taxonID	type	description	language	source
03900B625F320252FE85FF1655E4754B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Fundulosoma thierryi Ahl, 1924. By monotypy. Diagnosis: Prominent anterior triangular flap on sub-proximal region of maxilla [13.1] (vs. absence). Also differs from other Nothobranchiini genera by seven plesiomorphic morphological conditions: posterior projection of premaxillary alveolar arm well developed [9.0] (vs. rudimentary); absence of lateral groove on distal region of maxilla [14.0] (vs. deep groove present); anterior margin of autopalatine slightly convex in lateral view [20.0] (vs. approximately straight); absence of spine-like contact organs on dorsal and anal fins of males [103.0] (vs. present at least on distal portion of those fin-rays); branchiostegal membrane of males short, not visible externally [118.0] (vs. long, visible externally); absence of filaments on distal margin of dorsal and anal fins of males [119.0] (vs. presence); and anal fin of males nearly rectangular [120.0] (vs. primarily fan shaped). Fundulosoma also differs from all other Nothobranchiini, except N. ocellatus, by: ventral extremity of cleithrum projecting forwards much beyond ventral extremity of scapula [89.0] (vs. both extremities in close proximity). Included species and distribution: A single species, Fundulosoma thierryi Ahl, 1924, has been recorded from a wide geographical area in West Africa, including main river basins of Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana, Mali, Senegal and Gambia. The colour pattern variability recorded for different populations within this broad geographical range suggests that different species may have been referred to F. thierryi.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F320252FF4EFA52536874A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Nothobranchius kiyawensis Ahl, 1928. By original designation. Diagnosis: Posterior margin of premaxillary ascending process perpendicular to its main axis, resulting in sub-rectangular process [5.1] (vs. oblique, forming subtrapezoidal process); anterior and posterior ceratohyals separated by broad cartilaginous interspace [47.1] (vs. narrow interspace); proximal extremity of first epibranchial wide, about seven times distal extremity [49.1] (vs. narrow, about four times or less); interarcual cartilage long, longer than first epibranchial [50.2] (vs. shorter); articulatory cartilaginous head of proximal process of third epibranchial broad, about twice as broad as other third epibranchial cartilaginous heads [53.1] (vs. nearly equal or slightly broader); anterior condyle of second pharyngobranchial forming angle> 90 ° [57.2] (vs. <or ~ 90 °); neural spine of second vertebra broad, about four times wider than neural spine of third vertebra [79.1] (vs. about twice wider); dorsal and ventral margins of hypural plate forming angle> 90 ° [82.1] (vs. <90 °); and presence of pointed expanded flap on anterior portion of cleithrum [92.1] (vs. flap absent). Included species and distribution: Pronothobranchius kiyawensis (Ahl, 1928), first described from northern Nigeria, has been considered as the single valid species (e. g. Wildekamp et al., 1986), including in its synonymy two nominal species, Pronothobranchius gambiensis (Svensson, 1933) from the Gambia river basin, and Pronothobranchius seymouri (Loiselle & Blair, 1971) from the Accra plains in Ghana. In a recent aquarium journal publication (Valdesalici, 2013), the three nominal species appear as valid, and a fourth species, Pronothobranchius chirioi Valdesalici, 2013 from the Niger river basin, is described. As those nominal species cannot be distinguished on the basis of available data, only P. kiyawensis (Ahl, 1928) is considered here as valid, although it probably constitutes a species complex in need of a taxonomic revision. Pronothobranchius occurs in a vast area of West Africa, including the main rivers basins of Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Senegal and Gambia.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F320251FC15FAD75553723F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cyprinodon orthonotus Peters, 1844; By original designation. Diagnosis: The genus Nothobranchius is distinguished from all other genera of the Nothobranchiini by all included species sharing three apomorphic conditions: lachrymal canal length about two or three times the bone width [76.1] (vs. nearly equal); presence of long and pointed posterior processes on the basal portion of middle rays of the anal fin [87.1] (vs. absence); and preopercular canal open [109.1] (vs. completely or partly closed). Included taxa: About 70 valid species, in six subgenera: Adiniops Myers, 1924, Cynobranchius subgen. nov. Nothobranchius Peters, 1868, Paranothobranchius Seegers, 1985, Plesiobranchius subgen. nov. and Zononothobranchius Radda, 1969.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F310251FF57FDA9543F73CD.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Fundulus microlepis Vinciguerra, 1897. Diagnosis: Deep oblique notch on dorsal surface of premaxillary ascending process [6.1] (vs. absence); teeth short and conical on outer row of dentary [16.1] (vs. fang shaped); basihyal triangular, broad [38.1] (vs. primarily subtriangular, narrow, sometimes pentagonal or rectangular); anterior extremity of ventrolateral process of urohyal much posteriorly placed to dorsal process [42.1] (vs. in close proximity); anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal distinctively directed upwards [44.1] (vs. approximately horizontal to slightly directed upwards); presence of three branchiostegal rays attached to anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal [46.1] (vs. two); proximal process of third epibranchial distinctively longer than distal process [51.1] (vs. nearly equal); second pharyngobranchial wider than long in dorsal view [56.1] (vs. longer than wide); third pharyngobranchial teeth minute [62.2] (vs. well developed); dentigerous plate of fourth pharyngobranchial sub-rectangular, extending above third epibranchial [63.1] (vs. rounded, limited to area between third pharyngobranchial and fourth epibranchial); numerous gill-rakers on first branchial arch, six or seven on dorsal portion, 18 – 20 on ventral [65.2] (vs. one to five + 8 – 15); vomer teeth absent [72.1] (vs. present); presence, in males, of widened structure on lateral portion of genital region, suggesting pumping mechanism [115.1] (vs. absence of similar structures); anal fin, in females, long, its length measured between middle base middle distal margin about twice anal-fin base length [123.1] (vs. equal or slightly longer); pelvic fin, in males, long, reaching anterior portion of anal fin [126.1] (vs. short, not or barely touching anal fin); and presence, in males, of dark grey bar on suborbital region [132.1] (vs. absence). Also distinguished from other Nothobranchiini, except species of subgenus Nothobranchius by: anterior process of opercle long, rod shaped [37.1] (vs. short, rectangular). Etymology: The name Cynobranchius is an allusion to the superficial resemblance between species included in this new subgenus of Nothobranchius and species of the South American aplocheiloid genus Cynolebias Steindachner, 1876 (from the Greek cyno = dog, taken from the name Cynolebias, and branchius = gills, taken from the name Nothobranchius). Gender masculine. Included species: Three species have been recognized as valid: N. bojiensis Wildekamp & Haas, 1992, Nothobranchius fasciatus Wildekamp & Haas, 1992 and N. microlepis (Vicinguerra, 1897). However, their limits are still unclear, because morphological characters used to diagnose them overlap greatly among the proposed species (Wildekamp & Haas, 1992), indicating that a taxonomic revision of this subgenus is needed. Distribution: Coastal basins of southern Somalia and Kenya.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F310250FCC1FBD456CA723F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Nothobranchius virgatus Chambers, 1984. Diagnosis: lateral portion of second pharyngobranchial truncate in dorsal view [60.1] (vs. pointed); and fifth ceratobranchial broad, triangular in dorsal view [69.1] (vs. narrow, boomerang shaped). Also distinguished from all other Nothobranchiini, except Adiniops, by: expansion on sub-distal portion of anterior margin of autopalatine [21.1] (vs. expansion absent). Plesiobranchius is similar to Cynobranchius and distinguished from all other Nothobranchiini by five unique apomorphic conditions: posterior process of quadrate short, its length distinctively shorter than basal portion of bone without process [27.1] (vs. about equal or slightly longer); osseous flap between distal and posterior processes of third epibranchial extending beyond line between processes [54.1] (vs. not surpassing line); first post-cleithrum absent [93.1] (vs. present); pelvic bone broad, wider than long [97.1] (vs. longer than wide); pelvic fin with seven well-developed rays [128.1] (vs. five or six well-developed rays, sometimes plus one rudimentary). Etymology: The name Plesiobranchius refers to the superficial resemblance between N. virgatus, the type species of this new subgenus of Nothobranchius, and some species of the South American aplocheiloid genus Plesiolebias Costa, 1989 (from the Greek plesios = primitive, taken from the name Plesiolebias, and branchius = gills, taken from the name Nothobranchius). Gender masculine. Included species and distribution: A single species, N. virgatus Chambers, 1984, endemic to the middle White Nile River drainage, Nile River basin, South Sudan and Ethiopia.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F300250FF4AFDAB56D87738.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cyprinodon orthonotus Peters, 1844. By original designation. Diagnosis: Well-developed lateral flap on proximal region of fourth ceratobranchial [68.0] (vs. flap rudimentary or absent). Included taxa: The subgenus Nothobranchius includes the following species: N. furzeri Jubb, 1971, N. kadleci Reichard, 2010, Nothobranchius krysanovi Shidlovskiy, Watters & Wildekamp, 2010, Nothobranchius kuhntae Ahl, 1926, Nothobranchius mayeri Ahl, 1935, Nothobranchius mkuziensis (Fowler, 1934), Nothobranchius orthonotus (Peters, 1844), Nothobranchius pienaari Shidlovskiy, Watters & Wildekamp, 2010 and Nothobranchius rachovii Ahl, 1926. The poorly known N. mkuziensis is probably a valid species closely related to N. rachovii. Nothobranchius kuhntae has been considered a synonym of N. orthonotus (e. g. Wildekamp, 2004; Vrtilek & Reichard, 2016). The exact type locality of N. kuhntae is unknown, and the present examination of type material of N. orthonotus and N. kuhntae did not provide any morphological evidence that they are different species. However, further investigation involving a detailed morphological analysis is necessary to confirm this synonymy. On the other hand, N. mayeri Ahl, 1935 also considered as a synonym of N. orthonotus (e. g. Wildekamp et al., 1986), probably is a valid species, differing from the latter species by a different dentition, as revealed through examination of type specimens. Distribution: River basins of central and southern Mozambique, and adjacent areas in Malawi, South Africa and Zimbabwe.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F300250FCDEFF16537D7582.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Paranothobranchius ocellatus Seegers, 1985. By original designation. Diagnosis: Deep concavity on medial portion of premaxilla, close to symphysis [1.1] (vs. concavity absent); anterior process of premaxillary alveolar arm rudimentary [7.1] (vs. well developed); teeth of inner row of premaxilla about four times greater than teeth of outer row [10.2] (vs. smaller or slightly greater); jaws long, lower jaw about 1.5 times longer than distance between anterior tip of quadrate and posterior margin of preopercle [19.1] (vs. shorter to slightly longer); apical region of autopalatine thick, dorso-ventrally flattened [23.1] (vs. thin, laterally flattened); antero-dorsal condyle of hyomandibula distinctively longer than posterodorsal condyle [32.1] (vs. about equal); presence of small denticles on gill-rakers of first ceratobranchial [66.1] (vs. absence); posterior process of parasphenoid robust and long, reaching posterior portion of basioccipital [74.1] (vs. thin, reaching middle portion of basioccipital); presence of pointed anterior expansion on lateral process of sphenotic [75.1] (vs. absence); 36 – 38 vertebrae [77.1] (vs. 26 – 32); ventral extremity of cleithrum projecting ventrally beyond scapula [89.0] (vs. both extremities in close proximity); six or seven neuromasts in posterior section of supraorbital neuromast series [108.2] (vs. three or four); scales irregularly arranged on flank [113.1] (vs. regularly); scales extending on ~ 70 % of caudal-fin base in males [114.1] (vs. ~ 25 – 30 %); orbital membrane free except on its dorsal region [117.1] (vs. completely attached); pelvic-fin bases separated by interspace [127.0] (vs. in contact or united); presence of ocellate spot on middle part of basal portion of caudal fin in females [137.1] (vs. absence). Included species and distribution: A single species, N. ocellatus (Seegers, 1985), occurring in the coastal river basins of eastern Tanzania, between Ruvu and Matandu river basins.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F30025FFCC4F9E056C47631.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Nothobranchius rubroreticulatus Blache & Milton, 1960. By original designation. Diagnosis: Anterior process of alveolar arm of premaxilla triangular [8.1] (vs. trapezoidal or sub-rectangular); presence of pointed expansions on anterior margin of hyomandibula [33.1] (vs. pointed expansions absent); and basihyal pentagonal in dorsal view [38.2] (vs. subtriangular, triangular or rectangular). Zononothobranchius shares two unique morphological synapomorphies with Paranothobranchius: teeth broadly distributed on middle portion of vomer [73.1] (vs. restricted to its antero-middle portion); and osseous membrane of pelvic bone poorly developed [96.1] (vs. well developed). Included species: N. boklundi Valdesalici, 2010, Nothobranchius brieni Poll, 1938, Nothobranchius capriviensis Watters, Wildekamp & Shidlovskiy, 2015, Nothobranchius chochamandai Nagy, 2014, Nothobranchius flagrans Nagy, 2014, Nothobranchius hassoni Valdesalici & Wildekamp, 2004, Nothobranchius ivanovae Valdesalaci, 2012, Nothobranchius kafuensis Wildekamp & Rosenstock, 1989, Nothobranchius kardashevi Valdesalaci, 2012, Nothobranchius malaissei Wildekamp, 1978, Nothobranchius milvertzi Nagy, 2014, Nothobranchius neumanni (Hilgendorf, 1905), Nothobranchius nubaensis Valdesalici, Bellemans, Kardashev & Golubtsov, 2009, Nothobranchius oestergaardi Valdesalici & Amato, 2011, Nothobranchius polli Wildekamp, 1978, Nothobranchius robustus Ahl, 1935, Nothobranchius rosenstocki Valdesalici & Wildekamp, 2005, N. rubroreticulatus Blache & Miton, 1960, Nothobranchius sainthouse Nagy, Cotterill & Bellstedt, 2016, Nothobranchius seegersi Valdesalici & Kardashev, 2011, Nothobranchius steinforti Wildekamp, 1977, Nothobranchius streltsovi Valdesalici, 2016, Nothobranchius symoensi Wildekamp, 1978, Nothobranchius taeniopygus Hilgendorf, 1891, Nothobranchius ugandensis Wildekamp, 1994. Distribution: Central African highlands, including the White Nile, upper Congo, upper Zambesi, upper Great Ruaha, upper Wami and Malagarasi river basins and the Tchad, Victoria, Albert, Eyasi and Tanganyika lake drainages, in Chad, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
03900B625F3F025EFF6DF9B355407331.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Fundulus guentheri Pfeffer, 1893. By original designation. Diagnosis: Morphologically differs from other subgenera by: absence of deep oblique notch on dorsal surface of ascending process of premaxilla [6.0] (vs. presence in Cynobranchius); fang-like teeth on outer row of dentary [16.0] (vs. short and conical in Cynobranchius); presence of two branchiostegal rays attached to anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal [46.0] (vs. three in Cynobranchius); third pharyngobranchial teeth well developed [62.0] (vs. minute in Cynobranchius); fifth ceratobranchial narrow, boomerang shaped in dorsal view [69.0] (vs. broad, triangular in Plesiobranchius); first post-cleithrum present [93.0] (vs. absent in Cynobranchius and Plesiobranchius); pelvic bone narrow, longer than wide [97.0] (vs. wider than long in Cynobranchius and Plesiobranchius); lateral flap on proximal region of fourth ceratobranchial rudimentary [68.1] (vs. well developed in subgenus Nothobranchius); absence of deep concavity on medial portion of premaxilla close to the symphysis [1.0] (vs. presence of deep concavity, in Paranothobranchius); anterior process of alveolar arm of premaxilla well developed [7.0] (vs. rudimentary in Paranothobranchius); apical region of autopalatine thin, laterally flattened [23.0] (vs. thick, dorso-ventrally flattened in Paranothobranchius); absence of small denticles on gill-rakers of first ceratobranchial [66.0] (vs. presence in Paranothobranchius); absence of pointed anterior expansion on lateral process of sphenotic [75.0] (vs. presence in Paranothobranchius); ventral extremity of cleithrum not projecting ventrally beyond scapula [89.0] (vs. projecting in Paranothobranchius); scales regularly arranged on flank [113.0] (vs. irregularly in Paranothobranchius); anterior process of alveolar arm of premaxilla trapezoidal or sub-rectangular [8.0] (vs. triangular in Zononothobranchius); and without pointed expansions on anterior margin of hyomandibula [33.0] (vs. pointed expansions present in Zononothobranchius). Included species: Nothobranchius albimarginatus Watters, Wildekamp & Cooper, 1998, Nothobranchius annectens Watters, Wildekamp & Cooper, 1998, Nothobranchius cardinalis Watters, Cooper & Sainthouse, 2007, Nothobranchius eggersi Seegers, 1982, Nothobranchius elongatus Wildekamp, 1982, Nothobranchius flammicomantis Wildekamp, Watters & Sainthouse, 1998, Nothobranchius foerschi Wildekamp & Berkenkamp, 1979, Nothobranchius fuscotaeniatus Seegers, 1997, Nothobranchius geminus Wildekamp, Watters & Sainthouse, 2002, Nothobranchius guentheri (Pfeffer, 1893), Nothobranchius hengstleri Valdesalici, 2007, Nothobranchius insularis Costa, 2017, Nothobranchius interruptus Wildekamp & Berkenkamp, 1979, N. janpapi Wildekamp, 1977, Nothobranchius jubbi Wildekamp & Berkenkamp, 1979, Nothobranchius kilomberoensis Wildekamp, Watters & Sainthouse, 2002, Nothobranchius kirki Jubb, 1969, Nothobranchius korthausae Meinken, 1973, Nothobranchius krammeri Valdesalici & Hengstler, 2008, Nothobranchius lourensi Wildekamp, 1977, Nothobranchius lucius Wildekamp, Shidlovskiy & Watters, 2009, Nothobranchius luekei Seegers, 1984, Nothobranchius makondorum Wildekamp, Shidlovskiy & Watters, 2009, Nothobranchius melanospilus (Pfeffer, 1896), Nothobranchius niassa Valdesalici, Bills, Dorn, Reichwald & Cellerino, 2012, Nothobranchius palmqvisti (Lönnberg, 1907), Nothobranchius patrizii (Vinciguerra, 1927), Nothobranchius rubripinnis Seegers, 1986, Nothobranchius ruudwildekampi Costa, 2009, Nothobranchius vosseleri Ahl, 1924, Nothobranchius wattersi Ng’oma, Valdesalici, Reichwald & Cellerino, 2013 and Nothobranchius willerti Wildekamp, 1992. Distribution: Coastal river basins of southern Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and northern Mozambique, besides Lake Malawi drainage.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of African seasonal killifishes of the tribe Nothobranchiini (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 115-135
