identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039187E0FF8DFFBAFF139B84FAA7FEDA.text	039187E0FF8DFFBAFF139B84FAA7FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aglaophenia cupressina Lamouroux 1816	<div><p>Aglaophenia cupressina Lamouroux, 1816</p> <p>(Fig. 2a)</p> <p>Aglaophenia cupressina Lamouroux, 1816: 169; Kirchenpauer 1872: 27, pl. 1: fig. 11; Billard 1913: 107, fig. 96; pl. 6; Bale</p> <p>1915: 319, pl. 47: figs 6–8; Leloup 1932b: 1–3. Vervoort 1941: 233, fig. 11; Millard 1975: 408, fig. 128A–C; Schuchert</p> <p>2003: 242-245, fig. 81; 2015: 351, fig. 24. Plumularia bipinnata Lamarck, 1816: 126; Billard 1907: 331. Aglaophenia macgillivrayi Busk, 1852: 400; Allman 1883: 34, pl. 10, pl. 20: figs. 4–6; Billard 1909: 331. Corbulifera macgillivrayi.— Naumov 1969: 530, figs 380– 381.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 43: ZSI/ANRC- 21539, 6 m.</p> <p>Description. Colony large, up to 11.6 cm in height, branched up to second order. Primary hydrocaulus thick, bearing equally thick secondary hydrocauli at regular intervals. Branching nearly opposite and all branches thickly polysiphonic. Hydrocladia thick, alternately arranged resembling a fir twig. Hydrocladia segmented by transverse nodes. Each node bears one hydrotheca and two internal ridges at the level of hydrotheca extending to the rear. Hydrothecae campanulate, completely adnate and very narrow (Fig. 2a). Opening of hydrothecal mouth at an angle of 30.4° to the adnate hydrothecal wall. Lateral margin undulating with a prominent antero-lateral cusp. Adcauline shelf present, extending from the adcauline to the abcauline side of the hydrotheca at the lower level. Median inferior nematotheca very stout and completely adnate to the hydrotheca. Hydrothecal breadth about 2/3 rd the hydrothecal width. Median inferior nematotheca reaches the level of the hydrothecal mouth and bears an internal septum in the upper part. No gonothecae were observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time from Indian waters.Although only one specimen of the species was encountered during the study period, it was easily identified due to its characteristic hydrothecal structure (Fig. 2a). Also, zooxanthellae were observed to be associated with the species. A. cupressina is known to occur in very shallow waters, 1–2 m and 10m (Schuchert, 2003), however, it has been reported up to depths of 564 m (Billard, 1913).</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; East Indies (Lamouroux, 1816)</p> <p>India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Present study).</p> <p>Elsewhere; Taiwan (Tseng et al., 2014), Bunaken, Indonesia (Ricciardi, 2007) and from Zanzibar and Mozambique to Great Barrier Reef, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, Japan.?Sea of Okhotsk. (Schuchert, 2003).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF8DFFBAFF139B84FAA7FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
039187E0FF8FFFBBFF139EB4FDABFD42.text	039187E0FF8FFFBBFF139EB4FDABFD42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnangium hians (Busk 1852)	<div><p>Gymnangium hians (Busk, 1852)</p> <p>(Fig. 2b, 3 a–c)</p> <p>Plumularia hians Busk, 1852: 396; Kirchenpauer, 1876: 30.</p> <p>Halicornaria hians.— Bale, 1884: 179–180, pl. 13: fig. 6, pl. 16: fig. 7; Kirkpatrick, 1890: 604; Stechow, 1909: 101, pl. 1: fig. 11, pl. 6: figs. 16, 17; Billard, 1913: 68, 69; Stechow, 1913: 94–95, fig. 61; Jäderholm, 1916: 8, fig. 5; Briggs, 1918: 47; Stechow, 1919: 125; Bedot, 1921: 347; Jarvis, 1922: 355; Nutting, 1927: 237; Vervoort, 1941: 222–225, figs. 7–8; Millard, 1958: 219–220, fig. 15G–H; Pennycuik, 1959: 186.</p> <p>Aglaophenia balei Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890: 272–273, pl. 7: figs. 19–20; Billard, 1905: 334.</p> <p>Halicornaria flava Nutting, 1906: 955, pl. 6: fig. 2, pl. 13: figs. 11–12.</p> <p>Halicornaria hians var. profunda Ritchie, 1909: 528; Ritchie, 1910a: 24, pl. 4: figs. 13–14; Jäderholm, 1919: 26, pl. 6: fig. 6.</p> <p>Halicornaria balei.— Ritchie, 1910a: 22–23.</p> <p>Halicornaria balei var. flava, Nutting (?) Ritchie, 1910a: 23, pl. 4: fig. 12.</p> <p>Halicornaria haswellii Bale, 1884: 180–181, pl. 13: fig. 5, pl. 16: fig. 8.</p> <p>Halicornaria hians var. laxa Ritchie, 1910b: 835–836, fig. 81; Rees &amp; Thursfield, 1965: 197; Smaldon, Heppell &amp; Watt, 1976: 23.</p> <p>Halicornaria hians var. balei Billard, 1913: 70, fig. 56; Bedot, 1921: 347; Van Gemerden—Hoogeveen, 1965: 70–73, figs. 39–41.</p> <p>Halicornaria hians var. flava.- Bedot, 1921: 347.</p> <p>Gymnangium hians.— Stechow, 1923: 19; 1925: 254; Yamada, 1959: 84; Ooishi, 1964: 191; Rees &amp; Thursfield, 1965: 171; Rho, 1967: 346, fig. 6; Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 92–93; Rho &amp; Chang, 1974: 147; Millard, 1975: 444–445, fig. 134G–H; Rho, 1977: 279, 425, pl. 93: fig. 93; Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977: 84–86, fig. 35; Millard, 1978: 193; Hirohito, 1983: 77; Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 172–175, fig. 41; Hirohito, 1995: 287–290, fig. 101 a.b; Watson, 2000: 58–60, fig. 47; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 292, fig. 69F; Ronowicz et al., 2017: 27–30, fig. 7c, 7d, 13a–13e.</p> <p>Gymnangium hians var. balei.— Schmidt, 1972: 41; Mergner &amp; Wedler, 1977: 24, pl. 6: fig. 38, pl. 10: figs. 64–69.</p> <p>Gymnangium hians var. flava.— Mammen, 1965b: 311.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 1: 09.ix. 2017, 7 m; Stn. 6: 21.i. 2017, 3 m; Stn. 7: 09.i. 2019, 5 m; Stn. 8: 27.v. 2017, 7 m; Stn. 10: 14.i. 2019, 6 m; Stn. 11: 20.i. 2017, 5 m; Stn. 16: 10.i. 2019, 4 m; Stn. 18: 13.i. 2019, 4 m; Stn. 20: 29.x. 2016, 6 m; Stn. 26: 29.xii. 2018, 8 m; Stn. 28: 23.ii. 2017, 11 m; Stn. 30: 06.x. 2016, 20 m; Stn. 39: 15.xii. 2016, 7 m; Stn. 43: 18.x. 2018, 6 m; Stn. 47: 27.xii. 2017, 3 m; Stn. 48: 28.xii. 2017, 13 m.</p> <p>Description. Colonies erect and stiff with no secondary branching. Hydrocladia alternately arranged on the hydrocaulus (Fig. 3b). Hydrocaulus monosiphonic and internodes not clearly visible. Three nematothecae present at the base of each hydrocladium; one axillary nematotheca on the posterior side and two anteriorly located nematothecae, one basal and one axillary. Hydrocladia divided into segments by oblique nodes and internal thickenings absent. Hydrotheca cup-shaped and margin interrupted by two to three pairs of lateral cusps (Fig. 2b). Abcauline shelf present, curving upwards at the end. Median nematotheca variable in length, always reaching beyond the hydrothecal margin. Median nematothecae tubular, pointed outwards with a gutter shaped opening. Lateral nematothecae sacshaped, opening directed upwards. Gonothecae arranged in double rows on the anterior side along the hydrocaulus on short peduncles inserted on hydrocladial apophysis (Fig. 3a).</p> <p>Remarks. Ritchie (1909, 1910a) reported this species under the names; Halicornaria balei (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890), H. balei var. flava (Nutting?) and H. hians var. profunda Ritchie, 1909. He differentiated H. balei from its variety, H. balei var. flava, based on “the compression of its hydrothecae”. Further, Ritchie (1910a) distinguished H. balei from H. hians based on “the strong convexity of its median sarcotheca, by its deeper hydrotheca, and by the position of the intrathecal ridge which is situated at a greater distance from the base of the hydrotheca”. Also, H. hians var. profunda was distinguished from H. hians based on “the greater length of the thecate internodes compared to their diameter, greater depth and more erect posture of the hydrothecae and greater distance which separate the intrathecal septum from the base of the hydrotheca”. This is known to be a highly variable species in terms of morphology and all the above names have been synonymised to Gymnangium hians (Busk, 1852) following molecular taxonomy (Ronowicz et al. 2017). In Mammen (1965b), Gymnangium hians var. flava has been listed, however no formal description or locality of the species was provided. Thus, the record of the species from mainland India remains doubtful. In terms of bathymetric distribution, this species was observed from 3 to 20 m.</p> <p>Associated fauna. The bivalve, Pterelectroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819), was observed to be attached to the main stem (Fig. 3c). Thornely (1904) also reported that some specimens of Gymnangium pennatulum (Ellis and Solander, 1786) had small bivalves attached to them, Avicula (Margaritifera) zebra, Reeve, 1857, a name synonymised with P. physoides.</p> <p>Substrate. Frequently observed to be growing in a “bunch” and the colonies were found growing on rocks, boulders, dead corals, in crevices and depressions.</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; Torres Strait.</p> <p>India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Ritchie 1909; 1910a and present study)</p> <p>Elsewhere; South Africa (Millard 1975); East Indies, Japan, Hawaii, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Sagami Bay (Stechow 1909), China Sea (Nutting 1927).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF8FFFBBFF139EB4FDABFD42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
039187E0FF8EFFB5FF139C2CFEE6FE86.text	039187E0FF8EFFB5FF139C2CFEE6FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lytocarpia brevirostris (Busk 1852)	<div><p>Lytocarpia brevirostris (Busk, 1852)</p> <p>(Fig. 2c, 3 d–f)</p> <p>Plumularia brevirostris Busk, 1852; 397.</p> <p>Aglaophenia brevirostris Kirchenpauer, 1872: 27; Bale, 1884: 169; Kirkpatrick, 1890: 611; Bale, 1913: 135.</p> <p>Plumularia vitana Kirchenpauer, 1872: 34.</p> <p>Aglaophenia maldivensis Borradaile, 1905: 843; Billard, 1913: 91.</p> <p>Thecocarpus brevirostris Billard, 1910: 51; 1913: 89; Briggs, 1918: 34, 45; Stechow, 1919: 137; Bedot, 1921 a: 332; 1922: 157; Jarvis, 1922: 350; Pennycuik, 1959: 187; Rees &amp; Thursfield, 1965: 186; Millard, 1968: 254; Vasseur, 1974: 158; Millard, 1975: 454; 1978: 199; Tang, 1991: 32–33.</p> <p>Lytocarpia brevirostris Stechow, 1922:151; 1923: 245; Ryland &amp; Gibbons, 1991: 545–546; Bouillon et al., 1995: 36; Irving, 1995: 324; Watson, 2002: 347; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 306; Gravier-Bonnet and Bourmaud, 2012: 106, 114, 120; Di Camillo et al., 2012: 525.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 27: 07.x. 2016, 11 m; Stn. 30: 06.x. 2016, 10 m; Stn. 33: 06.x. 2016, 18 m; Stn. 35: 23.iii. 2018, 13 m; Stn. 48: 28.xii. 2017, 13 m.</p> <p>Description. Colonies pinnate with second order of branching (Fig. 3d). Hydrocaulus polysiphonic and hydroclades alternately arranged. Hydrocaulus divided into internodes; internodes bearing hydrocladial apophyses. Hydrocladial apophysis always associated with one anteriorly placed mamelon and two large nematothecae with double opening, one inferior nematotheca and one axillary anterior nematotheca (Fig. 3f). Hydrocladia segmented by oblique nodes with overlapping hydrothecae. Hydrotheca elongate with one prominent abcauline tooth and six lateral teeth, adcauline tooth absent (Fig. 2c). Adcauline hydrothecal wall more or less straight and abcauline hydrothecal wall sinuous. Hydrotheca with a short intra-thecal septum towards the lower adcauline side. Single hydrotheca associated with two lateral nematothecae and one median inferior nematotheca. Lateral nematothecae directed upwards. Median nematotheca adnate to the hydrotheca for half its length and the rest free, directed away from the hydrotheca. Median inferior nematotheca not reaching the hydrothecal margin in length. Reproductive structures observed as closed corbulae that replaced the hydrocladium (Fig. 3e). Corbulae bears six to eight leaf-like ribs. Corbulae axis divided into segments by oblique nodes; first segment with a hydrotheca and three nematothecae; one median inferior and two laterals. Proximal portion of each rib with a hydrotheca and two lateral nematothecae, median inferior nematotheca absent. Subsequent portion of the ribs with numerous nematothecae.</p> <p>Colour. Yellow, in live colonies</p> <p>Remarks. In the present study, the species was recorded beyond the depth of 10 m up to 13 m. In terms of bathymetric distribution of the species, it has been recorded as stenobathic between 12–30 m (Gravier-Bonnet and Bourmaud, 2012) from Baa atoll. In another study, from Bunaken Marine National Park, Indonesia, the species was recorded to have a wide vertical distribution, being more abundant in the extremes and rare in the 10–30 m depth range (Di Camillo et al. 2011). The species is a new record to Indian waters.</p> <p>Substrate. The colonies were observed to be growing on rocks, boulders and in crevices.</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; off Cumberland Island, Queensland.</p> <p>India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Present study).</p> <p>Elsewhere; South Pacific Islands, Northern Australia, tropical Indian Ocean from India to Africa (Di Camillo et al. 2012).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF8EFFB5FF139C2CFEE6FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
039187E0FF80FFB5FF139E98FAE1FA35.text	039187E0FF80FFB5FF139E98FAE1FA35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lytocarpia delicatula (Busk 1852)	<div><p>Lytocarpia delicatula (Busk, 1852)</p> <p>(Fig. 2d, 4 a–f)</p> <p>Plumularia delicatula Busk, 1852: 396.</p> <p>Aglaophenia delicatula Bale, 1884: 167; Borradaile, 1905: 843; Billard, 1913: 106; Jaderholm, 1920: 8; Jarvis, 1922: 350; Pennycuik, 1959: 185; Watson, 2000: 57.</p> <p>Thecocarpus delicatulus Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 94; Millard, 1975: 455.</p> <p>Lytocarpia delicatula Schuchert, 2003: 235–237; Di Camillo et al., 2011: 528; Schuchert, 2015: 360.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 10.ix. 2017, 8 m; Stn. 25: 14.v. 2018, 18 m; Stn. 29: 21.iii. 2018, 13 m; Stn. 31: 19.iii. 2018, 20 m; Stn. 33: 06.x. 2016, 18 m; Stn. 35: 23.iii. 2018, 13 m; Stn. 38: 22.ix. 2016, 15 m.</p> <p>Description. Colonies with pinnately arranged hydrocladia and no second order of branching (Fig. 4e). Hydrocaulus monosiphonic with a prosegment and two basal hinge joints (Fig. 4f). Entire hydrocaulus, above the hinge joint, divided by oblique nodes. Each node bearing a hydrocladium and a hydrocladial apophysis. Hydrocladial apophysis with one mamelon and three nematotheace; one inferior anterior and one on either side of the apophysis. Hydrocladia segmented by transverse nodes and the entire segment covered by the hydrotheca. Hydrothecae completely adnate on the adcauline side. Hydrothecal margin bearing 5 teeth with one prominent abcauline tooth. Intrathecal shelf present extending from adcauline to abcauline wall of the lower part of the hydrotheca (Fig. 2d). Lateral nematothecae directed upwards and reaching beyond the hydrothecal margin. Median inferior nematotheca adnate for half its length. Free half gutter shaped, reaching beyond the hydrothecal margin. Reproductive structures were absent.</p> <p>Colour. Brown hydrocaulus, white hydrocladia (Fig. 4a).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is a new report to Indian waters and only sterile specimens of the species were encountered in the Andaman Islands with a bathymetric range of 8– 20m.</p> <p>Associated fauna. The bivalve Pterelectroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819) was found attached to the colony. Also, egg masses of nudibranch were observed at the base of the colonies (Fig. 4d).</p> <p>Substrate. The species was observed to be overgrowing entire surfaces of rocks and boulders (Fig. 4c) and on polychaete tubes (Fig. 4b).</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; Torres Strait.</p> <p>India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Present study).</p> <p>Elsewhere; Northern Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Indonesia (Di Camillo et al., 2011), Seychelles, Maldive Islands, Mozambique (Di Camillo et al. 2012) and Okinawa Islands, Japan (Schuchert, 2015).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF80FFB5FF139E98FAE1FA35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
039187E0FF80FFB0FF139987FBC9FC9A.text	039187E0FF80FFB0FF139987FBC9FC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpeuner 1872	<div><p>Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpeuer, 1872</p> <p>(Fig. 2e, 5 a–d)</p> <p>Aglaophenia philippina Kirchenpauer 1872: 45–46, pl. 1, fig. 26, pl. 2 figs 26 a, b, pl. 7, fig. 26. Aglaophenia urens Kirchenpauer 1872: 46, pl. 1, fig 27, pl. 2, fig. 27, pl. 7, fig. 27. Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer 1872: 19; Calder 1983: 23–24, fig. 13; 1986: 139–140, pl. 39; Rees &amp; Vervoort 1987:</p> <p>177–180, fig. 43; Vervoort 1987: 86; Cairns et al. 1991: 29; Ryland &amp; Gibbons 1991: 553–555, fig. 22; Calder 1993: 68;</p> <p>Vervoort, 1993: 550; Bouillon, 1995: 38; Hirohito 1995: 297–299, fig. 105d–g; Watson 1996: 97; 2000: 67– 68, fig. 53A–</p> <p>D; Vervoort &amp; Watson 2003: 336–337, fig. 81D; Di Camillo et al., 2009: 214–217, figs. 2F, 2G, 5A–5G, 8G–8I. Aglaophenia perforate Kirchenpauer 1876: 25 (not Allman 1885).</p> <p>Lytocarpus philippinus Pictet 1893: 60, pl. 3, fig. 53; Nutting 1900: 122, pl. 31, figs 4–7; Billard 1913: 78, fig. 63; Fraser 1944: 419, pl. 93, fig. 410; Vervoort 1968: 88, fig. 41; Millard &amp; Bouillon 1973: 93; Millard 1975: 449, fig. 138A–C; Ljubenkov, 1980: 50; Boero, 1984: 99; Bouillon, 1984: 106; Russell, 1984: 105; Rho &amp; Park 1986: 18; Bandel &amp; Wedler, 1987: 38; Mergner, 1987: 187; Southcott, 1987: 81; Park, 1992: 296; Marsh, 1993: 22; Allen &amp; Steene, 1994: 51; Kalk, 1995: 259, fig. 9.9a.</p> <p>Lytocarpus crosslandi Ritchie, 1907: 511, pl 24 fig 11, pl 26 figs 2–4.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 10.ix. 2017, 8 m; Stn. 4: 22.i.2017; Stn. 5: 12.ix. 2017, 9 m; Stn. 6: 21.i. 2017, 6 m; Stn. 7: 09.i. 2019, 5 m; Stn. 8: 27.v. 2017, 8 m; Stn. 9: 25.x. 2017, 9 m; Stn. 10: 14.i. 2019, 4 m; Stn. 14: 26.x. 2016, 8 m; Stn. 19: 28.x. 2016, 5 m; Stn. 21: 30.v. 2017, 6 m; Stn. 22: Craggy Island, 7 m; Stn. 23: 13.v. 2018, 4 m; Stn. 24: 14.v.2018, found on the ship hull; Stn. 26: 29.xii. 2018, 15 m; Stn. 34: 22.ii. 2017, 14 m; Stn. 35: 23.iii. 2018, 13 m; Stn. 36: 5.x. 2016, 6 m; Stn. 37: 5.viii. 2016, 10 m; Stn. 42: 22.ix. 2016, 9 m.</p> <p>Description. Colonies large, highly branched with multi-pinnate polysiphonic stem with only short terminal portions being monosiphonic. Stem consisting of primary and auxillary tubes, primary tube gives rise to hydrocladia. Base of primary tube giving rise to side branches with hydrocladial apophysis, one median inferior nematotheca, one nematotheca on the side of the apophysis and a mamelon on the apophysis. Hydrocladia alternate and arranged anteriorly to the primary tube. Each hydrocladium segmented by transverse to slightly oblique nodes and two variably developed internal ribs. Hydrothecae sac-shaped, upper third curving away and opening obliquely to the hydrocladium (Fig. 2e). Hydrothecal margin with two rounded cusps and one abcauline tooth. Thick shelf projecting half way into the hydrotheca between the margin and the median inferior nematotheca, which appearing triangular in side view. Median inferior nematotheca tubular, appearing conical in side view and reaching beyond the hydrothecal margin. Lateral nematothecae usually inclined forward and overtopping the hydrotheca. Gonothe- cae borne on modified hydrocladia (phylactocarps) (Fig. 5d). Phylactocarps composed of a hydrothecate segment. Gonotheca attached to the following segment in turn followed by cylindrical segments bearing one or two nematothecae each. Gonothecae are lens-shaped.</p> <p>Colour. Primary branches and side branches are brown to dark brown and hydrocladia are white (Fig. 5a).</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been frequently encountered in Indian waters of mainland India. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, though the species is found abundantly and photographic documentation of the species has been done (Venkatraman et al., 2012), no formal description of the species had been made. Thus, this report provides the first detailed description of the species from Andaman and Nicobar Islands showing a bathymetric range of 4 to 15 m.</p> <p>Associated fauna. The growth form of the species was observed to be large, often with associated fauna such as Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908, the nudibranch which is found exclusively on this species (Willan, 1988) (Fig. 5c). The bivalve Pterelectroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819) was also frequently observed attached to the hydrocaulus of the species.</p> <p>Substrate. The species was observed to occur abundantly in the Islands, a specimen was collected from the hull of a ship as well. The colonies were found to be rather large and conspicuous (Fig. 5 a–b), sheltering other faunal groups and in turn providing a micro-habitat for other animals.</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; Manila, Philippines</p> <p>India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Ritchie 1910a and present study), Kathiawar, Gujarat (Thornely 1916); Gulf of Mannar (Gravely 1927); Maharashtra (Nagale 2013); Gulf of Kutcchh (Nagale, 2014 a); Pamban bridge (Mammen, 1965b)</p> <p>Elsewhere; Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical waters (Schuchert, 2003)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF80FFB0FF139987FBC9FC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
039187E0FF85FFB2FF139CBCFB12FC59.text	039187E0FF85FFB2FF139CBCFB12FC59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrorhynchia phoenicea (Busk 1852)	<div><p>Macrorhynchia phoenicea (Busk, 1852)</p> <p>(Fig. 2f, 6 a–f)</p> <p>Plumularia phoenicea Busk 1852: 398–399.</p> <p>Aglaophenia phoenicea Bale 1884: 159, pl. 15, figs 1–5, pl. 17, figs 1–4, pl. 19, fig. 31.</p> <p>Lytocarpus phoeniceus Stechow 1909: 97; Billard 1913: 74, fig.60; Stechow 1913 b: 10, 95, figs 62–64; Jäderholm 1916: 7, fig. 4; Briggs 1918: 47; Jäderholm 1919: 25; Bedot 1921 a: 320; 1922: 151; Jarvis 1922: 354; Jäderholm 1923: 5; Nutting 1927: 233; Leloup 1930b: 10, text-fig. 7, pl. 2, fig. 1; Briggs &amp; Gardner 1931: 194, fig. 5; Stephenson et al. 1931: 67; Leloup 1938b: 21; Vervoort 1946a: 328; Pennycuik 1959: 187; Redier 1964b: 147; Rees &amp; Thursfield 1965: 177; von Schenck 1965: 942; Redier 1966: 93; Millard 1968: 254, 284; Millard &amp; Bouillon 1973: 94; Millard 1975: 451, fig. 137D; 1978: 195 et seq.; Bouillon 1984: 106; Russell 1984: 105; Southcott 1987: 81.</p> <p>Macrorhynchia phoenicea Stechow 1923 b: 19; 1923d: 241; 1925a: 259; Hakushi et al. 1957: 217, pl. 108, fig. 11; Yamada 1958: 51, 62; 1959: 85; Itô &amp; Inoue 1962: 452, pl. 8, figs 88–93; Mammen 1967: 313, figs 108–109; Rho 1967: 347–348, fig. 8A–B; Hirohito 1969: 26; Edwards 1973: 587; Rho &amp; Chang 1974: 147; Rho 1977: 279, 425, pl. 94, fig. 94; Hirohito 1983: 80; Rho &amp; Park 1986: 102; Park 1990: 84; Ryland &amp; Gibbons 1991: 555–557, fig. 23; Park 1992: 295; Bouillon et al. 1995: 38; Hirohito 1995 (English text): 299, fig. 106a-e; Irving 1995: 324, appendix 2; Watson 1996: 79; 2000: 68–70, fig. 59A–F; Schuchert 2003: 223–226, figs. 68–69; Di Camillo et al. 2009: 218–222, 216, fig. 6A–H, fig. 9A–M.</p> <p>Macrorhynchia phoenacea Bakus et al. 1994: 176 (incorrect subsequent spelling).</p> <p>Lytocarpus phoenicus Allen &amp; Steene 1994: 51, fig. (incorrect subsequent spelling).</p> <p>Lytocarpus spectabilis Allman 1883: 43, fig. 2, pl. 15.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 1: 09.ix. 2017, 7 m; Stn. 3: 08.ix. 2017, 8 m; Stn. 7: 09.i. 2019, 6 m; Stn. 12: 21.ii. 2018, 5 m; Stn. 13: 20.x. 2017, 6 m; Stn. 14: 26.x. 2016, 6 m; Stn. 15: 19.ii. 2018, 3 m; Stn. 16: 10.i. 2019, 5 m; Stn. 17: 23.i. 2017, 6 m; Stn. 27: 07.x. 2016, 12 m; Stn. 35: 23.iii. 2018, 12 m; Stn. 40: 16.xii. 2016, 8 m; Stn. 41: 21.vii. 2018, 6 m; Stn. 44: 16.x. 2018, 11 m; Stn. 45: 15.x. 2018, 11 m; Stn. 47: 27.xii. 2017, 4 m.</p> <p>Description. Colonies fan-like in appearance comprising three to four main stems arising from the hydrorhiza (Fig. 6a). Primary, secondary and even tertiary branching observed in large colonies (Fig. 6d). Branches polysiphonic thinning to monosiphonic in distal regions. Hydrocladia closely set, short, alternate to sub-alternate. Hydrocladia divided by transverse nodes, each node bearing one hydrotheca and three nematothecae; two laterals and one median inferior. Internode with two strong partial or complete internodal septa, the strongest near the base of hydrotheca and the partial present beneath the mid-adcauline wall. Two weak septa present below the wall of lateral nematothecae. Hydrothecae short with basal adcauline wall convex and fused to the lateral nematotheca distally (Fig. 2f). Abcauline wall convex and a strong, partial septum present in the hydrotheca. Partial septum arising from the free abcauline wall to the interior of the hydrotheca not reaching the adcauline side. Hydrothecal margin tilted away from the node and strongly everted with a pair of blunt cusps in the mid-lateral region with a smaller pair near the base of the lateral nematothecae. Median abcauline cusp, a small spine connecting with the intrathecal septum, and one, small adcauline cusp present in between the lateral nematothecae on the hydrothecal margin. Median nematotheca moderately long, tapering and reaches beyond the hydrothecal margin. Lateral nematothecae tubular, bent, narrowing towards their margin and overtopping the hydrotheca. At the base of the hydrocladium, two cauline nematothecae present. Cauline nematothecae tubular and shorter than the lateral nematothecae. Proximal nematotheca points along the hydrocladium and the distal nematotheca pointing along the hydrocaulus (Fig. 6e). Gonothecae are borne on modified hydrocladium (Fig. 6f).</p> <p>Colour. Brown to dark brown in live colonies.</p> <p>Remarks. The species is being reported from Indian waters after a 55-year hiatus and from Andaman and Nicobar Islands after a period of 108 years. This species was frequently encountered during the study with a bathymetric range of 4 to 12 m.</p> <p>Associated fauna. The bivalve Pterelectroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819) (Fig. 6c). Hebella crateroides Ritchie, 1909 was found growing on Lytocarpus phoeniceus (Busk, 1852) by Ritchie (1909) from Interview Island.</p> <p>Substrate. The species over growing entire surfaces of rocks and boulders (Fig. 6b).</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; Torres Strait, Australia</p> <p>India; Gulf of Mannar (Thornely 1904; Gravely 1927), Lakshadweep Islands (Borradaile, 1905), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Ritchie 1910a and present study), Neendakara at 10 fathoms (= 18.288 m), Tamil Nadu (Mammen 1965b).</p> <p>Elsewhere; Australia, Indonesia (Di Camillo et al. 2009), Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, South China Sea, Japan, Polynesia, tropical Indian Ocean, southern Africa, Kei Islands (Schuchert 2003).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF85FFB2FF139CBCFB12FC59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
039187E0FF87FFB3FF139B3BFAF7FDFA.text	039187E0FF87FFB3FF139B3BFAF7FDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monoserius pennarius (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Monoserius pennarius (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>(Fig. 2g, 7 a–c)</p> <p>Sertularia pennaria Linnaeus, 1758: 813.</p> <p>Aglaophenia spicata Lamouroux, 1816: 166; Billard, 1909: 329.</p> <p>Plumularia banksia Gray, 1843: 294; Billard, 1910: 48.</p> <p>Aglaophenia secunda Kirchenpauer, 1872: 35; Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890: 273; Billard, 1909: 329.</p> <p>Aglaophenia crispate Kirchenpauer, 1872: 36; Billard, 1909: 329.</p> <p>Lytocarpus secundus. Allman, 1883:42; Jaderholm, 1903: 298; Billard, 1908 c: 940.</p> <p>Lytocarpus fasciculatus Thornely, 1904: 123.</p> <p>Lytocarpus pennarius. Billard, 1909: 329; Ritchie, 1910a: 19.</p> <p>Hemicarpus fasciculatus. Billard, 1913: 83.</p> <p>Hemicarpus banksi. Bale, 1924: 263.</p> <p>Monoserius fasciculatus. Leloup, 1932: 165; Vervoot, 1941: 228; Mammen, 1965b: 310.</p> <p>Monoserius banksii. Ralph, 1961: 56.</p> <p>Monoserius pennarius. Mammen, 1965b: 307; Schuchert, 2003: 229.</p> <p>Material examined. Stn. 32: 21.ii. 2017, 18 m; Stn. 46: 22.xii. 2015, 10 m.</p> <p>Description. Colony fragment, 9.5 cm, with a polysiphonic main stem and pinnately arranged side branches. Side branches alternate and directed at almost 90° to the main stem. Side branches feather-like in appearance with dense hydrocladia alternately arranged (Fig. 7a). Main stem and side branches polysiphonic. Hydrocladia straight, stiff and segmented by transverse nodes. Each node with one hydrotheca and two slightly developed internal ribs originating from the rear side of the hydrotheca but not reaching the other side of the node. Hydrothecae campanulate with a compeletely adnate adcauline side (Fig. 2g). Hydrothecal opening perpendicular to the hydrocladial axis. Hydrothecal rim with one abcauline tooth and 4–5 lateral cusps on either side. Median inferior nematotheca half the length of the hydrotheca, with a crenulated rim. Lateral nematothecae small, cup-shaped with their opening directed upwards. Gonocladia, modified hydrocladium bearing gonothecae, straight (Fig. 7c). First segment bearing hydrotheca, rest of the segments bearing short branches called nematocladia. Nematocladia with two rows of adnate nematothecae. Goncladial axis also bears nematothecae. Gonothecae absent.</p> <p>Colour. The main stem is brown in colour with white coloured hydrocladia.</p> <p>Remarks. In the present study, the dimensions of the hydrothecal depth and diameter at the mouth were recorded as 0.27mm and 0.14mm, respectively. These dimensions are identical to the specimens observed by Ritchie (1910) from Andaman Islands. Although, only two specimens were examined during the study, this species is easily identified based on the overall colony structure (Fig. 7a) hydrothecal structure (Fig. 2g) and its characteristic gonocladium (Fig. 7c). both the specimens were recorded at depths below 10 m, i.e., 10 and 18 m.</p> <p>Associates. Unidentified sea anemone was observed attached to the basal stalk of the colony (Fig. 7b).</p> <p>Substrate. The species was observed growing in sandy bottom with a mass of roots for anchorage.</p> <p>Distribution. Type locality; unknown.</p> <p>India; Gulf of Mannar (Thornely 1904), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Ritchie 1910a and present study), Mouth of Hoogly (Leloup 1932) and Kerala (Mammen 1965b).</p> <p>Elsewhere; Ceylon, Indonesia, Philippines, Sothern Japan, Palau, New Zealand (Schuchert 2003).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187E0FF87FFB3FF139B3BFAF7FDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chakraborty, Oishinee;Raghunathan, C.	Chakraborty, Oishinee, Raghunathan, C. (2020): Notes on seven Aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa 4790 (2): 291-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.6
