identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03908795FFE64B05FCA98A81DCA7FC34.text	03908795FFE64B05FCA98A81DCA7FC34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Faerlea Westblad 1945	<div><p>SYNONYMIZATION OF FAERLEA WESTBLAD, 1945 AND PROCONVOLUTA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Results from our phylogenetic analyses found Proconvoluta primitiva clearly nested in the Faerlea clade as sister to the new species Faerlea assembli (Fig. 1). Dörjes (1968) separated Proconvoluta from Faerlea based on the seminal bursa, which is present in Proconvoluta, although small and difficult to distinguish in live specimens, and absent in species of Faerlea. Otherwise, the morphologies of the two genera generally overlap, in particular with the absence of rhabdoid glands and the heavily vacuolated parenchyma. Proconvoluta primitiva is the only species currently recognized for the genus, and so, based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses, Proconvoluta becomes a junior synonym of Faerlea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFE64B05FCA98A81DCA7FC34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFE64B05FC038F00DC2CF927.text	03908795FFE64B05FC038F00DC2CF927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Faerlea Westblad 1945	<div><p>GENUS FAERLEA WESTBLAD, 1945</p> <p>Unpigmented and often glassy in appearance. Parenchyma heavily vacuolated. Frontal glands well developed. Rhabdoids absent. Testes and ovaries paired. Male system includes a round seminal vesicle, a small muscular penis and a short antrum masculinum. Copulatory bursa, if present, is small, difficult to discern in live animals and includes a ventrofrontally directed cellular appendage. Gonopore(s) separate or male only. Type species: Faerlea fragilis Westblad, 1945.</p> <p>Marine, free-living or parasitic; seven species:</p> <p>• Faerlea fragilis Westblad, 1945</p> <p>• Faerlea antora Marcus, 1952</p> <p>• Faerlea echinocardii Dörjes, 1972</p> <p>• Faerlea glomerata Westblad, 1945</p> <p>• Faerlea primitiva (Dörjes, 1968), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Faerlea assembli sp. nov.</p> <p>• Faerlea tyleri sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFE64B05FC038F00DC2CF927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFE64B07FC2D8DDCDBC9FA6F.text	03908795FFE64B07FC2D8DDCDBC9FA6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Faerlea assembli Atherton & Jondelius 2022	<div><p>FAERLEA ASSEMBLI SP. NOV.</p> <p>FIGS 2–3</p> <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: C46A5FAF-F9E0-4C44-8B5C-D69CD8CD46EC</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype (SMNH-Type-9334) and paratypes (SMNH-Type-9335): serially sectioned specimens. Digital video and photographs of original specimens.</p> <p>Ty p e l o c a l i t y: S PA I N. M u t r i k u, S i e t e P l ay a s. 43°19’41.5”N, 2°22’46.7”W</p> <p>Habitat: Marine sediments. Subtidal, medium sand.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Species of Faerlea without pigmentation, glassy. Body 0.8 mm long, vermiform with rounded anterior and posterior. Large vacuoles in posterior. Smaller vacuoles present laterally and in the anterior. Frontal glands large. Rhabdoids absent. Testes and ovaries paired. Male system with round seminal vesicle, small antrum. Penis a simple inpocketing of the epidermis. Female system with bursa with a single small, ventrofrontally directed appendage. Gonopores separate.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named after the Assemble Plus programme, funded by the European Community, which has supported a variety of marine field studies.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Living specimens approximately 0.8 mm long. Width ~50 µm at position of stylet and slightly increasing toward posterior; ~75 µm at position of largest egg. Body shape vermiform with rounded anterior and posterior ends. Without body pigmentation or eyespots. Glassy in appearance. Statocyst 10–12 µm in diameter located ~50 µm from anterior end. Frontal organ present and large. Two large vacuoles present at the posterior end; smaller vacuoles present laterally and in the anterior, though more numerous in the posterior body. Epidermis 4 µm thick, uniformly covered with cilia. Cilia ~4 µm long. Rhabdoids absent. Mouth located at the secondquarter of the body, 15 µm long in fixed specimens. Ovaries paired. Female pore clearly separate from male pore, ciliated, opening ventral, ~9 µm long. Female atrium present, ~11 µm deep in fixed specimens leading to a short vagina and bursa. Bursa present 75 µm from posterior end, 28 µm long and 34 µm wide, with a single ventrofrontally directed cellular appendix. Sperm was not observed in the bursa of any specimen examined. Testes paired, located laterally approximately onequarter of the way from the anterior end of the body. Vas deferens large and clearly evident toward male copulatory organ, with evident sperm. Male copulatory organ present ~45 µm from posterior end, spheroid, ~35 µm long and ~30 µm wide in living specimens. Penis present as a simple inpocketing of the epidermis, 17 µm in fixed specimens, with a shallow male atrium. Male pore large, 15 µm long, ciliated.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>There are seven species of Faerlea, following the synonymization of Proconvoluta and Faerlea. Faerlea assembli is most similar to Faerlea primitiva in that they both possess a bursa with a ventrofrontally directed cellular appendage. The two species can be distinguished by the size of the bursa and male copulatory organ, which are more clearly evident and larger in Faerlea assembli, and through the small, brownish-black pigments that are present in Faerlea primitiva and absent in the new species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFE64B07FC2D8DDCDBC9FA6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFE44B09FC5D8ED4DA8EFC2C.text	03908795FFE44B09FC5D8ED4DA8EFC2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Faerlea tyleri Atherton & Jondelius 2022	<div><p>FAERLEA TYLERI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIG. 4)</p> <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: D7ACB50A-70AB-40E3-ADB7-86310945FB0F</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype (SMNH-Type-9336) and paratypes (SMNH-Type-9337): serially sectioned specimens. Digital video and photographs of original specimens.</p> <p>Type locality: USA, Hawaii, Waimanolo Beach. 21°19’8.23”N, 157°40’11.92”W.</p> <p>Habitat: Marine sediments; mixed fine and medium sand with some organic content; 1.5 m deep.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Species of Faerlea without pigmentation, glassy. Body up to 1 mm long, vermiform with rounded anterior and posterior. Large vacuoles in posterior and laterally. Smaller vacuoles in the anterior. Frontal glands well developed. Rhabdoids absent. Testes and ovaries paired. Male copulatory organ located close the posterior end. Small, round seminal vesicle present with a penis as a simple inpocketing of the epidermis. Bursa or female accessory organs absent.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named after Seth Tyler in recognition of his contributions to the taxonomy of Acoela.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Living specimens up to 1 mm long. Glassy and without body pigmentation or eyespots. Body width ~67 µm at position of stylet and increasing toward posterior; ~100 µm at position of largest egg. Body shape vermiform with rounded anterior and posterior ends. Statocyst to 8 µm in diameter located 67 µm from anterior end. Frontal organ well developed. Large vacuoles present at the posterior end and extending laterally, decreasing in size toward the anterior; smaller vacuoles present in the anterior. Epidermis 4–5 µm thick, uniformly covered with cilia. Cilia 3–5 µm long. Rhabdoids absent. Mouth located at the second-quarter of the body. Ovaries paired, located in third-quarter of the body. Bursa or female accessory organs absent. Testes paired, located laterally approximately ~300 µm from the anterior end the body. Vas deferens more evident toward male copulatory organ, with clear sperm. Male copulatory organ small, ~20 µm long and ~25 µm deep in fixed specimens, spheroid. Present 55 µm from posterior end in living specimens. Penis present as a simple inpocketing of the epidermis, 9 µm long and projecting outward in fixed specimens. Male pore small, ~5 µm long, ciliated.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Faerlea tyleri is the first species of its genus to be documented from Hawaii or the Pacific. In general, the species fits well with the other known species of Faerlea: Faerlea tyleri is fragile due to its heavily vacuolated parenchyma; the position of the testes is far toward the anterior; and the position and composition of the male copulatory organ is consistent with the other species. The species is most similar to F. fragilis and F. glomerata in that it is non-parasitic and does not possess female accessory organs. However, Faerlea tyleri differs from either species in its general body shape, which is more strap-shaped with rounded anterior and posterior ends than either F. fragilis or F. glomerata, and the small size of the male copulatory organ. Additionally, Faerlea tyleri can be distinguished from F.glomerata by the size of the frontal organ, which, although well developed, is smaller in comparison, the more distinctly paired ovaries and wide separation between the ovaries and the male copulatory organ. Faerlea tyleri can be distinguished from F. fragilis by the relatively few vacuoles and the position of the ovaries, which begin further toward the posterior end.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFE44B09FC5D8ED4DA8EFC2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFEA4B09FCA98BF1DCE8FA05.text	03908795FFEA4B09FCA98BF1DCE8FA05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alluna FAUBEL & REGIER 1983	<div><p>REASSIGNMENT OF ALLUNA FAUBEL &amp; REGIER, 1983 TO THE FAMILY ACTINOPOSTHIIDAE HOOGE, 2001</p> <p>There were several inconsistencies in Faubel &amp; Regier’s (1983) original description of Alluna. First, they stated in the genus diagnosis that A. sublittoralis Faubel &amp; Regier, 1983 was the type and only species, but entitled Alluna vulgaris as the caption of their illustrations. Since no other species description occurred apart from that of A. sublitoralis, and no illustration of A. sublitoralis was provided, Alluna vulgaris can be considered a synonym of Alluna sublitoralis. More importantly, Faubel &amp; Regier (1983) stated in the diagnosis of Alluna that a true seminal vesicle is absent, but they described paired false seminal vesicles attached to a (true) seminal vesicle in the subsequent description of A. sublitoralis, a feature that was also clearly present in the following illustrations.</p> <p>If the genus diagnosis is thus emended to fit its type and only species, its morphology becomes more consistent with species of Actinoposthiidae than with Isodiametridae. Following the family diagnosis of Hooge (2001), Actinoposthiidae includes those species of Acoela with a penis built of either sclerotized or muscular elements that is never invaginated into a seminal vesicle. Alternately and according to the diagnosis of Hooge &amp; Tyler (2005), Isodiametridae includes those species of Acoela with a muscular, isodiametric penis that is partially or completely invaginated into a muscular seminal vesicle, if present. The penis of Alluna sublitoralis is highly muscular, not isodiametric (following the original illustrations, the proximal part of the penis swells to form a bulb), and – different to all other species of Isodiametridae – lies entirely outside of the seminal vesicle. Unfortunately, sequences of Alluna sublitoralis are currently not available for analysis, so the position of the species could not be tested using molecular techniques. However, in consideration of its morphology, the species and genus must be transferred to Actinoposthiidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFEA4B09FCA98BF1DCE8FA05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFEA4B0AFCA78EDFDA5FFCA8.text	03908795FFEA4B0AFCA78EDFDA5FFCA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baltalimania AX 1959	<div><p>SYNONYMIZATION OF BALTALIMANIA AX, 1959 AND ARCHAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Dörjes (1968) placed the three species of Baltalimania of the time into different genera, based solely on the presence or absence of a female bursa. Archaphanostoma was created to encompass two species [A. agile (Jensen, 1878) and A. macrospiriferum (Westblad, 1946)] with bursal tissue, leaving the one species that lacked bursal tissue (B. kosswigi Dörjes, 1968) to comprise its own monotypic genus. Subsequently and without mention of Baltalimania, Kånneby et al. (2014) amended the diagnosis of Archaphanostoma to include both species with and without bursal tissue, following phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences from three genes that demonstrated that four new species without bursa (A. fontaneti Kånneby et al., 2015; A. occulta Kånneby et al., 2015; A. sublitorialis Kånneby et al., 2015 and A. ylvae Kånneby et al., 2015) nested within the Archaphanostoma clade. Unfortunately, the amended diagnosis caused Baltalimania and Archaphanstoma to be morphologically indistinguishable. Phylogenetic analyses oppose Dörjes’ (1968) argument that bursal tissue is a good character to differentiate these genera (Figs 1, 5). Although no DNA sequences currently exist for B. kosswigi, the identical generic diagnoses and similarities in the morphologies of B. kosswigi and species of Archaphanostoma without bursal tissue strongly suggest that the two genera are synonymous. Therefore, Archaphanostoma is a junior synonym for Baltalimania.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFEA4B0AFCA78EDFDA5FFCA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFEA4B09FF0B88F6D8BEF8F7.text	03908795FFEA4B09FF0B88F6D8BEF8F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Postaphanostoma Dorjes 1968	<div><p>REASSIGNMENT OF POSTAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968 TO THE FAMILY MECYNOSTOMIDAE DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Both species of Postaphanostoma included in our analyses, P. glandulosum Dörjes 1968 and P. nilssoni Kånneby &amp; Jondelius, 2013, grouped together as the highly supported sister-group of Mecynostomidae, separate from Isodiametridae. As with Faerlea, once again there has not been any detailed investigation into the body and reproductive musculature or sperm ultrastructure for any species of Postaphanostoma, and so it cannot be definitively stated if the animals of this group possess any of the morphological characteristics of Isodiametridae, Mecynostomidae or any other group. Indeed, the position of P. glandulosum and P. nilssoni as sister of Mecynostomidae in our phylogenetic analyses suggests such detailed morphological investigations should be of high priority for future studies. Unfortunately, no gene sequences of the type species of Postaphanostoma, P. atriomagnum Dörjes, 1968, currently exist. However, there are also no significant morphological characters that distinguish P. glandulosum and P. nilssoni from the remainder of the genus with which to justify a separation, and so, rather than create confusion by forming a new genus in which to transfer the two species, we choose to reassign Postaphanostoma in its entirety to Mecynostomidae until such time as sequences or more detailed morphology can be assessed for the type.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFEA4B09FF0B88F6D8BEF8F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFE94B0CFCCB8BF1DADCFEDF.text	03908795FFE94B0CFCCB8BF1DADCFEDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bursosaphia DORJES 1968	<div><p>SYNONYMIZATION OF BURSOSAPHIA DÖRJES, 1968 AND PRAEAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Dörjes (1968) placed great emphasis on the presence and structure of the bursa in his classification system, and numerous genera were created or separated based on small differences of this organ. When Dörjes (1968) described the species Bursosaphia baltalimaniaformis Dörjes, 1968, he justified the creation of a new genus based on what he interpreted as bursal tissue (‘ bursales Gewebe ’) in which the true bursa was embedded. However, Dörjes (1968) was somewhat unclear in his description of the bursal tissue that surrounds the female system, stating only that it is a tissue that stores foreign sperm, that it is separate from the parenchyma of the rest of the body and that it similarly is present in species of Archaphanstoma (= Baltalimania), which otherwise lack a true bursa. Dörjes (1968) also stated that bursal tissue may occur in other genera, but will typically disappear after a true bursa has formed. Unfortunately, this character has not been assessed for any species with a true bursa in any of the literature outside Dörjes’ (1968) description of Bursosaphia and, therefore, it is unclear how prevalent it is within Isodiametridae.</p> <p>Unfortunately, no sequences of B. baltalimaniaformis are currently available, and so the relationship between this species and other acoels cannot be directly tested at this time. Regardless, results from our phylogenetic analyses suggest that bursal tissue is not a good character for distinguishing genera, since the only species other than B. baltalimaniaformis known to possess it – Baltalimania macrospiriferum and B. agile – do not on their own form a clade, but instead group with species of Baltalimania without bursal tissue (Fig. 1). Given these results, and that there is no difference in the morphology of Bursosaphia and Praeaphanostoma apart from the bursal tissue, we propose to synonymize the two genera, with Bursosaphia the junior synonym for Praeaphanostoma.</p> <p>REASSIGNMENT OF HAPLOGONARIA SCHILLINGI HOOGE &amp; TYLER, 2015 TO THE GENUS PRAEAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Our results show Haplogonaria schillingi to be nested in Praeaphanstoma and closely related to Praeaphanostoma rubrum. Sequences of the 18S, 28S and COI genes were published for H. schillingi and used in several phylogenetic analyses before the species was formally described. Jondelius et al. (2011) found the species (denoted there as Haplogonaria ‘ schillingi ’) positioned closely to Pseudaphanostoma smithrii and transferred the species to Pseudaphanostoma on this basis. Later, Nilsson et al. (2011) and Kånneby &amp; Jondelius (2013) used the sequences in their phylogenetic analyses with results congruent to Jondelius et al. (2011), but still listing the species as Haplogonaria schillingi. Of note, at the time of all three publications, no sequences of any species of Praeaphanstoma were available and, indeed, results from our analysis show that P. smithrii is the closest sister to all other species of Praeaphanstoma. Hooge &amp; Tyler (2015) eventually described the species, but found that the male copulatory organ lacks a muscular, tubular penis. Because such morphology is incongruous with the diagnostic character of Isodiametridae, Hooge &amp; Tyler (2015) dubbed the species Haplogonaria schillingi and assumed the molecular data resulted from an error in handling specimens.</p> <p>Our results, with the additional sequence data of Praeaphanstoma longum and especially P. rubrum, contradict the assertion that the position of H. schillingi in the phylogenetic analyses was due to some error. The morphology of H. schillingi is generally consistent with species of Praeaphanostoma. Praeaphanostoma is in part characterized by a moderate to small frontal organ, a muscular seminal vesicle, a seminal bursa with well-defined walls but without nozzles and a welldefined vagina with a sphincter, all characters that H. schillingi also possesses. Praeaphanostoma longum is additionally morphologically similar to H. shillingi in the shared possession of an unpaired ovary, common gonopore, diagonal muscles restricted to the anterior end and a characteristic bright-red pigmentation. The two species differ only in the size of the rhabdoids (small in P. longum, large in H. schillingi), possession of a genital atrium (absent in P. longum, present in H. schillingi) and, of course, the penis (present in P. longum, absent in H. schillingi). Given such similarities, the position of H. schillingi is conceivable, and the absence of a penis could potentially represent a secondary loss. Praeaphanostoma includes several species – including those in our analysis that were the closest to H. schillingi – where the penis is a simple inpocketing of the epidermis, a condition that in Isodiametridae is only otherwise present in Proaphanostoma.</p> <p>Thus, based on the positioning of the species in our phylogenetic analyses and the morphological similarity, we formally reassign Haplogonaria schillingi to Praeaphanostoma in Isodiametridae.</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION OF PSEUDAPHANOSTOMA HYALINORHABDOIDA KÅNNEBY &amp; JONDELIUS, 2013 AND REASSIGNMENT TO PRAEAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Following a re-examination of the original collection notes and materials, it is clear from both photographs of live animals and from fixed, sectioned animals that Kånneby &amp; Jondelius (2013) incorrectly interpreted the morphology of the reproductive system of Pseudaphanostoma hyalinorhabdoida in their original description. The female bursa was described as the seminal vesicle; the actual seminal vesicle and connecting vas deferens were dismissed as patches of free sperm outside the male copulatory organ, and the penis was not identified. Kånneby &amp; Jondelius (2013) based the inclusion of the species in Pseudaphanostoma on the mistaken lack of female accessory organs and the relationship between this species and Pseudaphanostoma smithrii in their phylogenetic tree.</p> <p>It is clear that this species does possess a female bursa, ciliated vagina and gonopore common to both the male and female system (Figs 6–7). The presence of an unadorned female bursa is a characteristic of species of Praeaphanostoma, while species of Pseudaphanostoma lack all female accessory organs. Further, results from our DNA analyses confirm a close relationship between this species with Praeaphanostoma longum and P. rubrum (Fig. 1), neither of which had sequences available when Kånneby &amp; Jondelius (2013) performed their analysis. The morphological inaccuracies of the original description require that the species be redescribed, and the updated morphology and phylogenetic relationships support the transference of the species from Pseudaphanostoma to Praeaphanstoma.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFE94B0CFCCB8BF1DADCFEDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFEF4B0CFF7F8AE0DAB8FDB1.text	03908795FFEF4B0CFF7F8AE0DAB8FDB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Praeaphanostoma DORJES 1968	<div><p>GENUS PRAEAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>PRAEAPHANOSTOMA HYALINORHABDOIDA</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFEF4B0CFF7F8AE0DAB8FDB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFED4B0EFF328BF1D9E7F9A1.text	03908795FFED4B0EFF328BF1D9E7F9A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancylocirrus Kozloff 2000	<div><p>SYNONYMIZATION OF ANCYLOCIRRUS KOZLOFF, 2000 AND PRAEAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Kozloff (2000) proposed the genus Ancylocirrus after finding secretory granules in the lumen of the cirrus and in the vagina of its one species, A. ornatus Kozloff, 2000. The only details presented about these granules were that they were colourless, ~3–5 µm in diameter and likely secreted by the male system, since they were associated with sperm masses and present in the female system only after insemination. Kozloff (2000) stated that such secreted granules had not been reported in any other genera at the time and was thus sufficient for the establishment of a new genus.</p> <p>Sequence data is not available for Ancylocirrus ornatus at this time. However, while secretory granules such as those described by Kozloff (2000) may not be a character that has typically been assessed in the past (although, see e.g. Aphanostoma album Dörjes, 1968; Baltalimania histobursalium; Diatomovora amoena Kozloff, 1965), we can confirm that it is present across multiple species of Acoela (Fig. 8), including in at least one species of Praeaphanostoma (P. rubrum; Fig. 8D). Further, based on our own personal observations, we hypothesize that far from being unique to one species, such secretions are probably common, especially in species with larger and more glandular male copulatory organs, such as can be found in species of, for example, Baltalimania (Fig. 8B, C).</p> <p>Ancylocirrus is further characterized by the morphology of the reproductive system: a long, curved cirrus invaginated into a seminal vesicle; a small, unciliated antrum masculinum; a long, muscular vagina; and, finally, a conspicuous seminal bursa without adornment. This morphology, along with the general body shape and pigmentation, fits in its entirety with species of Praeaphanostoma. While Ancylocirrus ornatus does differ in that it has pigmented eyespots, genera with species both with and without eyespots are widespread throughout Acoela (e.g. Amphiscolops Graff, 1904; Isodiametra; Nadina Ulajnin, 1870; Otocelis; Proporus Schmidt, 1848) and the character is unlikely to be of much taxonomic importance. Thereby, Ancylocirrus is designated a junior synonym of Praeaphanostoma.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFED4B0EFF328BF1D9E7F9A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF24B11FE8288D5DB08FD2C.text	03908795FFF24B11FE8288D5DB08FD2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aphanostoma Orsted 1845	<div><p>APHANOSTOMA ØRSTED, 1845</p> <p>With or without orange pigmented eyespots in the anterior. Rhabdoids present in rows. Frontal glands often prominent. Testes paired. Ovaries paired or unpaired. Male system includes curved, muscular penis invaginated into a muscular seminal vesicle and a distinct male or common atrium. Penis glandular, may have granule secretions or delicate cuticular rods in lumen. Female system includes distinct vagina with one or more well-developed sphincter muscles and walled bursa with cap or sclerotized single nozzle. Bursal cap may have multiple spines. Gonopore common or separate; if separate, female pore may be either anterior or posterior to male pore. Type species: Aphanostoma virescens Ørsted, 1845.</p> <p>Marine, free-living, 16 species:</p> <p>• Aphanostoma virescens Ørsted, 1845</p> <p>• Aphanostoma actuosus (Kozloff, 1965), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma album Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Aphanostoma bajaensis (Hooge &amp; Eppinger, 2005), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma cuernos (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2008), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma divae (Marcus, 1950), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma earnhardti (Hooge &amp; Smith, 2004), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma erinae (Hooge &amp; Rocha, 2006), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma finkei (Kånneby &amp; Jondelius, 2013), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma helgolandica (Dörjes, 1968), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma kapredi (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma nicki (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2008), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma pulchra (Smith &amp; Bush, 1991), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma rhomboides Jensen, 1878</p> <p>• Aphansotoma vexillaria (Marcus, 1948), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Aphanostoma westbladi (Marcus, 1949), comb. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF24B11FE8288D5DB08FD2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF24B11FC4289D4DCB5FB15.text	03908795FFF24B11FC4289D4DCB5FB15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Avagina Leiper 1902	<div><p>AVAGINA LEIPER, 1902</p> <p>Frontal glands weakly developed. Rhabdoids absent. Paired testes and paired or unpaired ovaries. Male system includes a muscular seminal vesicle, an eversible muscular penis and a ventral or subterminal gonopore. Antrum masculinum and female reproductive accessory organs absent. Type species: Avagina incola Leiper, 1902.</p> <p>Marine, free-living or parasitic; six species:</p> <p>• Avagina incola Leiper, 1902</p> <p>• Avagina glandulifera Westblad, 1953</p> <p>• Avagina marci Dörjes &amp; Karling, 1975</p> <p>• Avagina polyvacuola Ehlers &amp; Dörjes, 1979</p> <p>• Avagina sublitoralis Faubel, 1976</p> <p>• Avagina vivipara Hickman, 1956</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF24B11FC4289D4DCB5FB15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF14B12FED48ADAD882FADC.text	03908795FFF14B12FED48ADAD882FADC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baltalimania AX 1959	<div><p>BALTALIMANIA AX, 1959</p> <p>Frontal organ well developed. Rhabdoid glands present in longitudinal rows. Yellow-orange lipid globules often present. Testes paired; ovaries paired or unpaired. Male system includes a muscular seminal vesicle, a muscular penis, a distinct antrum masculinum and a gonopore. Penis distinctly curved, typically relatively large, completely or incompletely invaginated into the seminal vesicle. Antrum masculinum ciliated or unciliated. Gonopore terminal or subterminal. Female bursa absent or, if present, indistinct without walls and without any adornments. Type species: Baltalimania kosswigi Ax, 1959.</p> <p>Marine, free-living; nine species:</p> <p>• Baltalimania kosswigi Ax, 1959</p> <p>• Baltalimania agile Jensen, 1878</p> <p>• Baltalimania fontaneti (Kånneby et al., 2015), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Baltalimania histobursalium (Dörjes, 1968), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Baltalimania macrospiriferum Westblad, 1946</p> <p>• Baltalimania marcusi (Hooge &amp; Rocha, 2006), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Baltalimania occulta (Kånneby et al., 2015), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Baltalimania sublittoralis (Kånneby et al., 2015), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Baltalimania ylvae (Kånneby et al., 2015), comb. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF14B12FED48ADAD882FADC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF14B12FEB38EE0DAF4F8DF.text	03908795FFF14B12FEB38EE0DAF4F8DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diatomovora KOZLOFF 1965	<div><p>DIATOMOVORA KOZLOFF, 1965</p> <p>Rhabdoids present in distinct longitudinal rows or scattered. Paired or unpaired ovary and paired testes. Male system includes a highly muscular, curved penis partially invaginated into a seminal vesicle. Female system includes a heavily muscularized vagina and one or two muscular seminal bursae with two to six cuticularized nozzles each. Common gonopore ventral. Common, ciliated genital atrium may be present. Type species: Diatomotovora amoena Kozloff, 1965.</p> <p>Marine, free-lining; two species:</p> <p>• Diatomovora amoena Kozloff, 1965</p> <p>• Diatomovora jacki Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2008</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF14B12FEB38EE0DAF4F8DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF14B12FC4C88F1DCC9FB5C.text	03908795FFF14B12FC4C88F1DCC9FB5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haplocelis Dorjes 1968	<div><p>HAPLOCELIS DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Without body pigmentation. Rhabdoids present, scattered across body. Paired testes and ovaries. Vagina dorsal to the male copulatory organ. Male system includes a muscular, glandular penis invaginated into a muscular seminal vesicle. Female system includes ciliated, muscular vagina and a bursa with one or two coiled bursal nozzles. Common gonopore terminal. Type species: Haplocelis dichona (Marcus, 1954).</p> <p>Marine, free-lining; one species:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF14B12FC4C88F1DCC9FB5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF14B13FCA28D9BDAEEFF51.text	03908795FFF14B13FCA28D9BDAEEFF51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharyngia furva Nillson 2011	<div><p>• Pharyngia furva Nillson et al., 2011</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Two other species of Isodiametridae have a pharynx (Isodiametra helgolandica and Praeaphanstoma longum). Species of Pharyngia can be separated from both based on the absence of a seminal bursa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF14B13FCA28D9BDAEEFF51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF14B12FC378EB5DCC9F93E.text	03908795FFF14B12FC378EB5DCC9F93E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharyngia NILSSON	<div><p>PHARYNGIA NILSSON ET AL., 2011</p> <p>Pharynx present. With dark-brown body pigmentation. Testes paired; ovary unpaired. Male system includes small penis invaginated into muscular seminal vesicle, well-developed ciliated antrum masculinum and ventral gonopore. Seminal bursa or any female accessory organs absent. Type species: Pharyngia furva Nillson et al., 2011.</p> <p>Marine, free-lining; one species:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF14B12FC378EB5DCC9F93E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF04B13FE998A02DA8CFAF2.text	03908795FFF04B13FE998A02DA8CFAF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Praeaphanostoma DORJES 1968	<div><p>PRAEAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>With or without body pigmentation. With small frontal organ. Rhabdoids small, often inconspicuous, in rows. Testes paired. Ovaries paired or unpaired. Male system includes a straight, tubular penis partially or completely invaginated into a muscular seminal vesicle. Female bursa present without appendage or cellular cap. Vagina with sphincter typically present. Gonopore(s) separate or common, ventral. Type species: Praeaphanostoma chaetocaudatum Dörjes, 1968.</p> <p>Marine, free-lining; 16 species:</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma chaetocaudatum Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma baltalimaniaformis (Dörjes, 1968), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma brevifrons Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma foramivora Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2008</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma gusana Hooge &amp; Eppinger, 2005</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma hyalinorhabdoida (Kånneby &amp; Jondelius, 2013), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma longum Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma musculosum Ehlers &amp; Dörjes, 1979</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma ornatus (Kozloff, 2000), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma parvum Rieger &amp; Ott, 1971</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma rubrum Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma schillingi (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2015), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma sizilianum (Riedl, 1954) Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma thalasophilum Ehlers &amp; Dörjes, 1979</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma vitreum Ehlers &amp; Dörjes, 1979</p> <p>• Praeaphanostoma wadsworthi Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF04B13FE998A02DA8CFAF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF04B13FE898EA9DBBAFC11.text	03908795FFF04B13FE898EA9DBBAFC11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Praeconvoluta , Dorjes 1968	<div><p>PRAECONVOLUTA DÖRJES, 1968</p> <p>Rhabdoids absent or sparsely present and small, scattered or in longitudinal rows. Frontal organ present. Testes paired. Ovary single or paired. Male system includes a muscular penis capped with a prostatic vesicle and invaginated into a muscular seminal vesicle. Female system includes a bursa with distinctly thick walls. Bursal appendage may be absent or present; if present may be a distinct nozzle or a cellular cap with or without one or more spots of concentrated actin. Vagina typically present without a well-developed sphincter. Sphincter always absent or weak. Gonopore common or male only, ventral. Type species: Praeconvoluta karinae Dörjes, 1968.</p> <p>Marine, free-living; 17 species:</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta karinae Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta bocasensis Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2008</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta bruscai (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta castinea Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta collinae (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2008), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta colorata (Ehlers &amp; Dörjes, 1979), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta hortulous (Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta marginalis (Ivanov, 1952), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta minor Faubel, 1974</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta norvegica (Westblad, 1946), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta piscae (Zauchner et al., 2015), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta schmidti Faubel, 1977</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta stephania Faubel &amp; Regier, 1983</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta tigrina Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta tornuva Hooge &amp; Tyler, 1999</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta urua (Marcus, 1954), comb. nov.</p> <p>• Praeconvoluta variomorpha (Dörjes, 1968), comb. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF04B13FE898EA9DBBAFC11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF04B13FC0788CDDCDCFA80.text	03908795FFF04B13FC0788CDDCDCFA80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proaphanostoma Dorjes 1972	<div><p>PROAPHANOSTOMA DÖRJES, 1972</p> <p>Numerous vacuoles present. With frontal organ. Rhabdoids absent. Paired testes and ovaries. Male system includes penis invaginated into a seminal vesicle. Penis an inpocketing of epidermis. Antrum masculinum absent. Seminal bursa present with cellular-muscular appendage and entrance sphincter. Gonopores separate. Type species: Proaphanostoma tenuissima Dörjes, 1972.</p> <p>Marine, free living; one species:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF04B13FC0788CDDCDCFA80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF04B14FCE78EB9DA9CFEDF.text	03908795FFF04B14FCE78EB9DA9CFEDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudaphanostoma WESTBLAD 1946	<div><p>PSEUDAPHANOSTOMA WESTBLAD, 1946</p> <p>Frontal organ present. Rhabdoids small and in longitudinal rows. Ovaries and testes paired or unpaired. Male system consists of a straight, eversible penis fully invaginated into a muscular seminal vesicle and a distinct, ciliated antrum masculinum. The seminal vesicle attaches directly to the antrum masculinum. False seminal vesicle present or absent. Male genital opening usually terminal or subterminal. Female accessory organs absent. Type species: Pseudaphanostoma variabilis Westblad, 1946.</p> <p>Marine, free-lining; eight species:</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma variabilis Westblad, 1946</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma brevicaudatum Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma divae Marcus, 1952 • Pseudaphanostoma herringi Hooge &amp; Rocha, 2006</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma murmanicus (Mamkaev, 1967) Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma pelophilum Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma psmmophilum Dörjes, 1968</p> <p>• Pseudaphanostoma smithri Hooge &amp; Tyler, 2003</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF04B14FCE78EB9DA9CFEDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF74B14FE8D8A91DA57FCBF.text	03908795FFF74B14FE8D8A91DA57FCBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoposthia Westblad 1946	<div><p>PSEUDOPOSTHIA WESTBLAD, 1946</p> <p>Without body pigmentation. With frontal organ and numerous small rhabdoid glands. Tests and ovaries paired. Male system includes a muscular penis associated with a separate glandular organ, a false seminal vesicle and a gonopore. False seminal vesicle not connected to the penis. True seminal vesicle absent. Glandular organ opens together with the penis at the gonopore. Male gonopore ventral, located at midbody. Female accessory organs absent. Type species: Pseudoposthia macrogonopora Westblad, 1946.</p> <p>Marine, free-living; one species:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF74B14FE8D8A91DA57FCBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF74B14FC788BF0DCC9FE72.text	03908795FFF74B14FC788BF0DCC9FE72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rimicola Bohmig 1908	<div><p>RIMICOLA BÖHMIG, 1908</p> <p>Without body pigmentation. Frontal organ present; rhabdoid glands absent. With paired testes and ovaries. Male system includes a well-developed penis, paired false seminal vesicles, a short antrum masculinum and ventral gonopore. True seminal vesicle absent. Female accessory organs absent. Type species: Rimicola glacilis Böhmig, 1908.</p> <p>Marine, free-lining; one species:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF74B14FC788BF0DCC9FE72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
03908795FFF74B15FCA28AC7DA8EFDA5.text	03908795FFF74B15FCA28AC7DA8EFDA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rimicola glacilis Bohmig 1908	<div><p>• Rimicola glacilis Böhmig, 1908</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Rimicola can be distinguished from most of the other genera of Isodiametridae by the absence of rhabdoid glands, a muscular seminal vesicle a n d f e m a l e a c c e s s o r y o r g a n s. I t i s c l o s e s t i n morphology to Pseudoposthia, which also lacks a true seminal vesicle and bursa, but Pseudoposthia can be differentiated through the absence of an antrum masculinum and the presence of rhabdoids and a glandular organ associated with the male copulatory organ.</p> KEY TO ISODIAMTETRIDAE 1a. Seminal bursa absent................................................................................................................................... 21b. Seminal bursa present.................................................................................................................................. 72a. Pharynx absent.............................................................................................................................................3 2b. Pharynx present............................................................................................................................ Pharyngia3a. Penis distinct. True seminal vesicle absent.................................................................................................43b. Penis at least partially invaginated into muscular seminal vesicle...........................................................5 4a. Rhabdoid glands absent. Male system includes false seminal vesicle, short antrum masculinum and muscular penis................................................................................................................................. Rimicola 4b. Rhabdoid glands present. Male system includes muscular penis associated with a separate glandular organ and a separate false seminal vesicle............................................................................ Pseudoposthia 5a. Rhabdoids absent.............................................................................................................................. Avagina5b. Rhabdoids present, usually in longitudinal rows........................................................................................ 6 6a. Penis well developed and distinctly curved, only partially invaginated into seminal vesicle................................................................. Baltalimania (B. fontaneti, B. occulta, B. sublitoralis, B. ylvae) 6b. Penis straight or nearly so, fully invaginated into seminal vesicle.............................. Pseudaphanostoma7a. Bursa with distinct muscular walls............................................................................................................. 8 7b. Bursa tissue only.................... Baltalimania (B. agile, B. histobursalim, B. macrospiriferum, B. marcusi) 8a. Common gonopore terminal; vagina dorsal to male copulatory organ; bursa with one or two large, coiled nozzles............................................................................................................................................ Haplocelis8b. Gonopore usually ventral or subterminal. If terminal, gonopores separate, with female pore anterior (ventral) to male pore (terminal). Vagina never dorsal to male copulatory organ....................................9 9a. One or two bursas present, each with multiple sclerotized nozzles....................................... Diatomovora9b. Only a single bursa present, always without multiple sclerotized nozzles..............................................10 10a. Rhabdoids absent. Antrum masculinum absent. Penis an inpocketing of the epidermis..................................................................................................................................................................... Proaphanostoma10b. Rhabdoids present, scattered or in longitudinal rows...............................................................................11 11a. Vaginal sphincter weak or absent.......................................................................................... Praeconvoluta11b. Vaginal sphincter muscles well developed.................................................................................................12 12a. Frontal glands prominent. Penis curved. Bursal appendage present as nozzle or cap........ Aphanostoma 12b. Frontal glands weak. Penis straight. Bursa always simple without appendage........... Praeaphanostoma <p>Rimicola is also similar in morphology to other species of Faerlea (Mecynostomidae). Species of both lack rhabdoids and a seminal bursa and have a small antrum masculinum. Unlike Rimicola, species of Faerlea are characterized, among other things, by a short penis with associated glands and a muscular seminal vesicle. Further investigation, including obtaining DNA sequences, is needed to assess the position of the genus within Isodiametridae and Acoela.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03908795FFF74B15FCA28AC7DA8EFDA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Atherton, Sarah;Jondelius, Ulf	Atherton, Sarah, Jondelius, Ulf (2022): Phylogenetic assessment and systematic revision of the acoel family Isodiametridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 736-760, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab050
