identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0390471DFFFF1829FF22D2EC6980CA02.text	0390471DFFFF1829FF22D2EC6980CA02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Genus Anthalona gen.nov.</p> <p>Gen.Nov. 1 in Van Damme et al. 2010</p> <p>Type species. Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901) = Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901</p> <p>Derivatio nominis. Anthalona (from “anthos”, Greek for “flower” and - Alona) refers to the peculiar structures under the lateral head pores, typical for the genus.</p> <p>Description of the genus. Adult parthenogenetic female. Small to medium sized Aloninae, 0.3–0.5 mm. Animals transparent to yellow-brown. Body length 1.5–1.7 times height. Dorsum moderately to strongly convex, highest point near middle; posterior margin round to angular, with expanded lower portion. Hind valve margin with most posterior point at middle of body, or in ventral quarter. In the latter case, the margin forms an angle of up to 20° posteriorly from an imaginary ventro-dorsal axis through the posterodorsal valve corner. Head low and rostrum bent downwards, maximal ventral extent of rostral tip may reach about ventral maximum of carapace margin. Ventral carapace margin straight to moderately convex. Posteroventral corner round, usually without notch (not in A. obtusa n. sp.).</p> <p>Head. Ocellus smaller than eye (not A. mediterranea). Well-developed rostrum, obtuse. Aesthetascs of antennules projecting laterally from rostrum, antennular body not reaching apex of rostrum. Two main head pores, connected. Small pores with structures (“ cosmaria ”) underneath, sacks, which may be subdivided into 8-shaped structures.</p> <p>Carapace. Ornamentation of different types, from fine to wide striations, smooth or with verrucae. Marginal setae differentiated into two to three groups, posterior group always well pronounced. Setae followed by setules of</p> <p>Labrum. Labral keel “axe-shaped”, rather angular and with straight to moderately convex margin. No ventral setules on labral keel. One or more proximal denticles, none in simplex.</p> <p>Antennules. Two to three times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted at between half and one third from apex of antennular corm. Three to four groups of denticles on antennular margin. Aesthetascs in two size groups, maximally half size of corm and none strongly elongate.</p> <p>Second antennae. Anterior spine on basal segment conical. Spinal formula (exo/endo) 001/101, setal formula 113/003. First exopod seta on antenna narrow; on external side of second exopod segment, setules spine-like and modified, into few (three-four) strong ‘spines’. True spine on first endopod segment well developed, reaching end of second segment or beyond; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed, each at least as long as their apical segments. Terminal setae on antennal exopod of similar morphology as those of endopod and with long setules (setae modified in A. acuta n. sp.).</p> <p>Postabdomen. Short, between two and three times as long as wide, with a rather sinusoidal (S-shaped) dorsal margin. Relatively widest at preanal angle and with rounded dorso-distal margin. Postanal, anal and preanal margins of similar dimensions. Anal margin straight to slightly concave, postanal margin stronger curved, convex. Distal embayment (dorsal to basal claw) present, maximally as deep as claw width at base. Preanal corner moderately developed, rarely protruding beyond maximal dorsal point of postanal margin. Six to seven groups of postanal marginal teeth. Each distal tooth with few adjacent smaller marginal elements on anterior side, unmerged or partially merged. Five to six groups of lateral setae (in fascicles) in postanal portion, consisting of four to eight elements in each group, parallel to each other. Distalmost lateral element always longer and thicker than others per fascicle and protruding beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen. Three to four clusters of long marginal elements, and three to four fascicles in anal portion.</p> <p>Terminal claw. Longer than anal margin, moderately curved, adorned with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten may end in longer spine. Basal spine short, between one to two times width at base and maximally one third of claw length, never up to half claw length. A group of basal spinules accompanies the basal spine.</p> <p>First maxilla with two setulated setae.</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb. Epipodite round, sometimes with a projection reaching beyond limb corm. First endite with one dorsal and two marginal setae; the dorsal seta well developed, as long as the other setae in this first endite and plumose in distal half; second endite with three setae of which two longer (lengths may differ strongly), with thick teeth on anterior side and fine setules on the other side; third seta short, maximally half to one third of the previous. Third endite with four setae of similar length; anterior elements on en1–2 present but strongly reduced. ODL with one slender seta, maximally as long as largest IDL seta and with short fine setules in distal half; two setae in IDL, thickened at base, with modified and chitinized distal spines and reduced beyond (not A. simplex n. sp.). Third seta in IDL strongly reduced to absent, and mostly not visible. Accessory seta present. Four to five anterior setule groups with up to five setules in each group, mostly decreasing in size ventrally. Ejector hooks unequal in size and gnathobase with setulated apex.</p> <p>Second limb. Exopodite oval round, with short seta, maximally reaching exopodite apex; minute setules on exopodite apex; endites with eight scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eighth scraper shortest. First two scrapers relatively slender and finely setulated, third modified and shorter than two and four (not in A. simplex n. sp.), with stronger denticles than scrapers one to five. Scrapers four and five similar, with fine denticles. Scraper six modified, bearing strongest teeth of all scrapers (not A. simplex n. sp.). Final two scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight typically shortest. Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round (not simplex), implanted with short denticles. Gnathobase with a sensillum and three elements, one short seta, one plump seta with small denticles in distal half and again a short seta; filter comb with seven setae of which the first two half as long as the last four, and the third one intermediate in length between setae two and four (same length in A. harti occidentalis ssp. n.). Second limb with reduced soft setae, though some remnants may be present at base of first scraper or between third and fourth scrapers.</p> <p>Third limb. Pre-epipodite round, epipodite oval to round, in some species with long projection; exopodite with quadrangular corm and six long setae in 2+4 arrangement; first exopodite seta as long as second or longer; third exopodite seta longest, fourth seta of similar size of fifth seta (or slightly shorter), sixth seta shortest, maximally half size of fifth. All these setae strongly plumose, except for fifth and sixth, which may be plumose only in distal ules; four well developed plumose setae on inner side (1”–4”) of similar length; one naked element and four small naked setae on internal endite preceding gnathobase; the latter with a bottle-shaped sensillum and large bent plumose seta with two naked elements at its base. Filter comb with seven setae.</p> <p>Fourth limb. Pre-epipodite round, epipodite oval to round, occasionally with long digitiform projection. Exopodite round to square, with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae long, fourth shorter than preceding seta; fifth and sixth setae narrower than first four. Endite with marginal row of four setae, first thickened and longer than flaming torch setae, following three setae with cylindrical base, decreasing in size towards gnathobase, and one round marginal sensillum; the last two flaming torch setae are half as thick as the first one and have less setules. Gnathobase with one long seta, bent over endite and basal reduced naked elements; on inner side, three long plumose setae (1”–3”) gradually increasing in size towards gnathobase and a filter comb with five relatively short setae, as long as or just longer than inner plumose seta (3”).</p> <p>Fifth limb. Pre-epipodite oval to round and implanted with long setules; epipodite oval to round, may bear long projection. Exopodite shape broadly oval, about two times as long as wide, with expanded margin between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally; third shorter than second exopodite seta, fourth exopodite seta shorter than other setae by one third to a half; inner portion of limb with broad inner lobe with round to triangular apex and long apical setules; two thick endite setae (1’–2’) of which first longer as long as or reaching over inner lobe; second endite seta between half and two thirds of latter. Gnathobase with one setulated round hillock and small naked projection, no filter comb. Sixth limb absent.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Anthalona consists of small to medium sized Aloninae (0.3–0.5 mm) with oval body, moderately arched, posteroventral notch on valves may be present and carapace expanded posteriorly, two main head pores and small pores with round sacks below, short labrum with denticle (absent in some species), first antenna without projection, second antenna with strong spines (not in all species). Postabdomen relatively short, S-shaped with deep concave anal margin and convex postanal margin, unmerged marginal denticles and lateral fascicles with long distal spines. Five pairs of limbs. P1 with reduced anterior elements and IDL with two setae, strongly modified and spiniform armature (not all species), dorsal seta in first endite present, P2 with exopodite seta reduced to absent, third and sixth scraper with stronger denticles (not A. simplex n. sp.), fcII with seven setae of which first two markedly shorter, no additional soft setae near scraper 1, P3 with six setae in exopodite of which third longest, fcIII with seven setae, P4 with six exopodite setae of which last two narrowed, enIV with three flaming torch setae (reduced in A. brandorffi), fcIV with five long setae, P5 with four exopodite setae, oval inner lobe, two inner setae and reduced gnathobase (0 setae).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Anthalona gen. n. is externally most similar to Coronatella Dybowski &amp; Grochowski, 1894 in dimensions of body and postabdomen. In general, the body is less rectangular in Anthalona gen. n. than in Coronatella. In the latter, the posterior margin of the valves is straight, not expanded posteriorly in its ventral part like in most Anthalona gen. n. These are subtle differences, best seen when the two are viewed together. Anthalona gen. n. differs from Coronatella in having a shorter basal spine on the terminal claw, which is much longer in Coronatella and directly related taxa (A. monacantha group, A. dentifera group and Leberis), the presence of two main head pores (three in Coronatella) and sacks below small pores (absent in Coronatella). Also, Anthalona gen. n. has a denticle on the labrum (not A. simplex n. sp. or A. brandorffi), first limb with modified IDL setae and sixth scraper of P2 (not A. simplex n. sp.). In Coronatella, the labrum has no denticle (except Alona monacantha group, which belongs to this genus). On P2, the first two filter setae in gnathobase are shorter than the following. It differs from Karualona in shape of the body and postabdomen and presence of cosmaria; also, the latter has denticles in the posteroventral valve corner, completely absent in Anthalona gen. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFFF1829FF22D2EC6980CA02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFFD1820FF22D0946B75C860.text	0390471DFFFD1820FF22D0946B75C860.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona acuta Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Anthalona acuta n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 1–6)</p> <p>Alona n. sp. (verrucosa- group) in Van Damme &amp; Dumont (2010: 759).</p> <p>Etymology. The name “acuta” refers to the sharp, thickened setae on the exopod of the second antenna, unique for this species. Outside of the genus Anthalona, such an adaptation in the Aloninae is only found in the Austral(as)ian Armatalona Sinev, 2004.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.72222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5752778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.72222/lat -2.5752778)">One</a> adult parthenogenetic female mounted in glass slide labelled “ Anthalona acuta n. sp. holotype ”; from the Lençóis Maranhenses, NE Brazil, temporary dune pool near Atins (S3A in Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010), coordinates 2° 34’ 31” S and 42° 43’ 20” W, 16.VIII.2006, Leg. K. Van Damme. Paratypes. two adult parthenogenetic females, two adult ephippial females, two adult males and one ephippium, slides labelled “ Anthalona acuta paratypes ”, same data as holotype. Type material from Brazil deposited at the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.72222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5752778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.72222/lat -2.5752778)">Royal Belgian Institute</a> for Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBIN) under accession number IG 31782, INV 96691 -93.</p> <p>Additional specimens. Five adult parthenogenetic females, Lençóis Maranhenses (Sample series Lençóis Maranhenses from UG collection labeled 1996.001–1996.020 or SI–SIV in UG collection, Leg. K. Van Damme and D. Van Damme; see Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010). Paratypes (males) from dune pool at the Lençóis Maranhenses, collected 17.VIII.2006, 2° 36’ 45” S and 42° 43’ 30” W (S 5 in Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010; record not included) by K. Van Damme &amp; D. Van Damme: slide with two adult parthenogenetic females, two ephippial females and one adult male. 11 adult parthenogenetic females in separate slides (dissected), three complete specimens, temporary pool near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.725002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.725002/lat -2.6125)">Orinoco River</a>, Venezuela, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.725002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.725002/lat -2.6125)">Brown</a> stream crossing Orinoco River, Venezuela, 04.V.2001, Leg. H.J. Dumont. Sample 2001.021 (UG collection). All slides from Venezuela deposited under RBIN IG 31782 INV 96694 - 704. Tube with seven complete specimens of A. acuta n. sp. from the latter locality were deposited together with the types, under RBIN IG 31782 INV 96705.</p> <p>Description. Adult parthenogenetic female. Habitus (Figs 1A–C, 3A–B). Medium sized animals, 0.35–0.45 mm, average length 0.38mm (n=12). Body 1.5 times as long as high. Colour yellow-brown to dark brown. Dorsum strongly convex, with high maximum dorsal point; posterior margin straight to moderately convex (Figs 1A–C). Appearance in lateral view hunchbacked. Rostrum reaching ventral maximum of carapace margin. Ventral carapace margin moderately convex, deepest point just before midline (Fig. 1A). Posteroventral corner round, without notch (Fig. 1I). Head. Ocellus smaller than eye, 0.6 to half its diameter (Fig. 1C). Well developed rostrum, broadly rounded, deep lateral embayment in head shield delineating rostrum (Fig. 1C). Aesthetascs of antennules projecting laterally from this embayment (Fig. 1B).</p> <p>Headshield (Figs 2F &amp; 3D) with broad, flat rostrum. Two main head pores (Figs 2F–I &amp; 3E), interpore distance long. Distance between the two pores is two to three times the length of one main pore. PP distance short, one fifth of IP distance, lateral pores at about half of IP distance from midline and situated next to main pores, rarely posterior. Posterior margin situated at maximally half IP distance from posterior main pore. Typical arrangement in Fig. 2I (= Fig. 1J), posterior margin of head shield strongly divided. Sacks under small pores large, their circular size about twice of a main head pore. Comparison with A. verrucosa in Figs 2A–E and Fig. 3F.</p> <p>Carapace (Figs 1A–C, 3A–C). Ornamentation without striation but smooth or with verrucae. The latter may be faintly to strongly pronounced and are not arranged in rows (Figs 3A–C). Marginal setae 35–45 (Figs 1A–B), differentiated into two main groups (anterior and median groups of similar size). Setae in the middle of the carapace shortest. Posterior group of 10–20 setae in second half of the ventral margin makes up the longest group of setae. These are thickened, rigid and spiniform, bearing few strong setules on posterior side (Fig. 1I). Setae decreasing in size towards the posteroventral corner, followed by fine setules not arranged in groups (Fig. 1I). These setules of similar size, reaching beyond carapace margin in posteroventral corner and continuing in a posterior row of fine long setules towards posterodorsal corner of the valves (Fig. 1I).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 1E). Labral keel in lateral view “axe-shaped” with straight to moderately convex margin, sometimes with ventral indentation. Single proximal denticle on labral keel.</p> <p>First antennae or antennules (Fig. 1F). About 2.5 times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted at one third of antennular corm. Three to four groups of short denticles on margin. Longest aesthetascs about half of antennular corm, shortest half as long.</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 1G). Basal spine large, conical. Spinal formula (exo/endo) 001/101, setal formula 113/ 003 (Fig. 1G). A group of short spinules (Fig. 1G) at base of first exopod segment. First exopod seta on antenna narrow (Fig. 1G), not reaching beyond ultimate exopod segment, second exopod seta twice as long as previous; on external side of second exopod segment, two groups of three strong spiniform setules (Fig. 1G). Spine on first endopod segment not longer than second segment; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed, each as long as its apical segment or just shorter (Fig. 1G; apical exopod spine relatively shorter than endopod spine). Terminal setae on antennal exopod strongly modified (Figs 1A–B&amp;G). These are chitinized and thickened, with acute apex and short setules in distal half (Fig. 1H). Shortest seta most spiniform, about as long as three exopod together. Preanal, anal and postanal margins of similar length (Fig. 1K). Anal margin straight to slightly concave, postanal margin stronger curved, convex. Distal margin not protruding, distal embayment dorsal to basal claw maximally as deep as claw width at base (Fig. 1K). Overall dorsal margin S-shaped. Preanal corner triangular, not protruding far beyond maximal dorsal point of margin (neither postanal margin or preanal corner reach dorsally beyond each other). Marginal postanal teeth in six to seven groups (Figs 1K–L). Each distal tooth with adjacent smaller elements on anterior side, partly merged towards distal end of postabdomen. Lateral setae in six fascicles in postanal portion, consisting of four to six elements in each group, parallel to each other. Distalmost lateral element spiniform, long and thick, protruding two thirds of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Fig. 1M). Most distal lateral elements in postanal portion reach half their size beyond the marginal teeth (Fig. 1M). Smaller elements per fascicle at least half as long as distalmost spiniform element in each group (Fig. 1M). Three to four clusters of smaller marginal teeth, close to each other, almost a continuously armed anal margin, and three to four fascicles in anal portion (Fig. 1K).</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 1K–L &amp; 1N). Longer than anal margin, moderately curved, implanted with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten ending in long spine about width of claw at this point and just before half of claw length. Basal spine short, just about claw width at base (Fig. 1N) and about one sixth of claw length. Group of three to four thick, short basal spinules, about half of basal spine length (Fig. 1N).</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 4A &amp; 5A–C). Epipodite round with long projection, reaching beyond limb corm (Fig. 5A, ep). First endite with one dorsal and two marginal setae, second endite with three setae of which two longer (lengths differ strongly) and with thick teeth on anterior side (Fig. 5A); third endite with four setae of similar length (Fig. 5A); anterior elements on en1–2 present but minute, about as wide as long (Fig. 5A). ODL with one slender seta, as long as largest IDL seta and with strong setules in distal half (Fig. 4A); two setae in IDL, with modified and chitinized distal half (Fig. 4A). On largest IDL seta, one large spine followed by spines decreasing in size distally and reduced distal part (Figs 5B–C); spine in longest IDL seta mostly longer than distal part beyond it (Figs 5B–C). On shortest IDL seta, two long spines of similar size, basal spine as long as distal part (Fig. 5B). Accessory seta present (not shown). Four to five anterior setule groups with two to three setules in each group, decreasing in size ventrally (Fig. 5A). Ejector hooks subequal and gnathobase triangular with setulated apex (Fig. 5A).</p> <p>Second limb (Fig. 5D). Exopodite (Fig. 5D, ex) oval round, with short seta not reaching beyond exopodite apex; minute denticles on exopodite apex; endites with eight scrapers gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eighth scraper shortest (Fig. 5D). First two scrapers relatively slender and finely setulated, third stouter and shorter than two and four, with stronger denticles than scrapers one to five. Scrapers four and five similar, with fine denticles, scraper six modified with eight thick teeth (Fig. 5E); final two scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight thickest and with longest denticles, this scraper half the size of sixth. Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round, implanted with short denticles (Fig. 5D). Gnathobase with a sensillum and three elements, of which first a short seta, second a plump seta with small denticles in distal half and third a short seta; filter comb (Fig. 5D) with seven setae of which only the first two shorter.</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 5F–G). Pre-epipodite round, epipodite round with long projection reaching half of exopodite; exopodite (Fig. 5F) with quadrangular corm and six large setae in 2+4 arrangement; first exopodite seta as long as second; third exopodite seta about two times as long as fifth exopodite seta, fourth seta just shorter than fifth seta and a third longer than sixth seta; the latter half the size of fifth exopodite seta; all these setae plumose, except for fifth and sixth (Fig. 5F) which are plumose-serrulate (fifth seta) or shortly plumose (sixth) in distal half. External endite (Fig. 5G) with three setae (1’–3’) of which first two long, with short setules in distal half and minute element in between, third (3’) shorter by half and with long setules; four well developed plumose setae on inner side (1”– 4”) of similar length; one naked element and four small naked setae on internal endite (Fig. 5G) preceding gnathobase; the latter with bottle-shaped sensillum and large bent plumose seta with two naked elements at its base (Fig. 5G). Filter comb with seven setae of which the last one relatively thicker (Fig. 5G).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Figs 5H–I). Pre-epipodite round, epipodite oval with long projection reaching beyond half of exopodite. Exopodite (Fig. 5H) round, with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae long, third longest of the three, fourth half as long as preceding seta; fifth and sixth setae narrow and longer by a third of preceding seta (Fig. 5I); fifth exopodite seta longer (by one fifth) than sixth (Fig. 5I). Endite (Fig. 5J) with marginal row over endite and two reduced naked elements; on inner side, three long plumose setae (1”–3”) gradually increasing in size towards gnathobase and a filter comb with five relatively short setae (Fig. 5J). long as wide, with concave expanded margin between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally, longer by one third of exopodite width; third shorter than second exopodite seta, fourth exopodite seta narrower than other setae and one third shorter than third seta; inner portion of limb (Fig. 5L) with broad triangular inner lobe and long apical setules; two thick endite setae (1’–2’) of which first longer, reaching over inner lobe; second endite seta between half and two thirds of latter. Gnathobase with one setulated round hillock and small naked projection, no filter comb (Fig. 5L).</p> <p>Adult male (Fig. 6). Size 0.3mm. (n=3), body 1.7 as long as high. Body widening posteriorly (Fig. 6A). Second antennae with modified swimming setae, as in females. Postabdomen (Figs 6B–C) about two times as long as wide, with strongly developed triangular preanal projection. Distalmost spine in each lateral fascicle on postabdomen long and reaching beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen. Terminal claw thick and short (shorter than anal margin) with basal spine about one fourth of terminal claw length. Gonopores opening ventrally, adjacent to the basal claw. First limb (Fig. 6D) with IDL bearing three setae, of which two modified in distal portion, though less as in females. Third IDL seta naked and longer than two modified setae. Copulatory hook strongly curved and short, in inner side with broad base and U-shaped, distal part as long as proximal part.</p> <p>Ephippial female and ephippium. Ephippial female larger than parthenogenetic female (up to 0.50mm), ephippium orange brown to (rarely) dark brown.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. The South American A. acuta n. sp. cannot be confused with other Anthalona species. Its major character are the thick spiniform apical setae on the antennal exopod, oriented forward after fixation (Fig. 1A). This character is only shared with the Australasian Armatalona Sinev, 2004. A. acuta n. sp. can be recognized also by a strongly “hunchbacked” body in lateral view (high anterior half) (Fig. 3A). Rostrum relatively long, broad and curved inwards; main head pores long, lateral pores with relatively largest “sacks” for the genus (Figs 2F–I); marginal setae on posterior portion of carapace thick and spiniform, relatively long (but not as strong as in A. brandorffi). On postabdomen, distalmost spine in lateral fascicles thick, long and reaching far beyond the margin and basal spine on terminal claw not exceeding claw width (Figs 1K–N). When sympatric, this species is larger (on average 0.38mm) than A. verrucosa (average 0.34mm). A comparison with head shields and pores of A. verrucosa can be seen in Figure 2. Males differ from A. verrucosa males by a deep preanal corner in the postabdomen (Fig. 6B, arrow). The ephippia are not black (verrucosa) but lighter brown. For comparison with other species, see Table 1 (after Systematic part).</p> <p>Distribution and biology. NE-Brazil (Lençóis Maranhenses) and Venezuela (Orinoco Basin). These are now the only two certain records, but the species may have a wider distribution in the Neotropics, confused with Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901). Found in the Lençóis Maranhenses in Brazil, in temporary pools on sandy substrate were not included in latter publication and were found later. Occurs together with true Neotropical Chydoridae Leydigiopsis curvirostris Sars, 1901, Alona iheringula Kotov &amp; Sinev, 2004, Chydorus dentifer Daday, 1905, Anthalona verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901), Alona ossiani Sinev, 1998 (Lençóis); Alona dentifera (Sars, 1901), Anthalona verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) and Chydorus dentifer Daday, 1905 (Orinoco) (Van Damme &amp; Dumont, 2010)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFFD1820FF22D0946B75C860	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFF4183FFF22D2766E71CAA7.text	0390471DFFF4183FFF22D2766E71CAA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona brandorffi (Sinev & Hollwedel 2002)	<div><p>Anthalona brandorffi (Sinev &amp; Hollwedel, 2002) comb.nov.</p> <p>Alona brandorffi Sinev &amp; Hollwedel, 2002. Description in Sinev &amp; Hollwedel (2002).</p> <p>Material examined. Three adult parthenogenetic female and exuvium from Belize, Crooked Tree Sanctuary lagoon, coll. by A. Scharf, 07.XII.2005, kept at the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. One adult parthenogenetic female from temporary pool Lençóis Maranhenses, Brazil, Leg. K. Van Damme, locality S 4 in Van Damme &amp; Dumont (2010), S 2° 35’ 50” W 42° 42’ 46”, 16.VIII.1996, in slide with A. acuta n. sp. (RBIN IG 31782).</p> <p>Notes on specimens from Belize and additions to original description. Specimens agree with the initial description in general features, including shape and size (Fig. 7A), morphology of head pores (Fig. 7B) and of all appendages. The shape of postabdomen in specimens from Belize (Fig. 7E) is different from that of the Brazilian specimens from Roraíma (see Sinev &amp; Hollwedel, 2002, Figs 7, 23–24) or the Lençóis (Fig. 7F), wider in the anal part and almost with a straight anal margin. Armament of the postabdomen and morphology of the claw are similar and study of the limbs revealed no differences from the type population. Several features on the limb morphology of A. brandorffi could be noted in addition to the original description. Both IDL setae (Fig. 7C) are armed with large spine-like denticles. The denticles are similar in the distal portion of these setae. A strong heterogeneous setulation, characteristic for most Anthalona species, is absent. A minute exopodite seta, not mentioned in the initial description, was revealed on limb II (Fig. 7D). Almost indistinctive spinules were found on scraper seven of the same limb, but not on the eighth scraper (Fig. 7D); filter plate II consists of seven setae (Fig. 7D), not of six, as reported in the initial description, hereby corrected.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. A. brandorffi cannot be confused with other species of the genus. It has long marginal setae in the posterior portion of the valves (Fig. 7A) and the shape of the postabdomen is peculiar, with long lateral spines (Figs 7E–F). The labral keel bears no denticles and limbs are modified, for example in the peculiar second limb (Fig. 7D). May coexist with other Anthalona species, as in the Lençóis, where it is found with A. verrucosa verrucosa and A. acuta n. sp.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Formerly only from Roraíma (Sinev &amp; Hollwedel 2002), now Brazil and Belize. We found a single specimen in the Lençóis Maranhenses during this study, the second record for Brazil. This peculiar species may have a wider distribution in the Neotropics, but remains rarely seen. Little is known about its ecology; in temporary waters in the Brazilian Lençóis, it coexists with A. acuta n. sp. (see above) and A. verrucosa verrucosa. See Van Damme &amp; Dumont (2010) for ecological details on this locality.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFF4183FFF22D2766E71CAA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFEB183FFF22D10C6BD8CBF4.text	0390471DFFEB183FFF22D10C6BD8CBF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona harti Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Anthalona harti n. sp.</p> <p>Type: Anthalona harti harti n.ssp.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFEB183FFF22D10C6BD8CBF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFEA183AFF22D6BE6EA4C901.text	0390471DFFEA183AFF22D6BE6EA4C901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona harti subsp. harti	<div><p>Anthalona harti harti n.ssp.</p> <p>(Figs 8–9)</p> <p>Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901 in Alonso (1996: fig. 141)</p> <p>(?) Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901 sensu Jenkin (1934: fig. 18); Rey &amp; St-Jean (1968: fig. 26); Harding (1957: figs 20–28);? Alona alonopsiformis Brehm, 1933 sensu Dumont et al. 1984 (Fig. 1 in Dumont et al. 1984)</p> <p>Etymology. Named in honor of Dr Rob Hart, professor at the Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, limnologist and specialist of South African Cladocera. Dr. Hart was with H.J. Dumont in the field during the survey of the Okavango, from which samples this African species is described.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. Single adult parthenogenetic female in slide labeled “ Anthalona harti harti n. sp. holotype ” from Maun, Botswana, Thalamakani River, 19.VII.2006, Leg. H.J. Dumont. Accession number RBIN 31782, INV 96706. Paratypes. Six slides with four dissections, one with one complete and one with two complete parthenogenetic females. Accession numbers RBIN 31782, INV 96707 - 12. One tube with seven adult parthenogenetic females in ethanol, complete, from type locality, accession number RBIN 31782, INV 96716.</p> <p>Additional material. Two dissected and one complete adult parthenogenetic females, Moremi, Chiefs Island, Hippograss, Okavango, 20.7.2006, Leg. H.J. Dumont, UG Collection, Accession Number RBIN 31782, INV 96713-15. Adult parthenogenetic females from Georgia, Abkhazia, ponds of Tzitrusovyi collective farm, coll N.N. Smirnov, no date, kept at MGU.</p> <p>Description. Parthenogenetic female. Habitus. (Figs 8A–B). 0.3–0.34 mm. Length of body 1.45–1.5 times as long as wide. Colourless and transparent. Dorsum convex, highest point at middle; posterior margin expanded in lower (ventral) portion (Fig. 8B). Angle of posterior margin with imaginary ventro-dorsal axis through posterodorsal corner is 15–20°. Maximal posterior point situated in ventral quarter of body (Fig. 8B). Maximal ventral extent of rostral tip reaching ventral maximum of carapace margin (Fig. 8B). Ventral carapace margin straight. Posteroventral corner round, without notch (Fig. 8E), sometimes faint notch present.</p> <p>Head. Ocellus smaller than eye (latter about 1.3 times larger). Well developed rostrum, broad and obtuse (Fig. 8D). Aesthetascs of antennules projecting laterally from rostrum, antennule shorter than rostrum (Fig. 8F). Head shield narrow with fornix not strongly developed (Fig. 8D). Two main head pores (Fig. 8C) relatively large, connected. Chitinous ring connecting head pores rounded and main pores relatively large (Fig. 8D). Interpore (IP) distance twice the diameter of one main pore (Fig. 8C). PP distance short, one third to half of IP distance, lateral pores at one IP distance from midline (Fig. 8D). These lateral pores are situated parallel to anterior pore or just anterior from it, but never far, maximally half IP distance. Sacks under small pores with diameter 1.5-two times that of a main pore (Fig. 8C). These sacks divided two times and eight-shaped (Fig. 8C). Posterior margin of head shield rounded(!), not subdivided.</p> <p>Carapace (Figs 8A–B). Ornamentation with broad striation (Fig. 8B), sometimes with faint tubercles. Few specimens with fine striation as in A. mediterranea. Marginal setae 30–45, differentiated into three groups. Anterior group longer than posterior group, median group shortest. Posterior setae followed by fine setules (Fig. 8E). These setules of similar size, reaching beyond carapace margin in posteroventral corner and continuing in a posterior row of fine long setules (Fig. 8E).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 8H). Labral keel with straight to convex margin and obtuse ventral tip. Strong, single proximal denticle on labral keel, bent downwards (Fig. 8H).</p> <p>First antennae or antennules (Fig. 8F). About two–2.5 times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted at one third from apex. Aesthetascs of similar size, half length of antennule; the inner aesthetasc of each antennule longer than the others by one third to a fourth.</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 8G). Basal spine short. Antennal formula as for genus. First exopod seta on antenna narrow (Fig. 8G), may reach ultimate exopod segment; second exopod seta less than two times as long as first. True spine on first endopod segment not reaching beyond tip of second segment; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed (Fig. 8G). Endopod apical spine as long as apical segment, exopod spine a third longer than its segment. Terminal setae on antennal exopod as for endopod and with long setules. These swimming setae are longer than body, reaching beyond dorsum (Fig. 8A).</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 8I–J). Relatively widest at preanal angle and with rounded dorso-distal margin (Fig. 8I). About two to 2.5 times as long as wide. Ventral margin shorter than anal and postanal margins together. Anal margin longer than postanal margin as long as preanal margin (Fig. 8I). Anal margin slightly concave, postanal margin forming a straight line between anal margin and distal angle of postabdomen. This postanal margin forms an angle of about 25° with an imaginary dorsal axis connecting preanal corner with dorsalmost point of postanal margin. Distal embayment (dorsal to basal claw) about as deep as length of claw width at base (Fig. 8I). Preanal corner well developed, may protrude just beyond maximal dorsal point of postanal margin. Five marginal postanal teeth (Fig. 8I). Each distal marginal tooth with four to five adjacent smaller elements on its anterior side, partly merged. These marginal teeth rather long, about twice as long as wide (at base). Lateral setae in four to five fascicles in postanal portion, consisting of six to eight elements in each group, parallel to each other (Figs 8I–J). Distalmost lateral spine thicker; in the two distalmost groups, protruding one third of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Fig. 8L). Distalmost lateral spiniform elements per fascicle in postanal portion reach apex of marginal teeth or beyond, but do not extend by half their length beyond the latter (Fig. 8L). Smaller elements per fascicle decrease in length, but are longer than half of the distalmost (and largest) element in each group (Fig. 8L). Three to four clusters of long marginal teeth, and four to five lateral fascicles in anal portion. Preanal corner rarely bears teeth (Figs 8I–J).</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 8I–K). As long as or just longer than anal margin (Fig. 8I), implanted with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten ending with spine up to two thirds as long as width of claw at this point and implanted just before half of claw length (Fig. 8I). Basal spine (Fig. 8K) strong, about as long as claw thickness at base and reaching up to one fourth of claw length. Group of two to three long basal spinules, reaching up to half of basal spine length (Fig. 8K).</p> <p>First maxilla (Fig. 9K) as for genus.</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 9A–C). Epipodite round with long projection (Fig. 9A), but not reaching beyond limb margin. First to third endites as for genus. Longest seta in second endite with seven to nine teeth (Fig. 9A); shortest seta in the same endite is between half and one third of previous seta. Anterior elements (Fig. 9B) well developed, longer than wide. ODL (Fig. 9C) with one slender seta, just longer than largest IDL seta and with short fine setules in distal half (Fig. 9C); two setae in IDL (Fig. 9C), modified. On largest IDL seta, one large spine followed by reduced distal part (Fig. 9C); this spine in longest IDL seta is longer than distal part beyond it. On shortest IDL seta (Fig. 9C), two long spines of similar size and longer than distal part of this seta. A third element present in IDL, remnant of a third seta. Accessory seta present, two-thirds the size of ODL seta (Fig. 9C). Anterior setule groups (Fig. 9A) with five to seven setules in each group, decreasing in size ventrally. Ejector hooks (Fig. 9A) unequal, anterior one about half as long and thick as posterior one.</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 9D–E). Exopodite (Fig. 9D, ex) elongate, two times as long as wide, with short seta reaching just beyond exopodite apex; two rows of denticles on exopodite apex; endites with eight scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eighth scraper shortest (Fig. 9D). Soft seta present near base of first scraper (Fig. 9D, ss). First two scrapers relatively slender and finely setulated, first longest. Third scraper markedly shorter, modified with stronger teeth, and smaller than scrapers two and four. Scrapers four and five (Fig. 9D) similar, with fine denticles, scraper six (Fig. 9E) shorter by a third and with six to seven stronger teeth; final two scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight thick, with longest denticles. Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round, implanted with short denticles. Gnathobase as for genus; filter comb (Fig. 9D) with seven setae of which first two shorter, third intermediate between these two and fourth filter seta.</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 9F–K). Epipodite round with projection, not reaching centre of exopodite; exopodite shape (Fig. 9G) square, with six setae as for genus; first exopodite seta one third longer than second, not thicker; third exopodite seta twice as long as fifth exopodite seta, fourth seta 0.6 times fifth seta and about two times as long as sixth seta (Fig. 9K). So, fifth seta is much longer than fourth seta in third exopodite (1.6 its length) (Fig. 9K). Endite (Figs 9H–J) as for genus and with strongly developed denticles in setae 1’–2’ (Fig. 9H), setae in internal endite preceding gnathobase increasing towards gnathobase (Fig. 9I), filter comb setae twice as long as last seta on inner side (4”) (Fig. 9H).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Figs 9L–N). Epipodite oval with long projection (Fig. 9L). Variable in size, from reaching centre of exopodite up to almost the exopodite margin, but never beyond. Exopodite (Fig. 9L) with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae longer than last three and of similar size (third is longer just by a tenth of second seta), fourth seta 0.6 length of preceding seta (Fig. 9M); fifth and sixth setae narrower than previous. Both these setae of different lengths: fifth longest (Fig. 9M), about 1.4 times of length fourth or sixth. Endite (Fig. 9N) as for genus.</p> <p>between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally, as long as exopodite width; third shorter than second exopodite seta (0.9 times its length), fourth exopodite seta 0.6 times length of preceding seta; inner portion of limb with broad oval inner lobe and long apical setules; two endite setae (1’–2’) of which first longer; this seta reaching beyond apex of inner lobe; second endite seta about 0.9 times as long as 1’. Gnathobase as for genus.</p> <p>Adult male. We did not encounter males of this species. As described in Alonso (1996: Fig. 141), the male is maximally 0.23mm long, dimensions length/height about 1.7 with straight dorsum, postabdomen with well developed preanal corner and long lateral fascicles (distal spines in the three distalmost groups reaching over the margin by half their lengths). Basal spine relatively long, one third of terminal claw.</p> <p>Ephippial female unknown.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. The African Anthalona harti is very similar to A. verrucosa and belongs to the same complex. We distinguish two subspecies, the second is decribed below. A. harti harti has distal lateral fascicles that do not reach beyond the marginal teeth as in A. verrucosa (or A. harti occidentalis) and a basal spine on its terminal claw that is relatively short (as long as or shorter than the claw width at base). A. harti harti has longitudinal (rarely fine or rarely verrucae) striation on the carapace and a ventral portion of the valves that is expanded posteriorly. The postabdomen shape (in postanal part) is more angular than round, which sets it apart from the other taxa. The main distal spine of each lateral fascicle is short, not two times as long as the adjacent fascicles as in A. harti occidentalis. Main head pores large and situated about two pore diameters from each other, in comparison to the West African subspecies, where pores are just one diameter apart. A. harti differs from A. mediterranea in having a single denticle on the labrum and an expanded posteroventral carapace margin. The denticle on the labrum is oriented down in both A. harti subspecies, not straight forward (see also the key). Two important and undeniable character on the limbs for A. harti are: 1) the long fifth seta on the third limb (1.6 times fourth seta) and 2) second limb with sixth scraper with six to seven strong denticles (mostly more in other species).</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Okavango, South Africa, distribution most likely extends to East Africa and Mediterranean. We found one population from the Mediterranean Black Sea coast that can be positively identified as A. harti harti (Georgia), and we can identify specimens figured in Alonso (1996: 141) from a single locality in Spain (Valdecaballeros, Badajoz) as this species as well. They have a clear downward denticle on the labrum, a sixth scraper with seven large teeth and identical head pores to the South African populations. Records in between, from Eastern Africa, should be rechecked, but from the figures, specimens found in the African Rift, depicted in Jenkin (1934; Lake Naivasha, Kenya), by Rey &amp; St-Jean (1968; Chad) and from Harding (1957; Tanzania) all correspond in characters to A. harti n. sp. and most likely to subspecies A. harti harti n.ssp. Not much known about ecology. Populations on which our description was based, originate from pools and swamps of the Okavango river delta, rich in vegetation and cladoceran faunas. Alonso (1996) mentions abundant vegetation in permanent, clear waters with low conductivities for the Spanish population. In any case, these animals seem quite abundant chydorids for African freshwater bodies and floodplains and can be considered widespread and common.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFEA183AFF22D6BE6EA4C901	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFEE1836FF22D3E56E2EC9B6.text	0390471DFFEE1836FF22D3E56E2EC9B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona harti subsp. occidentalis	<div><p>Anthalona harti occidentalis n.ssp.</p> <p>(Figs 10–11)</p> <p>Alona verrucosa in Dumont et al. (1981)</p> <p>Alona cf. verrucosa in Chiambeng et al. (2006: Fig. 5)</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. One adult parthenogenetic female mounted in glass slide labelled “ Anthalona harti occidentalis n. ssp. holotype ”; from Lake Télé, Mali, 29.II.1976; sample 02.206; Sahara Expedition II, sample 144 in UG Collection, Leg. H.J. Dumont.</p> <p>Paratypes. One slide with one complete female labelled “ Anthalona harti occidentalis n. ssp. paratype ” same data as holotype and one slide with one dissected female. Tube containing three females in ethanol from type locality. All material deposited at Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBIN) under accession number RBIN IG 31782 INV 96717 (holotype), INV 96718 - 96719 and INV 96722 (paratypes).</p> <p>Additional material. two adult parthenogenetic females from Yoke River Dam, Muyuka, along the road to Kumba, Cameroon, Leg. G.Y. Chiambeng, 25.VII.2000, one of these specimens deposited under RBIN IG 31782 INV 96720.</p> <p>Description. parthenogenetic female. Habitus (Figs 10A–C). 0.3–0.310 mm. Length of body 1.5–1.6 times as long as wide. Colourless, transparent. Dorsum moderately convex, highest point in middle; posterior margin expanded in lower (ventral) portion (Fig. 10A). Angle of posterior margin with imaginary ventro-dorsal axis through posterodorsal corner is 15–20°. Maximal posterior point situated in ventral quarter of body. Maximal ventral extent of rostral tip not reaching ventral maximum of carapace margin (Fig. 10B). Ventral carapace margin straight to slightly deeper near middle. Posteroventral corner round (Fig. 10E), may have shallow notch.</p> <p>Head. Ocellus smaller than eye, diameter latter about 1.6 times the ocellus. Well-developed rostrum, broad and obtuse as in A. harti harti. Aesthetascs of antennules projecting laterally from rostrum, antennule itself shorter than rostrum (Fig. 10C). Two main head pores (Fig. 10D) relatively large, connected. Chitin ring connecting head pores round. Interpore (IP) distance about one time the diameter of a main pore (Fig. 10D). PP distance about one IP distance, lateral pores at two IP distance from midline. These lateral pores are situated just anterior to anterior pore, but never far, maximally one IP distance (Fig. 10D). Sacks under small pores with diameter about two times that of a main pore. These sacks divided, eight-shaped (Fig. 10D).</p> <p>Carapace (Fig. 10B). Tubercles rare, mostly striation or no ornamentation. Marginal setae 22–30, differentiated into three groups. Anterior group longest than posterior group, median group shortest. Posterior setae followed by fine setules (Fig. 10E). These setules of similar size, reaching beyond carapace margin in posteroventral corner and continuing in a posterior row of fine long setules (Fig. 10E).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 10F). Labral keel with convex margin and obtuse tip. Strong, single proximal denticle on labral keel.</p> <p>Antennules. About 2.5 to three times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted at one third from apex. Aesthetascs not studied.</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 10G) with first exopod seta on antenna narrow (Fig. 10G), just longer than apical exopod segment; second exopod seta twice as long as first. True spine on first endopod segment reaching just beyond tip of second segment; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed, longer than their apical segments (about 1.3 times its length). Terminal setae on antennal exopod as for endopod and with long setules. These swimming setae longer than body, reaching beyond dorsum (Fig. 10C).</p> <p>Postabdomen (Fig. 10H). Relatively widest at preanal angle and with round dorso-distal margin. About two to 2.5 times as long as wide. Ventral margin shorter than anal and postanal margins together. Anal margin as long as postanal margin, both shorter than preanal margin. Anal margin slightly concave, postanal margin convex. Distal embayment shallow, about half as deep as claw width at base. Preanal corner not protruding beyond maximal dorsal point of postanal margin. Five to six marginal postanal teeth. Each distal marginal tooth with four to five adjacent smaller spines on its anterior side, partly merged. These marginal teeth about two times as long as wide (at base). Lateral setae arranged in fascicles (Fig. 10H), five groups in postanal portion, consisting of six to seven elements in each group, parallel to each other. Distalmost lateral spiniform element thicker and longer; in the two distalmost groups, protruding half of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen. Most distal lateral elements per fascicle in postanal portion (Fig. 10J) reaching beyond apex of marginal teeth. Smaller elements per fascicle shorter in length than distal (largest) element by about half (Fig. 10J). Two to three marginal clusters and four to five lateral fascicles in anal portion. Preanal corner bears no marginal teeth (Fig. 10H).</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 10H–I). As long as or just longer than anal margin, implanted with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten ending in stronger spine up to two thirds as long as width of claw at this point and implanted just before half of claw length. Basal spine (Fig. 10I) strong, less than claw thickness at base and reaching about a fifth of claw length. Group of three to four basal spinules, not reaching up to half of basal spine length (Fig.10I).</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 11A–C). Epipodite round with projection reaching beyond limb margin (Fig. 11A). First to third endites as for genus. Longest seta in second endite with ten to eleven teeth (Fig. 11A); shortest seta in the same endite about one third of previous seta. Anterior elements well developed for genus, longer than wide (Fig. 11C). ODL with one slender seta, just longer than largest IDL seta and with short fine setules in distal half (Figs 11B); two setae in IDL, modified. On largest IDL seta, one large spine followed by reduced distal part (Fig. 11B); this spine in longest IDL seta longer than distal part beyond it (Fig. 11B). On shortest IDL seta, two long spines of which second is largest and longer than distal part of this seta (Fig. 11B). Anterior setule groups (Fig. 11A) with seven to ten setules in each group, decreasing in size ventrally (first three groups long). Ejector</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 11D–E). Exopodite (Fig. 11D, ex) elongate, twice as long as wide, with short seta reaching just exopodite apex; denticles on exopodite apex; endites with eight scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eighth scraper shortest (Fig. 11D). First two scrapers relatively slender and finely setulated, first longest. Third scraper (Fig. 11F) markedly shorter, modified with stronger teeth, smaller than scrapers two and four. Scraper four with reduced seta near base (Fig. 11F, arrow). Scrapers four and five similar, with fine denticles (Fig.11D), scraper six (Fig. 11E) shorter by a third of previous and with seven strong teeth; final two scrapers (Fig. 11D) decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight thick and with longest denticles. Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round, with short denticles. Gnathobase (Fig. 11D, gn) as for genus; filter comb (Fig. 11D) with seven setae of which first two shorter, third about as long as previous two.</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 11G–H). Epipodite round with projection, reaching over margin of exopodite; exopodite shape (Fig.11H) square, with six setae as for genus; first exopodite seta shorter than second, not thicker; third exopodite seta 1.7 length of fifth exopodite seta, fourth seta 0.6 times fifth seta and about two times as long as sixth seta. So, fifth seta is much longer than fourth seta in third exopodite (1.6 its length) (Fig. 11H). Endite (Figs 11J–I) as for genus, filter comb setae twice as long as last seta on inner side (4”).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Fig. 11K). Epipodite oval with long projection reaching beyond margin. Exopodite with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae longer than last three and of similar size; fourth seta 0.7 length of preceding seta; fifth and sixth setae narrower than previous. Both these setae of the same lengths as fifth Endite as for genus.</p> <p>Fifth limb (Fig. 11L). Epipodite oval with long projection, reaching almost half its length over margin of exopodite. Exopodite shape broadly oval, about two times as long as wide, with straight margin between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally, first about 1.4 times exopodite width; third shorter than second exopodite seta (0.7 times its length), fourth exopodite seta 0.4 times length of preceding seta; inner portion of limb (Fig.) with broad oval inner lobe and long apical setules; two endite setae (1’–2’) of which first longer; though not reaching beyond apex of inner lobe; second about 0.8 times as long as seta 1’. Gnathobase as for genus.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Anthalona harti occidentalis n.ssp. is very close to A. harti harti, but in second antenna, the first endopod spine is much longer than second segment (in h. harti it is of similar size). This West African subspecies has broad longitudinal or no striation on the carapace and a ventral portion of the valves that is expanded posteriorly. Head pores closer to each other than in A. harti harti, and distal lateral fascicles on postabdomen reach beyond marginal teeth in postabdomen. The second limb has strongest modified scrapers of all Anthalona, sixth scraper thick with seven teeth and all limbs with long epipodites reaching over the limb margins; P4ex setae four to six are of similar lengths in A. harti occidentalis, which is not the case in A. harti harti.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. West African subspecies, in plankton samples from Lake Télé, Mali and in a river sample from Cameroon.</p> <p>Remark. We prefer to keep occidentalis and harti as two subspecies here, because the differences are small and our knowledge of distribution and variability in the West African subspecies is limited because of a low number of specimens. In future, these may well be regarded as two different species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFEE1836FF22D3E56E2EC9B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFE21830FF22D03D687FCAE9.text	0390471DFFE21830FF22D03D687FCAE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona mediterranea (Yalim 2005)	<div><p>Anthalona mediterranea (Yalim, 2005) comb. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 12–15)</p> <p>Alona mediterranea Yalim, 2005</p> <p>? Alona verrucosa lineolata Chen &amp; Li, 1991</p> <p>Material examined. Numerous specimens, both males and females, from permanent rockpool at Homhill Plateau at top of Mukhadrion Pass, 7.II.1999, Loc. 6A, Socotra Island (Yemen), Leg. K. Van Damme; Eight specimens from Wadi Zerik, Diksam Plateau, 23.II.1999, Socotra Island (Yemen), Leg. K. Van Damme; Numerous specimens from temporary rockpool in Wadi Shawqah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 23.II.2005 &amp; 20.III.2006, Leg. K. Van Damme. Specimens raised from dried mud from Wadi Shawqah, Sharjah, UAE (taken 20.III.2006), Leg. K. Van</p> <p>Damme. All slides and complete animals in tubes, deposited under RBIN IG 31782 INV 96723 -36.</p> <p>Socotra, animals were much up to 0.55mm. Colour in life pale yellow-orange to light brown. This colour remains in shedded valves. Body length 1.5–1.56 times height (Figs 12A,C). Dorsum moderately convex, highest point near middle; posterior margin straight to convex, not expanded in lower portion (Fig. 12C, 13A). Faint dorsal keel in dorsal view (Fig. 13B). Maximal ventral extent of rostral tip not reaching ventral maximum of carapace margin (Fig. 12C). Marginal setae 54–65, anterior group may be very long, but posterior group not strongly different. Ventral carapace margin straight to moderately convex with point just before middle. Posteroventral corner round, with small notch (Fig.12B).</p> <p>Head. Ocellus and eye of same size, ocellus may even be larger (Fig. 12A). Rostrum well developed, broad and obtuse (Fig. 12D). Aesthetascs of antennules projecting laterally from rostrum, antennule just shorter (Fig. 12A) or as long as rostrum (Fig. 12B). Two main head pores (Fig. 12E, 13D) relatively small, connected. Chitin ring connecting head pores squarer than rounded at anterior and posterior ends. Interpore distances three to four times the diameter of one main pore (Fig. 12E). PP distance long, about one IP distance, lateral pores at two IP distance from midline and situated posterior to main pores (Fig. 13D), at one IP distance from posterior pore. Sacks under small pores with diameter four to five times that of a main pore (Fig. 12E). These sacks divided more than two times, more cauliflower than eight shaped (Fig. 12E).</p> <p>Carapace (Figs 12A–B, 13A–B). With fine striation (Figs 13A–B), sometimes with faint tubercles. Marginal setae 42–56, differentiated into two groups, anterior group long, median and posterior group shorter by half, posterior setae little longer than median setae. Setae not strongly decreasing in size towards the posteroventral corner but ending more abruptly and followed by fine setules. These setules of similar size, reaching beyond carapace margin in posteroventral corner and continuing in a posterior row of fine long setules.</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 12G). Labral keel shaped as for genus, but with rather convex to wavy margin and an obtuse tip. No proximal denticle on labral keel but sparse group of minute setules here (Fig. 12G).</p> <p>First antennae or antennules (Fig. 12H). About two–2.5 times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted between half and one third of antennular corm from apex. Aesthetascs of similar size, half the length of antennule, two longer by a third compared to the shorter aesthetascs.</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 12F, 13A). Basal spine minute. Formula as for genus. First exopod seta (Fig. 12F) not reaching beyond ultimate exopod segment; second exopod seta three times as long as previous. Groups of fine spinules on first and second exopod segments not strongly thickened (vs. A. verrucosa). True spine on first endopod segment not reaching beyond end of second segment (Fig. 12F); main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed, each as long as their apical segment, exopod spine may be shorter (Figs 12F, 13A). Terminal setae on antennal exopod as for endopod and with long setules. These swimming setae are relatively short in relation to body, not (or just) reaching beyond dorsum (Figs 12A–B).</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 12I–J, 13C). Relatively widest at preanal angle and with rounded dorso-distal margin. About two to 2.5 times as long as wide. Ventral margin shorter than anal and postanal margin together (Figs 12I–J). Anal margin longer than postanal margin as long as preanal margin. Anal margin slightly concave, postanal margin convex. Distal embayment (dorsal to basal claw) about half of claw width at base. Preanal corner well developed, protruding just beyond maximal dorsal point of postanal margin (Fig. 12I). Marginal postanal teeth five to six groups. Each distal marginal tooth with four to five adjacent smaller spines on anterior side (Fig. 13C). These marginal teeth rather long, about two times as long as wide (at base). Lateral setae arranged in fascicles in postanal portion in four to six groups (Fig. 12I), consisting of six to eight elements in each group, parallel to each other. Distalmost lateral element thicker, in the two distalmost groups, protruding one third of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Fig. 12J). Distalmost lateral spines in postanal portion not reaching beyond the apex of the marginal teeth (Fig. 12L). Smaller elements per fascicle decreasing in length (Fig. 13C). Three to four clusters of long marginal elements, and four lateral fascicles in anal portion (Fig. 12I). Preanal corner bears group of teeth as well (Fig. 12I).</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 12I–K). As long as anal margin, moderately curved, implanted with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten ending in spine half as long to just as long as width of claw at this point and just before half of claw length (Fig. 12I). Basal spine (Fig. 12K) quite slender and one to 1.5 times claw width at base, reaching up to one fourth of claw length. Group of two to three long basal spinules, reaching half of basal spine length (Fig.12K).</p> <p>D. Head shield. E. Idem, posterior margin with head pores. F. Second antenna. G. Labral keel, lateral view. H. First antenna. I. Postabdomen (Wadi Zerik). J. Postabdomen (Homhill). K. Idem, detail of basal spine. L. Idem, detail showing lateral fascicle and marginal tooth.</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 14B–D). Epipodite round with no projection (Fig. 14B). First to third endites as for genus. Longest seta in second endite with 12–13 teeth (Fig. 14B). Shape of these teeth is shown in Fig. 13F (seta on which base is written “en2”). Anterior elements strongly reduced (Figs 13F, 14D). Outer and distal lobes (Figs 13E, 14C). ODL with one slender seta, as long as or just longer than largest IDL seta and with short fine setules in distal half (Figs 13E, 14C); two setae in IDL, modified (Figs 13E, 14C). On largest IDL seta, one large spine followed by reduced distal part; spine in longest IDL seta shorter than distal part beyond this spine. On shortest IDL seta (Fig. 13C), two long spines of which proximal is shorter and both shorter than distal part of this seta. A third element present in IDL, remnant of a third seta (Fig. 14C). Accessory seta present, half size of ODL seta (in Fig. 14B, dotted lines). Anterior setule groups (Fig. 14B) reduced, with five to ten setules in each group, decreasing in size ventrally. Ejector hooks unequal, relatively large (Fig. 14B).</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 13F, 14E–H). Exopodite (Fig. 14G) elongate, two times as long as wide, with short seta reaching just beyond exopodite apex; tuft of hairs on exopodite apex; endites (Fig. 14E) with eight scrapers gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eighth scraper shortest (Figs 13F, 14E). First two scrapers (Fig. 14E) relatively slender and finely setulated, first longest. Third scraper (Fig. 14E) markedly shorter, modified with stronger teeth, and intermediate in size between scrapers two and four. Scrapers four and five (Fig. 14E) similar, with fine denticles, scraper six (Figs 13F, 14F) shorter by half and with eight to nine stronger teeth; SEM shows these teeth are much thicker than in following scrapers (Fig. 13F); final two scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight with fine denticles (Fig. 13F). Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round, implanted with short denticles (Fig. 13F). Gnathobase (Fig. 14E) as for genus; filter comb (Fig. 14E) with seven setae of which first two (Fig. 14H) shorter, third intermediate between these two and fourth filter seta.</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 14I–L). Epipodite round without projection; exopodite shape (Figs 14I–J) as for genus, with six setae; first exopodite seta just longer than second, not thicker (Fig. 14J); third exopodite seta twice as long as fifth exopodite seta, fourth seta just longer than fifth seta and three times as long as sixth seta (Fig. 14J). Endite (Figs 14K–L) as for genus; strongly developed denticles in setae 1’–2’ (Fig. 14L), long setae in internal endite preceding gnathobase and filter comb setae about as long as last seta on inner side (4”) (Fig. 14K).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Figs 14M–O). Epipodite oval without long projection. Exopodite (Fig. 14M) with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae longer than last three and of similar size, fourth seta two thirds length of preceding seta; fifth and sixth setae narrow. Both these setae shorter than the fourth, fifth just longer than sixth (Fig. 14M). Endite (Figs 14N–O) as for genus; inner row (1”–3”) adorned with one shorter and three larger setae (Fig. 14O); filter comb setae of similar length of last inner seta (3”) (Fig. 14O).</p> <p>Fifth limb (Fig. 14P). Epipodite oval without long projection. Exopodite (Fig. 14P) shape broadly oval, about two times as long as wide, with straight margin between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally, as long as exopodite width; third shorter than second exopodite seta, fourth exopodite seta a third of preceding seta; inner portion of limb (Fig. 14P) with broad oval inner lobe and long apical setules; two endite setae of which first longer; this seta just reaching apex of inner lobe; second endite seta shorter by a fourth of latter. Gnathobase as for genus.</p> <p>Adult male (Fig. 15). Size 0.3–0.35mm. (n=5), body 1.8 as long as high. Body not widening posteriorly (Fig. 15A). Postabdomen (Figs 15B–C) about 2.5 times as long as wide, with well-developed triangular preanal projection. Distalmost spine in each lateral fascicle on postabdomen long and reaching beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Figs 15B–C). Terminal claw thick and short (shorter than anal margin) with small basal spine. Gonopores opening ventrally, adjacent to basal claw and in a subterminal indent. First limb (Fig. 15E–G) with IDL bearing three setae (Fig. 15E), of which two modified in distal portion, though less as in females. Third IDL seta naked and as long as two modified setae (Fig. 15E). ODL seta (Fig. 15G) longer than IDL setae. Copulatory hook (Fig. 15E) strongly curved and with long terminal part, in inner side of a broad-based joint. Second limb with modified scrapers as in females, but exopodite seta absent (Fig. 15H).</p> <p>Ephippial female and ephippium. Ephippial larger than parthenogenetic female (up to 0.58mm), ephippium light orange brown, never dark brown or black.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. A. mediterranea has a rather unusual body shape for this genus (Fig. 12C): the posterior valve margin is not strongly expanded in its lower (ventral) half and the species is more elongate. Ornamentation of the carapace is peculiar; all specimens examined had dense fine striation, rare in the genus (may also occur in A. harti n. sp.; see also A. lineolata below). The labral keel is unique; instead of a denticle, A. mediterranea has a proximal tuft of small setules (Fig. 12G). Groups of spinules on the antennal segments are not strongly modified as in A. verrucosa, but fine (Fig. 12F). The first exopod seta on the second antenna is relatively short, never reach- mediterranea, with the chitin ring around the main pores narrowing towards the ends (not round as in all other Anthalona). The limbs have no long projections on the epipodites, a character visible through the carapace without dissection. Spines on P1 (IDL) are not as pronounced as in A. verrucosa and the sixth scraper on second limb has eight to nine teeth (Fig. 13F) in comparison to A. harti.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Anthalona mediterranea was described from Turkey (Yalim &amp; Ciplak 2005), but the name is not well chosen, as the Mediterranean is just its northern range limit. A. mediterranea has a wide distribution in arid regions: we found it on Socotra Island (Yemen) and in short-lived temporary pools in the United Arab Emirates, sympatric with Alona cambouei and Karualona spp. Its distribution may extend further south into Africa, where other species occur (e.g., A. harti n. sp., found as north as Spain); it is not unlikely that both may be found sympatrically. Populations from Eastern and Northern Africa should be restudied in detail. We found that Anthalona mediterranea is an inhabitant of temporary rock pools in dry riverbeds in Arabia (UAE), rich in filamentous algae. It lives in highly arid environments. In permanent rivers on Socotra Island (Wadi Zerik on Diksam Plateau), populations had smaller body sizes than in warm stagnant rockpools (Homhill). We observed A. mediterranea alive by using “Sars’ Method” (Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010) for mud from the UAE; populations develop after three weeks to one month of wetting dried mud, the animals feed on detritus and diatoms on sandy substrate and swim freely (but slowly) in the water column.</p> <p>Remark. Anthalona mediterranea may be identical to the Chinese Alona verrucosa lineolata Chen &amp; Li, 1991 (now Anthalona lineolata comb.nov.), depending on revision of the Chinese populations. More on this taxon below, under Anthalona incertae sedis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFE21830FF22D03D687FCAE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFE4180BFF22D0DA698FCC81.text	0390471DFFE4180BFF22D0DA698FCC81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona obtusa Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Anthalona obtusa n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 16–17)</p> <p>Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901 in Johnson (1956a: Fig. 6).</p> <p>nec Biapertura pseudoverrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) in Dumont &amp; Van De Velde (1977).</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. One adult parthenogenetic female mounted in glass slide labelled “ Anthalona obtusa n. sp. holotype ”; from pool at the Palangka Raya University Campus, Borneo, 4.III.2007, Leg. H.J. Dumont.</p> <p>Paratypes. Three slides with respectively one and two complete females and one dissected female labelled “ Anthalona obtusa n. sp. paratypes ” same slide and data as holotype. Tube containing eight females from type locality. All material deposited at the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBIN) under accession numbers RBIN IG 31782 INV 96737 -96742.</p> <p>Additional (paratypes): five adult parthenogenetic females from type locality, UG Collection.</p> <p>Description. Adult parthenogenetic female. Habitus (Figs 16A–B). Small, 0.3–0.35 mm, average length 0.31mm (n=10). Transparent and colourless. Body length 1.5–1.57 times height. Dorsum moderately convex, highest point near middle; posterior margin angular, with posteriorly expanded lower portion (Fig. 16B). Ventral extent of rostral tip not reaching carapace margin (Fig. 16A). Ventral carapace margin straight or deepest point just before middle (Fig. 16A). Posteroventral corner round, with notch (Fig. 16D).</p> <p>Head. Ocellus smaller than eye (diameter of eye is 1.3–1.5 times that of ocellus) (Fig. 16A). Well developed rostrum, obtuse. Aesthetascs of antennules projecting laterally from rostrum, antennular corm almost half its length from rostral tip (Fig. 16A). Two main head pores (Fig. 16C), interpore distance long, three to four times the diameter of one main pore. PP distance short, one third of IP distance, lateral pores at one IP distance from midline and situated posterior to main pores, at a distance of half IP distance from the posterior pore (Fig. 16C). Sacks under small pores with diameter similar to that of a main pore or little larger (Fig. 16C). These sacks always eight-shaped, but comparably small. Posterior margin of head shield not strongly subdivided (Fig. 16C).</p> <p>Carapace (Figs 16A–B). Ornamentation with lines and tubercles arranged in lines, evenly spaced and small (Fig. 16B). Tubercles more common in upper half of body, lines in lower half. Marginal setae 24–35 (Fig. 16A), differentiated into three groups, anterior group longest, median group shortest, posterior group intermediate in length. Setae not strongly decreasing in size towards the posteroventral corner but ending more abruptly and followed by fine setules (Fig. 16D). These setules of similar size, reaching beyond carapace margin in posteroventral corner and continuing in a posterior row of fine long setules (Fig. 16D).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 16G). Labral keel with moderately convex margin in ventral half and a clear ventral notch (Fig. 16G). One proximal denticle on labral keel, not strongly developed. The denticle may be blunt and obscure (Fig. 16G).</p> <p>First Antennae or antennules (Fig. 16E). About two times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted at one third of antennular corm. Three to four groups of short denticles on margin. Aesthetascs of similar size, longest about as long as antennular body.</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 16F). Basal spine short. Formula as for genus (Fig. 16F). First exopod seta on antenna narrow (Fig. 16G), reaching beyond ultimate exopod segment; second exopod seta two times as long as previous; on external side of second exopod segment, three to four strong spines (Fig. 16G). True spine on first endopod segment reaching just beyond end of second segment; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed, each as long as their apical segment (Fig. 16G). Terminal setae on antennal exopod as for endopod and with long setules.</p> <p>Postabdomen (Fig. 16H). Relatively widest at preanal angle; rounded dorso-distal margin. About two times as long as wide. Ventral margin shorter than anal and postanal margin together. Postanal and anal margins of similar length and shorter than preanal margin (Fig. 16H). Anal margin straight to slightly concave, postanal margin straight and tapering distally or more convex (Fig. 16H). Distal embayment (dorsal to basal claw) about half of claw width at base. Preanal corner protruding beyond dorsal point of postanal margin (Fig. 16H). Marginal postanal teeth five to six. Each distal marginal tooth with one to two adjacent smaller elements on anterior side, not merged. These marginal teeth rather long, about two times as long as wide (at base) (Fig. 16J). Lateral fascicles five to six groups in postanal portion, consisting of four to six elements per group, parallel to each other. Distalmost lateral element spiniform, long and thick, protruding half of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Fig. 16K). Distalmost lateral spines in postanal portion reaching beyond marginal teeth (Fig. 16K). Second element per fascicle at least half as long as distalmost element in each group. Two to three clusters of long marginal teeth, and three to four fascicles in anal portion.</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 16H–I). Longer than anal margin (Fig. 16H), moderately curved, implanted with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten ending in spine about half as long as width of claw at this point and at about half D. Smallest IDL seta. E. Second limb. F. Idem, sixth scraper (enlarged). G. Third limb, exopodite, setules omitted. H. Idem, with setules. I. Idem, endopodite. J. Idem, inner endite setae. K. Idem, gnathobase. L. Fourth limb (partim). M. Idem, endopodite. N. Fifth limb.</p> <p>First maxilla not seen.</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 17A–C). Epipodite round with long projection, reaching beyond limb corm. First to third endites as for genus. Longest seta in second endite with few teeth (five), and shortest seta in the same endite is long, half of previous seta. Anterior elements strongly reduced (Fig. 17B). ODL with one slender seta, as long as or just longer than largest IDL seta and with short fine setules in distal half (Fig. 17C); two setae in IDL, modified (Fig. 17C). One large spine followed by reduced distal part (Fig. 17C) on largest IDL seta; spine in longest IDL seta is shorter than distal part beyond it. On shortest IDL seta (Fig. 17D), two long spines of which proximal is shorter and both shorter than distal part of this seta. Accessory seta present, half of IDL seta (Fig. 17C, as). Four to five anterior setule groups with two to three setules in each group, decreasing in size ventrally (Fig. 17A). Ejector hooks unequal, relatively small for genus (Fig. 17A).</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 17E). Exopodite (Fig. 17E) elongate, two times as long as wide, with short seta reaching just beyond exopodite apex; tuft of hairs on exopodite apex; endites with eight scrapers gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eight scraper shortest (Fig. 17E). First two scrapers relatively slender and finely setulated, about as long as third scraper. Third not modified and intermediate in size between scrapers two and four. Scrapers four and five similar, with fine denticles, scraper six (Fig. 17F) shorter by half and with 11–13 thick teeth; final two scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight not strongly reduced, with fine denticles. Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round, implanted with short denticles. Gnathobase as for genus; filter comb (Fig. 17E) with seven setae of which first two shorter, third intermediate between these two and fourth filter seta.</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 17G–K). Epipodite round with projection longer than exopodite corm; exopodite (Figs 17G– H) as for genus, with six setae; first exopodite seta twice as long as second and thicker; third exopodite seta twice as long than fifth exopodite seta, fourth seta just shorter than fifth seta and three times as long as sixth seta (Fig. 17G). Endite (Figs 17I–K) as for genus, but with strongly developed denticles in setae 1’–2’ (Fig. 17I), long setae in internal endite (Fig. 17J) preceding gnathobase and filter comb setae about as long as last seta on inner side (4”) (Fig. 17I).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Figs 17L–M). Epipodite oval with long projection (Fig. 17L) reaching by almost half its length beyond exopodite margin. Exopodite with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae longer, third longest of the three (one sixth longer than second seta), fourth seta two thirds length of preceding seta; fifth and sixth setae narrow (Fig. 17L). Both these setae shorter than the fourth, fifth just longer than sixth (Fig. 17L). Endite (Fig. 17M) as for genus.</p> <p>Fifth limb (Fig. 17N). Epipodite oval with long projection reaching half its length beyond exopodite margin. Exopodite (Fig. 17N) shape broadly oval, about 1.5–two times as long as wide, with straight margin between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally, longer by one third of exopodite width; third shorter than second exopodite seta, fourth exopodite seta half as long as third seta; inner portion of limb (Fig. 17N) with broad oval inner lobe and long apical setules; two endite setae (1’–2’) of which first longer; this seta just reaching apex of inner lobe; second endite seta shorter by a fourth of latter. Gnathobase as for genus.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. A. obtusa n. sp. is another relatively small species (0.31mm) of the A. verrucosa- complex, with tubercles arranged in (10–12) rows; sometimes only striae present. Body shape as in A. verrucosa, with posterior valve margin not straight or round but expanded in ventral part. Anthalona obtusa n. sp. has a notch in the posterior margin of the valves (Fig. 16D) and the labrum has a clear ventral notch (Fig. 16G). Proximal labral denticle blunt (in most specimens), a very clear feature (Fig. 16G, arrow). The postabdomen has a relatively long basal spine (Fig. 16H), about one third of the length of the basal claw, with short basal spinules; marginal teeth on the postabdomen are relatively long in A. obtusa n. sp., twice as long as wide. For limbs, scrapers on second limb are not strongly modified as in majority of Anthalona and sixth scraper bears relatively many (11) teeth.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Borneo and, likely, Sumatra. Its wider distribution in South-East Asia, particularly Indonesia is unknown, but could be expected throughout the region. We consider it most likely identical to Alona verrucosa from Sumatra in Johnson (1956a), who describes the typical blunt denticle (on labrum). Nayar (1971) mentions an A. verrucosa from Rajasthan, India, with indistinct denticle on the labrum and notes that it corresponds closest in postabdomen to the animal of Johnson (1956a); these populations should be checked. All records of Alona verrucosa from South East Asia (e.g., Idris &amp; Fernando 1981) need revision and it is not unlikely that more cryptic species of the A. verrucosa- complex may be found here. An incertae sedis in the near vicinity is seem to have a blunt denticle. A. obtusa n. sp. was found in a small permanent pond, between Utricularia, together with the Anomopoda Euryalona Sars, 1901, Ephemeroporus Frey, 1982, Alonella Sars, 1862, Notoalona Rajapaksa &amp; Fernando, 1987, Macrothrix Baird, 1843 and Acroperus Baird, 1843.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFE4180BFF22D0DA698FCC81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFDF1807FF22D76569D1CED1.text	0390471DFFDF1807FF22D76569D1CED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona simplex Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Anthalona simplex n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 18–19).</p> <p>Etymology. “simplex” refers to the simple labral keel without the typical denticle, the simple cosmaria, fine setulation of IDL setae of first limb and no strong denticulation of scrapers on second limb. We consider these characters as close to the ancestral form.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. Undissected, parthenogenetic female, mounted in glycerol on glass slide, labelled “ Anthalona simplex n. sp. holotype ”, from stagnant pond next to stream with clay bottom, devoid of aquatic plants, between Lubondo and Kolwezi, Lualaba River Basin, Katanga region, DR-Congo, 06.10.1981, Leg. K. Martens, sample 81.015 (labelled “pond CPA, Zaire-Kolwezi ” in UG Zooplankton Collection).</p> <p>Paratypes: one slide, with ten complete females, labelled “ Anthalona simplex paratypes ”, type locality. Four dissected females, mounted in glycerol on separate glass slides, labelled “ Anthalona simplex n. sp. paratypes ”. One tube (ethanol/formaldehyde) with eleven females, from type locality. Five adult parthenogenetic females from type locality (paratypes) and three adult parthenogenetic females (additional material) from Mulungwishi stream (10°37’00” S, 26°42’00” E), close to Lulua River, vicinity <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.7/lat -10.616667)">Lufupa</a>, Katanga Region, SE of DR-Congo, Leg. K. Martens, 14.10.1981, picked from sample 81.067 at UG Zooplankton Collection. All types of A. simplex n. sp. deposited under accession number RBIN IG 31782 INV 96743-96751 at the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels.</p> <p>Description of adult. Parthenogenetic female. Habitus (Figs 18A–C). Body 0.31–0.38mm, average length 0.33mm (n=7). Brown in colour. Body rather long, 1.7 times as long as high (Fig. 18C). Shape oval-rectangular, with posteroventral portion strongly extending posteriorly (Fig. 18C). In lateral view, rostrum not reaching beyond ventral carapace margin. Ventral carapace margin straight (Fig. 18C). Posteroventral corner round, without notch (Fig. 18H). Head. Eye just larger than ocellus (Figs 18A–B). Well developed rostrum, rounded. Aesthetascs projecting laterally of rostrum and reach beyond it (Fig. 18A). Two main head pores (Fig. 18D) of same size, narrowly connected. PP distance one third of IP distance, lateral pores at about 0.7 IP distance from midline and just posterior (maximally half of IP distance) from main pores. Lateral pores with simple sacks, which are not subdivided. These structures one to two times as large as a main pore (Fig. 18D).</p> <p>Carapace. Ornamentation smooth or with faint parallel striation (Fig 18C), sometimes faint tubercles. Marginal setae 38–46, strongly differentiated into three groups (Fig. 18A). Long anterior group of about seven setae, three times as long as median group of eight shortest setae, posterior group with medium sized setae (Fig. 18A). Setae fine with fine setules on posterior side. Setae not strongly decreasing in size towards the posteroventral corner, followed by small spinules not arranged in groups (Fig. 18H), of similar size.</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 18E). Labral keel in lateral view axe-shaped with straight to moderately convex margin. No denticle(s) on labral keel.</p> <p>First antennae or Antennules (Fig. 18F). About 1.5–two times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted half way the antennular corm. Two to three groups of fine setules on margin. Aesthetascs in two size groups. Longest aesthetascs about as long as antennular corm, shortest half as long.</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 18G). Basal setae not studied. Anterior spine on basal segment short, conical (Fig. 18G). Spinal formula (exo/endo) 001/101, setal formula 113/003. At base of first exopod segment group of three to five long fine spinules, about as long as this segment. First exopod seta on antenna narrow (Fig. 18G), not reaching beyond ultimate segment; on external side of second exopod segment, group of four to five long spines (Fig. 18G). Spine on first endopod segment very long, reaching half of apical endopod segment; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed and longer than apical segment (Fig. 18G). Terminal setae subequal in length, none spiniform.</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 18I–J). Relatively widest at postanal margin and with rounded dorso-distal margin. Length moderately convex and tapering distally, distal margin not strongly protruding. Distal embayment shallow, about as deep as claw width at base. Preanal corner well developed, triangular, protruding (Fig. 18I). Marginal postanal teeth in six to seven postanal groups of one to three elements each (Fig. 18M). Distal teeth simple, closer to anal margin consisting of one triangular small denticle with adjacent smaller element (Fig. 18M). Lateral fascicles six groups in postanal portion (Fig. 18I) consisting of four (distal) to eight (closer to anal margin) elements in each group, parallel. Distalmost element long and thick, protruding half to two thirds of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Fig. 18K). Marginal postanal teeth about one third of such a thickened lateral spine. Three to four clusters of smaller marginal teeth and three to four rows of fascicles in anal portion (Fig. 18J).</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 18I–J). Long and slender, longer than anal margin, straight to moderately curved, implanted with setules along dorsal side, but no strong spine in proximal pecten (Fig. 18I). Well developed basal spine, one to 1.5 as long as claw width at base and about one fourth of claw length (Fig. 18L). Group of three short basal spinules about one third of basal spine (Fig. 18L).</p> <p>First limb (Figs 19A–C). Epipodite round with short projection about half of epipodite body. First endite with one dorsal and two marginal setae, second endite with three setae of which two longer (and subequal in size), third endite with four setae (Fig. 19A); anterior elements on en1–2 minute (Fig. 19A). ODL with one slender seta, with short fine setules and little longer than largest IDL seta (Fig. 19B); IDL with two setae; armature of largest IDL setae long unilateral setulation in distal half, no strong denticles or spines. Accessory seta present near base ODL, about a third of ODL seta (Fig. 19B). Five anterior setule groups on limb corm with two long setules in first (dorsal) three groups (Fig. 19A). Ventral group consisting of short denticles. Ejector hooks relatively long, subequal; gnathobase (Fig. 19A) elongate, with setulated apex.</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 19D–F). Exopodite (Fig. 19D) oval round, lacking a seta. Short setules on apex; endites with eight scrapers gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase, sixth and eighth scraper shortest (Fig. 19D). First four scrapers relatively slender, finely setulated and decreasing in size towards gnathobase, following four thicker; no scrapers with few strong teeth (Fig. 19E) and third scraper longer than fourth; gnathobasic ‘brush’ elongate, implanted with short setules (Fig. 19D). Gnathobase with a sensillum and three modified elements, of which first a short seta, second a plump seta with small denticles in distal half and third a short seta; filter comb (Fig 19D) with seven setae of which first two shorter and third intermediate. First with setules implanted around its distal half (Fig. 19F).</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 19G–I). Pre-epipodite round, epipodite round; exopodite (Fig 19I) with quadrangular corm and six large setae in 2+4 arrangement; first exopodite seta one fifth longer than second, both relatively long; third exopodite seta less than two times of fifth exopodite seta, fourth seta twice as long as sixth seta, latter seta half the size of fifth (Figs 19G–I); all these setae plumose, except for fifth and sixth (Fig. 19H); fifth seta plumose in distal portion only and sixth shortly plumose in distal half. External endite (Fig. 19J) with three setae (1’–3’) of which first two long, with long setules in distal half and with minute element in between, third (3’) shorter and with long setules; four well developed plumose setae on inner side (1”–4”) of same length; one naked element and four small naked setae on internal endite (Fig. 19K) preceding gnathobase; the latter with a bottle-shaped sensillum and large bent plumose seta with two naked elements at its base (Fig. 19J). Filter comb with seven setae (not shown).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Figs 19M–O). Pre-epipodite oval, epipodite oval-round with short projection not reaching half of exopodite (Fig. 19M). Exopodite round, implanted with rows of minute denticles on inner side and with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae long and unequal, third is longer by one fourth of two previous setae; fourth shorter by one third of preceding seta; fifth and sixth setae narrow and shorter by one third to half of fourth seta (Fig. 19N). Both these setae (5–6) of similar size. Endite (Fig. 19O) with marginal row of four setae, first with distal short armature and longer than flaming torch setae; three ft setae plump with thick base, decreasing in size towards gnathobase, and one marginal naked sensillum, with bent apex; gnathobase with one long setae, bent over endite and reduced naked element; on inner side, three long plumose setae (1”–3”) gradually increasing in size towards gnathobase and a filter comb with five slender setae of similar length of endite seta 3” (Fig. 19O).</p> <p>Fifth limb (Figs 19P–Q). Pre-epipodite round, with long setules; epipodite oval with short projection, not reaching half way exopodite. Exopodite (Fig. 19P) shape broadly oval, about two times as long as wide, with straight to slightly convex, expanded setulated margin between setae three and four. Four exopodite setae, first (dorsal) two longest, oriented dorsally, about two times as long as exopodite width; third shorter by one fourth of setae (1’–2’) of which first very long, bent over inner lobe and twice as long; second endite seta about half size of first (1’). Gnathobase with one setulated round hillock and small naked projection (Fig. 19Q), no filter comb.</p> <p>Adult male and ephippial female unknown.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Anthalona simplex n. sp. is a relatively small species (~ 0.33mm), with long body in comparison to other species (1.7 times body height). Differs from all other Anthalona in several characters. Structures on the second antenna (Fig. 18G): A. simplex n. sp. has a long endopod spine, up to half of third endopod segment and long basal spinules on antennal exopod. On the carapace, A. simplex has an anterior group of long setae (Fig. 18A). The postabdomen of A. simplex has a long terminal claw (1.5 times anal margin) and a fine basal spine (Fig. 18), marginal teeth short and longest lateral spines reach beyond them by a third. Labral keel lacks a denticle. On limbs, IDL setae on P1 and denticulation of scrapers on P2 not developed and all epipodite projections short (Fig. 19). For additional characters, see Table 1.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. South East of DR Congo, likely an endemic of the Congo Basin. In littoral-benthic environment, on clay substrate, found in stagnant pool and small stream. Sympatric with Anthalona simplex n. sp., we found Alona kolwezii Van Damme &amp; Dumont, 2008, Macrothrix sp., Paralona cf. pigra (Sars, 1862) Alona cf. affinis and Anthalona harti n. sp. See also Van Damme &amp; Dumont (2008a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFDF1807FF22D76569D1CED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFD31807FF22D4D568D8CF2E.text	0390471DFFD31807FF22D4D568D8CF2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona verrucosa (Sars 1901)	<div><p>Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901) comb.nov.</p> <p>Type species: Anthalona verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFD31807FF22D4D568D8CF2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFD31800FF22D580689CCDB9.text	0390471DFFD31800FF22D580689CCDB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona verrucosa subsp. verrucosa (Sars 1901) verrucosa (Sars 1901	<div><p>Anthalona verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) comb.nov.</p> <p>(Figs 20–23)</p> <p>Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901 sensu Sars (1901), Paggi (1975), Sinev &amp; Hollwedel (2002).</p> <p>Biapertura pseudoverrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) sensu Smirnov (1971).</p> <p>Biapertura pseudoverrucosa pseudoverrucosa Smirnov, 1971</p> <p>nec Alona verrucosa Lutz, 1879 (see Johnson 1956b)</p> <p>nec Alona verrucosa sensu Johnson (1956a); Jenkin (1934); Rey &amp; St-Jean (1968); Dumont et al. (1981); Alonso (1996)</p> <p>Material examined. Lectotype. Single parthenogenetic female, Zool. Mus. Oslo, Accession number F12338a, Collection G.O. Sars, São Paulo, Brazil.</p> <p>Paralectotypes. Three adult parthenogenetic females, Zool. Mus. Oslo, Accession number F12337, one adult parthenogenetic female, Accession number F12338b, Coll. G.O. Sars, from vicinity of São Paulo, Brazil.</p> <p>Additional material. Five adult parthenogenetic females, one ephippial and one male from dune pool near Atins in the Lençóis Maranhenses, Brazil, 16.VIII.1996, Leg. K. Van Damme (S3A in Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010); Numerous females, raised from dried mud from dune pools in the Lençóis Maranhenses, Brazil (S2cult in Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010); Material of the Lençóis deposited under RBIN IG 31782 INV 96752-96756. Two adult parthenogenetic females from Fray Bartelomeo de las Casas, Guatemala, 08.III.2006, Leg. H.J. Dumont, RBIN IG 31782 INV 96759-96761.</p> <p>Type locality. Vicinity of São Paulo, Brazil (Sars, 1901).</p> <p>Redescription. Adult parthenogenetic female. Habitus (Figs 20A–C, 21B). Medium sized animals, 0.3–0.36 mm, average length 0.34mm (n=10) for population from Lençóis (Sars (1901) measured 0.36mm). Body length 1.5 times height. Transparent in life, after fixation more yellowish. Body shape variable (description of body Lençóis specimens). Dorsum moderately convex, highest point near middle; posterior margin angular, with expanded lower portion (Fig.20C, arrow). The posterior margin forms an angle of about 21 degrees posterior from an imaginary ventro-dorsal axis through the posterodorsal corner of the valves. Maximal ventral extent of rostral tip, about ventral maximum of carapace margin or less (Fig. 20C). Ventral carapace margin straight. Posteroventral corner round, without notch (Fig. 20H).</p> <p>Head. Ocellus smaller than eye (diameter of eye is 1.3 times that of ocellus) (Fig. 20A). Head shield with well interpore distance short, one to two times the size of diameter of one main pore. PP distance short, mean about half of IP distance, lateral pores at 1.5–two times IP distance from midline and situated posterior to main pores, at a distance of two to three IP from the posterior pore. This distance may vary strongly within a population (Figs 2A–E) but is mostly large, with a mean of 2.5 times the IP distance. The main pores may be situated at a triangular posterior extension of the head shield (Fig. 2B). Sacks under small pores with diameter about 1.5 times that of a main pore. These sacks always eight-shaped (Fig. 20D).</p> <p>Carapace (Figs 20B–C, 21A). Smooth (Fig. 21A) or with verrucae, both forms may occur in single population. Verrucae may be faint to strongly pronounced. Marginal setae 35–45, differentiated into three groups, anterior and median group short, posterior group twice as long. Posterior group with up to 14 setae well distinguished, these setae spaced further from each other than those in median and anterior group and three times as long as setae of median group (Fig. 20H). Setae not strongly decreasing in size towards the posteroventral corner but ending abruptly (Fig. 20H). These setules of similar size, reaching beyond carapace margin in posteroventral corner and continuing in a posterior row of fine long setules (Fig. 20H).</p> <p>Labrum (Figs 20E, 21B). Labral keel as for genus and with straight to moderately convex margin, sometimes wavy. One, sometimes two, proximal denticles on labral keel (Figs 20E, 21B).</p> <p>First antennae or Antennules (Fig. 20F). About three times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted at one third of antennular corm. Three to four groups of short denticles on margin (best seen in SEM Fig. 21B). Longest aesthetascs about half of antennular corm, shortest half as long (Fig. 20F).</p> <p>Second antennae (Fig. 20G). Anterior spine on basal segment short, conical. Spinal formula as for genus. At base of first exopod segment, a group of short, modified spinules (Fig. 21B, arrow). First exopod seta on antenna narrow (Fig. 20G), reaching beyond ultimate exopod segment; second exopod seta 1.5 times as long as previous; on external side of second exopod segment, three to four strong spines (Fig. 20G). True spine on first endopod segment reaching end of second segment or just beyond; main terminal spines on endo- and exopod well developed, each as long as their apical segment (Fig. 20G). Terminal setae on antennal exopod of similar morphology as for endopod and with long setules (Fig. 20G).</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 20I–J). Relatively widest at preanal angle, and with rounded dorso-distal margin, between two and 2.5 times as long as wide. Ventral margin shorter than anal and postanal margin together. Postanal and anal margins shorter than preanal margin. Anal margin straight to slightly concave, postanal margin stronger curved, convex. Distal margin protruding, distal embayment (dorsal to basal claw) maximally as deep as claw width at base. Preanal corner (Fig. 20I) not protruding beyond maximal dorsal point of postanal margin (neither postanal margin or preanal corner reach beyond each other dorsally). Marginal postanal elements arranged in six to seven groups (Fig. 20I). Each distal tooth with one to two adjacent smaller elements on anterior side, not merged. Lateral fascicles six groups in postanal portion, consisting of six to eight elements in each group, parallel to each other. Distalmost lateral element long, thick and spiniform, protruding for half of its length beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen. Distalmost lateral elements in postanal portion do not reach beyond marginal denticles. Smaller elements per fascicle at least half of the distalmost spine in each group. Three to four clusters of long marginal elements, and three to four fascicles in anal portion.</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 20I, 20L). As long as anal margin, moderately curved, implanted with setules along dorsal side. Proximal pecten ending in long spine about width of claw at this point and at about half of claw length (Fig. 20I). Basal spine 1.5 to two times claw width and one fourth to one fifth of claw length. Group of three to four long basal spinules, over half of basal spine length (Fig. 20L).</p> <p>First maxilla (Fig. 22A) as for genus.</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 22B–D). Epipodite round with long projection, reaching beyond limb corm (Fig. 22B). First to third endites as for genus. Anterior elements strongly reduced (Fig. 22C). Inner and outer distal lobes (Fig. 22D); ODL with one slender seta, as long as largest IDL seta and with short fine setules in distal half (Fig. 22D); two setae in IDL, modified. On largest IDL seta, one large spine followed by reduced distal part; spine in longest IDL seta is as long or just longer than distal part beyond spine. On shortest IDL seta (Fig. 22D), two long spines of similar length, basal spine about as long as distal part of this seta. Accessory seta present, half of IDL seta (not shown). Four to five anterior setule groups with two to three setules in each group (Fig. 22B), decreasing in size ventrally. Ejector hooks unequal and gnathobase triangular with setulated apex (Fig. 22B).</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 22E–F). Exopodite (Fig. 22E, ex) oval-round, with short seta, not reaching beyond exopodite apex; tuft of hairs on exopodite apex; endites with eight scrapers gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase, eight scraper shortest (Fig. 22E). First two scrapers relatively slender and finely setulated, about twice the size of the third scraper. Third stouter and shorter than two and four, with stronger denticles than scrapers one to five. Scrapers four and five similar, with fine denticles, scraper six (Fig. 22F) modified with 10–11 thick teeth (in paralectotypes, eight teeth); final two scrapers decreasing in size towards gnathobase, scraper eight thickest, this scraper half the size of sixth. Gnathobasic ‘brush’ short and round, implanted with short denticles. Gnathobase as for genus; filter comb (Figs 22E) with seven setae of which only the first two shorter. First two setae brushlike, with fine setules.</p> <p>Third limb (Figs 22G–I). Pre-epipodite round, epipodite round with long projection; exopodite (Fig. 22G) as for genus, with six setae; first exopodite seta twice as long as second; third exopodite seta longer by about a third of fifth exopodite seta (Fig. 22H), fourth seta just shorter than fifth seta and twice as long as sixth seta (Fig. 22H). Endite (Fig. 22I) as for genus; strongly developed denticles in setae 1’–2’, long setae in internal endite preceding gnathobase and filter comb setae about twice as long as last seta on inner side (4”) (Fig. 22I).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Figs 22J–L). Epipodite oval with long projection reaching just beyond exopodite. Exopodite (Fig. 22J) with six marginal plumose setae; first three exopodite setae longer, third one the longest of the three (one third longer than second seta), fourth maximally half as long as preceding seta (Fig. 22J); fifth and sixth setae narrow. Sixth same length as fourth, fifth just longer than its adjacent setae (Fig. 22K). Endite (Fig. 22L) as for genus.</p> <p>Fifth limb (Figs 22M–N). Pre-epipodite oval and implanted with long setules; epipodite oval with long projection reaching beyond half of exopodite corm but not beyond margin. Exopodite (Fig. 22M) shape broadly oval, about two times as long as wide, with concave expanded margin between setae three and four; four exopodite setae, of limb (Fig. 22N) with broad oval inner lobe and long apical setules; two endite setae (1’–2’) of which first longer; this seta not reaching apex of inner lobe; second endite seta shorter by a third. Gnathobase as for genus.</p> <p>Adult male (Figs 23A–C). Size 0.27–0.3mm. (n=4), body 1.95 as long as high. Body not widening posteriorly (Fig. 23A), dorsum rather parallel to ventral margin. Postabdomen (Fig. 23B) about 2.5 times as long as wide, with preanal projection (preanal angle) about two times as long as wide (not strongly projecting). Distalmost spine in each lateral fascicle on postabdomen long and reaching beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen (Fig. 23B). Terminal claw thick and short (shorter than anal margin) with basal spine about as long as claw width at base. Gonopores opening ventrally, adjacent to basal claw and in subterminal indent. First limb (Fig. 23C) with IDL bearing three setae (Fig. 23C), of which two modified in distal portion, though less as in females. Third IDL seta naked and as long as two modified setae (Fig. 14E). ODL seta longer than IDL setae. Copulatory hook (Fig. 23C) strongly curved and with long terminal part, in inner side of “elbow” with narrow base, more V- than U-shaped.</p> <p>Ephippial female and ephippium. Ephippial female larger than parthenogenetic female (up to 0.58mm), ephippium light orange brown, never dark brown or black.</p> <p>Paralectotypes of Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901). Redescription above is mainly based on populations from the Lençóis Maranhenses, Brazil. Type material differs in a few details. Sars (1901) did not designate a holotype or paratypes. In 1985, Valdivia-Villar selected several females, which we studied as well. We are, however not sure that these correspond to the animals Sars’ (1901) had before him, because they differ in habitus from the latter. All (para) lectotypes were in a bad state and must have dried out completely in the past, so only limited information could be retrieved. Habitus of (para) lectotypes without verrucae, size 0.375mm (Fig. 23D) (different from Sars’ (1901) description, which was with verrucae and smaller?!).</p> <p>Head with rostrum relatively long and curved inwards. Distance between main head pores about four times diameter of one main pore (Fig. 23I). Lateral pores not far from posterior main pore, their sizes about two times main pore diameter (Fig. 23I).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 23G) with convex margin and single tooth, directed forward. First antennae not reaching rostral tip.</p> <p>Second antenna (Fig. 23H) with unmodified terminal setae; formula as for genus. Spines on first and second exopod segment quite robust and thick (three or four on each segment). First seta on endopod not reaching apex of third segment, first endopod spine as long as or just longer than second segment. Terminal spines 1.2 times length of apical segments.</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 23E–F) with anal and postanal margin of similar lengths and typical S-shape, about two times as long as wide.</p> <p>Terminal claw (Figs 23E–F) just longer (1.3 times) than anal margin, basal spine on terminal claw about 1.2 times as long as claw width, with basal spinules reaching up to half length of basal spine. Six postanal marginal teeth, longer than wide, distalmost merged with smaller denticles. Lateral fascicles (largest spine per group) reaching tip of marginal denticles or just beyond.</p> <p>Five limb pairs, epipodites with long fingerlike projections (longer than epipodite itself). First limb with modified IDL setae (Fig. 23J); basal spine in longest IDL seta as long as or longer than apical part of seta beyond it; shortest IDL seta with basal spine shorter than apical part. Basal spines of both IDL setae are relatively narrow, not markedly thick.</p> <p>Second limb (Figs 23K–L) with exopodite with short seta, not reaching over the apex. Eight scrapers (Fig. 23K) of which third and sixth with stronger teeth. Sixth scraper (Fig. 23L) with eight to nine teeth. Third to fifth limbs not studied.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901) forms a close group of siblings, on which the final word has yet to be written—its full diversity in South America is no doubt higher than presented here. See also Sinev &amp; Hollwedel (2002) for redescription. A. verrucosa has a typical single denticle (or two) on the labral keel. The species is relatively small (0.34–0.36mm on average). Valve setae with a posterior group are relatively long and widely spaced. Postabdomen with lateral fascicles not (or rarely) reaching beyond the marginal teeth; basal spinules on terminal claw half of basal spine or longer. Major pores very variable, at some distance from the lateral pores in the Lençóis populations (not in the types, this character is variable, see Fig. 2). Body shape may differ, in the Lençóis with an expanded posteroventral portion. On antennae, terminal (swimming) setae are normal, unmod- tinguish two subspecies. A. verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) has stronger modified spines on IDL of the first limb (distal part of these setae is not much longer than the large basal spine) than A. verrucosa pectinata (Elías-Gutiérrez &amp; Suárez-Morales, 1999).</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Distribution of A. verrucosa will have to be re-evaluated in the future; this species is quite common and widespread in the Neotropics (e.g., Sars 1901, Paggi 1975, Sinev &amp; Hollwedel 2002). Tolerates lower acidities but prefers neutral to basic (Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2010). In our cultures, temperatures of 20°C and below resulted in unhealthy populations, low numbers and with deformations due to bad moulting. The most successful populations, with largest numbers, were obtained at temperatures between 25–30°C. Slow swimmer, feeds on detritus and scrapes off substrate.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFD31800FF22D580689CCDB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFD41800FF22D40D691ECAAF.text	0390471DFFD41800FF22D40D691ECAAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona verrucosa subsp. pectinata (Elias-Gutierrez & Suarez-Morales 1999)	<div><p>Anthalona verrucosa pectinata (Elías-Gutiérrez &amp; Suárez-Morales, 1999) comb.nov.</p> <p>(Fig. 24)</p> <p>Alona pectinata Elías-Gutiérrez &amp; Suárez-Morales, 1999.</p> <p>Material examined. Five parthenogenetic females from Mahajual, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, Leg. A.A. Kotov, 2003. Three specimens deposited under RBIN IG 31782 INV 96757 -96758.</p> <p>Description. Parthenogenetic females. Described by Elías-Gutiérrez &amp; Suárez-Morales (1999). Only some notes accompanying Figure 24 are presented here, to compare with A. verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901): Habitus variable according to original description and average of 0.29mm, dimensions length/height about 1.6 (Figs 24A– B). No strong expanded posterior portion, no strong differentiation in marginal setae (Fig. 24A) and no ornamentation on carapace (Fig. 24B).</p> <p>Main head pores at some distance from lateral pores (Fig. 24D), up to two IP lengths.</p> <p>Second antennae as for genus but with thickened spinules and long terminal spines, exopod spine 1.8 times terminal segment (Fig. 24D).</p> <p>Postabdomen (Fig. 24E) short, but with relatively long marginal teeth (Fig. 24F). Distal spine in (distal) lateral fascicles reaching beyond marginal denticles, by maximally a third of the spine length (Fig. 24H). Basal spine of postabdomen just longer than basal claw width (Fig. 24G).</p> <p>Five limb pairs, as for genus, all without long projections on epipodites (e.g., Fig. 24O).</p> <p>First limb typical, but with few (about six) teeth in the long setae of second endite (Fig. 24I). ODL seta as long as longest IDL seta (Fig. 24J). IDL setae with modified armature, basal spines shorter than distal part of the seta (beyond the basal spine) (Fig. 24K).</p> <p>Second limb (Fig. 24N) with eight scrapers of which third and sixth modified, the latter with eight to nine stronger teeth (Fig. 24M). Third limb with six setae on exopodite, of which the first markedly longer than second, fourth and fifth setae similar in length (fifth just longer).</p> <p>Fourth limb (Fig. 24O) with first three exopodite setae of similar lengths, and final three shorter; seta four as long as sixth, and fifth sticking out in between as the longer one (Fig. 24O).</p> <p>Fifth limb in Elías-Gutiérrez &amp; Suárez-Morales (1999).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. A. verrucosa pectinata is relatively small (0.29mm); the posterior group of setae on the carapace is not as marked as in A. verrucosa verrucosa. It differs mainly in IDL morphology, with less pronounced armature, and lacks long projections on the limb epipodites. The terminal spine on second antenna (exopod) is relatively longer in ssp. pectinata.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico; originally from permanent waters; a scraper associated with periphyton (Elías-Gutiérrez &amp; Suárez-Morales 1999).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFD41800FF22D40D691ECAAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFD4181DFF22D12068A4CFD2.text	0390471DFFD4181DFF22D12068A4CFD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Synonyms and Anthalona incertae sedis</p> <p>Together with Alona verrucosa, we move a few taxa from Alona to Anthalona gen. n. We cannot decide on the identity behind these names because of poor original descriptions and the absence of type material. A denticle on We reproduce the original drawings of these taxa in Figure 25, compared to drawings of Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901), of which paralectotypes exist (Figs 22D–L). Comments on these species included in Alona checklist in Van Damme et al. (2010).</p> <p>1. Alona alonopsiformis Brehm, 1933 = Anthalona alonopsiformis (Brehm, 1933) comb. nov. (Figs 25E–F). Type locality: “Dagiangan, Indo-Malaysia”, this is likely Mindanao Island, South-Philippines. No type material exists. A. alonopsiformis is too briefly described by Brehm to allow identification with Anthalona species described here. But, Brehm (1933) shows a postabdomen with all characters of Anthalona. Dumont et al. (1984) considered this animal correctly as member of the A. verrucosa- complex, but transferred the name to Africa. A. alonopsiformis is unlikely to occur on latter continent, replaced by A. harti n. sp. We do not want to dismiss Brehm’s name until material from the Philippines can be investigated. Without it, decisions on synonymy cannot be made. It is uncertain if the species described herein, from Borneo (Anthalona obtusa n. sp.), is identical, but latter may differ mainly in having a blunt denticle on the labral keel.</p> <p>2. Alona verrucosa lineolata Chen &amp; Li, 1991 = Anthalona lineolata (Chen &amp; Li, 1991) comb.nov. (Figs 25G– J) =? Alona mediterranea (Yalim, 2005). Type locality: reservoir in Dongshan Village, Huarong County, Hunan Province; collected by Yi Zhong in August 12, 1989 (Chen et al. 1991). Type material deposited in the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China (Holotype: parthenogenetic female, Paratypes: two parthenogenetic females) (Chen, Zhang, Yi &amp; Guo, 1991). Identity uncertain, type material could not be examined. Definitely a member of Anthalona and certainly NOT A. verrucosa (Sars, 1901). A. lineolata has: 1) fine striation on the carapace (Fig. 25G); 2) elongate body shape with high posterior corner (Fig. 25G); and 3) round posterior margin and relatively long denticles on the postabdomen (Fig. 25H). These are all typical characters of Anthalona mediterranea. There is a strong possibility that Anthalona mediterranea (Yalim, 2005), redescribed herein, may be identical to A. lineolata (Chen et al., 1991). Until re-study of the Chinese taxon, we cannot make a decision on its identity. There may be also differences with A. mediterranea. According to Chen et al. (1991), Anthalona lineolata has a denticle on the labral keel (Fig. 25J), lateral pores are very close to the main head pores (Fig. 25I) and one seta is presumably (needs to be checked) absent in the second antenna (according to description; antennal formula exo/endo 003/013), present in A. mediterranea. If both are identical, the nomenclatural situation should be examined.</p> <p>3. Biapertura pseudoverrucosa pseudoverrucosa Smirnov, 1971 = Alona rectangula Sars, 1861 sensu Daday, pseudoverrucosa pseudoverrucosa Smirnov, 1971 as opposed to Biapertura pseudoverrucosa verrucosa. Daday’s (1905) figures of A. rectangula show a clear Anthalona and the author notes several differences with A. verrucosa. No type material exists (see Forró &amp; Frey, 1982 for Daday’s Cladocera collection). The figures of Daday (1905) are not realistic; his drawing style contains over-enthusiastic curves and characters may be exaggerated, others ignored. However, the name by Smirnov (1971) was not correct, as the older name verrucosa cannot be a subspecies of the younger pseudoverrucosa, and both do not belong in Biapertura (= A. affinis group). Also the major character of distinction, presence or absence of the tubercles (Smirnov, 1971), is invalid as we observed this variable in the same stock of A. verrucosa verrucosa (see Figs 27A–B). We regard Biapertura pseudoverrucosa Smirnov, 1971 here as a junior synonym of Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901.</p> <p>Two others names in the lump genus Alona Baird, 1843, cannot be assigned unambiguously to Anthalona gen. n. These taxa may be better grouped as incertae sedis under Coronatella. First is Alona anodonta Daday, 1905 from Paraguay. Tuberculate valves, lacks a proximal denticle in the labral keel (Daday, 1905). In the same publication and from the same samples, Daday (1905) lists Alona verrucosa and Alona rectangula (see above under Anthalona pseudoverrucosa (Smirnov 1971)), now respectively Anthalona verrucosa and Coronatella rectangula. Alona anodonta Daday, 1905 has the general body shape and postabdomen of these genera. Tubercles may appear in both. In a later publication, Daday considers his own species, A. anodonta, synonym of A. rectangula (Daday 1910). We think that A. anodonta may be a Coronatella indeed. Details and status unknown, types absent. Smirnov (1971) lists A. anodonta as tuberculate form of Alona pseudoanodonta Brehm, 1933, but both have very different origins. Rajapaksa &amp; Fernando (1982) depict an Alona cf. anodonta from Sri Lanka. From their figures, this is clearly a Coronatella species. It shows the amount of confusion in these smaller Aloninae... The second, Alona pseudoanodonta Brehm, 1933, may be also be a member of Coronatella. Description and drawings in Brehm (1933) do not allow a decision on its identity.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFD4181DFF22D12068A4CFD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFC31817FF22D46E6B79C994.text	0390471DFFC31817FF22D46E6B79C994.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Anthalona gen. n., not Alona Baird, 1843 or Biapertura Smirnov, 1971</p> <p>Anthalona gen. n. has no unique characters (autapomorphies) but a unique set of characters (synapomorphies) within the Aloninae. We listed these features earlier (Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008b) and we repeat them here. We recognize Anthalona gen. n. by (1) Two connected main pores and lateral pores with 8–shaped structures below, (2) A short, S-shaped postabdomen with short basal spine (1–1.5 times base of claw), (3) Lateral fascicles with long distal spines, (4) Proximal denticle(s) on the labral keel (not A. brandorffi or A. simplex n. sp.), (5) Modified IDL armature on first limb and modified third and sixth scrapers on second limb (not A. simplex n. sp.), (6) Body with expanded posteroventral portion (not A. mediterranea or A. simplex n. sp.).</p> <p>Separation of A. verrucosa Sars, 1901 and relatives in a genus in its own right, follows revision of other Alona species complexes. The morphological divergence is relatively clear in this case. A. quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776), type species of Alona Baird, 1843, may be a separate lineage of the Hexalona -branch (Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008a,b). Anthalona gen. n. is of an entirely different lineage in the Aloninae, sharing none of the features of the Hexalona -branch (e.g., Anthalona has no ventral setules on labrum, postabdomen is much shorter, its marginal teeth are unmerged). Also different from the main line of “true” Alona, can be seen in the fact that Anthalona gen. n. limbs have several reductions (e.g. two setae in IDL, six setae on exIII, no gnV, no P6, etc.).</p> <p>The morphological characters indicate a divergence between Anthalona gen. n. and true Alona Baird, 1843. Furthermore, differences between Anthalona species reveal a distinct evolution within the genus. Anthalona gen. n. is more similar to Coronatella Dybowski &amp; Grochowski, 1894 and the Alona monacantha complex (likely also part of Coronatella) and shares resemblance with Karualona Dumont &amp; Silva-Briano, 2000 (Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008b). It is possible that these two-pored animals form a separate small lineage. Postabdomen is of a similar, short type, both have two main head pores and limbs are similar but more reduced in Anthalona gen. n. Karualona and Anthalona are clearly different (for list of characters, see Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008b). We support the suggestion of Kotov that Karualona may be a sister group of Anthalona gen. n. (Kotov 2004, as Alona verrucosagroup). Arguments for not placing A. verrucosa and related species in Coronatella are subtler and are discussed in the next section.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFC31817FF22D46E6B79C994	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFC31816FF22D01F6B34C82E.text	0390471DFFC31816FF22D01F6B34C82E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski 1894	<div><p>Similarity with Coronatella</p> <p>Coronatella and Anthalona gen. n. are similar enough for earlier authors to regard A. verrucosa as a member of Coronatella rectangula- group (e.g., Daday 1910, Jenkin 1934; A. rectangula -group). Also the presence of tubercles in both, has lead to confusion (e.g., Johnson 1956b). Important similarities include (Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008b): 1) five pairs of limbs with reductions, typical for the Coronatella- branch (IDL with two setae, reduction of anterior setae in P1, exIII with six setae, no gnV); 2) specialized setal armature (IDL on P1); 3) The A. monacantha group (to be removed from Alona) has all characters of Coronatella, but some peculiarities of Anthalona (strong armature IDL on P1, denticle on labrum) as well, hence seems intermediate; 4) In general dimensions of body and postabdomen, Coronatella and Anthalona gen. n. look nearly identical.</p> <p>Coronatella and Anthalona seem both natural assemblages with a separate evolution. The head pore configuration is distinct and stable in each genus (two + cosmaria in Anthalona versus three + no lateral pores in Coronatella). The phylogenetic importance of head pores in the Aloninae may be overrated, but the difference is significant in that the typical head pore type arose only once in an ancestral Anthalona, maybe even from the Karualona type. It gave rise to a subtle diversity of head pore arrangements in Anthalona. The same can be said for postabdomen armature (lateral spines thicker and basal spine shorter in Anthalona) and other specific characters (Fig. 29). In the antennae of Coronatella and Anthalona, strong changes and specialisations have occurred independently, suggesting important plasticity in these traits (e.g., C. holdeni and A. acuta). The limb characters shared by both Coronatella and Anthalona gen. n. are mainly reductions. As a general trend in the evolution of these microcrustaceans (reduction of setae), such reductions may either have arisen independently or stem from a common ancestor.</p> <p>Similarity in morphological form may be a result of a reversal, close common ancestry, parallel evolution or convergence. Homoplasy may occur under similar adaptive pressures or by evolutionary constraints (constraints to structural solutions; e.g., Wake 1991). The similarities in body size and postabdomen between Coronatella and Anthalona may result from such constraints, although details on their feeding and ecology are yet to be investigated. Reductions on limbs in Coronatella and Anthalona may also be correlated with miniaturization; both are among the smaller Aloninae genera. In the Alona guttata- group for example, which belongs to an entirely different lineage (of six-limbed Alona), reductions seem correlated with a decrease in body size. In any case, Anthalona and Coronatella are examples of the typical general small, successful Alona body shape. However, closer examination shows that comparative body shapes of Anthalona species are not so similar (Figs 27–28).</p> <p>Coronatella and Anthalona gen. n. do not necessarily share a close common ancestor. Evolutionary pressures under similar conditions and/or constraints in the Aloninae “Bauplan” may have lead to homoplasy in external and internal characters, with body shape, postabdomen, even limbs, similar. It results in a small model, successful in littoral environments. An independent test to see whether Coronatella and Anthalona share a close common ancestor is by molecular analysis (Van Damme &amp; Dumont, unpubl.), not included in this study. It is this general small “ Alona ” body shape that caused many of our historical taxonomical problems in the lump genus (Van Damme et al., 2010)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFC31816FF22D01F6B34C82E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
0390471DFFC71813FF22D2AE6AF0CB74.text	0390471DFFC71813FF22D2AE6AF0CB74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev & Dumont 2011	<div><p>Future of Anthalona studies</p> <p>The taxonomic situation of Anthalona gen. n. remains complex. A. lineolata from China and A. alonopsiformis from the Philippines still need evaluation. We currently count seven species of Anthalona, but the genus will grow larger. Records of Anthalona appear as Alona verrucosa in literature worldwide and more research of East Asian (e.g., Rajapaksa &amp; Fernando 1982; Dumont &amp; Van De Velde 1977), Australian and African Anthalona are likely to reveal additional species. In particular, status of Australian and South East Asian populations should be examined further; we did not study these regions sufficiently although the A. verrucosa -group is common here and there is no name available for the Australian populations, which may well be different from A. obtusa n. sp. (or more species may be present). We did encounter more new species that were not incorporated in this study. Brief examination of specimens from Nepal, samples of Dumont &amp; Van De Velde (1977) for example, showed that these populations cannot be assigned to any of the species described herein. Furthermore, during finalization of this manuscript, we encountered two clearly different, unnamed species of Anthalona, one from Thailand (Sinev, pers. obs.) and another from Brazil (from Amazon; A. Ghidini, pers. obs.). So, even in South America, new findings should not be surprising. Anthalona gen. n. is therefore more speciose than presented here. More data on ecology should also be gathered; in particular sympatry of the Neotropical species A. acuta and A. verrucosa (and even A. brandorffi) is interesting, to study niche separation of sympatric chydorids in a single small pool with externally different characters.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390471DFFC71813FF22D2AE6AF0CB74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	DAMME, KAY VAN;SINEV, ARTEM YU;DUMONT, HENRI J.	DAMME, KAY VAN, SINEV, ARTEM YU, DUMONT, HENRI J. (2011): Separation of Anthalona gen. n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875 (1): 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
