taxonID	type	description	language	source
039E878EFF979231FCACFEB8FF7CFE2B.taxon	description	The results of pathogenicity trials showed a significant difference on disease severity percentage among resistant and susceptible C. annuum genotypes to P. capsici infection, but control plants (non-inoculated C. annuum) showed no infection (Table 3) (P ≤ 0.01). The highest infection rate 100 % was on susceptible genotypes ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’, ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’ and ‘ 23 CherryP-Orsh’, whereas the lowest infection rate 2 % was on resistant genotypes ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’, followed by ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’ and ‘ 23 CherryP-Orsh’, both by 13 % disease severity (Table 4). 2.3. ISSR markers analysis The results of tests on markers indicated that nineteen primers out of twenty one implicated primers showed a very distinct banding pattern in which 188 bands were scored and 185 bands were polymorphic. The number of bands varied from 4 bands for MBP- 15 and MBP- 19 primers to 18 bands for MBP- 21 primer, showing the ability of these primers to distinguish the C. annuum accessions clearly. Polymorphism percentage (P %) varied in the range of 78 – 100 % for MBP- 10 and the 21 primers used. The average P % was calculated to be 98.5 % (Supplementary Table 1) (Figs. 1 and 2). Marker index (MI) ranged from 2.00 to 6.61 and MBP- 21 primer with MI = 6.61 had the highest marker index, which indicates the high efficiency of this primer in revealing polymorphism in the genotypes studied in the present investigation. (Supplementary Table 1) (Figs 1 and 2). The dendrograms were designed on similarity coefficients following Cophenetic coefficient according to which Jaccard similarity coefficient was invoked as a high similarity coefficient, and UPGMA as the best clustering algorithm, according to ISSR markers, ranged from 0.31 to 0.92. The greatest similarity was observed between the C. annuum accessions ‘ 20 GreenP-PBI’ and ‘ 21 OrnP-Banana’ (SC = 0.92) (Figs 1 and 2). Based on the dendrogram depicted in Fig. 1, the C. annuum accessions were divided into five main groups. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) showed a strong agreement with the results of ISSR markers, dividing the C. annuum accessions into five distinct genetics variable groups (Fig. 2), of which three groups had the most accessions. The first group contained all resistant and partially resistant genotypes; the second group contained all very susceptible genotypes, and the third group contained all susceptible genotypes. The presence of the resistant genotype, ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’ in the susceptible group indicates that this C. annuum accession is similar to the susceptible genotypes in terms of the genetic parameters, despite its difference with the other cluster C. annuum accessions in reaction to RCR disease (Figs. 1 and 2), indicating there was no correlation, r = 0.058 ns between resistant and genetic variability of the C. annuum accessions. 2.4. Assessment of enzyme activity Peroxidase (POX) activity was significantly induced 1 week after inoculation with P. capsici in the resistant and susceptible C. annuum, compared with the controls (Fig. 3 A) (P ≤ 0.05). However, the increase was much more pronounced in resistant ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’ by 1.8 - fold, followed by resistant ‘ 23 CherryP-Orsh’ and ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’, with 1.5 - and 1.6 - fold increases, respectively. By contrast, there was no significant increase in the inoculated susceptible genotypes, 1 week after inoculation in comparison to controls (Fig. 3 A). Activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) also increased significantly in the treated C. annuum resistant to P. capsici (Fig. 3 B) (P ≤ 0.05). Increases in SOD activity in resistant and susceptible genotypes occurred 1 week after inoculation. The highest SOD activity was recorded in the leaves of the resistant C. annuum ‘ 23 CherryP-Orsh’ (10 - fold compared to controls), followed by ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’ with 4 - fold increase, and ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’ with 2 - fold 1 week after inoculation. There was no significant difference in SOD activity in susceptible ‘ 26 BP-Rstarlet’, ‘ 2 BP-PBI’ and ‘ 24 BP- 301 ’ compared to the controls. Activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the C. annuum genotypes, resistant and or susceptible to P. capsici was significantly induced by inoculation with other fungi (Fig. 3 C) (P ≤ 0.05), but this induction was higher in the resistant ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’, ‘ 23 CherryP-Orsh’ and ‘ 19 OrnPPBI’ by almost 2 - fold, when compared to the susceptible genotypes, 1 week after inoculation. There was no significant variation in PPO activity between the susceptible genotypes and controls 1 week after inoculation. Catalase (CAT) activities showed the same trend in both inoculated resistant and susceptible C. annuum genotypes (Fig. 3 D) (P ≤ 0.05). The highest activity was recorded in C. annuum ‘ 23 CherryP-Orshat’ by 1.5 - fold 1 week after inoculation. However, no significant increase was observed in the rest of the inoculated resistant and susceptible C. annuum genotypes (Fig. 3 D). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the resistant and susceptible C. annuum genotypes (Fig. 3 E). The highest PAL activity (5.5 - fold) was observed in the resistant ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’, followed by ‘ 23 CherryP-Orshat’ by 5.3 - fold and ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’ with 2.6 - fold increase. For all other genotypes there was no significant increase after inoculation (Fig. 3 E). Glucanase activities also showed the same trend in both inoculated resistant and susceptible C. annuum genotypes (Fig. 3 F) (P ≤ 0.05). The highest activity was recorded in C. annuum ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’ by 2.1 - fold 1 week after inoculation, followed by ‘ 37 ChilP-Paleo’, 1.5 - fold. However, there was a reduction trend in the three inoculated susceptible C. annuum genotypes by 1.0, 1.9 and 2.2 - fold compared to non-inocutated controls (Fig. 3 F). Phenolic content was also significantly induced by inoculation with P. capsici in the resistant and susceptible C. annuum (Fig. 3 G) (P ≤ 0.05). However, the increase was much more pronounced in resistant genotypes by 1.6, 1.7 and 1.4 respectively. There was also a significant increase in the inoculated susceptible genotypes ‘ 26 BP-RStarlet’ and ‘ 2 BP-PB’ I by 1.2 and 1.1 - fold compared to non-inocutated controls, and decrease in ‘ 24 BP- 301 ’ by 1.5 - fold (Fig. 3 G). There was no significant correlation (r = 0.058 ns) between resistance and genetic variability, and also between genetic variability and enzyme activity levels. But, in contrast, there was a highly significant and direct correlation between the resistance, bio-mass parameters and enzyme activity levels.	en	Mohammadbagheri, Leila, Nasr-Esfahani, Mehdi, Abdossi, Vahid, Naderi, Davood (2021): Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici. Phytochemistry (112884) 190: 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884
039E878EFF909232FFFAFB6EFF33F91B.taxon	description	Inoculation trials with P. capsici isolates on six different resistant and susceptible C. annuum accessions were conducted under greenhouse conditions (27 ± 1 ◦ C), with 16 h-light photoperiod and 65 % relative humidity according to method described by Parada-Rojas and Quesada-Ocampo (2018) and Nasr Esfahani (2018 a, 2018 b). The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design in 100 replications in a single seedling nursery tray for every genotype filled with substrate of oven-sterilized mixture of sand-peat moss in equal parts. Nutrients to support plant growth were supplied through irrigation with Knop’ s nutrient solution (10 mg FeCl 3; 0.25 g KH 2 PO 4; 0.25 g KNO 3; 0.25 g MgSO 4 • 7 H 2 O and 1 g NaNO 3 ∙ L 1 of tap water) from Columbus Chemical Industries (Columbus, WI 53925) (Tehrani et al., 2020).	en	Mohammadbagheri, Leila, Nasr-Esfahani, Mehdi, Abdossi, Vahid, Naderi, Davood (2021): Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici. Phytochemistry (112884) 190: 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884
039E878EFF909232FFFAFCA5FD93FB44.taxon	materials_examined	In this study, accessions of Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) previously screened for resistance to Phytophthora capsici (Leon.) (Pythiaceae, Peronosporales), thirty seven exotic and domestic hybrids and inbreeding lines of commercial C. annuum accessions from different seed companies were utilized for genetic variability (Supplementary Table 2) (Bagheri et al., 2020). Out of which, three resistant (‘ 37 ChilPPaleo’, ‘ 19 OrnP-PBI’ and ‘ 23 CherryPOrsh’) and three susceptible (‘ 2 BP-PBI’, ‘ 24 BP- 301 ’ and ‘ 26 BPRStarlet’) C. annuum accessions were used for enzyme activities analysis by inoculating an active P. capsici isolate on susceptible ‘ Bell Pepper- 301 ′ under “ accession no. MH 924840 ”, provided from Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resource Research and Education Center, Isfahan, AREEO, Iran (Bagheri et al., 2020).	en	Mohammadbagheri, Leila, Nasr-Esfahani, Mehdi, Abdossi, Vahid, Naderi, Davood (2021): Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici. Phytochemistry (112884) 190: 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884
039E878EFF909233FFFAF928FC77FE2B.taxon	description	The C. annuum plants at 40 - day-old seedling stage of were inoculated with P. capsici isolates, as described by Candole et al. (2012), Dunn et al. (2014) and Nasr Esfahani et al. (2012; 2014). Percent disease ∑ RT × 100 severity (PDS) in each replication was calculated using = S × N formula, 2 weeks post inoculations by counting wilted C. annuum plants, where, T is the total number of underground stems in each category; R is the disease severity scale; N is the total number of underground stems tested; S is the highest number in the scale (Forghani et al., 2021; Tehrani et al., 2020). 5.4. Bio-mass analysis Bio-mass analysis was determined by measuring the following biomass parameters: Root Fresh Weight (RFW), Root Dry Weight (RDW), Stem Fresh Weight (SFW), Stem Dry Weight (SDW), Stem Diameter (SD), Root Diameter (RD), Stem length (SL), Root Length (RL), Root Volume (RV) and Leaf length (LL) (Liu et al., 2020 a, 2020 b; Zhang et al., 2018, 2019). The mean squares of variance analysis and mean comparison of the individual effect of inoculation treatment for susceptible and resistant C. annuum genotypes were evaluated (Hashemi et al., 2019, 2020; Yang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2012 a). 5.5. Statistical analysis Data were transformed to arcsine square-root and then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA, P <0.01), and the means were compared by Duncan’ s multiple range test using SAS software version 9.2. The evaluated genotypes were categorized in four groups: resistant, partially resistant, susceptible, and partially susceptible (Nasr Esfahani et al., 2012, 2014). Disease rating was scored based on a scale of 0 – 5, where: 0 = no disease symptoms, 1 = <10 % of the wilted plants; 2 = 11 ≤ to 25 %; 3 = 26 ≤ to 50 % and 4 = 51 ≤ to 100 % of the wilted plants (National Institution of Agriculture Botany (NIAB) UK; Anon 1985). 5.6. Genomic DNA extraction for genetic diversity analysis Genomic DNA extraction for genetic diversity analysis was from the leaf samples taken from the 1 - month-old apical leaves of C. annuum plants following CTAB method (Ghasemi et al., 2014; Tsaballa et al., 2015; Zou et al., 2019). Three samples were collected from each C. annuum genotype and pooled for DNA extraction to make high-resolution mapping practical with the DNA markers. DNA quality and quantity were checked on Agarose gel (1.0 %) and TBE 1 X buffer and nano-drop device, respectively, and were stored at 20 ◦ C. For ISSR, 21 UBC primers were used for PCR, polymerase chain reaction (Supplementary Table 1). PCR was performed as described by Lijun and Xuexiao (2012), Naderi et al. (2020) and Moghaddam et al. (2020). The amplification products were separated by gel electrophoresis in 1.5 – 2 % Agarose gel and were photographed using gel documentation system (Alpha Imager, 2200; Gholamaliyan et al., 2021). The electrophoretic pattern was visually analyzed and DNA bands were scored as present (1) and or absent (0) of the related bonds. The obtained matrix was fed into the NTSYS-pc software package (Nasehi et al., 2019; Rohlf, 1993; Wan et al., 2020), and the genotypes were grouped. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) of molecular data was also performed using NTSYS-pc to demonstrate multiple dimension distribution of the C. annuum genotypes. Correlation between resistant, bio-mass parameters molecular markers and enzyme activities was evaluated using similarity coefficient and the SPSS 16.0 software package. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design and the means were compared using LSD test and SAS 9.1 software (Hashemi et al., 2019). 5.7. Evaluation of defense-related enzyme activities Leaf tissue (0.5 g) from each C. annuum genotype inoculated to P. capsici isolate was ground in liquid N 2, and then freeze dried. For estimation of the enzymes activity, the extracted enzyme was processed according to Moghaddam et al. (2019) and Monazzah et al. (2018). Leaf tissue from each genotype was homogenized in 0.1 mmol l 1 potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), containing 1 mmol l 1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), PMSF 2 mmol l 1, Triton x- 100 0.1 % and 1 % polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (w / v) at 4 ◦ C. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design and the means were compared using LSD test and SAS 9.1 software (Hashemi et al., 2019). 5.7.1. Evaluation of peroxidase (POX) enzyme activities The peroxidase (POX) mixture activity was determined from tissue extract, 3.9 ml potassium phosphate buffer (100 mmol l 1; pH 6) and 1 ml pyrogallol solution (5 % w / v), and incubated at 20 ◦ C for 10 min. Then, 1 ml of 0.5 % H 2 O 2 was added to the reaction and recorded at 420 nm continuously. The activity of POX was expressed as pyrogallol oxidized min 1 mg 1 protein in l lmol l 1 (Moghaddam et al., 2020; Monazzah et al., 2018). 5.7.2. Evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was analyzed using the method of Monazzah et al. (2018); 3 - ml reaction solution tubes consisted of 40 mmol l 1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 0.1 mmol l 1 EDTA, 2 lmol l 1 riboflavin, 75 lmol l 1 NBT, 13 mmol l 1 methionine and tissue extract, were kept under fluorescent lamp of 30 W for 20 min. The mixture was scored at 560 nm, and recorded in unit mg 1 protein (Ghaebi et al., 2019; Moghaddam et al., 2020; Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020). 5.7.3. Evaluation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities Activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was recorded using the procedure of Raymond et al. (1993). The solution contained 0.1 ml of tissue extract, a buffer of 2.5 ml of 0.2 mol l 1 sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) and 0.2 ml of 20 mmol l 1 pyrogallol. The result was recorded at 430 nm continuously, and was expressed as pyrogallol oxidized min 1 mg 1 protein 1 in lmol l 1 (Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020 a, 2020 b). 5.7.4. Evaluation of catalase (CAT) enzyme activities Activity of Catalase (CAT) was determined as described by Monazzah et al. (2018). The mixture was of 20 ml of protein extract, a buffer (pH 7.0) of 50 mmol l 1 potassium phosphate and 15 mmol l 1 H 2 O 2. The results were scored at 240 nm, and presented as the units of H 2 O 2 breaks down min 1 mg 1 protein in l mol (Monazzah et al., 2018; Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020). 5.7.5. Evaluation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activities Activity of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was evaluated as the procedure defined by Martinez et al. (2016). The mixture consisted of 0.1 ml of tissue extract, 1 ml of the extraction buffer, 0.4 ml of double distilled water (ddH 2 O), and 0.5 ml of 10 mmol l 1 l-phenylalanine, then kept at 37 ◦ C for 60 min, and the reaction was ceased by addition of 0.5 ml of 6 mol l 1 HCl. The produced trans-cinnamic acid was removed by ethyl acetate (5 ml). Solid residue was diffused in 3 ml of NaOH (0.05 mol l 1) after solvent evaporation. The results were recorded at 290 nm for determination of cinnamic acid presence as min 1 mg 1 protein in lmol (Moghaddam et al., 2020; Monazzah et al., 2018; Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020). 5.7.6. Evaluation of β- 1,3 - glucanase enzyme activities To obtain the enzymatic extract of β- 1,3 - glucanase, the pre-weighed infected and non-infected leaves were homogenized in 1.5 ml of 0.05 M (pH 5.5) Na-acetate buffer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 14 000 g for 20 min at 4 ◦ C. To determineβ- 1,3 - glucanase activity, spectrophotometry at 500 nm was used to assess the occurrence of a catalyzed reaction, using laminarin (Sigma L- 9634) as the substrate and the di-nitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Miller, 1959). The β- 1,3 - glucanase enzyme activity was expressed as the amount of glucose as min 1 mg 1 of soluble protein (Moghaddam et al., 2019). 5.7.7. Evaluation of phenolic content activities Total phenolic content measurement was obtained as follows. Stem tissue (0.5 g) was homogenized in 2 ml methanolic HCl and then were transferred to a water bath at 50 ◦ C for 3 h. The mixture was centrifuged at 13 000 g for 20 min. The final supernatant was used to measure total phenolic content. The total phenolic content in sunflower stem was estimated by the Folin – Ciocalteu method (Kaur and Kapoor, 2002). One ml of supernatant was mixed with 250 μl of 25 % Folin – Ciocalteu reagent after 3 min, 1 ml of 400 mmol / l sodium carbonate was added. The mixture was kept for 1 h in the dark, and absorbance was measured at 725 nm. The concentration of total phenolics was calculated from the gallic acid calibration curve. The content of total phenolic compounds was expressed as ug of gallic acid equivalent per g fresh weight (Monazzah et al., 2018).	en	Mohammadbagheri, Leila, Nasr-Esfahani, Mehdi, Abdossi, Vahid, Naderi, Davood (2021): Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici. Phytochemistry (112884) 190: 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884
