identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03901754F50CFFB8FF6A8E7276B8F87A.text	03901754F50CFFB8FF6A8E7276B8F87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropiidae Dendy 1892	<div><p>Family Heteropiidae Dendy, 1892</p><p>“ Leucosolenida with syconoid or leuconoid organization. The choanoskeleton is composed of a proximal layer of subatrial triactines and a distinct distal layer of pseudosagittal triactines and/or pseudosagittal tetractines, often separated by an intermediate layer that is supported by several rows of triactines and/or tetractines. The atrial skeleton is well developed” (Borojevic et al. 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03901754F50CFFB8FF6A8E7276B8F87A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Bastos, Nilma;Lanna, Emilio	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Bastos, Nilma, Lanna, Emilio (2015): Two new species of the genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892 (Porifera, Calcarea), with comments on the distribution of V. sericata (Ridley, 1881) along the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3956 (4): 476-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.4.2
03901754F50FFFBBFF6A89C97164FE8F.text	03901754F50FFFBBFF6A89C97164FE8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vosmaeropsis Dendy 1892	<div><p>Genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892</p><p>“ Heteropiidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organization. The choanoskeleton is composed of proximal subatrial triactine spicules and an irregular layer of scattered triactines and tetractines” (Borojevic et al. 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03901754F50FFFBBFF6A89C97164FE8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Bastos, Nilma;Lanna, Emilio	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Bastos, Nilma, Lanna, Emilio (2015): Two new species of the genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892 (Porifera, Calcarea), with comments on the distribution of V. sericata (Ridley, 1881) along the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3956 (4): 476-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.4.2
03901754F50FFFBCFF6A883F7698F953.text	03901754F50FFFBCFF6A883F7698F953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vosmaeropsis recruta	<div><p>Vosmaeropsis recruta sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. From Portuguese recruta = recruit (noun). The name was selected because the specimens were sampled on artificial substrates used to the recruitment of marine invertebrate larvae.</p><p>Diagnosis. Vosmaeropsis with leuconoid type of aquiferous system. The shape is tubular, and the sponge body is very hispid due to several large diactines protruding through the cortex. In these diactines the distal tip is commonly arrow-shaped. The choanoskeleton is formed by two categories of triactines, one of them is subatrial. Atrial skeleton is composed mainly of triactines and few tetractines, occasionally with tangential large diactines.</p><p>Type material. UFBA 4456-POR (Holotype), UFBA 4457-POR, and UFBA 4458-POR (Paratypes). Forno Harbour, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; depth: 1 m; 17/VII/2009; collected by F.F. Cavalcanti.</p><p>Type locality. Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Additional material. UFBA 4469-POR, UFBA 4470-POR, and UFBA 4471-POR. From the same locality of the type specimens.</p><p>Description. Colour is beige, alive and after fixation (Figure 2 A). The holotype is slightly larger than the paratypes, and it measures 2.0 x 0.8 cm (height x width). The sponge is tubular, with an apical osculum ornamented by a fringe of trichoxea (Figures 2 A–B). Sagittal triactines surround the base of the fringe, forming a ring (Figures 2 B–D). The surface is very hispid due to the presence of several large diactines with the distal tips protruding through the cortex. These spicules are mainly perpendicular to the sponge body, except near the osculum where they are tangential. The atrial cavity is wide. The aquiferous system is leuconoid, with spherical choanocyte chambers (Figure 2 E).</p><p>Large diactines cross the sponge wall and sometimes reach the atrial cavity (Figure 2 F). The cortical skeleton is composed of tangential triactines (Figure 2 G). Fragments of trichoxea were also found in this region. They are scarce and tangential to the cortex, but without organisation (Figure 2 H). These spicules also occur at the atrial skeleton. Below the cortex, the subcortical region is formed by a layer of pseudosagittal triactines, which point one of their paired actines toward the atrium (Figure 2 I). Large triactines are present at the choanosome. These spicules are dispersed without organisation, but some of them point the unpaired actine towards the cortex, forming an inarticulated skeleton (Figure 2 I). Rare tetractines were found surrounding an exhalant canal. Subatrial triactines were observed, but they are not abundant. The atrial skeleton is formed mainly by triactines and few tetractines (Figure 2 F). Rare tangential diactines similar to those found on the cortex (Figure 2 G) are also present at the atrial skeleton of the paratypes (UFBA 4457-POR and UFBA 4458-POR).</p><p>Spicules (Table 1): Trichoxeas (Figure 2 H): Very thin spicules. They are usually broken, but measure at least 150 µm.</p><p>Diactines (Figure 3 A): Large and stout. The proximal tip is sharply pointed but the distal one can be sharp or arrow-shaped [372–949.1 ± 59.7–2156/ 20–40.6 ± 2.7–78 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Cortical triactines (Figure 3 B): Almost regular and variable in size. Actines are straight, cylindrical, and with blunt tips. The unpaired actine can be slightly larger or slightly shorter than the paired ones [Paired actines: 110– 186.7 ± 21.3–300/ 10–11.3 ± 0.5–20 µm; unpaired actine: 90–181.9 ± 30.7–280/ 10–11.6 ± 0.5–20 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Subcortical triactines (Figure 3 C): Pseudosagittal. Actines are slightly conical and blunt. The longest paired actine is commonly straight while the shortest one is curved. The unpaired actine is commonly short and straight [Paired actine I: 80–169.4 ± 28.3–300/ 10–14.3 ± 3.8–20 µm; paired actine II: 150–231.0 ± 23.7–330/ 10–14.5 ± 0.8–25 µm; unpaired actine: 70–145.2 ± 23.2–270/ 10–14.6 ± 0.4–20 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Choanosomal triactines (Figure 3 D): Actines are slightly conical and equiradiated, with blunt tips. The paired actines (both or only one of them) are curved to the opposite side of the unpaired one. Additionally, one of the paired actines is commonly wavy. They are larger than the other triactine categories [Paired actine: 140–236.4 ± 29.7–340/ 10–15.4 ± 0.5–20 µm; unpaired actine: 120–224.8 ± 35.4–340/ 10–16.0 ± 1.4–20 µm (n= 3 specimens)]; Subatrial triactine (Figure 3 E): Sagittal. Actines are slightly conical and with blunt tips. The paired actines are curved and are commonly shorter than the unpaired one [Paired actine: 130–203.6 ± 12.6–280/ 15–16.3 ± 0.2–20 µm; unpaired actine: 190–245.6 ± 33.3–350/ 15– 17.7 ± 0.2–20 µm (n= 3 specimens)].</p><p>Atrial triactines (Figure 3 F): They are sagittal. Actines are slightly conical, straight, with blunt tips. The unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones [Paired actines: 120–216.6 ± 29.0–310/ 10–13.0 ± 0.8–20 µm; unpaired actine: 50–117.1 ± 9.1–190/ 10– 13.0 ± 0.5–20 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Atrial tetractines (Figures 3 G; 4): They are similar to the atrial triactines. The apical actine is short, smooth and straight [Paired actines: 100–220.7 ± 33.7–320/ 10–18.5 ± 1.1–20 µm; unpaired actine: 50–132.8 ± 4.7–220/ 10– 15.1 ± 0.5–20 µm; apical actine: 20–45.4 ± 10.2–80/ 10–10.6 ± 1.7–20µm (n= 3 specimens)].</p><p>Spicule Actine Length (µm) Width (µm) N</p><p>Min. Mean SD Max. Mean SD</p><p>Diactines 392 905.9 418.0 2156 37.9 7.4 23 Cortical triactines Paired 110 162.7 25.2 220 10.8 1.9 30 Unpaired 130 165.3 23.3 220 11.0 2.0 30 Subcortical triactines Paired 1 80 141.3 30.4 200 12.7 2.5 30 Paired 2 160 209.3 20.5 250 12.8 2.8 30 Unpaired 100 126.0 19.8 170 13.0 2.5 30 Choanosomal triactines Paired 160 208.0 25.8 250 15.0 1.9 30 Unpaired 140 199.7 40.2 280 15.0 0.0 30 Subatrial triactines Paired 130 189.2 23.5 220 16.4 2.2 12 Unpaired 200 222.9 20.9 260 18.4 2.1 12 Atrial triactines Paired 120 201.0 31.4 250 12.5 2.9 30 Unpaired 60 107.7 27.4 180 12.3 2.9 30 Atrial tetractines Paired 150 197.0 29.0 270 14.7 1.8 30 Unpaired 80 131.9 37.2 210 14.8 1.7 26 Apical 40 49.0 6.4 60 10.2 1.1 20 Ecology. All the specimens were found on plastic structures used as artificial substrate to the settlement of larvae of marine invertebrates. As these structures remained submerged for two months, this is the maximum age of the specimens.</p><p>Remarks. Vosmaeropsis is currently formed by 21 species. A remarkable character of V. recruta sp. nov. is the presence of large diactines in its skeleton, which also occur in ten other species of the genus (Table 3). These species are: V. cyathus (Verril, 1873), V. g r i s e a Tanita, 1939, V. h i s p an i ca Ferrer-Hernández, 1933, V. inflata Tanita, 1942, V. japonica Hôzawa, 1929, V. macera (Carter, 1886), V. mackinnoni Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924, V. oruetai Ferrer-Hernández, 1918, V. sericata and V. spinosa Tanita, 1943 . Vosmaeropsis recruta sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from most of these species by its skeletal composition. For example, its atrial skeleton is formed by tri- and tetractines, while V. macera and V. mackinnoni have only atrial triactines, and V. hispanica, V. or u e t a i, V. sericata and V. s pi n os a have only atrial tetractines. The atrial skeleton can also be used to differentiate V. recruta sp. nov. from V. japonica . In the latter, it is composed mainly by the paired actines of the subatrial spicules, which does not occur in V. recruta sp. nov. The main difference between V. recruta sp. nov. and V. cyathus is the absence of choanosomal tetractines in the latter and the abundance of diactines in V. recruta sp. nov. (diactines are few in V. cyathus). Finally, in relation to V. inflata, the new species can be easily differentiated by its surface type and arrangement of the diactines—in V. inflata these spicules never protrude from the surface while in V. recruta sp. nov. they do, making it strongly hispid. Thus, among the Vosmaeropsis species that have large diactines, the most similar species to V. recruta sp. nov. is V. g r i s ea, which occurs on the Japanese coast (Tanita, 1939). The main differences between them are the shape of the diactines (pointed at both sides in V. grisea and arrow-shaped in V. recruta sp. nov.) and the shape and size of the atrial tri- and tetractines (the unpaired actine is longer than the paired actines in V. grisea, while in V. recruta sp. nov. the opposite occurs). The comparison between V. recruta sp. nov. and V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. is provided below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03901754F50FFFBCFF6A883F7698F953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Bastos, Nilma;Lanna, Emilio	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Bastos, Nilma, Lanna, Emilio (2015): Two new species of the genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892 (Porifera, Calcarea), with comments on the distribution of V. sericata (Ridley, 1881) along the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3956 (4): 476-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.4.2
03901754F508FFB2FF6A8E4B778AFC8B.text	03901754F508FFB2FF6A8E4B778AFC8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vosmaeropsis complanatispinifera	<div><p>Vosmaeropsis complanatispinifera sp. nov.</p><p>Synonymies: Vosmaeropsis sericatum: Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976: 1015, Fig. 17 (not Ridley, 1881: 134, plate XI, Fig. 5).</p><p>Etymology. complanatispinifera = due to the flattened (Lat. complanatus) apical actine that bears spines (Lat. spina).</p><p>Diagnosis. Vosmaeropsis with a tubular shape and leuconoid aquiferous system. The sponge surface is very hispid due to the presence of several large diactines, which have sharp or arrow-shaped distal tips. The choanosomal skeleton is composed mainly of triactines, but rare tetractines may be present. The atrial skeleton is formed mainly by tetractines, in which the apical actine is flattened and has spines, and also by few triactines.</p><p>Type material. UFBA 1882-POR [Holotype. Off Touros, 04°41’S – 35°24’05’’W, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil; depth: 65 m; 17/X/1967; SAL 1677], UFBA 36-POR [Paratype. Alagoas state, 09°01’07’’S – 35°06’05’’W, Brazil; depth: 36 m; 10/IX/1965; AKA 8], UFBA 85-POR [Paratype. Rio Grande do Norte state, 03°28’S – 35°06’05’W, Brazil; depth: 61 m; 17/X/1967; SAL 1682]. All the specimens were collected by M. Kempf.</p><p>Type locality. Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil.</p><p>Additional analysed material: UFBA 19-POR [Off Piaçabuçu, 10°26’03’’S – 36°03’03’’W, Alagoas state, Brazil; depth: 40 m; 03/IX/1965; AKA 95], UFBA 29-POR [Off Maceió, 09°41’04’’S – 35°28’02’’W, Alagoas state, Brazil; depth: 36 m; 07/IX/1965; AKA 53], UFBA 31-POR [Off Maragogi, 09°01’05’’S – 35°01’03’’W, Alagoas state, Brazil; depth: 36 m; 10/IX/1965; AKA 7], UFBA 58-POR [Recife, 08°11’00’’S – 34°45’03’’W, Pernambuco state, Brazil; depth: 30.5 m; II/1966 – V/1967; REC 122], UFBA 66-POR [Recife, 08°16’02’’S – 34°51’07’’W, Pernambuco state, Brazil; depth: 25.5m; II/1966 – V/1967; REC 111], UFBA 68-POR [Recife, 08°09’09’’S – 34°45’08’’W, Pernambuco state, Brazil; depth: 27 m; II/1966 – V/1967; REC 4], UFBA 72-POR [08°01’05’’S – 34°39’03’’W, Pernambuco state, Brazil; depth: 28 m; II/1966 – V/1967; REC 150], UFBA 126-POR [Off Abrolhos, 17°55’S – 37°30’W, Bahia state, Brazil; depth: 47 m; 17/IX/1968; SAL 1966], UFBA 1876-POR [Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, 03°50’08’’S – 32°27’05’’W, Pernambuco state, Brazil; depth: 55 m; 10/X/ 1967; SAL 1667b], and UFBA 1881-POR [Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, 03°50’07’’S – 32°28’01’’W, Pernambuco state, Brazil; depth: 65 m; 10/X/1967; SAL 1667a]. All the specimens were collected by M. Kempf.</p><p>Description: Colour of the preserved specimens is beige to light brown. Most of the specimens are fragmented, but it is possible to recognise that they had a tubular shape (Figure 5 A). A single osculum, ornamented by a fringe of trichoxea, is present at the top of the sponges; the single exception is the specimen UFBA 19 - POR that has three oscula. The sponge surface is very hispid due to the presence of several large diactines (Figures 5 A, C). The atrial cavity is wide. It is pierced by the proximal tips of some diactines that cross the sponge wall, and also by the apical actine of the atrial tetractines (Figures 5 C, D). The aquiferous system is leuconoid and most of the choanocyte chambers are elongated or spherical (Figure 5 E). Some of them seem to be branched, possibly due to artifacts of the fixation and/or preservation of the specimens.</p><p>The cortical skeleton is composed of tangential triactines disposed in several layers (Figure 5 B). The subcortical skeleton is formed by a layer of pseudosagittal triactines that are positioned with their longest paired actines pointed inwards (Figure 5 F). One category of triactines is present at the choanosomal skeleton. These spicules point their unpaired actine towards the cortex, which together with the longest actine of the pseudosagittal triactines makes an inarticulated skeleton. In the paratypes (UFBA 36 - POR and UFBA 85 - POR), we also observed rare choanosomal tetractines. The atrial skeleton is formed mainly by small tetractines, which project their apical actine into the atrial cavity, making it hispid. Additionally, few atrial triactines were also observed. Fragments of trichoxea are present at the cortical and atrial skeletons (Figure 5 G), being tangentially positioned.</p><p>Spicules (Table 2): Trichoxeas (Figure 5 G): Hair-like spicules, usually broken, measuring at least 250 µm.</p><p>Diactines (Figure 6 A): Variable in size and slightly curved. The proximal tip is sharply pointed while the distal one is thick or arrow-shaped [588–1506.3 ± 211.3–2940/ 20– 60.5 ± 4.2–98 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Cortical triactines (Figure 6 B): Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with blunt tips. Paired actines are curved. Actines are equiradiated or (less frequently) the unpaired one is short [Paired actines: 120–251.6 ± 54.7– 392/ 10–19.2 ± 1.0–30 µm; unpaired actine: 100–219.3 ± 2.5–333/ 10–19.8 ± 1.9–30µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Subcortical triactines (Figure 6 C): Pseudosagittal. Actines are conical, with blunt tips. Unpaired actine can reach the same size of the shortest paired actine [Paired actine I: 100–257.3 ± 21.5–450/ 10–20.4 ± 1.0–30 µm; paired actine II: 210–365.2 ± 31.4–590/ 10–20.6 ± 0.8–35 µm; unpaired actine: 100–177.6 ± 15.7–330/ 10–21.0 ± 1.0–30 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Choanosomal triactines (Figure 6 D): They are large. Actines are conical, and with blunt tips. In general, the unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones [Paired actines: 250–362.3 ± 43.0–490/ 20 –28.0 ± 4.9–40 µm; unpaired actine: 300–510.9 ± 52.1–720/ 20–29.6 ± 4.0–40 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Choanosomal tetractines (Figure 6 E): Rare and similar to the choanosomal triactine. The apical actine is short and very thin [Paired actines: 190–308.8 ± 48.8–400/ 20– 25.2 ± 2.7–30 µm; unpaired actine: 350–436.4 ± 61.6– 570/ 20–28.6 ± 2.0–30 µm; apical actine: 20–40.0 ± 14.1–70/ 10–12.3 ± 0.8–20 µm (n= 2 specimens)];</p><p>Atrial tetractines (Figures 6 F; 7): Actines are cylindrical and with sharp tips. In general, the basal actines are regular, but sometimes the paired actines are curved and/or longer than the unpaired one. The apical actine is shorter than the basal ones and have a very peculiar shape: it is flattened (like a knife) and ornamented with small spines [Paired actines: 130–270.4 ± 53.6–370/ 7–11.6 ± 2.8–15 µm; unpaired actine: 100–228.2 ± 67.4–370/ 10– 11.9 ± 2.5–15 µm; apical actine: 60–111.8 ± 3.7–190/ 10–12.6 ± 2.5–15 µm (n= 3 specimens)];</p><p>Atrial triactines (Figure 6 G): Similar to the basal actines of the previous spicule category. They are not abundant [Paired actines: 130–234.7 ± 13.9–330/ 10–12.7 ± 2.4–20 µm; unpaired actines: 110–225.3 ± 6.1–370/ 10– 13.5 ± 3.4–25 µm (n= 3 specimens)]. Actines are cylindrical.</p><p>Spicule Actine Length (µm) Width (µm) N</p><p>Min. Mean SD Max. Mean SD</p><p>Diactines 588 1509.2 774.1 2587 63.7 34.9 0 6 Cortical triactines Paired 120 197.0 43.8 250 18.0 4.3 30 Unpaired 100 157.0 41.4 280 19.8 4.8 30 Subcortical triactines Paired 1 110 268.0 75.4 450 21.5 5.7 30 Paired 2 210 381.7 93.7 590 21.5 6.0 30 Unpaired 100 180.3 36.4 270 22.0 6.0 30 Choanosomal triactines Paired 250 391.7 66.2 490 33.5 6.4 30 Unpaired 360 557.7 111.5 720 34.2 5.4 30 Atrial triactines Paired 130 278.2 45.3 330 14.4 5.0 17 Unpaired 210 278.2 47.2 370 16.8 4.3 17 Atrial tetractines Paired 130 267.7 72.6 360 10.0 0.0 30 Unpaired 100 182.7 48.1 310 10.3 1.3 30 Apical 80 108.8 17.3 150 12.8 2.5 30 Ecology. According to Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976), the specimens of V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. were found attached to calcareous algae (UFBA 19-POR, UFBA 29-POR, UFBA 58-POR, UFBA 68-POR, UFBA 72- POR, UFBA 85-POR, UFBA 126-POR, UFBA 1876-POR, and UFBA 1881-POR), Halimeda sp., a green macroalgae (UFBA 31-POR, UFBA 36-POR, and UFBA 66-POR), and a biogenic unidentified substrate (UFBA 1882-POR).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens of V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. analysed here were formerly described as V. sericata by Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976). Although the original description of V. sericata is very incomplete (Ridley 1881), it is possible to recognise differences between this species and V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. The main difference is the composition of the atrial skeleton, which is formed exclusively by tetractines in V. sericata (Ridley 1881), but also by triactines in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. The length of the apical actine of these atrial tetractines and of diactines is also different between them (Apical actines: 160–200 µm in V. sericata; 60–190 µm in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov.; Diactines: 2000–3000 µm in V. sericata; 588–2940 µm in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov.). Additionally, there are differences in the shape and size of their choanosomal triactines; according to Ridley (1881), in V. sericata the actines are almost equiradiated—the unpaired actine measures 355–520/ 19–32 µm while the paired ones are slightly smaller. In contrast, in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. there is a clear difference between the length of the unpaired (300–510.9 ± 52.1–720 µm) and paired actines (250–362.3 ± 43.0–490 µm). Although we did not access the type specimen of V. sericata, we analysed photos taken from the slide BMNH 1879.12.27.15a (indicated as “ type ” and provided by C. Valentine and E. Sherlock by personal communication). Based on these photos, we observed that V. sericata has a greater abundance of diactines, and the tip of these spicules are not arrow-shaped. They are sharply pointed. In addition, there is a thick layer of atrial spicules in V. sericata, which is not seen in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov.</p><p>Only four of the previously known Vosmaeropsis species share with V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. the presence of large diactines and atrial tri- and tetractines ( V. cyathus, V. inflata, V. japonica, and V. g r i s e a) (Table 3). Vosmaeropsis cyathus is a very different species due to the abundance and size of their diactines. Its surface is sparingly hispid due to the short projecting points of scattered diactines. Moreover, although Verril (1873) did not provide spicule measurements, he mentioned that these diactines are about as large as one of the actines of the cortical triactines. In V. complanatispinifera sp. nov., the sponge surface is very hispid due to the presence of abundant diactines, and these spicules are clearly larger than any other (Figure 6 A, Table 2). Vosmaeropsis inflata has also a sparingly hispid surface, with spindle-shaped diactines that never protrude from the sponge surface. Finally, V. japonica, V. g r i s e a, and V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. can be distinguished mainly by the size of their subcortical spicules, as shown in Table 4.</p><p>Pseudosagittal triactines, Tetra. —Tetractines, Microdi—Microdiactines, Trich. —Trichoxea.</p><p>Species Corticalskeleton Subcortical Choanosomal skeleton Subatrial Atrial skeleton skeleton skeleton</p><p>Vosmaeropsis Di. (large and arrow-shaped) and Tri. Psag Tri. Tri. (large) and Tetra. (rare) - Tetra. (with spined apical</p><p>complanatispinifera sp. nov. actine) and Tri. (few)</p><p>. recruta sp. nov. Di. (large and arrow-shaped), Tri. and Trich. Psag Tri. Large Tri. and Tetra. (rare) Tri. (rare) Tri. and few Tetra.</p><p>(fragments)</p><p>. conexiva Poléjaeff, 1883 Tri. Psag Tri. Tri. Tri. Tri.</p><p>Species Paired I Paired II Unpaired</p><p>Length Width Length Width Length Width V. japonica 80–130 20–28 100–180 20–28 130–220 20–28 V. grisea 125–160 10–14 150–190 10–14 200–255 10–14 V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. 110–450 10–30 210–590 10–35 100–270 10–30 The two new species described here can be easily distinguished by their skeletal composition and spicule shape and size. The main difference can be attributed to the size of the large diactines: in V. recruta sp. nov. they measure 372–949.1 ± 59.7–2156/ 20–40.6 ± 2.7–78 µm, while in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. they measure 588–1506.3 ± 211.3–2940/ 20–60.5 ± 4.2–98 µm. In addition, although both species have atrial tri- and tetractines, the most abundant spicule category in this region is different; in V. recruta sp. nov. there are mainly atrial triactines, while in V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. there are mainly atrial tetractines.</p><p>Finally, V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. is the first species described to Vosmaeropsis in which the apical actine of the atrial tetractines is flattened and with spines. It distinguishes V. complanatispinifera sp. nov. from all other known species of the genus, including the other new species described here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03901754F508FFB2FF6A8E4B778AFC8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Bastos, Nilma;Lanna, Emilio	Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Bastos, Nilma, Lanna, Emilio (2015): Two new species of the genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892 (Porifera, Calcarea), with comments on the distribution of V. sericata (Ridley, 1881) along the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3956 (4): 476-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.4.2
