prothorax saddle-shaped with anterior and posterior flanges and tubercles as in H. biseriata (Fig. 5 b). Marking (not illustrated on body) pale and mottled but always with broad pale band pale between two anterior tubercles on prothorax. Wing sheaths slightly spatulate, not completely obscuring abdomen at sides, forewing reaching to end of S 4, hindwing to 2 / 3 along S 5 (Fig. 4 b). Legs long and thin, metafemur reaching midpoint of S 6, clearly shorter than in H. biseriata which they resemble in all other respects including the presence of two rows of pectinate setae on the underside of the tarsus. Abdomen: squat, mainly dark with well-defined pale narrow middorsal stripe (not figured). Margins of S 2 – 8 distinctly crimped forming shallow lateral keels; dorsal surface similar to H. biseriata with sparser setae; ventrolateral margin of S 9 with ca 4 strong, curved spines intermingled with 4 – 5 smaller spines and scattering of tiny marginal and submarginal spines along venter; S 10 hind-margin with 4 strong rearward pointing ventrolateral spines (Fig. 17 a). Male gonapophyses (Fig. 17 a) short and conical, well separated, arising near posterior margin S 9 and just reaching margin hind margin. Female gonapophyses unknown. Epiproct, short, subconical, not obviously different from H. biseriata. Caudal spikes about 40 % body length, broad for most of their length and tapered abruptly to a point subapically (Fig. 18 b); bearing numerous backward facing strong sharp spines on outer margin, these rather sparse on inner margin; heavy setae, and also long fine setae too entangled to assess accurately, but appear to be less profuse than in H. biseriata. Measurements (in mm): body length excluding antennae, caudal appendages and spikes 12.4; lateral caudal gills 5.3; head width 2.81; prementum 2.45; palpal lobe (to tip of dorsal branch) 0.80; movable hook 0.68; maxillae base to distal hook of galeolacinea (1.26), maxillary palp (0.55); mandibles long axis (0.86); antenna 1.70, 0.65, 0.70, 0.50, 0.29, 0.16, 0.07 (total 4.07).	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD6FFDADBF7498AFE297C4C.taxon	discussion	Remarks The principal diagnostic differences between A. fenestrella and H. biseriata are the longer subocular anterior spines on the genae and the relatively shorter caudal spikes, tapering to a point abruptly near apex in the former. The length of the spikes in proportion to body length is ca 40 % in A. fenestrella versus ca 55 % in H. biseriata. The legs in A. fenestrella are proportionally shorter. There are also clear differences in the armature of the maxillae and dentition of the mandibles and the setae on the scape of the antenna are mainly long and do not create a warty appearance when wet. The larvae of two other species of Aristocypha have been described in some detail. Aristocypha trifasciata and A. quadrimaculata by Kumar & Prasad (1977). Both species differ from Heliocypha in possessing long setae on the scape without a warty appearance and the caudal spikes are proportionally shorter (ca 40 % body length), and are not tapered until near the apex, as in A. fenestrella. In other respects consistent genus specific characters are not evident. For example in A. trifasciata the subocular spines on the genae are small and scattered, whereas in A. quadrimaculata they are very similar to those found in A. fenestrella. Conversely, in A. trifasciata, the legs are relatively shorter than in A. fenestrella, whereas in A. quadrimaculata they are much longer. In both species the prementum, while of similar general shape to A. fenestrella, is much wider anteriorly and the median cleft is well defined. Hence only the terminal shape of the caudal spikes consistently separates Heliocypha and Aristocypha based on known larvae.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD7FFC5DBF74CA7FCBB7F3C.taxon	description	(Figs 4 c, 5 c, 7 c, 8 c, 9 c, 11 b, 12 c, g, 14 c, d, 15 c, d, 16 b, f, 17 b, 18 c)	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD7FFC5DBF74CA7FCBB7F3C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA, 1 ♂ F, 1 ♀ F (RMNH. 5008329, RMNH. 5008330), stream in kerangas near Camp C, Planted Forest Project, Bintulu Division, Sarawak, 2.7171 N, 113.3463 E, 26 iii 2014 (RMNH. 5008329), 27 iii 2014 (RMNH. 5008330), leg. S. G. Butler.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD7FFC5DBF74CA7FCBB7F3C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitus: similar to H. biseriata but obviously smaller (Fig. 4 c). Significantly paler mottling on head and body in specimens examined which have predominantly pale yellowish ground colour. Both head and antennae relatively longer, especially the latter; prothorax lower in profile with anterior tubercles much reduced; prothorax legs proportionally slightly longer, caudal spikes proportionally longer but thinner and more evenly tapered to a point from base.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD7FFC5DBF74CA7FCBB7F3C.taxon	description	Head: in dorsal view as illustrated (Fig. 5 c), similar to H. biseriata but slightly more elongate and antennae proportionally longer (1.63 times maximum head width versus 1.52 in H. biseriata) and markings weaker, with subtle differences but tip of pedicel with similar dark coloration; scape with longer and mainly longer straighter setae but a few recurved short setae so that wet specimens may appear sparsely warty. Labrum as in H. biseriata but more strongly curved, accommodating long mandibular incisor lobes; ‘ moustache’ with 9 – 10 strong setae. Ventrally, genae bear a cluster of subocular spines shorter and less numerous than in H. biseriata, all main spines except first appear rounded in ventral view (Fig. 7 c right) but these are upturned and acuminate as seen in lateral view (Fig. 7 c left). Head, especially seen in lateral view longer and shallower than previous two species, with other differences as shown (Fig. 7 c). Mask very long and thin, articulation resting between posterior part of coxae of mesothorax (Fig. 8 c); prementum narrow basally, gradually flared anteriorly with margins of anterior half straight; lateral margins with sparse fine setae on distal 2 / 3 rd (Fig. 9 c) seated in distinctly raised sockets (Fig. 11 b); anterior median lobe as in H. biseriata but only slightly convex; median cleft very short with tinted area marking point of closure (Fig. 11 b); lobe of labial palp as in previous species, but with both palpal lobe and movable hook relatively slightly longer relative to anterior breadth of prementum as indicated (Figs 10 a, b, c, 11 b). Maxillae as in previous species (Fig. 12 c), but with basal pair of secondary denticles on distal tooth well separated as in A. fenestrella and all relatively shorter and lighter than in that species (Fig. 12 g). Mandibles (Figs 14 c, d, 15 c, d) — both left and right with five distinct teeth on incisor visible in internal view, dorsal one small; right with small supplementary tooth basal to strong ventral tooth; right molar crest a low elongate shallow ridge without obvious dentition and lightly sclerotised (Figs 14 c, 15 d); left incisor (Figs 14 d, 15 c) with five well developed teeth, the strongest ventrally; molar crest a strong flat dorso-ventral blade with eight minute denticles along a nearly straight distal margin, with end denticles markedly heavier and longer, especially ventrally (Figs 14 d, 15 c). A strong outer basal seta on both mandibles as in other three species. Thorax: anterior tubercles on prothorax less developed and more centrally placed than in other two species (Fig. 5 c, arrowed), and anterior and posterior flanges defining saddle lower. Otherwise similar. Marking (not illustrated on body) lightly mottled but always with broad pale band between two anterior tubercles on prothorax. Wing sheaths slightly spatulate, not completely obscuring abdomen at sides, forewing reaching to near end of S 5, hindwing to 2 / 3 along S 6 (Fig. 4 c). Legs long and thin, metafemur reaching base of S 8, clearly proportionally longer than in H. biseriata which they resemble in all other respects including presence of two rows of pectinate setae on the venter of the tarsus. Unlike the previous two species the tibiae have no markings. Abdomen: squat, mainly mottled brown with well-defined pale narrow middorsal stripe (not figured). Margins of S 3 – 7 distinctly crimped forming shallow lateral keels; venter of S 6 – 8 with irregular sparse row of tiny submarginal spines; ventrolateral margin of S 9 with 5 – 7 strong, curved spines and scattering of tiny marginal and submarginal spines along venter (Figs 16 b, 17 b); S 10 with 3 – 6 strong ventrolateral spines (Figs 16 b, 17 b) and cluster of smaller spines on venter and ventrally on tergite (Fig. 16 f); hind-margin S 10 with 3 – 4 strong rearward pointing ventrolateral spines (Figs 16 b, f, 17 b) and small spines along all of hind margin, being sparsest ventrally. Male gonapophyses (Fig. 17 b) short and conical, well separated, arising near posterior margin S 9 and just reaching margin. Outer female gonapophyses (Figs 16 b, f) arising from base of S 9 and extending well beyond hind margin of S 10 to about level of epiproct tip (Fig. 16 f), ventral margin with series of sparse heavy spines to about level of hind margin S 10, thence continuing almost directly backward to a sharp point about level with epiproct tip (Fig. 16 f); inner apophyses smooth, curved smoothly and strongly upward to a rounded point extending well beyond outer apophyses and epiproct. Epiproct, short, subconical, not obviously different from other species studied. Caudal spikes about 65 % body length, of medium breadth at their base and tapered almost uniformly to a point (Fig. 18 c); bearing numerous backward facing strong sharp curved spines, heavy setae, and also long fine setae too matted to assess accurately, but apparently dense. Measurements (mm): body length, 9.9; lateral caudal spikes 6.4; head width 2.6; prementum 2.65; mandibles 0.75; palpal lobe (to tip of dorsal branch) 0.58; movable hook 0.52 maxillary palp 0.57; galeolacinia to distal tooth 1.2; antennae 1.70, 0.74, 0.80, 0.49, 0.24, 0.15, 0.11 (total 4.23).	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFD7FFC5DBF74CA7FCBB7F3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species exhibits several distinctive characters when compared with other genera studied: the mask is elongate, as is the head, although the latter is not very obvious. The antennae are long in proportion to head width. The anterior tubercles on the prothorax are reduced and the caudal spikes are very long thin, spiny and distinctively tapered. The posterior segments of the abdomen bear considerably more small spines on the venter and ventral margins than in the other species and the specimens examined were much paler than other genera, but it is unclear if this is a reliable character. Only one other species S. striata is known from the genus, closely related to S. petiolata. It seems likely that its larvae when discovered will be very similar, but it is possible differences occur especially in the shape of the prementum, to judge from known variation in other genera.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFCFFFCFDBF74EB3FDA67DF0.taxon	description	(Figs 4 d, 5 d, 7 d, 8 d, 9 d, 11 c, d, h, 14 e, f, 15 f, g, 16 c, e, 17 c, d, 18 d)	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFCFFFCFDBF74EB3FDA67DF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MALAYSIA, 1 ♂ F, 1 ♀ F (RMNH. INS. 229046, RMNH. INS. 229063), small stream in alluvial forest, park headquarters area, Gunong Mulu National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, 4.0506 N, 114.8148 E, 7 i 2008 (RMNH. INS. 229046), 15 i 2008 (RMNH. INS. 229063), leg. S. G. Butler. BRUNEI, 1 ♂ F, supposition, in runnel in peat swamp forest near Sg. Badas, 4.57124 N, 114.42616 E, 23. v. 1995, A. G. Orr leg.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFCFFFCFDBF74EB3FDA67DF0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitus: similar to H. biseriata but obviously smaller than both that species, and S. petiolata. Abdomen slightly more swollen. Differences in pattern of mottling on head and body may be significant but are difficult to define; antennae relatively shorter than other species and lacking dark spot at apex of pedicel. Caudal gills, very thin, strongly tapered and long.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFCFFFCFDBF74EB3FDA67DF0.taxon	description	Head: sagittate in dorsal view but long axis slightly shorter in proportion to head width than in other species (Fig. 5 d) and less deep in lateral aspect (Fig. 7 d). Antennae 7 - segmented but relatively short (1.11 times maximum head width); scape with mainly longer setae; pedicel lacking dark apical mark. Labrum as in H. biseriata but slightly more rounded with only 9 – 10 setae on the ‘ moustache’. Genae with collection of very small sub-acute tubercles (Fig. 7 d). Mask short, articulation resting between posterior part of coxae of prothorax (Fig. 8 d); prementum narrow basally, gradually flared anteriorly with margins of anterior half slightly convex; lateral margins with strong recurved spines on distal 2 / 3 rd (Fig. 9 d) interspersed with short setae (Fig. 11 c); anterior median lobe as in H. biseriata but median cleft long with sides closely appressed; inner (lower) branch of palpal lobe strongly hooked (Fig. 11 c); maxillae (Fig. 12 d) very similar to H. biseriata, but two sub-basal supplementary spines on major (4 th) apical spine well separated and all three supplementary spines relatively longer and thinner (Fig. 12 h). Mandibles (Figs 14 e, f, 15 e, f) lacking supplementary denticles, right with four well defined teeth on incisor lobe with small shoulder dorsally, ventrally with subapical marginal denticle as usual; molar crest on right well developed with two small short sharp denticles, lower one with narrow chisel tip (Figs 14 e, 15 f); left incisor lobe with five regular evenly spaced teeth; left molar crest broad and raised, rather flat ending in straight edge with 9 denticles, end ones distinctly longer, (Figs 14 f, 15 e). A strong outer basal seta on both mandibles as in other three species (not visible in 14 e). Thorax: prothorax saddle-shaped with anterior and posterior flanges as in other species (Fig. 5 d), but relatively narrower and with both pairs of dorsal tubercles broad based and large. Marking (not illustrated) indistinct but always with narrow pale band pale between two anterior tubercles on prothorax. Wing sheaths slightly spatulate, not completely obscuring abdomen at sides, forewing reaching middle of S 6, hindwing almost to hindmargin of S 6 (Fig. 4 d). Legs long and thin, metafemur almost reaching hindmargin of S 7, proportions similar to H. biseriata; two rows of pectinate setae on the venter of the tarsus. Abdomen: squat and swollen medially, dark with indistinct dark mottling (not figured). Ventrolateral margin of S 9 with 6 – 9 strong, curved spines but no significant spines on venter or ventral margin (Figs 16 c, 17 c, d); S 10 with 4 – 5 strong ventrolateral spines and 4 – 6 smaller spines on hind-margin S 10 (Figs 16 c, e, 17 c, d). Male gonapophyses (Fig. 17 c, d) short and conical, well separated, arising near posterior margin S 9 and reaching beyond hind margin. Outer female gonapophyses (Figs 16 c, e) arising from near base of S 9 and extending beyond hind margin of S 10 to about level of epiproct tip (Fig. 16 e), ventral margin with series of sparse heavy spines to about level of midpoint of S 10, thence continuing slightly upward to a sharp point, aligned with inner apophyses but terminating before tip of latter (Fig. 16 e); inner apophyses smooth, curved smoothly and upward to a rounded point extending only a little beyond outer apophyses and epiproct. Epiproct, short, subconical, not obviously different from other species studied. Caudal spikes about 65 % body length, slightly swollen at base then thin and tapered almost uniformly to a point (Fig. 18 d); bearing numerous backward facing sharp curved spines, heavy setae, and also long fine setae impossible to assess accurately. Measurements (in mm): body length excluding antennae, caudal appendages and gills 9.3; lateral caudal gills 5.2; head width 2.57; prementum 1.45; palpal lobe (to tip of dorsal branch) 0.49; movable hook 0.37; maxillae base to distal hook of galeolacinea (1.15), maxillary palp (0.46); mandibles long axis (0.64); antenna 1.17, 0.45, 0.45, 0.30, 0.25, 0.15, 0.09 (total 2.86).	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFCFFFCFDBF74EB3FDA67DF0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Larvae of L. hyalina are easily distinguished from the other three species studied by their size, their shorter prementum with strong lateral spines and by the lack of any dark coloration at the tip of the pedicel. The long thin caudal spikes with slight basal swelling thence evenly tapered to a point are also distinctive. They differ from S. petiolata rather subtly in the form of the caudal spikes which are thinner and slightly bulbous at base, and in having much shorter antennae, far fewer spines on the venter of the terminal abdominal segments, and in the shorter female genital apophyses with the outer aligned with the inner. As a rule the inner mouthparts, the mandibles and maxillae are extremely conservative and therefore it is noteworthy that distinct differences were found between L. hyalina and the other genera studied, especially in the left mandible. These characters are however difficult to observe and not particularly useful for diagnosis.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFC2FFC8DBF74E3BFB357B2C.taxon	description	(Figs 9 e, 19 a – c)	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFC2FFC8DBF74E3BFB357B2C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 ♂ exuviae, Steam bank vegetation, Lanna Resort, Ban Pong, Hang Dong District, Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, 18.75333 N, 98.88 E, 20 iii 2003, A. G. Orr leg. The identification is based on supposition but size and features of head, antennae and mouthparts and caudal spikes agree sufficiently closely with L. hyalina and confirmed photographs of this species (Figs 19 b, c) that we may be sure of its identity. Also L. lineata is the only species in its genus recorded in that stream and in the whole of Chiang Mai province. It is clearly not the syntopic but larger Heliocypha perforata limbata (Selys 1879), (H. p. perforata was described by Xu 2015), or H. biforata (described by Kumar & Prasad 1977).	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFC2FFC8DBF74E3BFB357B2C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitus: The exuvia studied resembles closely the specimen depicted from Malaysia (Fig. 19 a). It is impossible to determine the coloration due to adhering detritus but living specimens from Malaysia (Figs 19 b, c) are both very similar to L. hyalina in the form of the head, antennae and caudal spikes but the legs are obviously shorter, the hind femur reaching the middle of S 6 (mid S 7 in L. hyalina), and the abdomen slightly more elongate. The caudal spikes are about 55 % of the body length, significantly shorter than in L. hyalina, but of nearly identical form. The coloration is unusually dark, especially on the mid and hind tibiae, but the tip of the pedicel is unmarked, as in L. hyalina.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFC2FFC8DBF74E3BFB357B2C.taxon	description	Mouthparts: prementum (Fig. 9 e) similar to that of L. hyalina (Fig. 9 d) but distinctly shorter and broader; Lateral margins with slightly more extensive recurved spines interspersed with short setae; Anterior median lobe less produced and median cleft shorter terminating in a small, open nearly circular aperture, as in H. biseriata and also illustrated for L. lineata by Fraser (1919). Labial palps very similar to L. hyalina but inner (lower) branch of palpal lobe not strongly hooked. Maxillae and mandibles not noticeably different from L. hyalina.	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
0393879EFFC2FFC8DBF74E3BFB357B2C.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A partial examination of this species both confirms and augments earlier descriptions (Fraser 1919, 1928), and gives some insight into which characters may show intrageneric variation and which might distinguish Libellago from other genera. It is evident that the shape of the prementum varies significantly among congeners, and hence might be less useful than might be wished in distinguishing genera generally. However the caudal spikes are the same general form in L. hyalina (Fig. 18 d) and L. lineata (Fig. 19 c) although relatively shorter. In L. aurantiaca (Fig. 19 d) they are relatively much shorter but still of the same general form, suggesting that shape, rather than relative length is a reliable generic character. The other distinctive feature shared by all three known species of Libellago larvae, and not known in any other chlorocyphid, is the lack of apical pigmentation on the pedicel (L. hyalina, see above; L. lineata see Fig. 19 c, L. aurantiaca see Fig. 16 d and Ngiam & Ng 2022).	en	Orr, Albert G. W., Dow, Rory A., Steinhoff, Philip O. M. (2024): Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family. Zootaxa 5486 (3): 301-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.1
