identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5386E4BE8A0B551FA1043C65F243784A.text	5386E4BE8A0B551FA1043C65F243784A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia Huebner 1821	<div><p>Raphia Huebner, [1821]</p> <p>Rhaphia Agassiz, 1847. An unjustified emendation of Raphia Hübner, [1821].</p> <p>Anodonta Rambur, 1858. Type species: Noctua hybris Hübner, [1813], by monotypy. A junior homonym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 [Mollusca].</p> <p>Certila Walker, 1865. Type species: Certila flexuosa Walker, by monotypy. Certila flexuosa is a junior subjective synonym of Raphia frater Grote.</p> <p>Saligena Walker, 1865. Type species: Saligena personata Walker, 1865, by monotypy. Saligena personata is a junior subjective synonym of Raphia frater Grote.</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>Noctua hybris Hübner, [1813] by subsequent designation by Grote (1874).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5386E4BE8A0B551FA1043C65F243784A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
DEAA4F952C992D15D13E61D0C1D4D093.text	DEAA4F952C992D15D13E61D0C1D4D093.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater Grote	<div><p>Raphia frater Grote</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Despite variation in adult facies and lack of a particular diagnostic trait, Raphia frater is recognizable by the combination of a broad, rounded forewing, often conspicuous antemedial and postmedial band, obsolete medial band (rarely faint), an orbicular, reniform and usually also a claviform stigma that are clearly outlined, black shading in the anal angle of the hindwing, and the conspicuously bipectinate male antennae. Pseudopanthea palata (Grote) and Colocasia Ochsenheimer species share some superficial similarities with Raphia frater, but attention to the above-stated characters relative to those in Pseudopanthea McDunnough and Colocasia Ochsenheimer will provide an easy diagnosis of this unique species.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Head - Male antennae bipectinate, anterior rami 3 × longer than segment length, posterior rami 3.3 × longer; female antennae simple; eyes round, with short, sparse interfacetal setae, visible only at high magnification; labial palpus with second segment clothed in long strap-like scales ventrally; third segment 0.6 × length of second segment (when denuded) and smoothly scaled; occiput and frons with mix of grey and black scales, frons with transverse line of black scales; frons rounded and moderately protuberant when denuded. Thorax - vestiture dark grey to yellowish grey, thoracic collar sometimes contrastingly darker than dorsum; tarsi smoothly scaled, with transverse bands of black and light to dark grey; tibia with similar scaling but with faint or indistinct banding; femur with long, shaggy hair-like scales. Abdomen - lacking specialized secondary sexual structures such as coremata; vestiture of smooth, short grey scales; small, rounded dorsal tufts on segments A3, A4 and A5, consisting of densely set spatulate scales. Forewing - ground colour varies from a dark charcoal grey to pale yellowish ochre; antemedial band a parallel-sided, double black line, varying from slightly irregular and rounded to nearly linear, acute, and angled at the cubital vein; medial band obsolete, usually reduced to a black bar or two diffuse lines at costa adjacent to reniform stigma, but band sometimes visible as a faint, diffuse black line extending from bottom of reniform stigma to anal margin; postmedial band a single black line, sinuate and slightly sagittate at veins (often faint or absent in ssp. coloradensis and elbea), expanding to diffuse black patch at costa; orbicular stigma paler than ground colour, with black border and often with a diffuse dark pupil (orbicular often absent entirely in ssp. coloradensis and elbea); reniform stigma paler than ground colour, with a black border (border often lacking in coloradensis and elbea) and a diffuse black central crescent; subterminal band absent, faint, or diffusely sagittate with paler distal edging; terminal area often darker grey than subterminal area. Average size is greatest in subspecies frater, while abrupta and piazzi are smallest; forewing length varies from 16.2 mm and 18.5 mm in male and female Raphia frater frater to 13.7 mm and 15.2 mm in male and female Raphia frater abrupta, respectively. Hindwing - ground colour varying from white, white and dusted with fuscous grey (ssp. frater, coloradensis, elbea, cinderella, piazzi), or entirely pale fuscous grey (ssp. abrupta), females with more fuscous than males; crescentic discal spot diffuse or absent; postmedial band faint or absent, although nearly always with a contiguous diffuse black patch at anal angle. Male genitalia (Fig. 5) - uncus slightly compressed dorsoventrally, with slight medial bulge, apex blunt; valva tapering more or less evenly to a rounded point, sacculus poorly differentiated from remaining valva; ampulla long and flattened, 0.7 × length of valva width, projecting mesially; aedeagus stout and sausage shaped, 2.1 × longer than wide; vesica a simple kidney-shaped, unarmed chamber equal in length to aedeagus, tapering gradually into ductus. Female genitalia (Fig. 5) - bursa copulatrix membranous, lacking apparent differential sclerotization, including ostium, ante- and postvaginal plate; ductus bursae a simple rugose tube, 3.3 × longer than diameter, connecting subbasally to corpus bursae; corpus bursae a simple kidney-shaped chamber, slighter wider over apical two-thirds; ductus seminalis arising from basal end of corpus bursae, caudad of ductus bursae; papillae anales short, bluntly rounded, with a broadly joined base, with two types of unusual, modified setae: 1) a dense band of thin, evenly curved setae arising from base of papillae and curving up to caudal margin, outer surface of lobe virtually encircled by a dense setal crown; and 2) highly modified thick, spatulate setae densely set along caudal margin of lobe. Immature stages - larva described by Thaxter (1883) based on eastern specimens, and by Dyar (1894) from Yosemite, California (possibly referable to Raphia frater cinderella). Illustrations in McCabe (1991) (head capsule and mandible), Wagner (2005) and Wagner et al. (2011). Mature larva stout, tapered only slightly anteriorly, bluish green to apple green with a slightly translucent quality, pinacula yellow, a dorsal transverse yellow band on A1, A5 and A8 extends to just above spiracle; T2 with short horn-like process middorsally, reddish with yellow base; these bands with whitish anterior border, those on A5 and A8 partially bordered with reddish orange; prolegs green, anal prolegs with yellow and reddish orange; head whitish green, usually retracted into T1, ocelli black, labrum whitish; total length 40 to 30 mm. Thaxter (1883) states that male larvae are more slender and smaller. Cocoon tough and firm, incorporating debris; pupa cylindrical with a rounded abdomen, cremaster short but broad and thick, lacking hooks. Eggs laid in small clusters or overlapping in linear groups; early instars much more elongate ‘semi-loopers’ with A3 and A4 prolegs reduced (Wagner et al. 2011). Larvae rest along midrib of leaf underside. Comparison among larvae of Californian Raphia frater (Dyar, 1894), Raphia frater frater, Raphia frater abrupta and Raphia frater elbea indicate no discernible differences among these subspecies.</p> <p>Biology and distribution. Raphia frater occurs in virtually all wooded or shrubby habitats of the boreal region since the larval hosts form a dominant part of most non-coniferous forest types. It can be one of the most common late spring noctuids in aspen-dominated boreal forests of central Canada. In the West it becomes increasingly more restricted to riparian areas, particularly major river systems in drier regions of the Pacific Northwest and the desert of the Southwest. Raphia frater has a nearly transcontinental distribution, absent only from the arctic and most of the subarctic. The records from northern subarctic Labrador are surprising, but are based on three CNC specimens from two localities, so the data appear to be authentic. Handfield (2011) cites records from the northeast shore of the St. Lawrence, but the species is not known from Newfoundland. The range is essentially continuous south to northern Mexico, although very spotty throughout the Atlantic states, and spotty or absent in the central to southern Appalachians. Nominal Raphia frater frater occurs across the boreal region south to the northeastern States, southern Great Lakes region, and northern Rockies / Pacific Northwest; Raphia frater abrupta occurs from the Great Plains southward to eastern Texas and eastward to the Atlantic seaboard; Raphia frater coloradensis occurs from western California to the eastern slope of the Rockies; Raphia frater elbea occurs from at least southeastern Utah through Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and into Mexico; Raphia frater cinderella is restricted to western and central California; and Raphia frater piazzi occurs from the Edwards Plateau into southern Texas. Raphia frater is univoltine across the boreal region and most of the west, with peak flight activity from late May to July. It is bivoltine in the eastern U.S., flying mostly in April to May, and July to August. In the Deep South, Raphia frater abrupta has three abundance peaks: March, May and a smaller flight (partial third brood?) in September (Brou 2014). Larvae are most common from late July to mid-August in Canada (Prentice 1962).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DEAA4F952C992D15D13E61D0C1D4D093	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
F204BD1399095777B5651DA05CEF8EB4.text	F204BD1399095777B5651DA05CEF8EB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater subsp. frater Grote	<div><p>Raphia frater frater Grote Figs 1f, 1g, 2, 3</p> <p>Raphia frater Grote, 1864</p> <p>Saligena personata Walker, 1865</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>Raphia frater Grote, 1864 - # 7675 [ANSP]. Type locality: Middle States [eastern USA]; here restricted to Mount Pocono, Monroe Co., Pennsylvania. Grote (1864) simply stated the type locality as "Middle States," and no additional information is available on the holotype label data. We interpret this as referring to the region south of the New England States, and north of the southern States. Given the complex variation of North American Raphia frater, it is advisable to restrict the type locality. As Grote’s material likely originated from the eastern United States, we restrict the Type locality to Mount Pocono, Monroe Co., Pennsylvania, from which we examined typical Raphia frater frater specimens. Raphia frater and Raphia abrupta are the oldest available names for this species, and were published simultaneously. As first revisers, we designate frater as the senior name (ICZN, Article 24.2.2). Syn. Saligena personata Walker, 1865 - [BMNH]. Type locality: United States.</p> <p>Diagnosis and description.</p> <p>The nominal subspecies of Raphia frater typically has an even, powdery, dark grey forewing ground colour with all of the markings complete, consisting of the antemedial and postmedial band, and the orbicular, reniform and usually the claviform stigmas. Average forewing length is 16.3 mm (n = 9) in males, 18.6 mm in females (n = 9). The male hindwing is white with little or no dusting of black scales in the subterminal area, and with a pronounced, diffusely-edged black patch in the anal angle, this often with an adjacent black line formed by the terminus of the postmedial band; females usually have some fuscous scales on the hindwing, especially on a slight postmedial band. This subspecies generally lacks the form with contrastingly darker medio-anal and costal black patches that is prevalent in Raphia frater coloradensis, but it does occur rarely even in Atlantic Canada (Fig. 1g). The yellowish-ochre forewing scales typical of Raphia frater coloradensis are absent. Raphia frater abrupta differs in having a more angulate and linear antemedial band, a paler grey and less powdery-appearing forewing, duskier hindwing, and smaller size. As discussed in the section on Raphia frater, geographically intermediate populations are extremely variable with respect to these traits, and are considered to be transitional between subspecies frater and coloradensis / abrupta, the only two subspecies abutting the range of Raphia frater frater.</p> <p>Biology and distribution.</p> <p>Raphia frater frater is primarily a boreal taxon, especially common in aspen (Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata) dominated forests and the Aspen Parkland ecoregion of the Prairie Provinces. In the East, it extends south of the Great Lakes region into Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, but apparently not southward into the southern Appalachians, which are essentially devoid of Raphia records. The transition zone between Raphia frater frater and Raphia frater abrupta extends from Maryland westward roughly along the Ohio River Valley to east-central Missouri, then northwestward through the northern Great Plains. The southeastern range edge of Raphia frater frater is virtually identical to that of both trembling and bigtooth aspens (Fig. 2). In the West, Raphia frater frater occurs south along mid-elevation mountain ranges of the Pacific Northwest into Washington, and southward along the Rocky Mountains. Specimens from high elevations in Colorado (Gilpin Co., 9500') and New Mexico (Sangre de Cristo Mtns., 7900') are of the typical frater phenotype, the coloradensis phenotypes occurring at lower elevations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F204BD1399095777B5651DA05CEF8EB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
A7E6BF4454AD5BEC9C4141EB051867DB.text	A7E6BF4454AD5BEC9C4141EB051867DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater subsp. abrupta (Schmidt & Anweiler 2014) Grote 2014	<div><p>Raphia frater abrupta Grote stat. n. Figs 1b-e, 2</p> <p>Raphia abrupta Grote, 1864</p> <p>Certila flexuosa Walker, 1865</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>Raphia abrupta - female holotype # 7675 [ANSP]. Type locality: not given; here restricted to Sycamore Landing, Seneca, Montgomery Co., Maryland. The female type bears no locality or collector label data, and since this is a widespread, geographically variable taxon, we restrict the type locality to Sycamore Landing, Seneca, Montgomery Co., Maryland; a series in USNM from this locality, collected by D. C. Ferguson, is phenotypically more similar to the female type than specimens from the Great Plains; it is also more likley that the holotype originated from the eastern US rather than the Great Plains, which were not well collected in the mid 1800's.</p> <p>Certila flexuosa Walker - [BMNH; not examined]. Type locality: North America.</p> <p>Diagnosis and description.</p> <p>Raphia frater abrupta replaces Raphia frater frater from the central Great Plains eastward to the mid-Atlantic seaboard, and southward to eastern Texas and Florida. It is on average smaller with a more evenly-coloured forewing, a more linear, angulate antemedial band and a fuscous hindwing. Average forewing length is 13.7 mm (n = 9) in males, 15.2 mm in females (n = 9). The thoracic collar is often darker than the dorsal thorax, not concolorous as in Raphia frater frater. The wing facies of subspecies abrupta is in many ways intermediate between Raphia frater piazzi of central and southern Texas and Raphia frater frater to the north, but the exact nature of the interface between abrupta and piazzi in Texas remains unstudied.</p> <p>Biology and distribution.</p> <p>Subspecies abrupta occurs south of the range of the aspen species favoured by Raphia frater frater larvae, and its riparian haunts suggest it feeds on eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), the only Populus species in much of its range. Swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla) and willows (Salix spp.) may also be suitable hosts. This subspecies is apparently rare on the Atlantic seaboard and absent altogether in the Appalachians. We examined only a single historical specimen from New Jersey (Trenton), with records north of there assignable to Raphia frater frater. All Ohio records were attributed to Raphia frater frater by Rings et al. (1992), although specimens with a pale grey forewing and dusky hindwing, traits of the abrupta phenotype, rarely occur as far north as southernmost Ontario (Toronto) and southeastern Minnesota (Fillmore Co.).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7E6BF4454AD5BEC9C4141EB051867DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
5877D2D0A3335D088BCC92312AA279D4.text	5877D2D0A3335D088BCC92312AA279D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater subsp. piazzi Hill	<div><p>Raphia frater piazzi Hill Figs 1a, 2</p> <p>Paphia [sic] piazzi Hill, 1927.</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>Holotype male [USNM]. Type locality: Brownsville, Texas [USA].</p> <p>Diagnosis and description.</p> <p>Raphia frater piazzi is the least-known member of the group with a restricted distribution in central and southern Texas. Most similar in size and facies to Raphia frater abrupta, it is distinguished from that subspecies by the paler, more evenly grey forewing with sharper transverse lines than in Raphia frater abrupta. The biology and biogeographic relationship to Raphia frater abrupta, which occurs to the northeast of piazzi’s range, is not known, and very few specimens of this taxon are present in collections. An additional enigma is whether or not Rio Grande piazzi populations interact with the vastly-different looking Sonoran Raphia frater elbea.</p> <p>Biology and distribution.</p> <p>Described from southernmost Texas, this subspecies is otherwise known only from the Edwards Plateau region; a single specimen from Sinton County to the southeast is phenotypically intermediate between abrupta and piazzi, but clearly more field work is needed to establish the limits of both subspecies. mtDNA barcode data of three piazzi specimens (Sinton Co. and Zavalla Co.) are very similar to the haplotypes of Raphia frater abrupta, Raphia frater frater, and Raphia frater coloradensis.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>We were unable to obtain DNA sequence from topotypical specimens of piazzi from the lower Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas. The unique haplotype of the Edwards Plateau specimens (Fig. 4) may represent nominal piazzi, but could equally represent a unique genetic lineage from the Edwards Plateau, with its unique fauna much of which is not shared with the Rio Grande fauna.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5877D2D0A3335D088BCC92312AA279D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
9509A1F2C1855382ABD92ED51C2E02CA.text	9509A1F2C1855382ABD92ED51C2E02CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater subsp. coloradensis Putnam-Cramer 2014	<div><p>Raphia frater coloradensis Putnam-Cramer stat. r. Figs 1j-m, 1o, 3</p> <p>Raphia frater var. coloradensis Putnam-Cramer, 1886</p> <p>Raphia pallula H. Edwards, 1886, syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>Raphia frater var. coloradensis - Neotype female, here designated [CNC]. Type locality: Deer Creek Cyn. Park, 39°33.18'N, 105°08.49'W, 5950', SW Littleton, Jefferson Co., Colorado. None of the original types, three males and four females "taken in Colorado by D. Bruce," could be located and are presumed lost. The primary type of Xylena thoracica Putnam-Cramer, the only other noctuid named by Putnam-Cramer, is housed at USNM. Prior to 1886, D. Bruce collected in the mountains and foothills near Denver (Brown 1966), and we accordingly select a specimen from the same region to designate as neotype: "Colorado: Jefferson Co. / 39°33.18'N, 105°08.49'W / Deer Creek Cyn. Park / SW Littleton, w of hogback / 16-17 June 2008, 5950' elev / riparian area s. of road / leg: Chuck Harp uv trap"; "Neotype / Raphia frater var. / coloradensis Putnam-Cramer / Schmidt and Anweiler 2014."</p> <p>Raphia pallula - Holotype female [AMNH]. Type locality: Siskiyou Co., California [USA]. Published several months after coloradensis Putnam-Cramer, Edwards was apparently not aware of Putnam-Cramer’s name as it is not mentioned in his description.</p> <p>Diagnosis and description.</p> <p>Within the range of coloradensis, specimens identical to the typical boreal Raphia frater frater are often present; in the most arid parts of the range of coloradensis in the southern Great Basin, coloradensis is more consistently pale ochre yellow with obsolete transverse lines and diffuse black costal/reniform blotches, overall very similar to elbea, but with less pronounced costal and reniform dark patches. Average forewing length is 14.9 mm (n = 9) in males, 16.8 mm in females (n = 6).</p> <p>Biology and distribution.</p> <p>This subspecies occurs from southernmost British Columbia / Alberta to New Mexico, Utah, and California. It is most commonly associated with riparian, low-elevation habitats. Northern populations fly from late May to July in a single generation. Flight dates spanning from May into August in the Great Basin and Southern Rocky mountain region indicate a second or partial second generation.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>Raphia frater coloradensis is the most weakly-differentiated subspecies, and may simply be an ecologically induced phenotype of Raphia frater frater that occurs in the warmer, drier regions of the West. Several populations, spanning a large geographical area, have been identified that exhibit a large range of phenotypic variation, as discussed above in the ‘Morphology’ section. Specimens from Siskiyou Co., California and the east slope of the northern Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co.) are phenotypically very similar to Great Basin coloradensis, and we therefore treat pallula as a junior subjective synonym. DNA barcodes of two specimens from the northern Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co.) belonged to the frater-coloradensis-abrupta haplogroup (Fig. 4).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9509A1F2C1855382ABD92ED51C2E02CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
3043600C6DCA5009ACEBA23E3BCFA382.text	3043600C6DCA5009ACEBA23E3BCFA382.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater subsp. cinderella (Schmidt & Anweiler 2014) Smith 2014	<div><p>Raphia frater cinderella Smith stat. n. Figs 1n, 3</p> <p>Raphia cinderella Smith, 1903.</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>A male lectotype was designated by Todd (1982) [AMNH]. Type locality: Los Angeles Co., Cal. [California, USA].</p> <p>Diagnosis and description.</p> <p>Raphia frater cinderella is a Californian subspecies that is similar in size and colour to Raphia frater coloradensis, but with a more diffuse, poorly contrasting forewing pattern that usually lacks the pronouncedly darker reniform and costal dark patches. The forewing ground colour is also pale powdery grey, not pale ochre as it often is in coloradensis. The two taxa appear to intergrade in the Siskiyous and northern Sierra Nevada.</p> <p>Biology and distribution.</p> <p>The range of this subspecies is restricted to central and southern California west of the Sierra Nevada. Fremont Cottonwood and willows are the most likely larval hosts, although records specific to this subspecies are lacking. Most collection dates are from June; Records from Stanislaus Co. for April - May and July may indicate a second generation.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3043600C6DCA5009ACEBA23E3BCFA382	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
2BFF205E42115E918BAA96370CE26F06.text	2BFF205E42115E918BAA96370CE26F06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphia frater subsp. elbea (Schmidt & Anweiler 2014) Smith 2014	<div><p>Raphia frater elbea Smith stat. n. Figs 1q-s, 3</p> <p>Raphia elbea Smith, 1908</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>A male lectotype was designated by Todd (1982) [AMNH]. Type locality: Deming, [Luna Co.,], New Mexico [USA].</p> <p>Diagnosis and description.</p> <p>Raphia frater elbea is most similar to the pale yellowish-ochre forms of Raphia frater coloradensis, but differ from that subspecies in having both the costal and reniform dark patches more prominent; when present, the black medio-anal patch is also darker and more elongate; additionally, Raphia frater elbea appears to exhibit a unique, divergent mtDNA haplotype group.</p> <p>Biology and distribution.</p> <p>This subspecies occurs from southeastern Utah and western New Mexico southward through Arizona into northern Mexico. In southeastern Arizona it occurs in riparian areas in association with the larval host, Populus fremonti. Flight records are from February to October, with most being from March to May and August to September, indicating at least two generations annually.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2BFF205E42115E918BAA96370CE26F06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Schmidt, B. Christian;Anweiler, Gary G.	Schmidt, B. Christian, Anweiler, Gary G. (2014): Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae). ZooKeys 421: 91-113, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517
