identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0390636CFFA1FFF5FC98FEE6FB378F0E.text	0390636CFFA1FFF5FC98FEE6FB378F0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moniligastridae Claus 1880	<div><p>Key to Moniligastridae</p><p>(from Gates, 1972; Blakemore, 2012b)</p><p>1. Female pores at or just behind 13/14, ovaries in 13 ···· ················································································ 2 Female pores and ovaries more anteriorly ··············· 3 2. Male pores at 11/12 and 12/13 ·············· Desmogaster Male pores at 11/12 only ····················· Hastirogaster 3. Female pores at or just behind 12/13, ovaries in 12 ···· ····························································· Eupolygaster Female pores at or just behind 11/12, ovaries in 11 ···· ················································································ 4 4. Y-shaped glands on spermathecal atria ······················ ·································································· Moniligaster Y-shaped branched glands lacking ·············· Drawida Originally masculine gender, Easton (1984: 111) explains how genus Drawida should be treated as feminine for adjectival species name agreement. Michaelsen (1900), Stephenson (1923) and Gates (1972) provide limited keys to endemic species; Blakemore (2012b) fully describes all the dozen or so global exotics.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFA1FFF5FC98FEE6FB378F0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFA2FFF6FCEDFEA6FB138E48.text	0390636CFFA2FFF6FCEDFEA6FB138E48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megadrilacea Benham 1890	<div><p>Superorder Megadrilacea Benham, 1890 Suborder Exquisiclitellata Blakemore, 2013</p><p>[Note: Some Korean websites and papers incorrectly state “ Phylum Annelida Linnaeus, 1758 ” rather than Lamarck, 1802, “ Class Clitellata Linnaeus, 1740 ” rather than Michaelsen, 1919 (cf. defunct Class Vermes Linnaeus, 1758) and “ Order Haplotaxida Grube, 1850 ” rather than correctly as Michaelsen, 1900].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFA2FFF6FCEDFEA6FB138E48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFA3FFF7FF16FEE6FD728D29.text	0390636CFFA3FFF7FF16FEE6FD728D29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moniligastridae Claus 1880	<div><p>Family MONILIGASTRIDAE Claus, 1880 Genus Drawida Michaelsen, 1900: 114</p><p>Type-species: Moniligaster barwelli Beddard, 1886</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFA3FFF7FF16FEE6FD728D29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFA3FFF1FF3FFE66FC6C8E48.text	0390636CFFA3FFF1FF3FFE66FC6C8E48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida barwelli (Beddard 1886)	<div><p>1. Drawida cf. barwelli (Beddard, 1886)</p><p>Moniligaster barwelli Beddard, 1886: 94, figs. 4-6; Beddard, 1895: 200 (syns. beddardii Rosa, 1890, M. sp. Horst, 1893). [Type locality Manila, Luzon, P.I. Types in British Museum (BMNH 1904:10:5:522-3) were disputed by Easton (1984: 112) who re-described the species from new material after finding that the type series, that he labelled “(BMNH: 1904:10.5.2-3)”, comprised a posterior portion and a slide that produced no useful data (although DNA is possibly retained?). See note below under ‘Material Examined’ for BMNH 1974. 1. 101-102].</p><p>Moniligaster beddardii Rosa, 1890: 379 . [Locality “ Villagio di Chiala ” 1400-1500 m (Carin Padaung o Asciuii Ghecu)”, this village in Burma being now untraceable. Types missing (from Genoa?)].</p><p>Drawida beddardi: (sic) Gates, 1962: 312 (syns. hehoensis +“ fluvaitilis ”, tecta); 1972: 246 (syns. D. barwelli var. hehoensis + D. “ fluvaitilis ” Stephenson, 1924: 324 +325; D. tecta Gates, 1926, all from near Yaungwhe). [Gates (1962, 1972) appears to reject synonymy of beddardi in barwelli but this one of his many reversals as Gates (1929: 3) had previously noted that Moniligaster beddardii was the same as Drawida barwelli].</p><p>? Moniligaster sp. Horst, 1893: 46. [A specimen from the isle of Flores]; Gates, 1965: 86.</p><p>Moniligaster bahamensis Beddard, 1893: 690, figs 1-5; Beddard, 1895: 202. [Type locality (under ICZN, 1999: Art. 76.1.1) Bahamas from where imported with plants to Kew. Types supposedly two specimens, now missing (Gates, 1982: 18) and not registered in BMNH, London (A. Cabrinovic adc@nhm.ac.uk pers. comm. 24.III.2010 and a personal search) although Coles (1981: 302) yet lists them as in BMNH].</p><p>Drawida bahamensis: Michaelsen, 1900: 118; Gates, 1954: 241; 1965: 85 (syn. Moniligaster sp. Horst, 1893; D. “ japonicus ” f. bahamensis: Michaelsen, 1910 c: 50). Cf. Gates (1982: 18) who maintains D. bahamensis separately and claims two specimens from Puerto Rico, 33 from Calayan Island, Philippines, one adolescent from Nicaragua and some from Honolulu in earth from Tonga.</p><p>?[ Moniligaster parva Bourne, 1894: 371, fig. 11. Type locality Ootacamund, southeast India; type material not known; also reported from Aru Islands near West Papua].</p><p>Drawida barwelli (some in part?): Michaelsen, 1900: 116 (syn. beddardii Rosa, 1890;? Moniligaster sp. Horst, 1893); Michaelsen, 1910 a: 51 (part, residue lacking dorsal pores is what will become known as D. impertusa); Stephenson, 1923: 133 (part, residue= D. impertusa); Gates, 1929: 3 (syn. beddardii); Gates, 1937: 307-309 (where he gives a good account and corrects many of Beddard’s mistakes and removed beddardi); Gates, 1965: 87, 93) [syn.? D. parva (Bourne, 1894)]; Gates, 1962: 312 (where he restores beddardi); Easton, 1984: 112, fig. 1g (syn. D. bahamensis,? D. parvus: Michaelsen, 1910 non Bourne, 1894 but Easton apparently ignores the beddardii synonym that was restored by Gates, 1962: 312); Blakemore, 2012 (syns. as herein).</p><p>? Drawida parvus (sic): Michaelsen, 1910 b: 25; Gates, 1965: 93 [?non Moniligaster parva Bourne, 1894, nec D. parva (Bourne, 1894): Michaelsen, 1900: 118].</p><p>? Drawida barwelli var. hehoensis Stephenson, 1924: 324 . [From Heho Plain near Yaungwe; Gates 1931: 340; Types BMNH: 1925:[5:?]12:34, and ZSIC Calcutta 1107. Cf. D. gisti Michaelsen, 1931: 525 and its sub-species D. g. nanchangiana Chen, 1933: 200 and D. g. anchingiana Chen, 1933: 202 especially by Gates, 1935: 2; 1939: 408].</p><p>? Drawida fluviatilis Stephenson, 1924: 325 . [Also misspelt “ fluvaitilis ”; from White Crow stream near Yaungwe. Types BMNH: 1925:5:12:120?].</p><p>? Drawida tecta Gates, 1926: 148 . [Type locality Yaungwhe. Types in US Natl. Mus.].</p><p>? Drawida sp. Gates, 1930: 298. [Later named as D. delicata Gates, 1962: 319].</p><p>Drawida glabella Chen, 1938: 377, fig. 1. Syn. nov. by Blakemore (2006). [From Sha-moh-chiu, Hainan; type not known but only one specimen]. [Nothing in this specimen’s description nor figures separate it from the following description, expept perhaps that dorsal pores are stated to be evident behind the clitellum (as in D. paradoxa Rao, 1921 !) and the male atrium’s “ glandular portion probably enclosed by peritoneal sheet (not to be sectioned)” (nor figured). Chen’s specimen lacked accessory glands to spermathecae and was similar to D. japonica].</p><p>? Drawida delicata Gates, 1962: 319 . From Myanmar. Types lost. Syn. nov.?</p><p>Drawida borwelli: (sic laps.) Global Names Index, 2010 (www.globalnames.org/name_strings?search_term=b orwelli&amp;commit=Search).</p><p>Non Drawida barwelli: Cognetti, 1911: 494 (= D. impertusa: Gates, 1965: 87) nec Drawida barwelli impertusa Stephenson, 1920: 200; Stephenson, 1923: 134 (= D. impertusa: Gates, 1965: 87) as described below.</p><p>Material Examined. At Tokyo Museum in May, 2010 I requested the BMNH types 1904:10:5:522-3, 582, apparently now numbered 1974.1.101-102 and labelled: “ Moniligaster barwelli TYPE 1974.1.101-102 Loc. Manila, Philippines Coll. Mr H.E. Barwell Ref. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5 xvii p. 74 ” and “ Beddard 1886 Manila, Phillipines [sic] Collector: H.E. Barwell ” plus another note: “ These fragments are far too large to be types of M. barwelli which is less than 40 mm long EGE [aston] April, 1981 ”. This material comprised one tail portion with the anterior end cleanly cut (length= 35 mm, segments=152) and one mid-portion that is cleanly cut at both ends (length= 30 mm, segments=198), both blackened and neither yielding useful information but small tissue samples were taken from each to attempt COI barcoding, 26.VIII.2010 that was, unfortunately, not successful on this old material. This material reinspected by RJB VI.2013 and details confirmed as probable syntypes .</p><p>Korean specimens IV0000245078 (DNA sample WM8, redone as WO10, then as w2 and w3 from both), two aclitellate specimens (one figured and sectioned the other now desiccated) from Jeollanam-do, Gurye-gun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.48106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.21139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.48106/lat 35.21139)">Masanmyeon</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.48106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.21139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.48106/lat 35.21139)">Naengcheon-ri</a>, (N35 12′41.0′′ E127 28′51.8′′) 37 m AMSL found coiled in diapause from frozen, icy soil, 19 th Jan, 2012 by RJB. These specimens were flagg- ed as “ Drawida cf. barwelli (Beddard, 1886) ” in Blakemore et al. (2012: 1); DNA data was then pending but the specimens are newly figured and described here .</p><p>Distribution. Widespread - see Blakemore (2012b) and Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010) for descriptions of types and of Australian/Japanese material.</p><p>Description (of two current Korean specimens). Pale unpigmented. Prostomium prolobous, not notched. Length 45-60 mm. Segments 121, 134. Clitella absent. Setae closely paired aa=bc. Dorsal pores absent (typically present behind the clitellum). Nephropores in atria in cd lines but closer to d from segment 3. Spermathecal pores in 7/ 8 in cd-lines. Male pores on 10/ 11 in bc lines closer to b. Female pores in 11/ 12 in b lines. Genital markings absent.</p><p>Septum 10/11 absent (combined with 11/12). Spermathecae on long, convoluted ducts in 8, atria present but no glands. Moderately coiled vasa deferentia in 10 from testis sacs in 9/10 to small, stubby penes with small prostates present in 10/11. Ovaries in septum 11/12 that is combination of two septa with elongate ovisacs protruding. Gizzards in 15-18 (four of) with intestine from 19. Last hearts are in 9.</p><p>Remarks. These specimens key to Drawida beddardii (Rosa, 1890) from Michaelsen (1900) and Gates (1972), but this is generally held as a junior synonym of Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886) . Gates (1972: 246) allows 3-4 gizzards in 12-19, as here; cf. Gates (1962: 312) whereas Easton (1984: 112) has 3-4 gizzards in 12-16. Thus some ambiguity still exists since Michaelsen (1900: 116) first synonymized these two names (in part) and their subsequent accounts have been variously intermingled ‾ see Blakemore (2010b: 142-154, figs. 1-6; 2012b) and Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010) for futher details.</p><p>In Fig. 1 the current specimens are far removed genetically from cogeners except D. eta and BLAST analysis of WO10 vs. LK186-187 ( Drawida eda Holotype) had Identities=651/660 (99%), i.e., 9 from 660 bases differ (Appendix), showing close similarity and questioning their identity as D. barwelli . Unfortunately, no barcode sequences are found for D. barwelli to determine its true genetic identity from the type-locality “ the neighbourhood of ” Manila nor from its original homeland.</p><p>Whilst recording one immature specimen from Philippines amongst other locations, Gates (1965: 85; 1972: 244; 1982: 18) maintained D. bahamensis (Beddard, 1892) and dismissed prior D. barwelli on the grounds that its types were immature, poorly defined and lost. This however is not a legitimate ICZN reason for ignoring priority and it seems D. barwelli (1886) should be yet retained until topotypic materials have been characterized and the possibility of synonymy with D. beddardii quashed.</p><p>Erstwhile subspecies, Drawida hehoensis Stephenson, 1924, is presently a synonym of D. beddardii, similarly retained until further revision under D. barwelli; the other, Drawida impertusa Stephenson, 1920 is described separately below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFA3FFF1FF3FFE66FC6C8E48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFA5FFFCFC98FD81FC41882D.text	0390636CFFA5FFFCFC98FD81FC41882D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida japonica (Michaelsen 1892)	<div><p>2. Drawida japonica (Michaelsen, 1892)</p><p>Moniligaster japonicus Michaelsen, 1892: 232-233 . [From Japan. Syntype in Hamburg Museum: 403, but originally stated by Michaelsen as in Zoological Museum, Berlin: Verm. 2122 and this syntype also listed by Hartwich &amp; Kilias (1989: 268 as “ Japan; HILGENDORF leg.” just after Allolobophora japonica (Verm. 2117) . Both were inspected by Blakemore in Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010: 9), they were collected by Herr Dr Franz Hilgendorf, the latter definitely at Enoshima on 29.III.1875 ‾ thus this is possibly a type-locality of the D. japonica syntype although my searches of the island have thus far proved fruitless for this species; yet other Berlin specimens from the Hilgendorf series were definitely not collected there (e.g. Michaelsen’s record of M. sieboldi that must be from further south). Gates (1939: 411-413) did not mention #403 but he inspected three specimens from Hamburg labeled “ V 1194. Drawida japonicus Mich. f. Typ. Dr Chen F. Wu c. Dr Michaelsen a. Nanking, China ” and other materials none of which were types, saying (on page 413) that the original two types ‾ described by Michaelsen as “ Diese Art ist durch ein geschlechtstreifes und ein unreifes Exemplar vertreten ” ‾ were sectioned and are no longer available for study. This is incorrect as #2122 is a dissected specimen 26 mm long with the last 24 of its 95 segments regenerated that, although the internal organs are mostly removed, is nevertheless in good condition. Note the “ Typ.” in the China label refers to D. japonicus f. TYPica not to a true type specimen].</p><p>[? Moniligaster bahamensis Beddard, 1893: 690, figs. 1- 5. Included by Michaelsen (1910: 50) as a D. japonica subspecies, it is now held in D. barwelli synonymy].</p><p>Drawida japonica: Michaelsen, 1900: 115; 1910: 48; Stephenson, 1922: 119, figs. 1-6; Chen, 1933: 189, fig.?; Gates, 1935: 3 (maintaining D. graham and questioning Chen’s ‘ D. japonica ’); Chen, 1936: 291 (syn. grahami); Kobayashi, 1937, 1938: 94, fig. 1; Gates, 1939: 411 ( cf. grahami); Kobayashi, 1940: 263 (part. + propatula); 1941: 458, 515; Chen, 1959: 15, fig. 22; Ohfuchi, 1965: 546 (plus fig. apparently copied from Chen); Easton, 1981: 37 (part. excluding grahami and with China not included in distribution range); Blakemore,</p><p>August 2014 BLAKEMORE ET AL.-REPORTS OF DRAWIDA 133</p><p>5 GM 7/8rhs 9/10rhs 10 10 GM Nps 12 15 15 14 ba ab cd ba ab 1 mm</p><p>Fig. 3. Drawida ashiuranoeri”), with in situ spermatheca and male organs (testis sac, vas deferens and prostates with adjacent GM gland) and gizzards in 12-14 plus ovisacs from 12-18; [boxed enlargement of 8rhs spermathecal atrium], also nephridium from 14/15rhs. It is remarkably similar superficially to both D. koreana austri and D. koreana shindo, apart from the lack of blue colour, although the DNA data is unequivocable that they are all separate taxa (cf. D. companio).</p><p>2003; 2005/2007 (syn. grahami from China).</p><p>Drawida japonica typica: Michaelsen, 1910: 49; 1927: 85; Stephenson, 1917: 366, fig. 1; 1922: 126; 1923: 142, fig. 52 (part. syn. bahamensis and explaining Michaelsen’s initial incomplete description).</p><p>Drawida japonicus typicus: Michaelsen, 1931: 7.</p><p>Drawida japonicus: Michaelsen, 1931: 523 (part. syn. siemsseni that is sometimes mispelt “siemmseni”).</p><p>Drawida grahami Gates, 1935: 3; 1939: 408. [From Suifu, Szechuan (Sichuan). Type (s) USNM: 20093. Said to have more ventral spermathecal pores in mid-bc otherwise cf. D. japonica; three gizzards in 12-14 (as in three of Gates’ five subsequent D. japonica specimens); one of seven of Gates’ types lacked ‘genital markings’, described in just a dozen lines on a dozen characters].</p><p>Drawida propatula Gates, 1935: 449 . [From China. Types USNM 20179. Said by Kobayashi (1938: 94, 1940: 263) to be similar although Kobayashi (1940: 265) maintain- ed them separately only on extents of the ovisacs]. Syn. nov. Blakemore in Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010: 9) cf. D. siemsseni .</p><p>Drawida japonica: Blakemore, 2005/2007 (syn. grahami); 2008; Blakemore et al., 2010: 1; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: 8, figs. 3.1-3.7, tabs. 1-3 (syn. propatula).</p><p>Note. Drawida calebi Gates, 1945: 211 from India is a similar species, and should probably be combined. Here is it briefly summarized including information from Julka (1976 Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 52(2): 322): Unpigment- ed. Length 35-83 by 2-4.5 mm. Segments 115-170. Dorsal line present but no dorsal pores. Spermathecal pores just median to c-lines. Male pores slits at 10/ 11 in mid-bc. Nephropores close to d lines. GMs small, unpaired and median or closely paired in aa, and widely paired in bc, presetal and postsetal variously in 7-13. Gizzards two or three or four of in some of 12-17 (as shown in a table). Vas deferens short, in a small column of loops in 9, straight in 10 and entering the prostate directly. Prostates are “not quite spheroidal”, sessile, smooth. Short penis present internally. Ovaries in conjoined 10/11 and 11/12 with ovisacs to 20. Spermathecal ampulla is small, conical or nearly spheroidal on duct four to five mm long to apex of atrium that may have glands on its anterior wall like those associated with the GMs. From Jubbulpore, Madhya Pradesh (type locality) and Nowgong, Satna, Manikpur and Tanda Falls (Gates) also Jharkhand, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka districts found in forests, pastures, croplands and compost pits.</p><p>Material examined. Berlin Kat. Nr. 2122 (“ Drawida japonica Syntype! Japan. Hilgendorf ”) a dissected specimen 26 mm long with the last 24 of its 95 segments regenerated and probably Michaelsen’s ‘25 segmenten regeneriert Hinterende ’- RJB pers. obs. IV.2010 ; the internal organs are mostly removed although the specimen is otherwise in good condition. Hamburg # 403 syntype label states collected by Hilgendorf in Japan but is only a desiccated posterior portion (ca. 8 mm and 25 segments comprising mostly intestinal soil). Five specimens, two from “ Aichi ” [kanji for the prefecture] (one with dorsal pores and GMs and one without either) plus three from fields at Nagura-shi near Nagoya, Aichi-ken (one with dorsal pores but no GMs, the other two without either) all stored in Kyorin Uni, Hachioji collection (RJB inspected 20.IX. 2002); Watarase one specimen without dorsal pores but with GMs in 9lhs posteriorly and 10rhs anteriorly, and male pores in 10/11 on eversible penes with gizzards in 12-14 (coll. IV.2003 by Dr Takafumi Kamitani of YNU and RJB inspected 9.IV.2004); one specimen collected from Kamakura Daibutsu shrine 13.VI.2004 by RJB (identified tentatively); four specimens from rice fields in Hikone (collected 19.VI.2009 by RJB) ‾ one dissected and figured plus host for mtDNA COI sample (GenBank GQ500902); plus three others, all lacking dorsal pores but having GMs as detailed below (these latter specimen registrations are LBM 1380000085 2009-13-3) .</p><p>A mature, grey specimen 80 mm long with 133 segments, dissected and figured here obtained beside suiden at Ashiura-cho, Kusatsu, Shiga-ken en route to Kanon complex, collected 18 th March, 2011 by RJB and registered LBM FY2010-22.3 providing DNA tissue for JET 101-11 initially identified as “ Drawida ashiuranoeri” (COI results in Appendix).</p><p>Not found in current Korean studies (cf. genetic barcodes of “ Drawida cf. japonica ”, WO 21, and D. koreana shindo, WO 27 below and in Fig. 1).</p><p>Distribution. Japan, from around Tokyo to Nagasaki and the Ryukyus, southern China, Taiwan, Korea (including Quelpart/ Jeju-do), and south-east Asia. Inclusion of D. propatula adds central and northeast China. Stephenson (1923: 143), Gates (1939: 413 six specimens also from Murree) and Paliwal &amp; Julka (2005-http://www.zoosprint. org) list it outside the normal Drawida domain from the western Himalayas, India; and it is reported (as “ Drawida japonica Michaelsen, 1917 ”) from the famous Punjab beer-district of Solan, Himachal Pradesh (Dhiman &amp; Battish, 2005-http://www.zoosprint.org/). [Note. Stephenson’s (1923) description included bahamensis that is now included in barwelli as it typically lacks ‘genital markings’; cf. Japanese D. eta specimens lacking markings that have a male pore on extractible penis rather than external and ‘flap-like’ and cf. Gate’s (1982: 18) D. bahamensis held separately].</p><p>A recent unpublished report is from Kansas, USA by Dr M. Callam (pers. comm. June, 2013 at SES meeting New Jersey, USA), unconfirmed due to current revisions.</p><p>Remarks. Full description and distribution is in Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010) updated by Blakemore (2012b) where it is noted that male pore is superficial lateral of b on porophore on 10 that overhangs 10/11. Both Stephenson (1923) and Gates (1935) mistook a GM in 10 as male pore even though Michaelsen (1892: 232; 1900: 115) had them in 10/11 and overhanging segment 11 after a pair (or unilateral) markings in 10, this repeated by Gates, 1939. Types and current specimens have male pores on 10 posteriorly on protruded ‘flaps’ overhanging 10/11 and just lateral to b lines (pers. obs. and from types as per Michaelsen and Kobayashi) or as eversible penes in the Watarase specimen that may thus be suspect]; Hikone specimens have ventral region of segments 10 and 11 flared around the male pores to present a flattened area but lack the markings found in D. impertusa .</p><p>Correct identification is elusive as Fig. 1 phylogram shows “ Drawida japonica ” from KOBIC Korea that agrees with “ Drawida japonica ” from China although both differ from Drawida japonica from Japan as listed in Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010). In Blakemore et al. (2010), it was also noted that COI barcodes (by Huang et al. 2007 and Chang et al. 2008) from Chinese source material differed by ~17% from a Lake Biwa sample and that conspecificity of these Chinese entities needs to be reexamined.</p><p>Results of examination of D. japonica types were presented in Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010) and the London types of D. barwelli were reexamined by the author in June, 2013. Resolution yet requires checking of Chinese specimens, at least those still available, for comparison with synonymic Drawida grahami Gates, 1935 types (Smithsonian #20093) also with erstwhile sub-species Moniligaster bahamensis Beddard, 1893, plus its synonym, D. propatula Gates, 1935: 449 from China. The Drawida nepalensis (Michaelsen, 1907) species-complex that is reported from Nepal, India, Pakistan, Andamans, Myanmar, China (Yunnan), Java and Sumatra; and D. ramdadana (Michaelsen, 1907) is a reminiscent taxon. If D. burchardi Michaelsen, 1903 from Andamans and Sumatra is indeed synonymous with D. nepalensis ‾ as suggested by Gates 1962: 331; 1972: 244, 256 ‾ then taxonomic priority is another question.</p><p>species, from which:</p><p>!o D. japonica differs from D. barwelli mostly in the form of male pores posteriorly on 10 and on its GMs (when present).</p><p>!o D. koreana differs from D. japonica mostly in its blue colour and penile details.</p><p>!o D. keikiensis differs from D. barwelli by its accessory spermathecal glands.</p><p>!o D. moriokaensis differs from D. japonica mostly on forms of male pores.</p><p>Kobayashi (1938: 106) remarked that length of spermathecal duct appeared to separate D. japonica from his D. koreana ‾ in the former it is long and coiled whilst in the latter it is shorter and thicker (see Fig. 11). Drawida impertusa differs from D. barwelli in its lack of dorsal pores, and GMs in 10. Lake Biwa’s Drawida eda Blakemore, 2010, has eversible male pores on penes, five gizzards in 13-17, lacks both pigment and genital markings, and in has an accessory genital gland near spermathecal atria internally in 7. The same sort of gland is also report- ed for D. nemora (only in some specimens!?), D. keikiensis, D. tairaensis and D. jeholensis . Chinese Drawida jeholensis Kobayashi, 1940 is unpigmented, has irregular markings in 7-11, male pores on blunt poropores overhanging 10/11, and two or three gizzards in 11,12-13; thus, the only major differences from D. japonica is presence of a penis rather than a flap and of the accessory gland in 7 near its spermathecal atrium.</p><p>Subspecies Drawida japonica siemsseni (Michaelsen, 1910) is redescribed below as D. siemsseni; other names by Oishi, 1934 (minuta and gigantic) are absorbed in the nominal species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFA5FFFCFC98FD81FC41882D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFA8FFFEFC96FB63FDBA89AC.text	0390636CFFA8FFFEFC96FB63FDBA89AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida siemsseni Michaelsen 1910	<div><p>3. Drawida siemsseni Michaelsen, 1910</p><p>Drawida F. Siemsseni Michaelsen, 1910: 50 . [From “ Futschou; Konsul G. SIEMSSEN cm ”. The single type is listed in Hamburg (see Material inspected below)].</p><p>Modified from Kobayashi (1938, 1940), Easton (1981: tab. 1), Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova (2010: tab. 3) cf. D. barwelli ‘proper’ (pers. obs.). Kobay. ‾ Kobayashi; O. ‾ Ohfuchi; GM ‾ genital marks; I ‾ irregular ‘markings’ that may be absent or artefactual due to paratitic infection.? ‾ data not provided, ambiguous/inconsistent by original author. Bold options distinguish taxa.</p><p>Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 excluded as it is treated by Blakemore et al. (2010). * Kobayashi (1940: 311) thought D. ofunatoensis synonymous with D. nemora Kobayashi, 1936 and D. tairaensis synonymous with D. anchingiana Chen, 1933).</p><p>136 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 3, No. 2</p><p>10 dc 7/8lhs 5 7/8 10 15 dc ba ab 1 mm</p><p>Drawida japonica siemsseni: Michaelsen, 1931: 157; Huang et al., 2006: 10;</p><p>Drawida siemsseni: Gates, 1939: 414; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: 12.</p><p>Note. Publication and page sometimes misquoted as: “ Zool.Jb.Syst.61: 523.”</p><p>Distribution. China (Fuchou, currently Fujian).</p><p>Material examined. Hamburg type V6333 non-original label “ Darawida [sic] japonicus [sic] Type material ”, a mature specimen previously dissected and highly coiled in preservation. Hamburg V6196 “ Drawida? japonica ” also inspected being several small, undissected subadults and possibly neither types nor same species.</p><p>Description. Uniform buff in alcohol. Size 120 by 2-4 mm with 300 segments “ sehr ungenau!” (very inaccurate, Michaelsen, unmeasured by Gates) my current estimate of the highly coiled type is 110 mm and 333 segments. Setae closely paired (ca. ab=cd). Clitellum 10-13 at least. GMs in type in 7lhs&amp;rhs, 9rhs, 10lhs&amp;rhs, 11lhs plus two under male pores and one in 12 mid-ventral (total nine plus an accessory spermathecal gland; some possibly parasitic). Spermathecal pores in 7/ 8 in bc but closer to c. Male pores in 10/11 as overhanging flaps. Nephropores in cd in anterior. Spermathecal atrium present on long coiled duct but accessory glands only present on 8rhs with its own pore. Six gizzards reported (segments?) and other organs removed, “ otherwise as the typical form ”. The gut contains fine soil (i.e., geophageous).</p><p>Remarks. Drawida siemsseni (Michaelsen, 1910) from Fuchow, China that Michaelsen (1931 b: 7) later said “ seems somewhat questionable ” and which Gates (1939: 414) very briefly redescribed from the Hamburg type [labeled as “V 6333 Drawida japonicus Mich. f. siemsseni . Tiensin, Futschau”] that was incomplete as the internal organs had been removed in the course of the original dissection and lost; he only said it differed in markings and porophores to D. japonica . A similar species from Ootacamund, Naduvatam and Coonoor, India is Drawida uniqua (Bourne, 1887) that was redescribed by Bourne (1894: 363) as unpigmented, 220 mm long with 316 segments and four or five gizzards in some of 15-21. No mention of GMs is made but Bourne (1894) put his long- er Moniligaster papillatus Bourne, 1887 that has long tubular papillae in connection with the pores in 10/ 11 in its synonymy. Note that Michaelsen (1907: 146; 1909: 118, 147) thought his D. nepalensis was similar but it is much shorter at 60 mm and it has markings typically in 7 and 8 but also near the male pores and a long, annulat- ed spermathecal atrium.</p><p>This type specimen of D. siemsseni is reinspected and sketched here providing for the first time details and a figure of the body. It is clearly a separate species from D. japonica having male pores in 10/11 and 6 gizzards, plus it is 110 mm long with ~333 segments. Unfortunately DNA results for the type were unsuccessful (iBOLD sample JET006-10), and no new material appears to have been recognized from China in recent times for comparison. The type locality is rather confused: Michaelsen had “Futschou” which is present day Fuzhou (dzNJƜ) in Fujien province (dzüñ) adjacent to Taiwan; but Gates gives “Tiensin, Futschau”which may refer to Tainjin City (RďƜ) in the North; however, since Herr G. Siemssen was the German Consul at Foochow (Fujian (Fukien) dz ü) this is the more likely location.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFA8FFFEFC96FB63FDBA89AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFAAFFFFFF3DF9EDFF4189EC.text	0390636CFFAAFFFFFF3DF9EDFF4189EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida impertusa Stephenson 1920	<div><p>4. Drawida impertusa Stephenson, 1920</p><p>Drawida barwelli var. impertusus (sic) Stephenson, 1920: 200. [ From Bombay. Types ZSIC Calcutta 301, BMNH 1925:5:12:77].</p><p>Drawida barwelli var. impertusa: Stephenson, 1923: 134; 1930.</p><p>? Drawida sp. 2 Gates, 1943: 90 (three juvenile specimens from Manila).</p><p>Drawida impertusa: Gates, 1965: 87; 1982: 18; Blakemore, 2008, 2012b.</p><p>Distribution. India, originally Bombay but now recogniz- ed more widely, e.g. in Bangalore, Coimbatore and, significantly, reported from four sites in the Philippines, (?at Calayan Island far northern Philippines, possibly found along with 33 specimens of D. bahamensis from bank of small river, 23 rd Oct., 1903 by McGregor of US Natl. Mus. Division of “Marine Invertebrates” Number 28710, or at Manila and elsewhere).</p><p>Material examined. “ S21” (mature, dissected that provided DNA sample P8) longest in batch of four specimens from Kahariam farm at Lipa City, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines, collected from rice paddy near entrance gate 14 th Nov., 2013 by RJB and Rowena Ocenar; a shorter specimen in same “S21” jar; “S8” two larger mature specimens from Kahariam farm collected from rice paddy near entrance gate 13 th May, 2013 by RJB (one dissected). Specimens: one mature in sample “S18” with Metaphire bahli, from Kahariam farm beside rice at gym collected 14 th November, 2013 by RJB and RO; plus several unregistered specimens from Lipa providing DNA samples (W1, W6, W13, W14, W15, W17) that were unsuccessful due to delay as noted in Appendix. Specimens “P6” and “P7” two mature specimens (P6 an anterior amputee) from Penalosa farm at Hacienda Remedios, Victorias City, Negros, Visayas providing DNA samples P~6 and P~7, respectively, that differ somewhat (Fig. 1, Appendix) .</p><p>Description. (From Stephenson, 1920; 1923 and pers. obs.). Size 45-90 mm (45-48 mm Stephenson or to 75 mm Gates, 1943) by 2.5-3.5 mm. Segments, 165 current (130- 132 Stephenson). Colour a blotchy olive, darker dorsally with still darker mid-D line; or unigmented (Gates, 1943 and current). Prostomium prolobous. Clitellum 9-13 (current). Dorsal pores absent, indicated in some specimens as small pale dots, but no perforations. Setae aa less than bc except at hind end; Gates’ (1943: 90) specimens often lacked anterior setae to segment 10, thus are similar to D. zhangetalia Blakemore, 2006 . Nephropores in row below level of c lines. Male pores in 10/ 11 in mid-bc; bounded fore and aft by prominent lips; with a pair of indefinite but fairly large whitish papillae in segment in front of the male pores [those described by Gates, 1943 from Manila nearly reach from 9/10 to 10/11 and are elliptical, plus male field is depressed anterior and posterior to the male pore just as seen in current Lipa specimens]. Spermathecal pores in 7/8 below c lines. Female pores in 11/ 12 in b lines. Clitellum 9,10-13.</p><p>Gizzards typically four in 14-17 or perhaps five in 13, 14-17 (or sometimes three as Gates, 1943 has 12-14, 14- 17 and 15-17 in his three Manila specimens; current specimens four in 13-16 or three in either 14-16 or 15-17]. Prostates flat, sessile, almost circular and “furry” glandular (not noted in current specimens cf. pear-shaped in D. barwelli). [Vas deferens loops to side of prostate and there are no spermathecal atria - Gates, 1943; or atrium small in current specimens from short, coiled duct]. Ovarian chamber present, annular in 11, ovisacs present, extending back to 13,14,15. Otherwise as D. barwelli according to Stephenson’s (1920) account.</p><p>Remarks. Similar to Stephenson’s concept of D. barwelli but with a pair of fairly large whitish papillae on the segment in front of the male pores in 10, and gizzards often in 14-17 and, most distinctively, lack of dorsal pores unlike D. barwelli proper. In fact Stephenson said that the specific name alluded to this lack of pores. It is also similar somewhat to D. bournei (Michaelsen, 1897: 167) that Stephenson (1920: 202) says Michaelsen thought was itself a variety of D. pellucida (Bourne, 1894: 13); but they are easily separable on the form of the prostates. The prostates are flat, sessile, almost circular and ‘furry’ in D. impertusa cf. pear-shaped in D. barwelli and “ longitudinally ellipsoid body sessile on the parietes ” (Gates, 1943) in D. bournei .</p><p>Resolution now depends on obtaining DNA from topotypic Bombay material that may yield data the same as either current haplotype. Apparently a variable species, with regard to gizzard location, that is somewhat similar to D. barwelli although there is no match on Genbank and with the current “ Drawida barwelli ” specimens. Both D. japonica and D. impertusa are said to have GMs in segment 10 but these are round and intermittent in D. japonica but distinctively large, elongated and regular in D. impertusa . Current specimens are not close genetically to any tested congeners (Fig. 1, Appendix).</p><p>Only three Drawida species were hitherto reported from the Philippines: type-species Drawida barwelli was originally found at Manila, and Gates (1965, 1982) recorded both D. impertusa and D. bahamensis . However D. bahamensis is usually included with D. barwelli and perhaps Gates’ only reason to separate it was his assertion that D. barwelli was poorly known. Neither of the two previously Philippine species were reported from rice paddy although Drawida spp. are known from rice in Japan, Korea and India thus presumably tolerating periodic inundation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFAAFFFFFF3DF9EDFF4189EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFABFFFFFC98F9ADFBA48BB2.text	0390636CFFABFFFFFC98F9ADFBA48BB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida anchingiana Chen 1933	<div><p>7. Drawida anchingiana Chen, 1933</p><p>Drawida gisti var. anchingiana Chen, 1933: 202, fig. 6.</p><p>Drawida anchingiana: Gates, 1935: 3; Kobayashi, 1937: 333, fig. 1; Blakemore, 2013a.</p><p>Distribution. Chen (1933) obtained this species from “ Anching, Anhwei and Pukow, Kiangsu ” in China and Kobayashi (1937) claimed it from Jeju-do whence new sub-species were described by Blakemore (2013a) even though the nominal type is unconfirmed from that island. Remarks. See original, and sub-species descriptions in Blakemore (2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFABFFFFFC98F9ADFBA48BB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFABFFFFFC98FEE6FA238A6C.text	0390636CFFABFFFFFC98FEE6FA238A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida gisti subsp. gisti Michaelsen 1931	<div><p>6. Drawida gisti gisti Michaelsen, 1931</p><p>Drawida gisti Michaelsen, 1931 a: 1, 8, figs. 2-3; 1931b: 525. [From Tsinan, Shantung and Beijing, Hopei. Types in Hamburg (examined by Gates, 1940) and Beijing Museums].</p><p>Drawida gisti: Gates, 1935: 2; 1939: 406; 1940: 406; Kobayashi, 1937: 333, fig. 1; 1938: 85, fig. 2; 1940: 272; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: 16.</p><p>Distribution. Central and northern China and central and northern Korea (from Kobayashi, 1935: 95; 1940) abundant in Keijo (Seoul) and its vicinity and from Kinsen.</p><p>Description. Yellow grey, clitellum pinkish. Size 77-151 mm by up to 6 mm with 180-190 segments Prolobous. Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum 1 / 29,10 -13,14. Nephropores somewhat in line with c or more dorsal. Spermathecal pores 7/8 near to c-lines. Male pore in wide slits on blade-shaped penes in 10/11 b-c lines. Female pores paired on 12 near 11/ 12 in ab-lines. Genital papillae present, typically with a small pair, presetally on 10, or as larger discs in some of 7-12 with glands internally, or often absent.</p><p>Last hearts in 9. Spermathecal ampulla small with convoluted duct to ental end of large atrium in 7/8 with characteristic bulge, no accessory gland nearby. Testis sacs on 9/10 with coiled vas deferens entering ental end of large glandular prostate on penial pouch. Ovarian chamber in 10/11/12 with eggsacs extending to 13 or 14. Gizzards three in 12-14.</p><p>Remarks. Its subspecies D. gisti nanchangiana Chen, 1933: 200 is from China, the other sub-species, D. gisti anchingiana Chen, 1933: 202 was elevated to specific status by Kobayashi (1937: 333). Said by Gates (1940: 408) to be similar to D. hehoensis Stephenson, 1924 (from Myanmar) that was later associated with D. barwelli but differentiated on the greater size of the prostates and their relation to the penial pouches and the ‘urn-shaped’ spermathecal atrium plus GMs, when present. D. cheni Gates, 1935 was described by mistake by Chen (1933) as D. gisti f. typica which introduced some confusion. Genbank’s DNA barcode data in the Appendix has no close match.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFABFFFFFC98FEE6FA238A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFABFFFFFF3FFA2DFE468BB2.text	0390636CFFABFFFFFF3FFA2DFE468BB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida hattamimizu Hatai 1930	<div><p>5. Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930</p><p>Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930: 485, figs. 1-7: Blakemore et al., 2010.</p><p>Material inspected. Neotype LBM1380000078 providing DNA sample (Genbank GQ 50089 in 2009): From mud and embankments of rice paddies at Hatta-cho, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa-ken, Japan collected 21 st Aug., 2002 by RJB.</p><p>Distribution. Japan, Restricted range; may be species introduced from origin unknown.</p><p>Remarks. Full description and distribution in Blakemore et al. (2010) where it is noted that this earthworm species ‾ apparently the largest earthworm in Japan - was thought problematical in rice fields as its burrows in the bunds were said to drain paddy fields.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFABFFFFFF3FFA2DFE468BB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFACFFF9FF3DFB8EFBA28A62.text	0390636CFFACFFF9FF3DFB8EFBA28A62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida nemora Kobayashi 1936	<div><p>8. Drawida nemora Kobayashi, 1936</p><p>Drawida nemora Kobayashi, 1936: 141, text-fig. 1.1-8. [From Koryo “(N.L. 37 45 ′)” {sic}, Keiki-do, about 30 km distant from Keijo (= Seoul), Korea collected from woodland about 300 m altitude by “ Mr Kiujiro Susaki, an assistant expert of the Forest Experimental Station, General Governemnt of Chosen ” {sic} in April and July, 1934. Types not known, presumed lost].</p><p>Drawida nemora: Kobayashi, 1938: 99-102; 1940: 272; 1941b: 263; Easton, 1981: 39, tab. 1; Blakemore, 2003, 2010, 2014; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: tab. 3.</p><p>Distribution. Central and North Korea, ‘Manchuria’, China and Honshu, Japan. E.g. from Koryo near Keijo (present day Seoul), Korea (Kobayashi, 1936); with many other Korean records by Kobayashi (1938) some from Mt Kambo (at 2,000 -2,500 m) and Akashima in the far northeast of the peninsula “ found within wet roots of alpine plants such as Pedicularis manshurica Maximowicz in the former and under decayed leaved on granite on the latter ”; from several central “ Manchoukuo ” locations by Kobayashi (1940) and a Chubu-Chiho, Japan record by Kobayashi (1941: 236), possibly introduced/transported there or, more likely given its wide definition, a different species.</p><p>Description. Dorsally a dark blue often with a purplish or yellowish tinge, less distinct ventrally and clitellar segments yellowish grey in life. Size 65-185 mm by up to 6.5 mm with ca. 162-247 segments Prolobous. Dorsal pores absent. Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Nephropores small in d-lines. Clitellum mostly saddle-shaped in 9,10-13,14. Spermathecal pores small in 7/8 (or just anterior to intersegment in 7) in c-lines as transverse slits. Male pore secondarily superficial in 10/11 approximately in mid-bc in transverse slits; primary pores shown by Kobayashi (1936: fig. 1.4) to be on small conical penes. Female pores paired on anterior of 12 near 11/12 approximately in b lines. Genital papillae variously in 6-13 ventrally detectable either externally or internally, or absent; shown by Kobayashi (1936: fig. 1.1) as medial to c-lines in 8 and 9lhs, 11rhs and in regular medial to asetae in 7-12.</p><p>Septa 5/6-8/9 thickened; septa 9/10 and 10/11 fused dorsally with 11/12 to enclose ovaries and funnels. Pharyngeal glands in 3-4. Hearts 6-9; dorsal blood vessel single. Nephridia holoic and vesiculate (absent from first and last segments and from segment 12) with bladders elongate. Spermatheca with ampulla ventral on septum 7/8, spherical to convoluted duct that exits to body wall without atrium nor accessory gland in 7/8 (Kobayashi, 1936: figs. 1.7-8), or (Kobayashi, 1938: 100) sometimes papillae just laterally to the spermathecal pores and “ accessory glands ” internally (same species?). Testis sacs spherical, intrasegmentally bulging to both sides of 9/10 with vas deferens slightly coiled and entering body wall under prostate. Prostate described definitively as “ thick oval or circular disc, sessile on parietes ” mostly in 10 that exits to 10/11 via blunt, conical penis (Kobayashi, 1936: fig. 1.6). Ovarian chamber in 11 with long ovisacs from fused 10/11/12 as far back as 14. Gizzards usually four in 12- 15, or sometimes five in 12-16 or three in 13-15 (i.e. three to five of in 12,13-15,16 suggesting either high plasticity of too broad definition). Corresponding to the external ‘markings’ are small, white spherical bodies that are buried in body wall and appear to duct to exterior ‾ however, some may be parasitic artefacts of gregarine sporozoites.</p><p>Remarks. Despite Kobayashi (1936: 146) saying it was the most predominant in the region in number, D. nemora has not since been definitely collected around Seoul (cf. D. csuzdii sp. nov.). Location and selection of a typotypic neotype is required, especially since Drawida dandongensis Zhong &amp; Sun, 2014 from the Sino-North Korea border is described as being similar. However, there are inconsistencies in their description of D. dandongensis, for example they have “ Gizzards 4 in XII-XVII segments ” meaning ‘four gizzards in 12-17’ (=six segments, so six gizzards!?) so it cannot be meaningfully compared to any other Drawida and thus is here given sp. inquirenda status. [These latter authors also mistake the location of the spermathecal pore in D. nemora saying it is at “ posterior edge of VIII ”, while it is clearly shown at extreme edge of segment 7].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFACFFF9FF3DFB8EFBA28A62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFADFFFAFC98F9DFFAB4889F.text	0390636CFFADFFFAFC98F9DFFAB4889F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida ofunatoensis Ohfuchi 1938	<div><p>9. Drawida ofunatoensis Ohfuchi, 1938</p><p>Drawida ofunatoensis Ohfuchi, 1938: 33, figs. 1-5. [From Iwate coasts and Islets of Sanriku, and Ojika coast in Miagi-ken. Types not known].</p><p>Drawida ofunatoensis: Easton, 1981: 39, tab. 1; Blakemore, 2003, 2010, 2014; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: tab. 3.</p><p>Distribution. As in original description.</p><p>Description. Yellowish. Size 228-283 mm by up to 6.5 mm with 189-242 segments Setae small and closely pair- ed (ab=cd). Nephropores minute, lateral. Clitellum 10-</p><p>13. Spermathecal pores 7/8 eye-shaped ventral of c-lines. Male pore in 10/11 approximately in b-lines in transverse slits; primary pores on small disc-shaped penes. Female pores paired in 11/12 approximately in ab lines. Genital papillae variously paired in 7-13 with glands internally.</p><p>Pharyngeal glands in 3-4. Hearts 6-9; dorsal blood vessel single. Spermathecal ampulla with convoluted duct that exits to body wall without atrium nor accessory gland in 7/8. Testis sacs spherical on posterior of 10/11 (9/10?) with vasa deferentia coiled and entering body wall under roundish prostates. Ovarian chamber in 11 with short ovisacs from fused 11/12. Gizzards usually four in 12-17, sometimes 12-18. Nephridia with hairpin vesicles, vestigial in 10 and 11.</p><p>Remarks. Ohfuchi (1938) distinguished his species from Kobayashi’s D. nemora on the basis of position of gizzards, body length, structures of the penis and prostates. However, the four gizzards are confused since Ohfuchi (1958: 38 vs. fig. 4.1) has them in 12-17 or sometimes in 12-18 but shows them in 12-15 which is more likely the conventional location and the same as in D. nemora! It too was not found subsequently. Kobayashi (1940: 311) thought D. ofunatoensis synonymous with D. nemora Kobayashi, 1936 but it is somewhat larger, average 251 mm in length, and the GMs although relatively regular are not shown mid-ventrally as in D. nemora .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFADFFFAFC98F9DFFAB4889F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFAEFFFBFC96FAF0FD098B5D.text	0390636CFFAEFFFBFC96FAF0FD098B5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida tairaensis Ohfuchi 1938	<div><p>10. Drawida tairaensis Ohfuchi, 1938</p><p>Drawida tairaensis Ohfuchi, 1938: 39, figs. 6-9. [From Taira-machi, Iwaki-ku, Fukushima-ken; Tsukinoki, Miyagi-ken; Morioka Iwate-ken, Honjo, Akita-ken. Types not known].</p><p>Drawida tairaensis: Easton, 1981: 39, tab. 1; Blakemore, 2003, 2010, 2014; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: tab. 3.</p><p>Distribution. As in original description.</p><p>Description. Flesh coloured or pinkish and transparent. Size 60-93 mm by up to 2.7 mm with 110-173 segments Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Clitellum 10-13. Spermathecal pores 7/8 projecting between b and c. Male pore on penes protruded or concealed in 10/ 11 in mid-bc. Female pores paired on 12 near 11/12 b lines. Genital papillae absent, only one specimen of fifteen had a marking in 8rhs.</p><p>Pharyngeal glands in 3-5. Septa 5/6-8/9 thickened. Hearts 6-9; dorsal blood vessel single. Spermathecal ampulla with convoluted duct that exits to atrium in 7/8 with 1 accessory gland in 8. Testis sacs spherical on 10/11 (9/ 10?) with vas deferens coiled and entering apex of male atrium. Ovarian chamber in 10/11/12 with eggsacs said to be “ slender and short ” but shown to extend from 12- 116 (Ohfuchi, 1938: fig. 7.2). Gizzards generally four in 13-19 (but shown by Ohfuchi, 1938: figs. 6.3 and 7.2 in just 13-16). Nephridia absent from first five segments and last two or three.</p><p>Remarks. Kobayashi (1940: 311) footnoted that D. tairaensis seems synonymous with Drawida anchingiana Chen, 1933 . Ohfuchi (1938: 43) indeed said his species was similar to D. gisti anchingiana Chen but was distinguished as it lacked the accessory glands of the male atrium and spermathecal atrium, this despite his showing such a gland near the spermatheca for at least one Honjo specimen (Ohfuchi, 1938: fig. 9.1). The four gizzards were confused (as with the previous species) as he gave them (Ohfuchi, 1938: 42, 43) in 13-19 but showed them in 13-16 (Ohfuchi, 1938: fig. 6.3 and 7.2), the latter being more likely. It has not been found subsequently.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFAEFFFBFC96FAF0FD098B5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFAFFFE4FF3FF8B2FF1188F1.text	0390636CFFAFFFE4FF3FF8B2FF1188F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida moriokaensis Ohfuchi 1938	<div><p>11. Drawida moriokaensis Ohfuchi, 1938</p><p>Drawida moriokaensis Ohfuchi, 1938: 44, figs. 10-11. [From Morioka, Iwate-ken. Tsukinoki, Miyagi-ken.</p><p>Types not known].</p><p>Drawida moriokaensis: Easton, 1981: 39, tab. 1; Blakemore, 2003, 2010, 2014; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: tab. 3.</p><p>Distribution. As in original description.</p><p>Description. Grey. Size 65-100 mm by up to 3.9 mm with 135-165 segments Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Clitellum 10-13. Spermathecal pores 7/8 nearer to c-lines. Male pore on short, stout penes in 10/11 just lateral to b-lines. Female pores paired on 12 near 11/12. Genital papillae absent.</p><p>Pharyngeal glands in 3-5. Hearts 6-9; dorsal blood vessel single. Spermathecal ampulla with convoluted, initially bifurcated duct that exits to small atrium in 7/8 without accessory glands. Testis sacs on 9/10 with vas deferens coiled and entering body wall near base of male atrium. Ovarian chamber in 10/11/12 with eggsacs “ usual in shape ”. Gizzards usually three, sometimes two, in 10-13. Nephridia vesiculate, vestigial in 9 and 11.</p><p>Remarks. Ohfuchi (1938: 43) said his species was similar to D. tairaensis but was distinguished by having three gizzards and a small spermathecal atrium. D. moriokaensis differs from D. japonica mostly on forms of male pores and lack of GMs. The gizzards are again confused as Ohfuchi (1938: 46) gives them in either 10,11-13 or perhaps 10-11 but shows them (Ohfuchi, 1938: fig. 1.2) in 10-12! This latter is probably the correct location, i.e., three gizzards in 10-12. It too was not found subsequently.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFAFFFE4FF3FF8B2FF1188F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB0FFE5FF3DFB4EFC6E8E28.text	0390636CFFB0FFE5FF3DFB4EFC6E8E28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida koreana subsp. koreana Kobayashi 1938	<div><p>12. Drawida koreana koreana Kobayashi, 1938</p><p>Drawida koreana Kobayashi, 1938: 102, fig. 3 (from Kyôjô, etc. Types not known); Kobayashi, 1940: 268; 1941: 515; Easton, 1981: 35, 39; Blakemore, 2012b; 2013: 125.</p><p>Distribution. Originally described on 150 or so specimens ranging from “Kyôjô” (present day Kyojo, Hamgy̆ong- Bukto) in NE North Korea to “Ryûjin” which is close to present-day Suwon in Gyeonggi-do which means ‘the area surrounding the capital (Seoul)’ in NW South Korea. Kobayashi (1940: 311) obtained D. koreana in “ centraleastern district of Manchoukuo [=present day Dongbei]” as well as from northern and central Korea. Kobayashi (1941) reported it from Kyushu, Japan.</p><p>Description. Dark blue or dark reddish blue dorsally, lighter ventrally, clitellum pinkish. Length 63-100 mm, to 4 mm, with 130-186 segments. Prolobous. Dorsal pores absent. Setae paired (ab=cd). Clitellum 10-13. Spermathecal pores in 7/ 8 in c-lines. Male pores on nipple-like conical porophore posteriorly on 10 overhanging 10/ 11 in bc but nearer c-lines. Female pores anterior of 12 in b-lines. GM papillae present irregularly on 7-12 with glands internally.</p><p>Septa 5/6-7/8 thickened; 10/11 and 11/12 meet dorsally. Spermathecal ampulla spherical, duct very short and thick joins side of small atrium near base. Testis sacs in 9/10, vas deferens short entering body wall near thick and short prostate gland (the glandular part easily removed around its tubular body). Ovaries in chamber of 10/11/12, oviducts extend up to 22. Gizzards two or three in 12-13, 14.</p><p>Remarks. Said by Kobayashi (1938) to differ from pale coloured D. japonica and its synonym D. propatula Gates, 1935 in the larger aspect of the male pore (more stubby) and shorter, thicker spermathcal duct. As noted by Blakemore (2013a), D. koreana is seemingly a variable species or perhaps a species-complex. Types of D. koreana are missing and topotypic neotypification is difficult due to restricted access to North Korea, in particular to the sanctuary of the Ri dynasty mausoleum at Kyojo that Kobayashi (1938: 91) indicated may be the type-locality. Thus a pragmatic solution, pending full determination of the nominal taxon, is to describe new sub-species, such as the next three taxa, that are unambiguously identifiable on their DNA (Appendix, Fig. 1).</p><p>Blue and/or red coloured Drawida willsi Michaelsen, 1907 that is ca. 60 mm long is a dominant earthworm in Indian crop fields and rice paddy, also widely distribut- ed as a vermicomposing species there and often used for ecotoxicology studies. [Note that D. hattamimizu is also reddish when subadult and dark bluish when mature]. It differs only in detail (e.g. spermathecal pores in ab-lines and longer spermathecal duct perhaps, with GMs in 9/10) and requires separation based on its DNA profile too. Gizzards in D. willsi were said by Michaelsen (1907: 145; 1909: 144) to occur in 13,14-15, but Gates (1945: 215) had 1,600 specimens with two to four gizzards in some of 12-16, as in D. koreana . Michaelsen (1909: 117, 146) pointed out that it was similar, if not synonymous, to his earlier D. japonica that typically had gizzards in 12-13 only. Male pores in D. willsi are in b-lines, spherical equally in 10 and 11 with a small conical porophore that may resemble that for D. koreana but, unfortunately, no figure is available. Rudimentary male pores are also often present in 9/10 and thus it was thought a transitional species. Resolution of the relationship of these taxa requires further work.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB0FFE5FF3DFB4EFC6E8E28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB1FFE6FC98FD61FD6E890C.text	0390636CFFB1FFE6FC98FD61FD6E890C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida koreana subsp. austri Blakemore	<div><p>13. Drawida koreana austri Blakemore sub-sp. nov.</p><p>“ Drawida cf. koreana Kobayashi, 1938: 102 ” in Blakemore &amp; Lee (2013: 129).</p><p>Material. Holotype (H) IV0000261283 (DNA sample H7) mature specimen, 26 th April 2013 from Jungang Pk. (GPS 35.111297, 129.028469), Busan, collector RJB . Paratype (P) IV0000249929 a thin aclitellate mature, dissected, from NIBR facility (GPS 37.564379, 126.638011), Incheon, collected by RJB 3 rd <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.63801&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.56438" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.63801/lat 37.56438)">April</a>, 2012 and provisionally identified as “ Drawida cf koreana ” or “ Drawida sp. 1 thin with penis ” providing DNA sample WO23 that agrees 100% with DNA sample H7 (Appendix). Specimens IV 0000261282 several matures possibly same from NIBR carpark collected in rain October, 2012 by RJB .</p><p>Etymology. From Latin austri (n) meaning from Southside of Korea.</p><p>Description. Pale blue-grey colour (both H and P). Length 48 mm (H) or 70 mm (P) with 123-170 segments, respectively. Prolobous. Clitellum 10-13 at least (H). Dorsal pores absent. Nephropores are visible in d-lines, on clitellum at least. Spermathecal pores in atria in 7/8 below c-lines. Male pores on 10 posteriorly in mid-bc-lines protrude on small penes. Female pores in b-lines on 12 near 11/12. Small genital markings are present on 8rhs above setae ab and 10rhs on male pore in H, absent in P.</p><p>Spermathecae on short ducts with small glands associated in 8 (present but not related to genital marking which are absent in P). Male pore on long, coiled vas deferens to glandular prostate. Gizzards in 12-14, i.e., three of. Ovisacs present but not extensive.</p><p>Displays surface roaming behaviour in rain and active in Feb. ‾ Oct. at least.</p><p>Remarks. Similarity of the current species to Drawida koreana koreana Kobayashi, 1938 is having male pores on 10 and blue colour. Difference from D. japonica (Michaelsen, 1892) is shown by the short spermathecal duct, short ovisacs and glands corresponding to markings, even if the markings or their pores are not obvious (parasitic?). D. koreana proper has not been confirmed in the present study, but is perhaps a darker blue and slightly larger (“ usually 80-90 mm ”) with mostly two gizzards in 12-13 in (fifteen cases from twenty syntypic) Kyôjô specimens and as typically found in D. japonica, or three in 12-14 ‾ as here ‾ in (fourteen out of twenty) specimens from Ryûjin. Original locations of D. koreana in northern and central Korea, are far from the Busan type-locality and the more southerly distribution of the current taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB1FFE6FC98FD61FD6E890C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB2FFE7FF3DFA4DFD198E0F.text	0390636CFFB2FFE7FF3DFA4DFD198E0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida koreana subsp. nanjiro Blakemore 2014	<div><p>14. Drawida koreana nanjiro Blakemore sub-sp. nov.</p><p>“ Drawida sp. 2 fat no penis NIBR ” in Blakemore &amp; Lee</p><p>(2013: 128, fig. 1)</p><p>Material. Holotype (H) IV0000249928 (DNA sample WO 22) mature specimen, dissected, from NIBR facility Nanji-ro 42, Seo-gu, (GPS 37.564379, 126.638011), Incheon, collected by RJB 3 rd April, 2012 on path under pergola in rain, provisionally identified as “ Drawida cf koreana ” or “ Drawida sp. 2 fat no penis ”. Found with Amynthas carnosus (DNA WO 24) and the previous, Drawida koreana austri . Specimens IV0000261282 several matures possibly same from NIBR carpark collected in rain October, 2012 by RJB.</p><p>Etymology. Named after type locality (noun in apposition).</p><p>Description. Dark blue, especially the first 13 segments</p><p>Ovisac from 11/12</p><p>with darker dorsum and faint mid-dorsal line. Length 70 mm with 153 segments. Prolobous. Clitellum not developed. Dorsal pores absent. Nephropores in d-lines or above. Spermathecal pores in atria in 7/8 near c-lines and unilaterally in 6/7lhs (aberration). Male pores on 10 posteriorly in mid-bc-lines protrude on stubby mounds rather than penes. Female pores in b-lines on 12 near 11/12. Genital markings absent.</p><p>Spermathecal ducts moderately long to small atria with glands associated in 8. In 6/71hs is vestigial spermathecal aberration. Male pores on moderately long, coiled vasa deferentia have glandular prostates. Gizzards in 12-13, i.e., two of. Ovisacs present extending from 11 to segment 15. Gut has sandy quartz grits (geophagy).</p><p>Remarks. The current is similar to both Drawida koreana koreana Kobayashi, 1938 and D. japonica (Michaelsen, 1892), to the former in its blue colour and to the latter in its stubby penes and to both in its two gizzards in 12-13. It is especially close morphologically and is sympatric to the D. koreana austri Incheon paratype as well as to Drawida koreana shindo sp. nov. but is clearly separated from both by characteristics noted and marginally on its DNA data [in Appendix, Fig. 1 where BLAST WO22 (D. k. nanjiro) vs. WO27 (D. k. shindo) Identities=640/ 658 (97%), i.e., 3% different with 18 nucleotide bases exchanged; WO22 (D. k. nanjiro) vs. WO23 (D. k. austri) =596/660 (90%)]. Just 3% is a small genetic difference, here considered sufficient for sub-specific status due to concomitant morphological differences, as remarked on in the Methods section above. Full relationship to nominal D. koreana is pending confirmation of that taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB2FFE7FF3DFA4DFD198E0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB3FFE0FF3FFD41FEF98E48.text	0390636CFFB3FFE0FF3FFD41FEF98E48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida koreana subsp. shindo Blakemore 2014	<div><p>15. Drawida koreana shindo Blakemore sp. nov.</p><p>Material. Holotype (H) IV0000246437 (DNA sample WO27) mature specimen, dissected, from mud beside creek on north side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.44073&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.53049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.44073/lat 37.53049)">Sido Bridge</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.44073&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.53049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.44073/lat 37.53049)">Shindo</a> (sometimes ‘Sindo’) Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.44073&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.53049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.44073/lat 37.53049)">Incheon</a> (GPS 37.530490, 126.440730), collected 4 th May, 2012 by RJB and provisionally identified as “ Drawida cf japonica Shindo sp. 1 ”. Found with D. companio sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. Named after type locality (noun in apposition).</p><p>Description. Light or pale brown colour. Length 80 mm with 140 segments. Prolobous. Clitellum tumid 1 / 29 -13. Dorsal pores absent. Nephropores near c-lines. Spermathecal pores small in 7/8 near c-lines. Male pores on small porophores at 10 posteriorly in mid-bc-lines. Female pores in b-lines on 12 near 11/12. Genital marking as unilateral disc presetally in bc on 8lhs and 9rhs and smaller, postsetal in 8rhs in bc.</p><p>Septa 5/6-8/9 thick, 10/11 attaches to 11/12 ventrally. Spermathecae have large atria on moderately long ducts from small ampullae attached below septum 7/8, no glands are associated in 7 or 8. Male pores on short vasa deferentia with large glandular prostates. Ovaries are in 11. Ovisacs in 11-17. Gizzards in 12-14, i.e., three of. Intestine in 15-17 distended and rugose, thin in 18-19, then dilated from 20 onwards. Nephridia elongate but avesiculate only the ducts thickened. Hearts in 6-9. Dorsal blood vessel single.</p><p>Remarks. This taxon belongs to the group with male pores in 10 but complies more with Drawida japonica sub-spp than with D. koreana sub-spp as it lacks the characteristic blue colouration, has GMs, a stubby penis and coiled spermathecal duct. The DNA data (Appendix, Fig. 1) show it to be closest to D. koreana nanjiro, as already noted, or an unidentified Japanese taxon (Genbank AB5 92437). Since both D. japonica and D. koreana occur in Japan, this latter comparison is inconclusive. Nevertheless, its distinction from other taxa in the current study, including its sympatric sample WO28 from Drawida companio sp. nov., merits its description and naming as a sub-species new to science for similar reasons to D. koreana nanjiro .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB3FFE0FF3FFD41FEF98E48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB4FFE0FF3DFD81FC328F4F.text	0390636CFFB4FFE0FF3DFD81FC328F4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida keikiensis Kobayashi 1938	<div><p>16. Drawida keikiensis Kobayashi, 1938</p><p>Drawida keikiensis Kobayashi, 1938: 107, fig. 4. [From Suigen, Keiki-do (near Suwon, Seoul). Types, two semimature specimens now lost].</p><p>Drawida keikeiensis: Kobayashi, 1941: 263; Easton, 1981: 39, tab. 1; Blakemore, 2003, 2010, 2014; Blakemore &amp; Kupriyanova, 2010: tab. 3.</p><p>Distribution. Korea and Japan (from Kobayashi, 1941: 263) Honshu in Chubu-chiho, Kinki-chiho, Gugoku-chiho and on Shikoku and Kyushu also, i.e. widespread.</p><p>Description. Grey. Size 40-54 mm by up to 2.5 mm with 138-154 segments Prolobous. Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum begins to appear on 10-13. Nephropores in line with c. Spermathecal pores 7/8 nearer to c-lines. Male pore on blade-shap- ed penes in 10/11 a-c lines. Female pores paired in 11/ 12 in b-lines. Genital papillae absent.</p><p>Septa 5/6-8/9 thick; 10/11 and 11/12 combined in 11/ 12. Hearts last in 9. Spermathecal ampulla with convolut- ed duct to middle of atrium in 7/8 with accessory gland nearby. Testis sacs on 9/10 with very short vas deferens twisted and entering ental end of prostate. Prostate small, short but broad and warty on surface; medial to the prostate is large ovoid gland (not shown in Kobayashi’s fig. 4). Ovarian chamber in 10/11/12 with eggsacs extending to 16 or to 22. Gizzards three in one specimen in 13-15 and four in the other in 12-15. Nephridia vesiculate, vestigial in 9 and 11.</p><p>Remarks. Kobayashi (1938: 110) said his species was similar to D. syringa Chen, 1933 and also to D. cheni (Gates, 1935) but differs from the former mainly in the shape of the penis and from the latter by many characters. Its occurrence in Japan has not since been confirmed although this may relate more to lack of study than true situation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB4FFE0FF3DFD81FC328F4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB4FFE1FC96FC80FD328E8F.text	0390636CFFB4FFE1FC96FC80FD328E8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida jeholensis Kobayashi 1940	<div><p>17. Drawida jeholensis Kobayashi, 1940</p><p>Drawida jeholensis Kobayashi, 1940: 268, fig. 1. [From Chihfen, Manchoukuo (= Chifeng, Inner Mongolia). Types unknown].</p><p>Description. Whitish grey. Size 52-66 mm by up to 3.5 mm with 153-160 segments Prolobous. Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum 9-14. Nephropores somewhat in line with c or more dorsal. Spermathecal pores minute in posterior of 7 near to c-lines. Male pore minute on blunt porophore in 10 posteriorly overhanging 10/11. Female pores paired on 12 near 11/ 12 in ab-lines. Genital papillae present, as discs in some of 7-11 and in 7/8 with glands internally.</p><p>Septa 5/6-8/9 thick. Last hearts in 9. Spermathecal ampulla rounded with convoluted duct to lateral side of large atrium in 7/8 with an accessory gland in 7. Testis sacs on 9/10 with short vas deferens entering body-wall just medial to prostates that are small and rugose externally. Ovarian chamber in 10/11/12 with eggsacs extending to 16-20. Gizzards two or three in 12-13 or 11-13.</p><p>Remarks. This species was said similar to both D. japonica and D. koreana supposedly differentiated from the former by its male porophore, and from the latter, which it most closely resembles, mainly by the longer and thinner spermathecal duct and by body colour. The spermathecal pores in 7 appear unique for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB4FFE1FC96FC80FD328E8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB5FFE1FF3FFCC0FA918DA8.text	0390636CFFB5FFE1FF3FFCC0FA918DA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida ghilarovi Gates 1969	<div><p>18. Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969 species-complex</p><p>(stat. nov.)</p><p>Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969: 674 . [Siberia. Types in Moscow: 37-38].</p><p>Drawida ghilarovi: Ganin, 2013.</p><p>Distribution. Siberia in South Primorye and Khabarovsk neighborhood. Described from southern slopes and spurs of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, near Ussuriysk and in the Black Mountains. Its wider description by Ganin (2013) appears to show several distinct morphs/(sub-)species with incursion into China and North Korean border.</p><p>Description. [From Gates’ 1969 original, Russian Red Data Book (Anon., 2014 ‾ http://hunt.rin.ru/html/article 2319-1.html) and http://www.zooclub.ru/bezp/35.shtml]: Body a greenish or dark metallic bluish colour. Length 100-142 mm, width 6 mm. Segments 173-210. Prolobous. Lumbricine. GMs distantly paired discs, usually in bc to cd or sometimes even on the side of d, in 5-13. Clitellum ring-shaped 9-15. Spermathecal pores in 7/8. Male pores in 10/11 medio-lateral in bc, superficial without copulatory organ (i.e., no penes). Female pores in 11/12. Spermatheca with long coiled duct to exit (i.e., no spermathecal atria). Vas deferens long and coiled in 9-10 to hemispherical, sessile prostates. Ovaries in 11 with long egg sacs. Gizzards four of in 13-16. Nephridia vesiculate.</p><p>Remarks. A. species-complex is suggested by its wide distribution and further refinement is required in relation to several similar regional congeners, especially those with four gizzards in 13-16, such as D. tairaensis, D. guryeensis Hong, 2002, D. csuzdii and D. jeombongsan spp. nov. although several of these differ in having penes and arrangement of GMs. Gates compared it to Asian species also lacking spermathecal atria, viz. D. hattamimizu, D. nemora and D. ofunatoensis, the last two similarly lacking penes. Its genetic profile, on topotypes, would be most useful for comparison. Occurring as a litter species or subsoil geophage in forest soils, meadow-swamp and in peat to depths of 1 m (Ganin, 1023), its cold tolerance is found to be ‾ 16 C in worms to ‾ 20 C for cocoons (Berman et al., 2010). Nematode parasites are also report- ed (Ivanova et al., 2014) uniquely for two Drawida ghilarovi morphs supporting the current suggestion of separate species rather than just morphs or ecotypes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB5FFE1FF3FFCC0FA918DA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB5FFE1FC98FDE1FB5F888D.text	0390636CFFB5FFE1FC98FDE1FB5F888D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida iucn Blakemore 2013	<div><p>19. Drawida iucn Blakemore, 2013</p><p>Drawida iucn Blakemore, 2013a: 19, fig. 3.</p><p>Material. Specimen: IV0000261359 mature (dissected and providing DNA sample HY18), from Yeomiji Botanical Gardens (GPS 33.252594, 126.414137), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.41414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.252594" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.41414/lat 33.252594)">Seogwipo</a>, Jeju Island, collector RJB 5 th Sept. 2013 .</p><p>Description. Bluish colour. Length 63 mm. Dorsal pores absent but pigmented dots present from 2/3. Genital markings as figured. Spermathecal atrium present but no atrial glands seen. Prostate to male pores joined at base by vasa deferentia. Gizzards in 11-13 (three of).</p><p>Remarks. This specimen is a more bluish hue and has additional markings on 8rhs and mid-ventrally on 10. The main difference from the type description of D. iucn is the gizzards given as “ in 12-15 with muscular modification in 12 reduced ” but shown in Blakemore (2013: fig. 3) to be in 11-14, if the conjoined septum “ 11/12/13 ” is taken as the origin of the ovisacs in 12/13. Thus since segments may be counted differently it is perhaps more proper that its classification for the type be augmented as four gizzards in 11,12-14 (15) or, for the new variety morph, as three gizzards in 11-13. DNA barcodes agree 639/643 (99%) thus tolerably conspecific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB5FFE1FC98FDE1FB5F888D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB5FFE3FC98FAC2FDF98F6F.text	0390636CFFB5FFE3FC98FAC2FDF98F6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida companio Blakemore & Lee & Seo 2014	<div><p>20. Drawida companio Blakemore sp. nov.</p><p>Material. Holotype (H) IV0000246438 (DNA sample WO28) mature specimen with tip of tail missing, dissect- ed, from mud beside creek on north side of Sido Bridge,</p><p>August 2014 BLAKEMORE ET AL.-REPORTS OF DRAWIDA 149</p><p>5 7/8rhs Nps 10 9/10rhs 12 dc 15 ba ab 1 mm Ovisac from ovaries to 14</p><p>Fig. 17. Drawida companio spermatheca in 7/8rhs and male organs around 9/10rhs; gizzards in 12-14 and ovisac extends from feathery ovaries in 11/12 to 14.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.44073&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.53049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.44073/lat 37.53049)">Shindo</a>, Incheon (GPS 37.530490, 126.440730), collect- ed by RJB 4 th May, 2012 and provisionally identified as “ Drawida cf koreana Shindo sp. 2 ” ‾ same location as D. koreana shindo sub-sp. nov .</p><p>_ _</p><p>Etymology. Latin companio (m. noun), companion (of D. koreana shindo on Shindo and to other Japanese/Korean drawidas); literally: one who eats bread with another.</p><p>Description. Dark bluish. Length 80+ mm with 126+ segments. Prolobous. Clitellum paler 10-13. Dorsal pores intermittently present, e.g. in 15/16, 19/20/21, 25/26/27. Nephropores in cd-lines from 6. Spermathecal pores small in 7/8 near c-lines. Male pores on inward-pointing protuberances at posterior of 10 and impinging in 10/ 11 in mid-bc-lines. Female pores in b-lines on 12 near 11/12. Genital marking as unilateral disc presetally on 8 in bc.</p><p>Septa 5/6-8/9 are thick, 9/10 is thin and 10/11 is displaced to adherently join with 11/12. Spermathecae have small atria on moderately long ducts from small ampullae, no glands are associated in 8. Male pores on moderately long, coiled vasa deferentia with small white prostate glands adjacent to the exit. Ovaries and many egg strings within combined septa 10/11/12 with empty ovisacs extending from 11 to segment 14. Gizzards in 12-14, i.e., three of. Nephridia elongate vesiculate rather than just thickened ducts.</p><p>Remarks. Unique character combinations are the blue colour as in D. koreana, intermittent dorsal pores as in D. barwelli (and some D. japonica) and with three gizzards in 12-14 as found in these and several other taxa (see Table). This taxon differs morphologically and molecularly from the other Drawida koreana sub-species described herein and appears intermediate to Korean species and to previous records of D. japonica from Japan (Appendix). None of these are particularly close to “ Drawida japonica ” samples claimed from Korea and China as shown in Fig. 1 and these reports need to be reassessed by the authors. The slight possibility exists that samples WO27 and WO28 were mixed in the genetics lab ‾ as with several others in the WO series in the current studies, a highly regrettable situation beyond my control. It is impractical now to resurvey without substantial investment of time and funds, but this does not detract from the results as just their labels would need to be switched in Fig. 1 for relationships to be mutually swapped; the taxonomic conclusions remain the same.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB5FFE3FC98FAC2FDF98F6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB7FFECFC98FEE6FD5A898C.text	0390636CFFB7FFECFC98FEE6FD5A898C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida csuzdii Blakemore & Lee & Seo 2014	<div><p>21. Drawida csuzdii Blakemore sp. nov.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype (H) NMST Tokyo An-449, complete mature, figured and dissected providing DNA tissue sample (JET005-6 that unfortunately failed DNA extraction) in container from Dr Cs. Csuzdi (Hungary Museum) with “ 6/22 ” on lid and labelled “ Drawida nemora ? North Korea near Pyongyang; Djonjong-san Mts; Taesong-an. Near to Lake Dungshon. Leg. Cs. Csuzdi 06 July 1988 ” ; Paratype 1 (P1) An-452, mature posterior amputee, figured and dissected providing DNA tissue sample (JET107); P2-3 two mature posterior amputees, (An-451 and An-452) undissected .</p><p>Etymology. Named after collector an authority and specialist on earthworm systmatics.</p><p>Description. Unpigmented in alcohol with reddish clitellum. Size 120 mm with ca. 180 segments. First two segdc ments almost continuous. Prostomium prolobous with ventral cleft. Dorsal pores absent. Setae small and closely paired (ab=cd). Nephropores small, some near c-lines. Clitellum saddle-shaped 1 / 29 -15. Spermathecal pores 7/8 small pores in mid-cd lines in transverse slits. Male pore superficial in 10/11 approximately in mid-bc in transverse slits that in extruded slightly in P1 but not penial. Female pores paired slits on anterior of 12 near 11/ 12 in b lines. Setae very small and difficult to see. Genital Markings unilateral on rhs in H in 7, 9-12; unilateral in 8-9 in P1, with corresponding glands internally (in 7-12 in H).</p><p>Pharyngeal mass to 5 with tendons to 7. Septa 5/6-7/8 thickened; 10/11 and 11/12 fused dorsally to enclose ovaries and egg-sacs in 11. Hearts 6-9 increasingly large; dorsal blood vessel single. Nephridia holoic with convoluted tubule and elongate ‘swiss-horn’ vesicles. Spermathecae with ampulla ventral on septum 7/8, spherical to convoluted duct that exits to body wall without atrium nor accessory gland in 7/8. Iridescent testis in testis sacs spherical, intrasegmentally bulging to both sides of 9/10 with vasa deferentia slightly coiled and entering body wall under glandular prostates. Prostates spherical, each sessile joining with vas deferens at 10/11 exiting via small male porophore that is not considered penial. Ovarian chamber filled with large eggs within 10/11/12 with long ovisacs as far back as 14. Gizzards four in 13-16 (H, P1).</p><p>Remarks. Gizzard arrangement of four within 13-16 contrasts to D. nemora Kobayashi, 1936 that usually has four in 12-15, or sometimes five in 12-16 or three in 13-15 (i.e. three to five of in 12,13-15,16). Other differences are: weak first segment; arrangement of the GMs ‾ especially lack of paired mid-ventral markings; the clitellum extending into 15-16; and the prostate glands being more spherical rather than flattened disks. No spermathecal accessory glands were found as per Kobayashi’s original but unlike in his redescription. D. nemora has not been definitely collected from Seoul since Kobayashi’s work, neither have any new earthworm species been described from North Korea since Eisenia koreana (Zicsi, 1972) as redescribed by Blakemore in Blakemore &amp; Park (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB7FFECFC98FEE6FD5A898C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB8FFEDFF3DF9CDFD058DC8.text	0390636CFFB8FFEDFF3DF9CDFD058DC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida jeombongsan Blakemore & Lee & Seo 2014	<div><p>22. Drawida jeombongsan Blakemore sp. nov.</p><p>Material. Holotype IV0000261314 (DNA sample HY10), mature specimen, from Jeombongsan Mt., between the counties of Inje and Yangyang, Gangwon-do in South Korea (38 01′16.39′′ N 128 25′6.36′′ E), collector Dr H- Y Seo 25 th July, 2013. Sample also contains two tail portions, one possibly belonging to this specimen, a mature Metaphire hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1892) (NIBR 261310) and several Amynthas sp. (IV0000261311-3, IV0000261 315-22). Same location and collector, 11 th July, 2013 an Amynthas sp. (IV 0000261308) and a mature blue Drawida sp. (possible same, IV 0000261309).</p><p>dc ba ab cd</p><p>1 mm</p><p>Etymology. After the type locality, noun in apposition.</p><p>Description. Light blue colour. Prostomium proepilobous, peristomium smooth. Length 60+ mm (posterior amputee). Segments 125+. Clitellum unclear. Dorsal pores absent. Nephropores in cd lines in some segments. Setae small and closely paired. Spermathecal pores superficial in 7/8 near ab-lines. Male pores superficial on 10/11 ab-lines. Genital markings equatorial paired discs in bc on 7, unilateral in ab on 8lhs, and paired in ab in 11 (encompassing ventral setal couples) and 12, the latter slightly more posterior and within common lateral field that tapers to c setae. Female pores paired slits above ab-lines in 12.</p><p>No atrium nor glands found near spermathecal pores, spermathecae attach to 7/8. Vasa deferentia go to body wall from testis sacs in 9/10, prostates as small sessile glands, no penes present. Gizzards are in 13-16 (four of). Nephridial bladders are elongate.</p><p>Remarks. Distinctive characters from its nearest neighbour are the genital markings more ventral than in D. odaesan and four gizzards (in 13-16) rather than five (in 13-17) as in D. odaesan . The superficial, closely aligned spermathecal and male pores plus four gizzards (but in 14-17) are reminiscent of D. songae yeongdo Blakemore, 2013 accorded similarity of only 88% from DNA data (in Appendix, Fig. 1) that objectively separate these three taxa along with several other physical characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB8FFEDFF3DF9CDFD058DC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFB9FFEEFF3FFE01FF798F2E.text	0390636CFFB9FFEEFF3FFE01FF798F2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida odaesan Blakemore & Lee & Seo 2014	<div><p>23. Drawida odaesan Blakemore sp. nov.</p><p>Material. Holotype IV0000261295 (DNA sample HY1), mature specimen sketched and dissected, from Odaesan Mt. (alt. 1,563 m), Jinbu-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea (ca. 37 47′53′′ N 128 32′35′′ E), collector Dr H-Y Seo 4 th July, 2013. Two immature Amynthas sp. from the same sample in a separate jar.</p><p>Etymology. After the type locality, noun in apposition.</p><p>Description. Slight blue-grey colour dorsally, distinctly demarcated cream ventrally. Prostomium proepilobous, peristomium ridged. Length 110 mm. Segments 210. Clitellum unclear. Dorsal pores absent. Nephropores well above d-lines towards mid-D on each side, most obvious from 12 onwards. Setae small and closely paired. Spermathecal pores in atria in 7/8 near c-lines. Male pores on 10/11 invaginated in bc-lines. Genital markings are postsetal, faintly on 7 above spermathecal pores; mid-ventral on 10 and paired on 11 in c-lines. Distinct equatorial indentations are on 10 and 11 either side of the male pores in 10/11. Female pores are paired anteriorly near b-lines in 12.</p><p>Septa 5/6-8/9 are thick. Low, sessile glands correspond to markings in 7 and much larger glands cover markings in 11 crossing 10/11 on each side (not present in mid-10). No atrium nor glands found near spermathecal pores in 8. Spermathecae on long, convoluted ducts in 8. Convoluted vasa deferentia go to body wall under GM glands on each side from testis sacs in 9/10, but no prostates present and penes if present, small. Ovisacs (empty) are elongated from ovaries in 11/12 extending to 16. Gizzards are in 13-17 (five of). Dorsal blood vessel is single but has distinctly arching vascular clusters in 18-21 and 24 and these are present in intervening segments and after 24 although not filled with blood. Nephridial bladders are elongate. Gut contains yellow soil without organic matter (geophagous).</p><p>Remarks. This species is close to D. nemora Kobayashi, 1938 that may also have five gizzards, but in 12-16 (as found in D. jirisanensis Hong, 2002) rather than 13-17 as here, and its GM markings at least also differ from both these other taxa. According to the DNA data (in Appendix, Fig. 1), Drawida odaesan has closest similarity amongst those tested to D. hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 which is interesting since it was considered a possible introduc- ed species to Japan. However, it not particular close genetically (just 80-81%) and it differs on many morphological points, such as size and GMs that, combined with the DNA barcode data (Appendix), serve to separate these taxa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFB9FFEEFF3FFE01FF798F2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DFC60FE73888D.text	0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DFC60FE73888D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida undefined-1	<div><p>24. Drawida sp. 1 “Gaeun”</p><p>Material examined. IV0000249935 mature specimen 80 mm long, undissected, from under Gaeun Bridge, Munkyung, Gyungsanbuk, 6 th April, 2012 collected by RJB; DNA sample WO 21 resampled as w13; and WO 21 vs w13=603/603 (100%).</p><p>Remarks. Identified in the field as “ Drawida cf. japonica ”. BLAST analysis indicated &lt;83% for unidentified Megascolecidae, i.e., DNA confirmed but specimen shown no near relationship in Fig. 1 and is quite anomalous. Further work is required.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DFC60FE73888D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DFAC2FED88AD3.text	0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DFAC2FED88AD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida undefined-2	<div><p>25. Drawida sp. 2 “ Jeju 1”</p><p>Drawida sp. 1 (cf. D. a. seogwipo) Blakemore, 2013: 21.</p><p>Material examined. IV0000261227 posterior amputee specimen collected on walk to Botanic Gardens Seogwipo during IUCN meeting (trip kindly organized by Dr Yeong-Seok Jo) 9 th Sept. 2012 by RJB (providing DNA sample WO70); plus IV000261229 two complete and fragments with same collection details .</p><p>Remarks. As noted by Blakemore (2013a), seemingly closest or same as D. a. seogwipo . DNA data are provid- ed in the Appendix.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DFAC2FED88AD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DF92CFC0D8E48.text	0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DF92CFC0D8E48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida undefined-3	<div><p>26. Drawida sp. 3 “ Jeju 2”</p><p>Drawida sp. 2 (cf. D. koreana) Blakemore, 2013: 21.</p><p>Material examined. IV0000249942 mature specimen 80 mm long, undissected, from under bridge on Rt. 516, Mt Halla, 12 th June, 2012 collected by RJB, (DNA sample WO 44 was mixed in the lab, resampled as w17). IV000 0249943, two similar semi-matures undissected, possibly the same taxon, from the same location.</p><p>Remarks. As noted by Blakemore (2013a), because these specimens were blue coloured they were considered similar to Drawida koreana but DNA indicates distant relationship and, on current information, they may be separat- ed from other similar taxa. They remain unidentified pending analysis of D. koreana from the mainland. DNA data in the Appendix show wide separation from other Jeju samples, possibly indicating an exotic introduced to the island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFBAFFEEFF3DF92CFC0D8E48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFBAFFEEFC96FD81FB8A8FEE.text	0390636CFFBAFFEEFC96FD81FB8A8FEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida undefined-4	<div><p>27. Drawida sp. 4 “ Sammock ”</p><p>Material. Specimen IV 0000250891 (DNA WO33), mature specimen, 1 st May, 2012, from Sammock ferry harbor (GPS 37.499135, 126.450723) on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.45072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.499134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.45072/lat 37.499134)">Yeongjongdo</a>, the island on which Incheon airport is situated, collector RJB .</p><p>Description. Blue-grey colour with tip of tail thinner and reddish (region of growth or regeneration?).</p><p>Remarks. Yet to be fully described, its DNA indicates a potential new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFBAFFEEFC96FD81FB8A8FEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
0390636CFFBAFFEEFC96FC23FAA989EC.text	0390636CFFBAFFEEFC96FC23FAA989EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drawida undefined-5	<div><p>28. Drawida sp. 5 “ Munsan ”</p><p>Material. Specimens: IV0000261236-7 an immature blue specimen (DNA sample w39) and a mature pale specimen (providing DNA sample w40 that was contaminated in the genetics lab), from Munsan (ca. 37.854398, 126.787945) in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.78795&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.854397" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.78795/lat 37.854397)">Paju-si</a>, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea on the south bank of the Imjin River, close to the edge of the DMZ and to Panmunjom, collector RJB 18 th July, 2012 .</p><p>Description. Blue colour immature specimen and mature pale specimen with insufficient material and inconclusive DNA results.</p><p>Remarks. Resources are presently unavailable to complete this description, but DNA data indicates another potentially new species (Appendix, Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390636CFFBAFFEEFC96FC23FAA989EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blakemore, Robert J.;Lee, Seunghan;Seo, Hong-Yul	Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan, Seo, Hong-Yul (2014): Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research 3 (2): 127-166, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2014.3.2.127
