identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0393FE3EFFA7FFFAE4EDFF1085FFFEDE.text	0393FE3EFFA7FFFAE4EDFF1085FFFEDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gromphas Brulle 1837	<div><p>Genus Gromphas Brullé 1837 (not 1834)</p> <p>Gromphas Brullé, 1837: 304 (as a “subgenus” of Copris). Type species: not designated (see below)</p> <p>Brullé’s description of Gromphas states “Ce sous-genre se compose d’une seule espèce...”, but he neglects to mention its name. His only basis is a vague reference to Dej[ean] (presumably Dejean, 1836 - 1837), who cites “Lacordairei Dej.” as the only included species of “ GROMPHAS Dejean. ” But “ Gromphas lacordairei ”, also attributed to Brullé, is nowhere described as far as we know. Resolution of these nomenclatural puzzles is far beyond the scope of this paper and is currently under consideration by Mario Cupello (pers. comm.). For present purposes we use the names Gromphas and G. lacordairei as currently understood in common usage. Heretofore the date of publication of Brullé’s description of Gromphas has been cited as 1834. We here correct the date to 1837, the date of publication of his third volume on Coleoptera in the Histoire Naturelle des Insectes series in which Gromphas is formally established (see Musgrave 1932: 8). The following description of the genus does not thoroughly consider G. dichroa Blanchard, which we know only from photographs and published descriptions as well as observations graciously supplied by Mario Cupello.</p> <p>Generic Description. General - Medium size, overall length usually no more than 20 mm. Dorsum usually shining and with some metallic reflections (Fig. 1-4); sexual dimorphism subtle, expressed mainly by characters of prolegs. Head - Clypeal margin (seen from above, Fig. 6, 12) broadly bidentate medially, teeth rounded; junction of clypeal and genal margins strongly notched (Fig. 6, arrow). Clypeal process a transverse, marginally curved ridge (Fig. 15). Frontoclypeal carina (seen from above) strongly bowed anteriorly, usually interrupted medially by an emarginate tubercle or conical horn (Fig. 6, 12). Antennal club (Fig. 10) rounded, three lamellae exposed (basal lamella not hollowed apically to receive apical segments). Prothorax - Pronotum usually evenly convex and lacking prominent surface features (except G. aeruginosa). Pronotum densely, finely granulate (Fig. 11), granulation becoming weaker, sometimes obsolete posteromedially. Posterior pronotal margin distinctly, finely carinate or carina largely obliterated. Posterior pronotal fossae shallow, sometimes indistinct (Fig. 2-3, 9). Pterothorax - Intercoxal portion of metasternum angulate anteromedially; apex (seen from side) rounded, with flattened, declivitous sides (Fig. 13). Dorsal margin of metepisternum curved downward posteriorly, not produced as rounded tab that engages edge of elytron (Fig. 14). Legs - Male lacking protarsi (Fig. 16, 17); female with foursegmented protarsi (Fig. 18, 19). Meso- and metatarsi five-segmented, clawless. Inner apical protibial angle of male with conspicuous pencil of long setae (Fig. 17, arrow) sometimes accompanied by an inwardly directed, acute spine (Fig. 20, arrow); females often possessing setal pencil above insertion of tarsus. Protibial spurs acute, gently bent medially (Fig. 17, 20-21), sometimes angulate along outer margin. Protibiae quadridentate in both sexes (Fig. 16-17); all but basal tooth carinate on outer (dorsal) surface (Fig. 16). Elytra - Combined width at humeral angles clearly greater than length along suture (Fig. 2-3). Anterior ends of striae not fossate (Fig. 9). Striae fine, superficial, sometimes carinulate, puncturing usually obsolete; eighth stria effaced anteriorly. Interstriae flat or weakly convex. Pygidium - Basal piece (propygidium) not separated from pygidium by transverse carina (Fig. 7; except G. dichroa). Aedeagus - Ventral margin of phallobase narrowly grooved medially (Fig. 23, arrow), groove embracing fissure (most easily viewed submerged in alcohol, Fig. 22). Coprophagous species.</p> <p>Generic Diagnosis. Species of Gromphas can be distinguished from other Peruvian dung beetles by the following combination of characters: Prominent notch separating clypeal and genal margins (Fig. 6, arrow); evenly convex and shining pronotum (except G. aeruginosa); the bluntly acuminate metasternum (Fig. 13); four-segmented protarsi in female (Fig. 18-19, protarsi absent in male); propygidium and pygidium not separated by transverse carina (Fig. 7). They will key to couplet 54 in Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011).</p> <p>Geographical distribution. South America east of the Andes.</p> <p>Included Species. Four species are currently assigned to Gromphas: G. lacordairei Brullé, G. amazonica Bates, G. dichroa Blanchard, and G. aeruginosa (Perty). Only G. aeruginosa and G. amazonica are known from Peru.</p> <p>Species Diagnoses. The Peruvian species are very distinct from each other and can be distinguished easily as follows:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393FE3EFFA7FFFAE4EDFF1085FFFEDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Figueroa, Luis;Edmonds, W. D.;Meza-Velez, Felipe	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFAE4EDFE10808DFADE.text	0393FE3EFFA0FFFAE4EDFE10808DFADE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gromphas aeruginosa (Perty 1830)	<div><p>Gromphas aeruginosa (Perty, 1830)</p> <p>(Fig. 1-2, 6-11, 14-18)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length 13 - 20 mm. Dorsum metallic green with coppery highlights (Fig. 1-2). Clypeal margin more-or-less evenly curved between notch and median teeth (Fig. 6). Head of both sexes with prominent conical, apically emarginate horn (Fig. 1-2, 6). Pronotum of both sexes with a large median prominence drawn out on each side into an acute, conical process (Fig. 1-2, 8). (Head horn and pronotal prominence attenuated, but usually evident in smaller specimens.) Pronotum densely granulate (Fig. 11); granulation becoming weaker but remaining distinct posteromedially. Inner apical angle of male protibia with a pencil of long setae (Fig. 17, arrow), lacking spine; outer edge of protibial spur of both sexes not expanded subapically (Fig. 17). Apical protarsal segment rounded basally, not strongly prolonged apically (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Geographical Distribution. (Fig. 5) Recorded from Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. In Peru widely distributed in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.1/lat -12.683333)">Amazonian</a> lowlands in Cuzco, Huánuco, Madre de Dios, San Martin, Ucayali and Loreto. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.1/lat -12.683333)">Peruvian</a> collecting data: CUZCO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.1/lat -12.683333)">Prov. Quispicanchi</a>, ~ 8 km E Quince Mil (13 o 12' S 70°40' W) 550 m AFIC. HUÁNUCO: Prov. Leoncio Prado, Tingo María (9 o 10’S, 76 o 0’W) 600 m [May] MNRJ. LORETO: Prov. Maynas, 3 km S. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.1/lat -12.683333)">Yanamono Island</a> (3 o 23’S, 72 o 45’W) 140 m [Sep] MUSM, CMNC. MADRE DE DIOS: Prov. Tahuamanu, Distr. Iñapari (10 o 57’S, 69 o 34’W) 400 m [May] MUSM. Prov. Tambopata, Puerto Maldonado (12 o 41’S, 69 o 06’W) 190 m MNRJ; [no loc.] (12 o 65’S, 69 o 11’W) AFIC, (12 o 39’S, 69 o 07') AFIC, (12 o 57’S, 70 o 10’W) AFIC, (12 o 36’S, 69 o 10’W) AFIC, MUSM. SAN MAR- TIN: Prov. El Porvenir, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.416667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.46667/lat -8.416667)">Bosque El Pelejo</a> (6 o 16’S, 75 o 50’W) 161 m [May] MUSM. UCAYALI: Distr. Yarinacocha, Río Ucayali (8 o 19’S, 74 o 35’W) [Oct-Nov] MNRJ. Distr. Pucallpa, Nesuya (8 o 25’S, 74 o 28’W) 250 m [Dec]; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.55/lat -8.366667)">San Lorenzo</a> (8 o 22’S, 74 o 33’W) [Jul] WDEC; Distr. Iparia, Río Pachitea (9 o 18’S, 74 o 25’W) 160 m [Dec] MUSM. Prov. Coronel Portillo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.783334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.2/lat -8.783334)">Río Tamaya</a>, CCNN <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.783334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.2/lat -8.783334)">Nueva Yarina</a> (8 o 47’S, 74 o 12’W) 162 m [Mar] MUSM; Santa Sofia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.583336/lat -8.1)">Río Utoquini</a> (8 o 06' S 74 o 35’W) 85 m [Aug] MUSM; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.416667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.46667/lat -8.416667)">Pucallpa</a> (8 o 25’S, 74 o 28’W) [Aug] MUSM, MNRJ, WDEC.</p> <p>Ecology. Common in open areas, pasturelands and other disturbed settings, savannas and river banks (“playas”). Frequently collected from cow dung and pitfall traps baited with human feces.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393FE3EFFA0FFFAE4EDFE10808DFADE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Figueroa, Luis;Edmonds, W. D.;Meza-Velez, Felipe	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFBE4EDFA708799FE7E.text	0393FE3EFFA0FFFBE4EDFA708799FE7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gromphas amazonica Bates 1870	<div><p>Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870</p> <p>(Fig. 3-4, 12-13, 19-23)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length 12-18 mm. Dorsum shining black with weak dark green to blue highlights (Fig. 3-4). Clypeal margin slightly expanded and upturned near notch (Fig. 12, arrow), not evenly curved. Head of both sexes with a weakly bituberculate, median gibbosity, never with a conical horn (Fig. 12). Pronotum of both sexes evenly convex, lacking any trace of a median prominence (Fig. 3-4). Pronotum densely and finely granulate, granulation becoming almost effaced posteromedially. Inner apical angle of male protibia drawn out into an acute spine (Fig. 20, arrow); outer edge of protibial spur of both sexes strongly expanded subapically (Fig. 20-21). Apical protarsal segment prolonged apically (Fig. 19).</p> <p>Geographical Distribution. (Fig. 5) Recorded from Brazil, Colombia and Peru. In Peru known from isolated localities in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.51667/lat -7.866667)">Amazonian</a> lowlands of Loreto, San Martin and Ucayali. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.51667/lat -7.866667)">Peruvian</a> collecting data: LORETO: Prov. Ucayali, Distr. Padre Marquez, CCNN <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.51667/lat -7.866667)">Santa Ana</a> (7 o 52’S, 75 o 31' W) 224 m [Oct] MUSM; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.01667/lat -7.35)">Contamana</a> (7 o 21’S, 75 o 01’W) 134 m [Dec] MUSM, WDEC. SAN MARTIN: Prov. El Porvenir,</p> <p>Bosque El Pelejo (6 o 16’S, 75 o 50’W) 161 m [May] MUSM. UCAYALI: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Pucallpa (8 o 25’S, 74 o 28’W) [Aug] MUSM, (8 o 22’S, 74 o 34’W) [Jul-Aug, Dec] CMNC.</p> <p>Ecology. The ecology of this species is not understood. Specimens examined with precise data were collected with pitfall traps baited with human feces in forest habitats; in one case, several individuals were found in secondary growth associated with mandioca cultivation (cassava, “yuca”; Manihot esculenta Crantz). Trond Larsen (pers. comm.) points out the possibility that it may be a narrow ecological specialist; he has not collected G. amazonica during several years of intensive collection and ecological monitoring of the dung beetle fauna in Madre de Díos (southeastern Peru).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393FE3EFFA0FFFBE4EDFA708799FE7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Figueroa, Luis;Edmonds, W. D.;Meza-Velez, Felipe	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
