taxonID	type	description	language	source
0393FE3EFFA7FFFAE4EDFF1085FFFEDE.taxon	description	Generic Description. General - Medium size, overall length usually no more than 20 mm. Dorsum usually shining and with some metallic reflections (Fig. 1 - 4); sexual dimorphism subtle, expressed mainly by characters of prolegs. Head - Clypeal margin (seen from above, Fig. 6, 12) broadly bidentate medially, teeth rounded; junction of clypeal and genal margins strongly notched (Fig. 6, arrow). Clypeal process a transverse, marginally curved ridge (Fig. 15). Frontoclypeal carina (seen from above) strongly bowed anteriorly, usually interrupted medially by an emarginate tubercle or conical horn (Fig. 6, 12). Antennal club (Fig. 10) rounded, three lamellae exposed (basal lamella not hollowed apically to receive apical segments). Prothorax - Pronotum usually evenly convex and lacking prominent surface features (except G. aeruginosa). Pronotum densely, finely granulate (Fig. 11), granulation becoming weaker, sometimes obsolete posteromedially. Posterior pronotal margin distinctly, finely carinate or carina largely obliterated. Posterior pronotal fossae shallow, sometimes indistinct (Fig. 2 - 3, 9). Pterothorax - Intercoxal portion of metasternum angulate anteromedially; apex (seen from side) rounded, with flattened, declivitous sides (Fig. 13). Dorsal margin of metepisternum curved downward posteriorly, not produced as rounded tab that engages edge of elytron (Fig. 14). Legs - Male lacking protarsi (Fig. 16, 17); female with foursegmented protarsi (Fig. 18, 19). Meso- and metatarsi five-segmented, clawless. Inner apical protibial angle of male with conspicuous pencil of long setae (Fig. 17, arrow) sometimes accompanied by an inwardly directed, acute spine (Fig. 20, arrow); females often possessing setal pencil above insertion of tarsus. Protibial spurs acute, gently bent medially (Fig. 17, 20 - 21), sometimes angulate along outer margin. Protibiae quadridentate in both sexes (Fig. 16 - 17); all but basal tooth carinate on outer (dorsal) surface (Fig. 16). Elytra - Combined width at humeral angles clearly greater than length along suture (Fig. 2 - 3). Anterior ends of striae not fossate (Fig. 9). Striae fine, superficial, sometimes carinulate, puncturing usually obsolete; eighth stria effaced anteriorly. Interstriae flat or weakly convex. Pygidium - Basal piece (propygidium) not separated from pygidium by transverse carina (Fig. 7; except G. dichroa). Aedeagus - Ventral margin of phallobase narrowly grooved medially (Fig. 23, arrow), groove embracing fissure (most easily viewed submerged in alcohol, Fig. 22). Coprophagous species.	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA7FFFAE4EDFF1085FFFEDE.taxon	diagnosis	Generic Diagnosis. Species of Gromphas can be distinguished from other Peruvian dung beetles by the following combination of characters: Prominent notch separating clypeal and genal margins (Fig. 6, arrow); evenly convex and shining pronotum (except G. aeruginosa); the bluntly acuminate metasternum (Fig. 13); four-segmented protarsi in female (Fig. 18 - 19, protarsi absent in male); propygidium and pygidium not separated by transverse carina (Fig. 7). They will key to couplet 54 in Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011). Geographical distribution. South America east of the Andes.	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA7FFFAE4EDFF1085FFFEDE.taxon	description	Included Species. Four species are currently assigned to Gromphas: G. lacordairei Brullé, G. amazonica Bates, G. dichroa Blanchard, and G. aeruginosa (Perty). Only G. aeruginosa and G. amazonica are known from Peru. Species Diagnoses. The Peruvian species are very distinct from each other and can be distinguished easily as follows:	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFAE4EDFE10808DFADE.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 - 2, 6 - 11, 14 - 18)	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFAE4EDFE10808DFADE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 13 - 20 mm. Dorsum metallic green with coppery highlights (Fig. 1 - 2). Clypeal margin more-or-less evenly curved between notch and median teeth (Fig. 6). Head of both sexes with prominent conical, apically emarginate horn (Fig. 1 - 2, 6). Pronotum of both sexes with a large median prominence drawn out on each side into an acute, conical process (Fig. 1 - 2, 8). (Head horn and pronotal prominence attenuated, but usually evident in smaller specimens.) Pronotum densely granulate (Fig. 11); granulation becoming weaker but remaining distinct posteromedially. Inner apical angle of male protibia with a pencil of long setae (Fig. 17, arrow), lacking spine; outer edge of protibial spur of both sexes not expanded subapically (Fig. 17). Apical protarsal segment rounded basally, not strongly prolonged apically (Fig. 18). Geographical Distribution. (Fig. 5) Recorded from Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. In Peru widely distributed in Amazonian lowlands in Cuzco, Huánuco, Madre de Dios, San Martin, Ucayali and Loreto. Peruvian collecting data: CUZCO: Prov. Quispicanchi, ~ 8 km E Quince Mil (13 o 12 ' S 70 ° 40 ' W) 550 m AFIC. HUÁNUCO: Prov. Leoncio Prado, Tingo María (9 o 10 ’ S, 76 o 0 ’ W) 600 m [May] MNRJ. LORETO: Prov. Maynas, 3 km S. Yanamono Island (3 o 23 ’ S, 72 o 45 ’ W) 140 m [Sep] MUSM, CMNC. MADRE DE DIOS: Prov. Tahuamanu, Distr. Iñapari (10 o 57 ’ S, 69 o 34 ’ W) 400 m [May] MUSM. Prov. Tambopata, Puerto Maldonado (12 o 41 ’ S, 69 o 06 ’ W) 190 m MNRJ; [no loc.] (12 o 65 ’ S, 69 o 11 ’ W) AFIC, (12 o 39 ’ S, 69 o 07 ') AFIC, (12 o 57 ’ S, 70 o 10 ’ W) AFIC, (12 o 36 ’ S, 69 o 10 ’ W) AFIC, MUSM. SAN MAR- TIN: Prov. El Porvenir, Bosque El Pelejo (6 o 16 ’ S, 75 o 50 ’ W) 161 m [May] MUSM. UCAYALI: Distr. Yarinacocha, Río Ucayali (8 o 19 ’ S, 74 o 35 ’ W) [Oct-Nov] MNRJ. Distr. Pucallpa, Nesuya (8 o 25 ’ S, 74 o 28 ’ W) 250 m [Dec]; San Lorenzo (8 o 22 ’ S, 74 o 33 ’ W) [Jul] WDEC; Distr. Iparia, Río Pachitea (9 o 18 ’ S, 74 o 25 ’ W) 160 m [Dec] MUSM. Prov. Coronel Portillo, Río Tamaya, CCNN Nueva Yarina (8 o 47 ’ S, 74 o 12 ’ W) 162 m [Mar] MUSM; Santa Sofia, Río Utoquini (8 o 06 ' S 74 o 35 ’ W) 85 m [Aug] MUSM; Pucallpa (8 o 25 ’ S, 74 o 28 ’ W) [Aug] MUSM, MNRJ, WDEC.	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFAE4EDFE10808DFADE.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Common in open areas, pasturelands and other disturbed settings, savannas and river banks (“ playas ”). Frequently collected from cow dung and pitfall traps baited with human feces.	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFBE4EDFA708799FE7E.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 - 4, 12 - 13, 19 - 23)	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFBE4EDFA708799FE7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 12 - 18 mm. Dorsum shining black with weak dark green to blue highlights (Fig. 3 - 4). Clypeal margin slightly expanded and upturned near notch (Fig. 12, arrow), not evenly curved. Head of both sexes with a weakly bituberculate, median gibbosity, never with a conical horn (Fig. 12). Pronotum of both sexes evenly convex, lacking any trace of a median prominence (Fig. 3 - 4). Pronotum densely and finely granulate, granulation becoming almost effaced posteromedially. Inner apical angle of male protibia drawn out into an acute spine (Fig. 20, arrow); outer edge of protibial spur of both sexes strongly expanded subapically (Fig. 20 - 21). Apical protarsal segment prolonged apically (Fig. 19). Geographical Distribution. (Fig. 5) Recorded from Brazil, Colombia and Peru. In Peru known from isolated localities in Amazonian lowlands of Loreto, San Martin and Ucayali. Peruvian collecting data: LORETO: Prov. Ucayali, Distr. Padre Marquez, CCNN Santa Ana (7 o 52 ’ S, 75 o 31 ' W) 224 m [Oct] MUSM; Contamana (7 o 21 ’ S, 75 o 01 ’ W) 134 m [Dec] MUSM, WDEC. SAN MARTIN: Prov. El Porvenir, Bosque El Pelejo (6 o 16 ’ S, 75 o 50 ’ W) 161 m [May] MUSM. UCAYALI: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Pucallpa (8 o 25 ’ S, 74 o 28 ’ W) [Aug] MUSM, (8 o 22 ’ S, 74 o 34 ’ W) [Jul-Aug, Dec] CMNC.	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
0393FE3EFFA0FFFBE4EDFA708799FE7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The ecology of this species is not understood. Specimens examined with precise data were collected with pitfall traps baited with human feces in forest habitats; in one case, several individuals were found in secondary growth associated with mandioca cultivation (cassava, “ yuca ”; Manihot esculenta Crantz). Trond Larsen (pers. comm.) points out the possibility that it may be a narrow ecological specialist; he has not collected G. amazonica during several years of intensive collection and ecological monitoring of the dung beetle fauna in Madre de Díos (southeastern Peru).	en	Figueroa, Luis, Edmonds, W. D., Meza-Velez, Felipe (2012): The genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 in Peru (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2012 (248): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174634
