taxonID	type	description	language	source
03913978FFAAFF8EFF1AB9A26466FC1C.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 2). Endemic to Grande Terre where it is restricted to a small area in the south. The type locality of the holotype male is Mont Pouédihi, 15 km to the west of the Forest Station of Ouénarou (Lieftinck 1975). Win- stanley (1984 c) reported a female sampled in November – December 1981. The last record is from Davies (2002) who gave ‘ road from Nouméa to Yaté’ as the site of capture, with no other details. Most probably this record would have been collected in the 1980 s (A. Orr pers. comm.). Habitats. The semi-adult male holotype of C. janiceae was collected in a stream at an altitude of 153 m. The precise habitat of this specimen has not been described. Its biology and behaviour are unknown. Status. Despite targeted searches during the second half of February 2011, this extremely rare Grande Terre endemic was found neither at Mont Pouédihi nor along the streams crossing the road from Nouméa to Yaté. The absence could have been due to the lateness of the searches. We suspect the most favourable period would have been from the second half of November to the end of January. Caledargiolestes janiceae must be considered as CR.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFABFF88FF1AB8AE6435F8B0.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFABFF88FF1AB8AE6435F8B0.taxon	materials_examined	Habitat. Caledargioestes uniseries lives around creeks and small streams in hilly forests. It also occurs in oozings of very strong currents. Biology and behaviour. The larva of C. uniseries was first discovered by Lippit Willey (1955), but not properly identified. It was reported as a Megapodagrionidae larva found in leaf litter, which suggested a potential non-aquatic, burrowing lifestyle. Lieftinck (1976) failed to correctly associate the larva to the adult and what he described as C. uniseries (by supposition) was in fact the larva of Trineuragrion percostale (Marinov 2012 a). Winstanley (1983) correctly associated the larva of C. uniseries by comparing photographs and detailed drawings presented by both Lippit Willey (1955) and Lieftinck (1976). He reared larvae in laboratory conditions, where he could observe the emergence of three individuals and documented details about the foraging behaviour of larvae in the absence of free water. The author concluded that larvae of this species “ thrive rather than survive in a situation frequently lacking free water, and they are normally terrestrial, although the rearing experiments also permit the view that they are amphibious ” (Winstanley 1983). In natural conditions emergences are sometimes during the morning, because a dead teneral lying close to its exuvia was found around 06: 00 h, near water. The last larval stages of C. uniseries were considered as “ terrestrial ” by Lippitt Willey (1955), as some larvae were collected in forest litter. Adults remain around creeks and males do not appear to be territorial. Status. This species has a wide distribution within its range with sometimes large populations. However, deforestation and mud pollution of creeks are posing significant threats, hence C. uniseries is considered as NT.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFADFF8AFF1AB8AE65E1F8C8.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFADFF8AFF1AB8AE65E1F8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Habitats. Caledopteryx maculata especially occurs in mid and upper parts of rocky bottomed creeks and small forest streams. Biology and behaviour. Larvae may survive at low water levels, remaining under moss on vertical rocky walls through which water seeps. The adults emerge in the morning a few cm above the water surface in places with a strong current, the larvae having often climed from under a rock. One individual emerged around 12: 45 h, in mid February 2011, on a rock in the creek near the Sanatorium, at the Col de la Pirogue near Païta. It was splashed by water, but this did not prevent it from taking flight 15 min later. Adults can fly far away from water. Several maturing individuals were observed on the way to the Pic Malaoui, at an altitude of 700 m. Winstanley & Davies (1982) reported males settling horizontally on prominent perches overlooking potential oviposition sites and often returning to the same perching site if disturbed. However, they appear to be non-territorial and often rest on vegetation along creek banks. Mating, which can occur just before sunset (observed once at 18: 45 h) lasts more than twenty minutes. Status. This species occurs mostly on ultramafic soils of the southern quarter of Grande Terre where it is threated by bushfires. Because of its restricted distribution, C. maculata must be considered as NT.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFAEFF94FF1ABF47607DFA60.taxon	description	(Fig. 7)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFAEFF94FF1ABF47607DFA60.taxon	materials_examined	Habitats. Caledopteryx sarasini lives in the same habitats as C. maculata, namely mountain creeks in forested areas, almost always on non-ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. The larva was described by Lieftink (1976). Its behaviour is similar to that of C. maculata, which was described by Winstanley & Davies (1982). Status. This species prefers mountainous forest areas. Its habitats are threatened by bushfires. According, we considered it as NT.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB0FF94FF1ABE3F6209F826.taxon	description	(Fig. 9)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB0FF94FF1ABE3F6209F826.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 10). Genus endemic to Grande Terre. More than 30 localities are known from all over the island. Habitats. Eoargiolestes ochraceus prefers creeks with sunny reaches, on moderate slopes and with a rocky bed. It is rarer in the shaded upper parts of mountain creeks. Biology and behaviour. Larvae were described by Lieftinck (1976). Exuviae are found very close to the water, generally less than 20 cm from the water surface. Males are territorial and remain perched for long periods on rocks near the water surface. They drive off other males venturing into their territory. Status. This species is widely distributed, with large populations. The main threat to its survival is the pollution of creeks and rivers. We consider this species to be LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB2FF96FF1ABC9E61C8F945.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 12). This species has been recorded from both New Caledonia and Vanuatu (Lieftinck 1975; Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, we recorded it from more than 25 localities on Grande Terre. Habitats. Trineuragrion percostale occurs in the same habitats as C. uniseries, in small, fast-flowing, open or forested creeks. This species seems to avoid ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. Adults emerge in the morning, not far above the water in quiet parts of the stream along the banks. Adults remain around water. Males do not seem to be territorial and they fly above fast-flowing water. Status. Common on Grande Terre and has also been reported for Vanuatu, we rank its conservation status as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB2FF97FF1ABED36362FBEB.taxon	materials_examined	FIGURE 11. Trineuragrion percostale, male.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB4FF92FF1AB8AE642FFD50.taxon	description	(Fig. 13)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB4FF92FF1AB8AE642FFD50.taxon	materials_examined	Habitat. Agriocnemis exsudans has a large ecological range. It frequently inhabits habitats with standing water and calm sectors of streams and rivers as well as water-filled drains. It occurs in cleared or thinned woodlands but avoids ultramafic soil and forest. Its habitats must have well-developed, dense, herbaceous bankside vegetation in which adults live. Biology and behaviour. Adults do not stray far from water and males appear territorial. Mating lasts for more than 40 minutes. Afterwards females lay eggs independantly, but guarded by their mates that remain nearby. Egg laying begins with the female out of the water, where she inserts her eggs into tender plant parts immediately be- neath the surface. As she works her way down the stem she goes under water until she is totally submerged. Emer- gence occurs all day long not far above the water and on any convenient perch. Status. Because of the large regional and New Caledonian distribution, we rank A. exsudans as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB6FF9CFF1ABE9B65DBFA44.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB6FF9CFF1ABE9B65DBFA44.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 16). It is a common and widespread species in Australia, but has a highly restricted distribution in New Caledonia, with only a few known localities in the south of Grande Terre. It was first reported by Bigot (1985) who collected the species in February 1980 on the banks of the Grand Lac (Plaine des Lacs). DG observed one specimen in February 2004 above a cattle tick-treatment pool in the Dumbéa River. It may be a recent establishment on the island or a species in decline in New Caledonia. Habitat. Austroagrion watsoni is only recorded from open sunny habitats including standing to slowly running waters with dense herbaceous vegetation on the banks. Biology and behaviour. The larva of this species was described (Hawking 1986; Theischinger & Hawking 2006) but its behaviour is still unknown. Status. Austroagrion watsoni is one of the rarest species in New Caledonia, with very few specimens observed and it has not been seen since 2004. Therefore, we lack data to assess its conservation status in New Caledonia, as the species may be at the limit of its distribution or may be a vagrant. Lieftinck (1982) revised the genus Austroagrion Tillyard, 1913 and stated that specimens of A. watsoni from New Caledonia are darker than those from Australia. According to Davies (2002) it may be an introduced species (he called it an ‘ illegal immigrant’).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB8FF9EFF1ABDD3628FFEB0.taxon	description	(Fig. 17)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFB8FF9EFF1ABDD3628FFEB0.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 18). This species is widespread in the tropical and temperate zones. Dumont (2013) provided molecular evidence that established its current range to lie mainly between Wallace’s Line and the Society Islands (French Polynesia) in the east (Paulian 1998), including Australia and Tasmania (Theischinger & Hawking 2006) and New Zealand (Rowe 1987). On Grande Terre I. aurora has been recorded from 13 sites where it is rarely abundant. Bigot (1985) reports collecting two females in Nakutakoin (Dumbéa municipality), where we also found it in February 2011. Habitat. Ischnura aurora is observed in sunlit areas with standing to very slowly running water, not very deep and with dense aquatic vegetation. These habitats can be swamps, pools and ponds but also wetlands along drains and other waterways. The species avoids ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. Ischnura aurora is opportunistic and migratory with a strong dispersion ability. Rowe (1987) gives some information on immature stages. Eggs measure from 0.75 to 0.78 mm long. In New Zealand, eggs develop within two or three weeks and larvae in seven to eight weeks. Emergence occurs at midday, 2 – 3 cm above the water, larvae clasping herbaceous plants. Adults fly over calm water with dense aquatic plants reaching the sur- face. Males guard a tiny territory and pursuit females that cross their territories. The mating wheel lasts almost an hour. The female lays its eggs in floating plants or in aquatic plants reaching the surface, but avoids immersion. Status. Considering its global distribution, I. aurora is not threatened. However, in New Caledonia only small and scattered populations are recorded, so we consider it to be VU.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBAFF9EFF1ABDA460F3F813.taxon	description	(Fig. 19)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBAFF9EFF1ABDA460F3F813.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 20). This taxon is recorded from eastern Indonesia to Palau and Tonga, including all of mainland Australia and Tasmania. In New Caledonia, it has been recorded from more than 50 localities, including ultramafic substrates, on which it is abundant. Bigot (1985) recorded several individuals from Ouvéa. Several individuals from Anse Vata in Nouméa, Pont Pérignon (Parc Provincial de la Rivière Bleue) and Montagne des Sources (30 / 12 / 1963) are also held in the ONNC collection. Habitat. Ischnura heterosticta and A. exsudans often occur syntopically. Biology and behaviour. The larva was described by Hawking (1986). Its behaviour is very similar to I. aurora. Ischnura Charpentier, 1840 species are highly aggressive, it is not uncommon to see I. heterosticta catching and eating individuals of A. exsudans. Status. According to its wide regional distribution, including New Caledonia, we do not consider I. heterosticta as threatened and rank it as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBCFF98FF1ABC9261E8F965.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 22). Endemic to Grande Terre. This species is only known from the Plaine des Lacs, where eight localities have been recorded (northernmost record: swamps close to Lac Yaté). It has been observed in small populations. Habitat. Ischnura pamelae is confined to sunny standing water habitats dominated by helophytes. These places can be swamps, ponds and pools on ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. Adults are encountered over water bodies, often sitting on emergent rushes (Juncaceae). Mating wheels are formed in the same places and last up to more than an hour, after which the female oviposits alone. The larval biology is unknown. Status. Ischnura pamelae appears at risk considering its restricted range and its small populations. We rank it as EN.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBCFF9BFF1ABF34653DFE5C.taxon	description	(Fig. 23)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBCFF9BFF1ABF34653DFE5C.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 24). This is a monotypic genus, with a widespread distribution, from Indonesia to most of Australia and Fiji (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it has been recorded from five localities only in the south of Grande Terre. One specimen was collected in Nouméa (Kimmins 1953) and another in the Montagne des Sources, both are in the ONNC collection. Davies (2002) reported to have observed this species all over the island in 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1984, but did not give the localities where he observed it. FIGURE 21. Ischnura pamelae, mating pair. Habitat. Xanthagrion erythroneurum occurs in standing water or sunny places with slow currents. Typical habitats are pools and streams with dense herbaceous vegetation on their banks. Biology and behaviour. The larva was partially described (Hawking 1986; Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Males rest on twigs above the water and mating occurs in river-bank vegetation. Status. According to Davies (2002), its distribution in New Caledonia is probably more extensive than cur- rently known. Xanthagrion erythroneurum should be considered as insufficiently documented but probably locally threatened. As a precaution, we provisionally rank it as VU within the archipelago.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBFFFA5FF1ABF416213FE78.taxon	description	(Fig. 25)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFBFFFA5FF1ABF416213FE78.taxon	materials_examined	Habitat. The species occurs along rivers and streams flowing in forested plains or in hilly country on ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. Adult stay close to the water and mating occurs at the edge of waterways. The biology of this species is unknown. Status. The distribution of I. gracilior seems patchy but this may reflect a lack of observations. Because populations are rare and dispersed, we rank I. gracilior as EN.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF81FFA5FF1ABA366038F8DE.taxon	description	(Fig. 27)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF81FFA5FF1ABA366038F8DE.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 28). Endemic to Grande Terre. It is known from seven localities, most of which are in the Province Sud. Populations are always small. Habitat. Isosticta humilior occurs along creeks in hilly forest habitats. It avoids ultramafic environments. Biology and behaviour. The larva and habits of this species are unknown. Status. Isosticta humilior is very rare and usually only a few individuals are observed. For these reasons we rank it as EN.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF81FFA6FF1ABF6D6018F991.taxon	description	(Fig. 29)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF81FFA6FF1ABF6D6018F991.taxon	materials_examined	Habitat. This species occurs on creeks with rocky beds in hilly forest environments. It seems to avoid ultramafic soils, especially in the lowlands. Biology and behaviour. Larvae were described by Lieftinck (1976). Adults remain around water, resting for long times on riverside vegetation. Oviposition takes place in tandem, the female inserting her eggs into diverse water plants as well as decomposing timber. Sometimes, eggs are laid 2 or 3 m above the water surface. DG observed a complete emergence on 14 th January 2010 above the creek on the road of “ Le Sanatorium ” on the east side of the Col de la Pirogue near Païta, between 07: 15 h (larva coming to rest) and 11: 45 h (first flight of the imago). Status. Isosticta robustior is widespread on Grande Terre, with sometimes substantial populations, hence we rank it LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF82FFA1FF1ABEAF632AFA44.taxon	description	(Fig. 31)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF82FFA1FF1ABEAF632AFA44.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 32). Endemic to New Caledonia. According to Davies (2002), this species is widely distributed on Grande Terre with more than 15 sites recorded. There are spread in three sectors: on mountains in the east of Nouméa, at Col d’Amieu and in the north at the foot of the Mont Panié range. Strangely, the type locality of the male holotype is Lifou Island. One specimen collected at Col d’Amieu in November 1998 is held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Small creeks in hill forest, but can also be present at lower altitudes. This species seems to tolerate ultramafic soils in the south of Grande Terre. Biology and behaviour. Its larva was described by Lieftinck (1976). Adults are always found on stream banks, usually as single individuals. The biology of this species needs further study. Status. This species is less abundant, often and easily overlooked within larger populations of other Isosticta species. The species is probably more common than observed in the three sectors of its main occurrence. As a precaution, we rank I. spinipes as VU.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF85FFA1FF1ABDD361C8F826.taxon	description	(Fig. 33)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF85FFA1FF1ABDD361C8F826.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 34). Endemic to New Caledonia. This species is wide spread on Grande Terre with nearly 50 known localities. It also occurs on Île des Pins (Bigot 1985). Several specimens collected in February 2006 in the Parc des Grandes Fougères (near La Foa) are held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Similar to habitats in which I. robustior occurs, but I. tillyardi is also present in slow-flowing lowland streams. This species seems to cope with ultramafic soils in the south of Grande Terre. Biology and behaviour. Adult males move along waterways, searching for females. Oviposition is in diverse plants overlaying the water, but also in rocky crevices. The larva was described by Lieftinck (1976). Emergence occurs in the morning, not far above the water, on rocks or emergent vegetation. Status. Isosticta tillyardi is largely distributed over Grande Terre with often large populations. We rank it as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF87FFA3FF1ABC82622CFA38.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomic note: Both genera represented in New Caledonia can be distinguished by the size of the discoidal cells on fore and hind wings. They are similar in Lestes Leach, 1815, whereas in Indolestes Fraser, 1922, the hind wing cell is at least 1.5 times longer than its forewing cell.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF87FFADFF1ABE7662FFFE94.taxon	description	(Fig. 35)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF87FFADFF1ABE7662FFFE94.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 36). This species has been recorded from both Vanuatu (Kimmins 1936; Lieftinck 1975; Tsuda 2000) and New Caledonia on Grande Terre, with nine known localities from north to south. It has rarely been collected, but we think it has been overlooked due to its cryptic lifestyle and insufficient sampling effort during its flight period. One specimen (unknown locality) is in the ONNC collection. Habitats. The species prefers ponds, grassy marshes, and streams on slopes in forested areas. Ponds are mostly shallow, and may partially dry out seasonally. It has similar habitat preferences to Lestes concinnus. Biology and behaviour. Its larvae are unknown but Lieftinck (1960) considered that they should be very similar to Lestes concinnus Hagen in Selys-Longchamps, 1862. Status. Indolestes cheesmanae is a regional endemic from both Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Its preferred habitats are vanishing following disappearance of coastal marshes (especially in Nouméa and its surroundings) and drainage of other marshy areas. We consider this species as vulnerable (VU).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF89FFADFF1AB9A26426FBD4.taxon	description	(Fig. 37)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF89FFADFF1AB9A26426FBD4.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 38). This species is widely distributed from India to China and Taiwan to northern Australia (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it has been recorded at 11 localities across Grande Terre, mostly from the Province Sud. One specimen has been recorded from Montagne des Sources in 1963 (ONNC collection). Habitats. As with most Lestidae, L. concinnus prefers flooded grassland, marshes and ponds with helophytes (such as Cyparaceae). These shallow and marshy waters are subject to annual periodic droughts. Biology and behaviour. The larva was illustrated in Theischinger & Hawking (2006). In New Caledonia, adults have been recorded in small populations in sunny and marshy areas. Adults are weak flyers and rest most of the time on vegetation, hence they are often overlooked. Status. Considering its range in the Oriental and Australasian biogeographical areas, L. concinnus appears to be not threatened on a global scale, but in New Caledonia, the extensive destruction of coastal marshes (especially around Nouméa) and drainage of other marshy areas lead us to consider this species as Vulnerable (VU).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF89FFA8FF1ABDD665F6F9C4.taxon	description	(Fig. 39)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF89FFA8FF1ABDD665F6F9C4.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 40). A New Caledonian endemic subspecies, belonging to a monotypic subgenus that occurs elsewhere in Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Islands, Raul Island in the Kermadec Archipelago, and Vanuatu (Lieftinck 1975). The subspecies A. brevistyla caledonica is recorded from more than 20 localities in the Province Sud, with important populations in the Plaine des Lacs. One specimen collected at Anse Vata in Nouméa is in the ONNC collection. Habitat. This species reproduces in sunlit standing waters, including swamps, ponds, lakes and sometimes still parts of streams and rivers in open areas. Typical habitats support sparse reed growth. This subspecies seems to prefer ultramafic areas. Biology and behaviour. Its larva was described by Lieftinck (1976). According to Rowe (1987), in New Zealand, eggs are between 1.3 and 1.5 mm long and the last larval stadium often emerges at night. The larvae climb to a height of 20 – 30 cm where adult emergence takes place. About three and a half hours later, the dragonfly flies off. In the Plaine des Lacs, exuviae were found on reeds, on low shrubs emerging from the water or high herbaceous clumps on banks. Males are territorial and tirelessly patrol the same path above the water while waiting for the arrival of a female. After mating, females lay their eggs alone in rushes and reeds emerging from the water. Status. Aeshna brevistyla caledonica is only known from New Caledonia where it appears restricted to the Province Sud, but with large populations. We consider this species not at risk in the short term (NT).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8CFFAAFF1ABE6D6393FEC8.taxon	description	(Fig. 41)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8CFFAAFF1ABE6D6393FEC8.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 42). This species is recorded from the Oriental Region (India to Japan) as well as northern Australia, New Guinea and most Pacific Islands, including French Polynesia (Paulian 1998; Tsuda 2000). We found this species only at a pond in Kouaoua, but Davies (2002) and Winstanley & Davies (1983) observed it elsewhere. Some specimens collected in Nouméa are in the ONNC collection and a pair, collected in 2002 at the pond of the Agronomic Research Station in Pocquereux (La Foa municipality) is held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. It reproduces in stading waters such as permanent pools, ponds and lakes, but also in slowly running water (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Biology and behaviour. This migratory and crepuscular species is very difficult to observe and it is almost always encountered incidentally. Its biology is poorly documented. Status. Anaciaeschna jaspidea appears sporadically in New Caledonia. Lacking recent information on its indigenous status, we assign it to the status DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8EFFAAFF1AB94665D7F86A.taxon	description	(Fig. 43)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8EFFAAFF1AB94665D7F86A.taxon	materials_examined	Habitat. The species frequents standing water including brackish sites (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Biology and behaviour. The larva of this species was partially illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006). Its erratic behaviour drives it far from aquatic environments. It hunts in both open places and in forest clearings (Davies 2002). Status. Lacking sufficient information about its status in New Caledonia, we assign it as DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8FFFABFF1ABC826439F936.taxon	description	(Fig. 45)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8FFFABFF1ABC826439F936.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 44). This species is known from the whole Oriental biogeographic region, from Papua New Guinea, the north of Australia and most South-West Pacific islands (Tsuda 2000), as well as from Tahiti (Paulian 1998). In New Caledonia, we collected it in the Pocquereux valley (La Foa municipality) and in the Nakutakoin swamp in Dumbéa. Several specimens collected in Nouméa are represented in the ONNC collection. The two Anax species (A. guttatus and A. gibbolosus) are so similar that Paulian (1998) suggested that they might be only just two extreme forms of the same species. Habitat. This species reproduces in standing water, including brackish sites (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Biology and behaviour. The larva was partially illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006). Its habits are similar to A. gibbosulus. Status. Lacking sufficient information about its status in New Caledonia, we rank A. guttatus as DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8FFFB4FF1ABF046016FC70.taxon	description	(Fig. 46)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF8FFFB4FF1ABF046016FC70.taxon	materials_examined	Systematics. This species was formerly placed in the genus Hemianax Selys, 1883 but various recent authors have treated this as a synonym of Anax Leach, 1815 (Heidemann & Seidenbusch 2002; Dijkstra & Lewington 2007; Boudot et al. 2009; Kalkman et al. 2010 c; Lopau 2010). We follow Orr & Kalkman (2015) in placing A. papuensis in the genus Anax. Distribution (Fig. 47). This Australasian species extends to eastern Indonesia (Tsuda 2000) and, during migrations, it reaches the islands of Sumba, Coco-Keelings, Lord Howe and Raoul (Rowe 1987). In New Caledonia, only one specimen has been caught in Nouméa, on 20 th November 1955 (Winstanley 1983). We did not observe this species, but Davies (2002) reports A. papuensis as “ frequently seen in all parts of New Caledonia in season ” but he did not specify any locality. Only Winstanley (1983) indicates the collection of two males of A. papuensis on 20 th February 1955 by J. Rageau in Nouméa. Habitat. Anax papuensis frequents standing waters and, occasionally, quiet sectors of springs (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Biology and behaviour. This migratory species was studied by Rowe (1987) whose observations we summarize. Eggs are laid in plants and measure from 1.5 to 1.7 mm long and develop within 16 days at a temperature of 21 – 24 ° C. Depending on temperature, the larval cycle takes between 100 to 250 days in Australia (probably similar in New Caledonia), whereas in New Zealand, it may last two years. In laboratory conditions, emergence starts early in the morning and takes two and a half hours. The larvae are between 40 and 45 mm long. Males patrol a territory of about 50 to 60 m of riverbank waiting for females to appear. Approaching water, the female is quickly seized by the closest male, and then the couple lands on nearby vegetation. Eggs are laid mainly in tandem and occasionally females may oviposit alone (Rowe 1987). The female inserts her eggs into floating or emergent vegetation. The larva was described by Hawking (1986) and its habitus is shown by Rowe (1987). Status. As it has been only recorded once with certainty and this species appears to be migratory, we considered it to be DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF92FFB6FF1AB8AE6057FD88.taxon	description	(Fig. 48)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF92FFB6FF1AB8AE6057FD88.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 49). This species occurs all over Australia (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it is only known from the municipality of Koné and from the Dumbéa valley (Davies 2002). This very fragmented distribution sug- gests either the species is newly arrived from Australia or there has been insufficient sampling effort. Habitat. This species frequents standing waters (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Biology and behaviour. Austrogynacantha heterogena has crepuscular habits. It is attracted by light in the evening and can enter houses (Davies 2002). Its larva is briefly illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006). Status. Due to insufficient information about the status of A. heterogena in New Caledonia, we consider the species to be DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF93FFB7FF1ABCC765CBF850.taxon	description	(Fig. 50)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF93FFB7FF1ABCC765CBF850.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 51). This species is known from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the North-East of Australia and Fiji, Vanuatu and the Solomon islands (Tsuda 2000). We observed it in La Foa and in Nouméa, where it was formerly recorded by Kimmins (1953). This species is rarely encountered despite Davies (2002) describing it as “ widely spread, even abundant in New Caledonia ”. One specimen collected in October 2004 in La Foa (Nily) is held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Theischinger & Hawking (2006) wrote: “ probably inhabits still waters ”. Biology and behaviour. Gynacantha rosenbergi has crepuscular habits, especially when foraging. It visits all habitats, including towns where individuals are attracted to artificial light. According to Theischinger & Hawking (2006), its larva is unknown. Status. Because there is insufficient information on the status of G. rosenbergi in New Caledonia, we rank it as DD. We assigned all records to G. rosenbergi by supposition because so far this is the only representative of the genus known to be present in the country. However, Pacific Gynacantha are poorely studied and there is a possibility that some of the previous records of G. rosenbergi need to be transferred to another species.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF95FFB1FF1ABC996365F860.taxon	description	(Fig. 52)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF95FFB1FF1ABC996365F860.taxon	materials_examined	Systematics. Oreaeschna dominatrix belongs to a genus that includes only two species, of which the other one, O. dictatrix, is endemic to Mounts Cyclops in New Guinea. Aeshna (Adversaeschna) Watson, 1992 and Oreaeschna Lieftinck, 1937 present several convergent morphologic characters (Vick & Davies 1990). In addition, A. brevistyla caledonica shows a strong resemblance to O. dominatrix. Distribution (Fig. 53). New Caledonian endemic. This species is known from 15 localities, mainly in the Plaine des Lacs and in the valleys of Rivière Blanche and Rivière Bleue. However, some individuals have been collected up to the Mont Panié Massif in the north of Grande Terre and there are also two reports from Lifou. Habitat. We always encountered this species at streams with large and deep pools or partly sunlit, fairly wide, deep and slow flowing reaches along gallery forests. It seems to have a preference for ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. Flying 1 – 2 m above the water surface, males patrol sections of about 10 m along the stream or they hover over large pools. From time to time, they rest for between a few seconds to about 10 minutes. The females remain in riparian woodlands except when breeding. In February 2004, Grand (2005) observed a pair mating above the water surface, but the couple rapidly disappeared towards the canopy. The larval biology of the species is unknown. However, DG collected several exuviae assigned to this species. Status. Two third of the O. dominatrix population is concentrated in the Plaine des Lacs and surroundings. Its occurence in the North Province is not confirmed and it is unlikely that the species reproduces on Lifou which does not have running water. We rank it as VU.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF98FFBDFF1ABA3663D5FE94.taxon	description	(Fig. 54)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF98FFBDFF1ABA3663D5FE94.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 55). Regional endemic. Also found in Vanuatu (Tsuda 2000), this species is widely distributed in New Caledonia, except for the far north, Île des Pins and the Loyalty Islands, which is its type locality. Bigot (1985) collected several specimens in Prony, Touaourou and on Île des Pins. One specimen captured in November 2001 in the Pocquereux valley (La Foa) is held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Hemicordulia fidelis breeds in a large variety of freshwater habitats: swamps, ponds, lakes, large pools in creeks and calm parts of streams and rivers. It avoids steep creeks with low water levels but seems able to tolerate ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. Exuviae are found, sometimes numerous, hanging on bank vegetation up to a height of 2 m. Adults often wander far from water, while males patrol for a long time defending sites from 20 – 50 m along banks. They are very nervous. Females lay their eggs alone, rapidly touching the water surface a dozen times to release egg clumps with a quick and jerky flight. Status. We assign H. fidelis to the category LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF99FFBDFF1AB9A260D5FC75.taxon	description	(Fig. 56)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF99FFBDFF1AB9A260D5FC75.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 57). Pacific-wide. This species is recorded from more than 15 localities of Grande Terre but its distribution is not continuous. Almost all localities are south of the Yaté lake. Bigot (1985) collected some specimens in Dumbéa. Habitat. Hemicordulia hilaris seems to prefer ponds but can sometimes be observed near rivers. It prefers sunny and shallow swamps and ponds with very dense, low growing reed beds. The species tolerates ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. Adults often wander far from water. Males patrol oviposition sites. Mating was not observed, but females lay their eggs in the same way as the previous species. Exuviae are found hanging, slightly inverted, on rock walls out of the water. Status. In New Caledonia, the species occurs in small populations in restricted areas. Therefore, we consider this species to be locally VU.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF9AFFBEFF1ABCFB62D5F8F6.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 59). Endemic to New Caledonia. This small Corduliidae belongs to a genus with four species present in Australia, Borneo, New Guinea, and New Caledonia (Fleck 2007). It is recorded from more than ten localities, almost all in the southern tip of Sud Province. Karube (2000) observed this species 20 km north-east of Nouméa, which is its northernmost known point of occurrence. Habitat. Metaphya elongata reproduction sites are currently unknown, but considering our observations, they could be in certain waterbodies of the Plaine des Lacs. The species seems to prefer ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. Most records are of vagrant individuals. However, in February 2011, DG observed a few males around a pond in the north of Prony, two females approached the pond and disappeared immediately into low reeds growing in the water. From one hundred eggs collected from two females on the shores of the Lac en Huit in mid February 2004, Fleck (2007) reared five specimens to the final stadium in the laboratory. Status. Restricted to a very small area that is threatened by mining, M. elongata has mostly been observed in singles and its breeding sites are still unknown. We rank the species as EN.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF9BFFBAFF1ABE0662DBFE5C.taxon	description	(Fig. 60)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF9BFFBAFF1ABE0662DBFE5C.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 61). Endemic to Grande Terre. This species is known from six localities spread along the central range. Winstanley (1984 c) collected the first female in November – December 1981. Its apparent rarity is probably due to its early flight period, from mid-October to late December, a time of the year collectors seldom search for Odonata. Habitat. Synthemis ariadne frequents mountain creeks and streams, covered by forests, on non-ultramafic soil. FIGURE 62. Synthemis campioni: a) male, b) female. Biology and behaviour. The biology of this species is little known. Its final stadium larvae, described by supposition (Winstanley 1984 b; Fleck 2005), lives in small creeks and their tributaries. Hiding among rocks, it may occasionally be found with S. fenella Campion, 1921. Emergence occurs not far above water surface (Winstanley 1984 b). Fleck (2005) reared several larval stages in laboratory conditions without obtaining any adults because its development was so slow. This author concluded that the larval development takes at least four years. Status. Synthemis ariadne is known from a very few localities scattered over the main island. Although its habitat is not immediately threatened, we rank it EN, because of its rarity.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF9EFFBAFF1AB9EA652AFC3E.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 63). Endemic to Grande Terre. This species was found in at least 10 localities mainly in the southern half of the island, where the sampling effort was much more intense than elsewhere. Habitat. Mountain creeks and streams in forests, but also in large fast-flowing streams in the lowlands. Synthemis campioni avoids ultramafic lands. Biology and behaviour. Larvae develop in relatively calm water along the stream banks in places where partly submerged roots of large trees slow the current. Exuviae are found on trunks and boulders 0.2 – 1.4 m above the water surface. Males patrol stretches of a bank (6 – 30 m). Mating (2 observations) occurs during flight, 0.7 – 1.2 m above the water surface, for 20 – 30 s, along the stretch of the bank that was patrolled by the male. Status. Synthemis campioni is probably more widely spread than its known distribution and its populations can be large. As a precaution, we rank it as EN, as only a dozen localities are known.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF9EFFC4FF1ABC0C626BF882.taxon	description	(Fig. 64)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FF9EFFC4FF1ABC0C626BF882.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 65). Endemic to Grande Terre. With almost 60 known localities, it is widespread along the main mountain range, but also in the lowlands. Its populations are often large. A specimen collected on 3 rd May 1979 in the Thy forest is held in the ONNC collection. Habitat. Fast-flowing forest creeks and streams. Biology and behaviour. This species is easy to distinguish and its presence is often revealed by the exuviae clinging to banks of streams. Larvae emerge before noon and hang from tussocks, tree trunks, rock walls or large pebbles at a height of 0.1 m. In the early morning, males are the first Synthemis to fly over the water, sometimes before 0800 h. They are inconspicuous and suspicious of larger species. They arrive suddenly over calm pools ranging in surface area from a few dm ² to 1 – 2 m ². They fly swiftly, darting hither and thither 15 – 25 cm above the water surface. In some places, they hover 2 – 3 seconds, to inspect hidden places, where a female may lay eggs. If another male approaches, a brief chase toward the canopy follows, and only one of them will return. Before visiting oviposition sites, females wait for males to leave. Having found a suitable puddle, they first inspect it flying just above (10 – 15 cm), then they begin a quick, agitated flight. With the tip of their abdomen, they touch the water surface several times to release their eggs. Oviposition may be disturbed by a male or by an assault by another Synthemis species. If the female has not seen a male approaching, the male will hold the female immediately (one observation) and the couple rises slowly to disappear into the canopy. Mating probably takes place on (or attached to) a twig. This species disappears early in the afternoon, when there are too many males of other Synthemis species. The larva was described by Lieftinck (1976). Status. Widespread and abundant. We rank S. fenella as LC. Status. Only five S. flexicauda males were observed on a tributary of the Dumbéa River, but the bushfire that damaged the site in 2009 does not seem to have severely affected the local population of this species. Pending a better understanding of its distribution, we rank the species CR.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE1FFC7FF1ABCFB61EBF962.taxon	description	(Fig. 68)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE1FFC7FF1ABCFB61EBF962.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 69). Endemic to Grande Terre. This large species (wing span up to 90 mm) is recorded from at least 35 localities around the island. Bigot (1985) collected a female in the Baie du Prony. One specimen collected in January 1957 in the Thy Forest is held in the ONNC collection and another, collected in March 1998 in La Foa (Pocquereux valley), is held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Synthemis miranda occurs on mountain forest creeks and streams. It can also sometimes be found in the lowlands. This species tolerates ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. Synthemis miranda is highly territorial, males patrol around shallow ponds (4 – 5 m 2) or puddles near very fast-flowing creeks. However, oviposition sites are located in pools that are more or less disconnected from the creek. Males are highly aggressive towards other males. Resident males attack other males or any specimen belonging to smaller species that enter their territory. If a female enters a male’s territory, the male will capture her immediately. After tandem formation mating lasts for about 40 seconds in flight 0.6 – 1.5 m above the ground, while the couple complete six to eight chaotic circling flights over the oviposition site (more than 10 observations). Once released, the female will only lay in the area previously patrolled by the male. She lays eggs onto a substrate with plant debris covered with a film of water (up to a few mm). The exuviae of S. miranda are sometimes found more than 3 m away from the water, clinging to tree trunks, up to 2.5 m above the ground. The larva was described by Lieftinck (1976). On the 22 th January 2010, DG discovered, along the Sanatorium stream (Païta), a pair of S. miranda in the wheel position; the female in this case had extensive wing coloration. Under the still conditions, this couple hung under a twig at more than 5 m height and was observed for more than 10 minutes. It is possible, if not probable, that this species may have two methods of mating, as the Afro-European Libellulidae Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé, 1832) that normally mates in flight for about ten seconds, but may perch to form a wheel depending on the strength of wind and the presence of congeners. Morphological variations. There is variation in the wing colour pattern in females. Typical females have a strong transparent saffron tint that covers the wing from the basis to the discoidal cell. However, in some females, the tint ranges from deep yellow to light brown and may reach the nodus. Based on sympatric occurrence from the northeast of Grande Terre, Marinov & Richards (2013) formally recognised two forms – f. typica which includes the holotype female and f. extenuata for the females with reduced colour on the wings. These names were proposed for convenience in recording future observations and do not reflect the actual abundance, nor do they have formal nomenclatorial status recognised by the ICZN. A flight of twenty individuals was observed in a creek near the Mont Koghis auberge. At least five or six females had strongly coloured wings, hovering quietly at a height of 4 – 10 m. Status. Synthemis miranda is widely distributed over Grande Terre with large populations. We rank this species as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE3FFC1FF1ABF3063D7FE04.taxon	description	(Fig. 70)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE3FFC1FF1ABF3063D7FE04.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 71). Endemic to Grande Terre. This species appears to be close to S. miranda, it is recorded from more than 20 localities all over the island, especially at low altitude. Habitat. It prefers watercourses in the lowland forest (streams to rivers), deep, rather wide, with a moderate current. More rarely, it is found at mid altitude in slow reaches of streams. Biology and behaviour. Numerous exuviae have been found on the trunks of trees along rivers 0.5 – 2 m above the ground. Males appear moderately territorial, regularly patrolling sections of the bank 15 – 30 m long. They of- ten rest for long periods, hanging from twigs or on tufts of grass. One female was observed very early in an area frequented by many males. In the late afternoon up to 15 – 25 individuals may hunt until dusk in the same area in clearings near water. Status. Less abundant than the previous species, Synthemis montaguei rarely has large populations. Neverthe- less, we consider this species to be at low risk (LC).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE5FFC1FF1ABDC563D2F825.taxon	description	(Fig. 72)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE5FFC1FF1ABDC563D2F825.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 73). Endemic to Grande Terre. It has been described recently from only three localities on, all south of the municipality of Païta (Davies 2002). Habitat. We assume that its habitats probably range from lowland rivers to streans up to about 1,000 m altitude on Monts Koghis. Biology and behaviour. No information available for this taxon. Status. DG unsuccessfully searched for S. pamelae in the Païta municipality and at La Capture in the Plaine des Lacs (mid February to early March 2011), during the first third of its flight period. At Monts Koghis, Davies (2002) reported it about at 1,000 metres above sea level, in an area where there are no rivers and in lowlands where it is threatened by the rapid urbanization of the Païta and Dumbéa municipalities. Considering its limited distribution and our failure to find it we rank S. pamelae as EN.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE6FFCCFF1ABDB1635CFEC8.taxon	description	(Fig. 74)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE6FFCCFF1ABDB1635CFEC8.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 75). Endemic to Grande Terre. Some females reach a 100 mm wingspan. The species is known only from seven locations in the southern half of the island, and in particular the mountains east of Nouméa. Habitat. Creeks and streams in mountain forest. Biology and behaviour. A few exuviae were found on the banks of creeks up to a metre above the water level. This species is not observed before noon at oviposition sites. Because they fly late at night, Davies (2002) compared its behavior with the crepuscular habits of Gynacantha. As in S. miranda, which is often found with S. serendipita, males are territorial. However, females appear to be more selective in their choice of oviposition sites. The males fly quietly over pools until the arrival of females. Mating (three observations) occurs in flight for less than a minute. The female lays her eggs alone (four observations) on rocks covered by a thin layer of water (2 – 3 mm). Status. We observed several large S. serendipita populations at the sites that we visited. However, due to the small number of localities from which it is known, we rank it as EN. Comments. At the creek near the Sanatorium at the Col de la Pirogue, other Synthemis species visit the oviposition sites throughout the day. In the early morning, S. fenella is the first species to arrive at around 07: 30 h, then around 10: 00 – 11: 00 h this species is replaced by S. miranda. At 12: 00 – 12: 30 h, the first males of S. serendipita appear, driving off males of S. miranda.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE8FFCEFF1ABF0B62CCF9C5.taxon	description	(Fig. 76)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFE8FFCEFF1ABF0B62CCF9C5.taxon	materials_examined	Habitat. This species dwells in swamps, ponds and lakes. Biology and behaviour. The larva was illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006), but behavioural information is lacking. Status. Available data are inadequate to establish its conservation status hence we class it as DD. More investigations on distribution of this species are necessary, but the center of occurrence should be in the northern part of Grande Terre, a region that has not been sufficiently investigated to date.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFEAFFC8FF1ABE53603AFA8B.taxon	description	(Fig. 78)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFEAFFC8FF1ABE53603AFA8B.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 79). A widely distributed species found from East Africa in the west, Japan in the north, Australia and New Zealand in the south and the Pacific islands in the east (Fiji, Vanuatu, Guam, Palau, Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Marianna Islands) (Tsuda 2000) and even French Polynesia (Paulian 1998). It is widespread in New Caledonia, having been found at more than 20 localities on Grande Terre. Bigot (1985) collected a few individuals in the Dumbéa municipality, in the Plaine des Lacs and on Ouvéa. Habitat. Diplacodes bipunctata occurs in swamps and ponds in sunny places. Biology and behaviour. The larva was illustrated by Lieftinck (1962). Adults fly extensively over bodies of water, perching frequently. Status. In view of its wide distribution, D. bipunctata does not seem threatened in New Caledonia. We therefore rank it as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFECFFC8FF1ABD9961D3F808.taxon	description	(Fig. 80)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFECFFC8FF1ABD9961D3F808.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 81). This species is recorded from Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu (Tsuda 2000). Reported from Île des Pins without voucher specimens, it occurs widely on Grande Terre, having been found at nearly 70 localities. One specimen from Nouméa is in the ONNC collection and another one, collected in January 2007, is held at the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Diplacodes haematodes occurs in sunny places with standing water or streams with a moderate rate of flow. It tolerates ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. The larva was illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006). Exuviae are found not far above the water level, hanging from waterside vegetation. Couples oviposit in tandem, the female touching the water with her abdomen up to twenty times. Status. In view of its wide distribution, D. haematodes does not appear threatened in New Caledonia. We rank it LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFEFFFCBFF1ABCEF6208F9AD.taxon	description	(Fig. 82)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFEFFFCBFF1ABCEF6208F9AD.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 83). This species is widely distributed from the Seychelles and India, to Japan, Australia and as far as Fiji and Vanuatu (Tsuda 2000). We recorded several individuals above a shallow pond in a sand pit on Ouvéa, on the 26 th August 2011. Habitats. Temporary waters, swamps and ponds (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Biology and behaviour. Its biology is unknown, but D. trivialis is known to be migratory (Fraser 1936). Status. This record might have been incidental, representing vagrant individuals from Vanuatu; we therefore do not provide any threat evaluation for this species (DD).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFEFFFD5FF1ABEFC62D0FEC8.taxon	description	(Fig. 84)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFEFFFD5FF1ABEFC62D0FEC8.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 85). According to Tsuda (2000), Lathrecista asiatica is distributed from the Oriental region to New Guinea and Northern Australia. The species is known from Aru Islands, Tanimbar Island, New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands, Solomon Islands, North Australia and New Caledonia (Davies 2002; Michalski 2012; Marinov & Pikacha 2013). In New Caledonia, it is known from a single location in northern New Caledonia (Yiambi, Lieftink 1975), although Davies (2002) wrote: ’ colonies here and there varying with the season’. Habitat. This species dwells in standing and slowly flowing water bodies in open areas. Biology and behaviour. The larva was provisionally illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006). It will be described elsewhere (A. Orr pers. comm.). Status. We lack information about this taxon in New Caledonia (DD).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF1FFD5FF1AB9466318F846.taxon	description	(Fig. 86)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF1FFD5FF1AB9466318F846.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 87). This species is recorded from tropical areas in the Old World (from East Africa in the west to Japan in the north, Australasia and Western Pacific Islands in the east (Fiji, Guam, Palau and Samoa) (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it is known from seven localities. Winstanley & Davies (1983) recorded it from the Houaïlou River and from the municipality of Ouégoa, whereas Bigot (1985) collected several specimens on coastal roads in the Dumbéa municipality, in Prony and in Touaourou. Two specimens collected in Nouméa are conserved at the ONNC collection. Habitat. Macrodiplax cora colonises coastal swamps, including temporary or brackish waters as well as lowland ponds in sunny places. Biology and behaviour. This migratory species is mostly observed over coastal water bodies. Its larva was illustrated by Lieftinck (1962). Status. Reproduction of M. cora in New Caledonia is not confirmed. We rank this species as DD, awaiting more information about its distribution.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF2FFD6FF1ABCE16448F92B.taxon	description	(Fig. 88)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF2FFD6FF1ABCE16448F92B.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. This species is known from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, north eastern Australia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, one specimen was caught in January 1984, subsequently labelled ‘ Nlle Calédonie’ and deposited in the collections of the Musée des Confluences in Lyon (Grand 2004 a). We consider this species as vagrant for New Caledonia and did not map distribution. Its subspecies affiliation has not yet been established. Neurothemis stigmatizans bramina Guérin-Méneville in Lesson, 1830 is the only subspecies known in the Pacific. It is known from New Britain, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (Michalski 2012). Habitat. This species occurs in various standing and slowly flowing water habitats. Biology and behaviour. Lieftinck (1962) illustrated the larva of N. stigmatizans bramina from New Guinea. Status. This species appears to be a vagrant in New Caledonia, we therefore suggest ranking it as DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF3FFD7FF1ABCC7638CF8B4.taxon	description	(Fig. 89)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF3FFD7FF1ABCC7638CF8B4.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 90). This species is known from Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it is recorded from more 70 localities on Grande Terre, Île des Pins and Ouvéa, often in large populations. Bigot (1985) collected this species in Dumbéa municipality, in the Baie de Prony, and in the Plaine des Lacs. One specimen collected in Nouméa is held at the ONNC collection and others, collected in 2001 and 2008 in La Foa (Pocquereux valley), are held in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. This species dwells in standing or slowly flowing water in sunny places. It also occurs on ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. We found exuviae of this species, which seems to emerge year-round, low in the vegetation on the banks. Males defend a small territory in which mating occurs. Mating lasts 2 – 3 minutes, on the ground or in low vegetation. The female lays her eggs with the perched or hovering male guarding nearby, even in the absence of other males. The female releases her eggs on contact with water. Status. We rank O. caledonicum as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF5FFD1FF1ABCF362CCF804.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 92). Orthetrum sabina has a wide range within the Afrotropical, Oriental, Australasian and Oceanic regions (Tsuda 2000). It even reaches in the north the southern borders of the Palearctic region, from Tunisia in the west to Japan in the east (Tsuda 2000). Orthetrum serapia is distributed wide across the Pacific reaching Australia to the west and Tonga to east (Marinov & Waqa-Sakiti 2013). Both species are present in the Northern Territory and north east of Australia (Theischinger & Hawking 2006), therefore their coexistence in New Caledonia is not to be excluded. However, in a recently published study on the Odonata fauna of Vanuatu Marinov et al. (2019) reported O. serapia for the islands of Efate and Malekula but not for Aneityum and suggested that the southern limit of the species distribution within the Pacific lays along 18 – 19 ° S which is just at the northern most end of Grande Terre of New Caledonia. In Australia (Theischinger & Endersby 2009), the species reaches even further south to around 22 °. Habitat. Both species occur in sunny places at standing and running water and tolerates moderately salinity. Biology and behaviour. The larva of O. sabina was illustrated by Lieftinck (1962). Its habits are similar to O. caledonicum. Status. Due to the lack of information on we rank these species DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF7FFD3FF1ABCFB656CF967.taxon	description	(Fig. 93)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF7FFD3FF1ABCFB656CF967.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. This species is widespread in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia (Tsuda 2000). However, no locality is known from New Caledonia despite Davies (2002) reporting it to be ’ quite common’. Therefore, we did not map its distribution. Habitat. According to Theischinger & Hawking (2006), this species occurs in diverse standing and slowly running waters, including swamp and temporary habitats. Biology and behaviour. Its larva was illustrated by Hawking (1986) and its habits are similar to other species of Orthetrum. Status. Due to the lack of information on its distribution, we rank this species DD.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF7FFDCFF1ABEC16251F8E2.taxon	description	(Fig. 94)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFF7FFDCFF1ABEC16251F8E2.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 95). Expanding its range northward in the recent years, this pantropical species reached Canada (Pilon & Lagace 1998), eastern Siberia north of Vladivostok (D. Grand, unpubl. data) and the Balkans (Ober 2008). In New Caledonia, it is recorded from 40 localities and Bigot (1985) reports it from Ouvéa. Some specimens, collected in 1999 in the Bourail municipality (Gouaro) and in 2003 in La Foa (Pocquereux valley), are preserved in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. Pantala flavescens is found in a wide range of mostly sunny habitats, including coastal swamps, tempory pools, ponds and lakes, as well as slow open sections of rivers, streams and pools in torrents. It tolerates brackish water. Biology and behaviour. Its larva, illustrated by Lieftinck (1962), lives in diverse habitats, including those lacking aquatic vegetation and development is extemely rapid (Corbet 1999: 218). Exuviae are found on any potential perch that emerges from the water. This highly migratory species is able to cross stretches of ocean of several hundred kilometres. Adults, which spend most of the day airborne, can be observed in urban areas, at higher altitudes or in forest clearings, typically flying comparably high and sometimes forming vast feeding swarms. Males are moderately territorial and mating takes place in flight at a height of 2 – 3 m and lasts about a minute. The female oviposits alone, often at several well-separated sites, rapidly touching the water surface about a dozen times with the tip of her abdomen during each bout (Grand 2004 b). Status. Without known threats, P. flavescens is ranked LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFAFFDEFF1AB8AE60CEFD70.taxon	description	(Fig. 96)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFAFFDEFF1AB8AE60CEFD70.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 97). This species inhabits eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia (Tsuda 2000) and New Caledonia where it is recorded at a dozen localities all over Grande Terre. Some specimens collected in 2001 in La Foa (Pocquereux valley) and in 2007 in the Poya municipality (Beaupré) are preserved in the CXMNC col- lection. Habitat. It occurs in swamps, ponds and calm sections of watercourses. It avoids ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. The larva was briefly illustrated by Theischinger and Hawking (2006). Males are ter- ritorial, perching on, for example, a dominant rush above the water and driving away all dragonflies passing too close to them. Status. Ryothemis gaphiptera has a relatively wide range in New Caledonia, but is rarely abundant. We there- fore suggest ranking it NT.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFAFFDFFF1ABE4A654CFABC.taxon	description	(Fig. 98)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFAFFDFFF1ABE4A654CFABC.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 99). Regional endemic subspecies. Ryothemis phyllis, which includes about a dozen subspecies, is widespread in south-east Asia, north-eastern Australia and the western Pacific Islands (Tsuda 2000). The subspecies R. phyllis apicalis is endemic to Vanuatu and New Caledonia where it is recorded from more than 25 localities, in sometimes large populations. One specimen from Nouméa is preserved in the ONNC collection and others collected in 1997 in the municipality of La Foa (Pocquereux valley) and in 2007 in the municipality of Poya (Beaupré) are deposited in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. This species is encountered in about the same habitats as R. graphiptera and, like this species, avoids ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. This species does not seem particularly territorial. Males seek females flying along banks at the edge of the water. Mating takes place on low vegetation and lasts a few minutes, then the female lays her eggs unaccompanied in areas of dense aquatic vegetation. During a rapid and frenetic flight, she releases her eggs, touching the surface of the water several times. Status. Ryothemis phyllis apicalis does not appear threatened, we rank it as LC.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFBFFDAFF1ABD8B6095FB12.taxon	description	(Fig. 100)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFBFFDAFF1ABD8B6095FB12.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 101). This species has a wide global distribution, being recorded from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (including Japan), northeastern Australia and various Pacific islands (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it has been recorded from more than 15 localities. Winstanley & Davies (1983) records it from the Houaïlou River and from the municipality of Ouégoa and specimens collected in 2001 and 2002 in La Foa (Pocquereux valley) are kept in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. It occurs in swamps, ponds and lakes, including forests and very calm parts of running water habitats. It avoids ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. Its larva is illustrated by Lieftinck (1962) and we found exuviae in various parts of Grande Terre. Migratory and coloniser, T. tillarga flies mostly toward dusk, making its observation difficult, but the white pruinescence of the male wings appears luminous at twilight. In cloudy weather, it can fly as early as 14: 30 – 15: 00. Often numerous, males patrol along banks of water bodies. They frequently inspect the banks by hovering at fixed points, looking for females laying their eggs in inconspicuous places along the banks. Females oviposit by touching the water surface or floating plants debris (Miller & Miller 1985; Grand 2004 b). This species flies even in light rain. Status. Because of its crepuscular habits, T. tillarga is easy to miss, but it is much more common than records suggest. We rank it NT.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFEFFDAFF1ABD206084F944.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 102). This species is widespread from Papua New Guinea to the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia (Tsuda 2000), where it is recorded from a few localities throughout Grande Terre. Habitat. This species occurs in swamps, ponds and lakes. Biology and behaviour. Not yet described. Status. Because there is still some debate about its status in New Caledonia, we were unable to assess its conservation status (DD).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFEFFE4FF1ABED26413FA0D.taxon	description	(Fig. 103) Tramea l ̂ wii Brauer, 1866: 563; Tramea tillyardi Lieftinck, 1942.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFFEFFE4FF1ABED26413FA0D.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 104). This species’ range covers eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, the species is known from fewer than 10 localities, but at high population densities, especially in the far south. Habitat. It occurs in swamps, ponds and lakes on ultramafic soils. Biology and behaviour. Its larvae were illustrated by Theischinger & Hawking (2006). Adults patrol mostly standing water bodies where they move around widely with infrequent stops on vegetation. Couples fly in tandem above water and the method of oviposition is similar to that described for T. limbata (Corbet 1999). This is a rather unusual behaviour. The tandem pair flies over the water and at selected places, the male releases the female who oviposits by bringing the tip of her abdomen into contact with the water surface, then the tandem reforms and the pair proceed to the next site, and so on. Status. Tramea loewii is restricted in distribution, being found only in the southern part of Grande Terre. Due to increasing nickel mining in this region, we consider this species as vulnerable in New Caledonia (VU).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFC0FFE6FF1ABE1A60DDFEB0.taxon	description	(Fig. 105)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFC0FFE6FF1ABE1A60DDFEB0.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 106). Regional endemic subspecies. T. transmarina has several subspecies in southeast Asia, including Japan and also numerous islands in the Pacific (Tsuda 2000). Tramea transmarina intersecta is known from Vanuatu (Lieftinck 1976; Tsuda 2000) and from New Caledonia where it has recorded from more than 20 localities. Bigot (1985) caught numerous specimens in Baie de Prony. Finally, several specimens from Nouméa are held at the ONNC collection and one specimen collected in 1999 in La Foa (Pocquereux valley) is preserved in the CXMNC collection. Habitat. It occurs in sunny standing water habitats, including along the landward border of mangroves, and also calm parts of streams and rivers. It seems to tolerate ultramafic soil. Biology and behaviour. Its behaviour is similar to other New Caledonian Tramea Hagen, 1862 species. According to Lieftinck (1976), the larvae cannot be distinguished from T. transmarina propinqua Lieftinck, 1942. Status. Based on its presence at many sites and eurytopic habitat preferences, we consider the species not at risk in New Caledonia (LC).	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFC2FFE6FF1AB98E643AFC76.taxon	description	(Fig. 107)	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFC2FFE6FF1AB98E643AFC76.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. This species is recorded from the Seychelles, Mauritius, throughout most of the Oriental Region, the northern part of Australia and few south west Pacific islands (Tsuda 2000). In New Caledonia, it has been recorded as vagrant (Davies 2002) at two locations in the south of Grande Terre, which are however not precisely known. Therefore, we did not map its distribution. Habitat. We expect that this species in the same habitats as T. tillarga, but as it is also semi-crepuscular, fast- flying and less conspicuous it may be a more easily overlooked. Biology and behaviour. The larva was illustrated by Lieftinck (1962). This is a migratory species most active towards dusk. Status. We considered this species as DD, because little information is available for New Caledonia.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
03913978FFC3FFE7FF1AB8D5653BFCFB.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. This species occurs in subtropical Africa, several islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans, and the Indian subcontinent (Tsuda 2000). There are only a few records for New Caledonia, in the southern half of Grande Terre. It is likely these were misidentifications. Habitat. This species frequents swamps, ponds and lakes and sometimes calm parts of watercourses, as well as large pools of overgrown creeks and streams located in an open environment. Biology and behaviour. Its larval development is unknown, but Grand (2004 b) collected numerous exuviae on Réunion Island. This migrant has pronounced nomadic behaviour and it is not rare to encounter it far from water. Breeding males move alongside or above the water. As for other species in the genus, T. limbata has an unusual oviposition technique described above (see Tramea loewii). Status. The occurrence of T. limbata in New Caledonia appears doubtful despite some unconfirmed reports. The species may have been confused with T. liberata or T. transmarina intersecta.	en	Grand, Daniel, Marinov, Milen, Jourdan, Herve, Cook, Carl, Rouys, Sophie, Mille, Christian, Theuerkauf, Jörn (2019): Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata. Zootaxa 4640 (1): 1-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1
