taxonID	type	description	language	source
039EDF55FFCC1F60A39EFAE9FA7879BB.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — P. sorediata (Ach.) Mont. in Ramón de la Sagra, Hist. phys., polit. natur. Cuba, Bot. Plant. Cellul. 2: 188 (1842). Thallus foliose, continuous, lobate, loosely to tightly adnate, 1 – 20 cm wide. Lobes irregular to radiating, discrete or contiguous, 0.2 – 2.0 (– 5.0) mm wide, eciliate; apices rounded to truncate. Upper surface white, grey-white to bluish grey, lead-grey or yellow-grey, plane to convex, or concave towards the periphery, ± reticulately ridged, glossy or dull, usually pruinose; soredia, isidia and polysidiangia (= dactyls; Fig. 4 E; for a detailed description of these structures see Swinscow & Krog, 1978: 162 and Kalb, 1987: 17 and Fig. 8) present or absent; pseudocyphellae usually present, of irregular linear form, usually white or pale grey, red in Pyxine coccifera. In distribution they may be laminal or marginal or both. In some cases, e. g. in P. coccifera and P. subcinerea, marginal pseudocyphellae develop into soralia. Upper cortex paraplectenchymatous, formed by vertically orientated hyphae. Medulla uniformly white or upper part pigmented yellow, orange, salmon-pink or scarlet, rarely uniformly pigmented. Lower surface usually brown-black or black, often paler towards the periphery, rarely grey-white or pale brown, rhizinate; rhizines simple or furcate; lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous, formed of horizontally orientated hyphae. Ascomata apothecial, laminal, rounded, sessile or subpedicellate, with a distinct internal stipe that is white, brown or red; disc black, rarely pruinose; thalline exciple prominent or reflexed, either distinct and persistent (physciaeformis - type), or distinct in young apothecia, but becoming excluded, so that the apothecia appear lecideine (cocoës - type), or absent and all apothecia appearing lecideine (obscurascens - type); proper exciple present and persistent, ± blackened. Epihymenium bluish black, K + purple. Hymenium colourless. Hypothecium brown to dark brown. Paraphyses septate, simple or with short branches near the apices; apices generally capitate, brown-black, K + purple. Asci of Biatora - type, clavate, with a well-developed amyloid tholus with a paler subconical axial mass and an ocular chamber, 8 - spored. Ascospores brown, 1 – 3 - septate, thick-walled, ellipsoidal, mischoblastiomorphic [usually Dirinaria - type, rarely Physcia - type (Mayrhofer 1982)], 10 – 23 × 4 – 9 μm. Conidiomata pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidiophores of type VI (sensu Vobis, 1980), pleurogenous. Conidia bacilliform, 3 – 4 × 0.8 – 1.2 μm. Pyxine is a mainly pantropical to subtropical genus, with several species extending into temperate or oceanic regions; currently considered to comprise ca. 70 species, 20 of which occur in Thailand. These lichens grow on bark, wood, mosses or rocks.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCC1F60A39EFAE9FA7879BB.taxon	description	Notes: — The genus most closely related to Pyxine is Dirinaria (Jungbluth & Marcelli 2012). The latter lacks rhizines and the species are fastened to the substrate by hapters. Furthermore, the epihymenium is K- and does not turn purple when K is added. Characteristic substances in Pyxine are atranorin or lichexanthone in the cortex and especially terpenes in the medulla, in Dirinaria however divaricatic or sekikaic acid are found in the medulla together with a few terpenes. Also some species of Physcia may resemble a Pyxine, but these are easily separated by the K- epithecium and a colourless hypothecium. Many Physcia species contain zeorin, but never lichexanthone, testacein or norstictic acid like numerous Pyxine species. In some keys (Zahlbruckner 1926, Aptroot 1988 a [' 1987 ']), the separation of Pyxine from Dirinaria is made on the basis of lecideine versus lecanorine apothecia, although Stirton (1898) previously described both types as well as an intermediate type from Pyxine. For the same reason, this character cannot be used to discriminate Pyxine from Physcia.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCE1F60A39EFBF6FEE97DB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — THAILAND. Trat; In insula Koh Chang prope Lem Dan, ad corticem Arecae catechu, J. Schmidt 10 (lectotype, selected by Rogers 1986: 149. — TUR-VAIN. 8697!). Thallus corticolous, 2 – 6 cm wide, adnate to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous in center, apices discrete, plane to distinctly concave, in older thalli becoming slightly convex in the centre, 0.5 – 1.2 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to whitish grey or greenish grey, not pruinose or seldom with a punctiform pruina at the lobe tips. Polysidiangia and isidia absent. Soralia capitate, laminal with white farinose to minutely granular soredia. Pseudocyphellae distinct, usually restricted to the margins but also a few laminal, becoming subreticulate with age. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia not common, obscurascens - type, 0.7 – 1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 15 – 19 × 5 – 6 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, UV-; medulla K + yellowish, C-, KC-, P + orange to orange-red; containing atranorin (major), testacein (major), terpenes (major or minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCE1F60A39EFBF6FEE97DB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very rare on bark, in a dry evergreen forest. Also in India and Japan. Notes: — This species is characterized by the cortical atranorin and medullary testacein, the presence of laminal soralia, the uniformly white medulla, apothecia of the obscurascens - type with a white internal stipe. Pyxine fallax (Zahlbr.) Kalb and P. copelandii Vain. are very similar, but both are readily separated by the presence of norstictic acid, and the three species contain very different arrays of terpenes.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCE1F60A39EFBF6FEE97DB8.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on the bark of an unidentified tree in dry evergreen forest, 780 m, 14 ° 25 ' N, 101 ° 42 ' E, 9 January 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 12659 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC91F66A39EFA0BFEE97B94.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Sunshine Coast; near Minyama, ca. 100 km N of Brisbane, on trees along the shore, 26 ° 41 ' S, 153 ° 08 ' E, 19 August 1988, K. & A. Kalb s. n.; (holotype: — CANB!; isotype: — hb. Kalb 19767!). Thallus corticolous, rarely saxicolous, 5 – 10 cm wide, adnate to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to convex, but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.5 – 0.8 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface white to greenish grey or yellow-grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, subreticulate. Medulla uniformly pale yellow to lemon yellow. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type (erroneously reported as cocoës - type in the protologue), 0.5 – 1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 16 – 22 × 6 – 7.5 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla K- or K + pale red, C-, KC-, P- or P + orange; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC91F66A39EFA0BFEE97B94.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very rare on bark, (rarely on rocks in Australia), in a mixed deciduous forest. Also in Australia and South America. Notes: — This species is characterized by the cortical lichexanthone, the absence of vegetative propagules, the uniformly yellow medulla and apothecia of the obscurascens - type with a white internal stipe. Pyxine berteriana is very similar, but has somewhat broader lobes (0.5 – 1.5 mm) and a medulla that is only yellow in part. Furthermore the apothecia of P. berteriana are of cocoës - type and the two species contain very different arrays of terpenes (Kalb, 1994).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC91F66A39EFA0BFEE97B94.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on the bark of an unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 1100 m, 14 ° 32 ' N, 101 ° 40 ' E, 8 April 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 13816 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC81F65A39EF984FBCD78A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Circinaria berteriana Fée, Essai cryptog. écorces officin.: 128 (1825). Holotype: — Insula Martinicensi [Martinique], ad corticem Quassiae excelsae (G!) — Pyxine meissneri Tuck. ex Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat.; Bot., sér. 4, 11: 205 (1859). Lectotype (selected by Imshaug 1957: 254): — Cuba, C. Wright, Wright, Lich. ins. Cubae exs. 95 (FH!) = Pyxine cocoës var. meissneri (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Tuck., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 12: 166 (1877). — Pyxine meissneri var. rinodinoides Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A (6): 69. Holotype: — [Lesser Antilles] Insula S. Jan, ad corticem arboris prope Coral-Bay (Caroline), 22 February 1906, Raunkiaer 443 (C, fide Jungbluth 2010). Thallus corticolous, 5 – 9 cm wide, adnate to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to convex, but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.3 – 1.3 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface white to light grey, greenish grey or yellow-grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips (pruina punctiform) or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soredia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, subreticulate. Medulla upper part: (pale) yellow, lower part: white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, cocoës - type, 0.5 – 2.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores 15 – 20 × 6 – 7 μm. Pycnidia rare, immersed in small warts on thallus with an exposed black ostiolum; conidia 4 – 5 × 1 – 1.1 µ m. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla upper part K + distinctly orange to yellow, C-, KC-, P + orange, lower part: all spot tests negative; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC81F65A39EF984FBCD78A2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Pantropical and common in North, Central and South America, Africa, Australia, New Caledonia and the Galapagos Islands. Notes: — This species is characterized by the presence of cortical lichexanthone, the absence of vegetative propagules, the yellow upper medulla (white below) and apothecia of the cocoës- type and a white internal stipe. It is often confused with P. australiensis (Kalb 1994: 61), but that species has narrower lobes, a uniformly yellow medulla and apothecia of the obscurascens - type. Also similar is the Neotropical P. endolutea Kalb (Kalb 1987: 49), but this species is readily separated by the presence of atranorin (UV-). Although this species has not yet been reported for Thailand, we have added a description for convenience. Most of the herbarium material which was labelled P. berteriana was revised to P. cognata which is easily separated by its orange medulla (upper part) and obscurascens - type apothecia.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCB1F64A39EFCC4FDFD7D83.taxon	description	Mycobank MB 800692 Similar to Pyxine fallax (Zahlbr.) Kalb (showing the same terpene profile on TLC plates in solvent A, B' and C), but differing in having polysidiangia. Holotype: — THAILAND. Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Khok Huai Toei, in a lower montane rainforest, on an unidentified tree, 1240 m, 17 ° 19 ' 46 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 26 '' E, 25 August 2008, S. Meesim MS 78 (RAMK 17622). Thallus corticolous, 3 – 5 cm wide, loosely to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to contiguous or imbricate, plane to weakly concave, 0.5 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface pale to lead grey, with a weak punctiform pruina towards the lobe tips or epruinose; true isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae present but not conspicuous, laminal, becoming ± reticulate. Polysidiangia robust, mainly marginal, occasionally laminal, scattered or clustered, nodular to subcylindrical or clavate, short, ± branched, pustulate, bursting apically to release corticate fragments, soredia absent. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, simple or irregularly branched. Apothecia rare (not present in holotype), obscurascens - type, 1 – 2 mm wide, disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, orange in upper part, K + purple, C-, KC-, P + dark purple, white in lower part, K + deep orange, P-, C-, KC-. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K + yellow → red, C-, P + orange; containing atranorin (major), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (submajor), unknown terpenes showing the same profile as P. fallax and P. profallax (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCB1F64A39EFCC4FDFD7D83.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — A rare species, on bark in humid dipterocarp forests, lower montane scrubs and lower montane rainforests at 1240 – 1660 m elevation. So far only known from Thailand. Notes: — Pyxine boonpragobiana is characterized by the marginal polysidiangia, cortical atranorin, the white medulla, the presence of medullary norstictic acid, testacein and a characteristic array of terpenes. It is morphologically similar to P. coralligera and P. subcoralligera, but both differ in containing a different suite of terpenes and lack norstictic acid as a medullary substance. P. profallax and P. fallax show the same terpene profile as P. boonpragobiana, but P. profallax lacks vegetative propagules and P. fallax has elevated, laminal soralia. Morphologically also similar is P. retirugella, but this species differs by a different suite of terpenes.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCB1F64A39EFCC4FDFD7D83.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The new species is named in honour of Associate Prof. Dr. Kansri Boonpragob, head of the Lichen Research Unit at Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, esteemed Thai lichenologist and an ever helpful friend.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFCB1F64A39EFCC4FDFD7D83.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Syzygium claviflora in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 730 m, 18 ° 53 ' 54 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 38 '' E, 1 July 1994, K. Boonpragob 3934 (RAMK 17625). — Chiang Mai; Lumphun, Mae On, descent from Doi Mon Larn to Mae Kam Pong village, on bark in an evergreen mountain forest, 1500 m, 18 ° 51 ' 22 '' N, 99 ° 22 ' 02 '' E, 19 March 2008, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 36912). — Chiang Mai; Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Peak of Doi Suthep-Pui, in an open humid dipterocarp forest, 1660 m, 18 ° 50 ' 03 '' N, 98 ° 53 ' 16 '' E, 17 March 2008, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 36928). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, in front of seven channel television station at Khok Nok Kraba Forest Ranger Station, in a lower montane scrub on an unidentified tree, 1250 m, 17 ° 16 ' 53 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 22 '' E, 25 March 2009, S. Meesim MS 6, (RAMK 17621).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC51F6AA39EFF1CFBDD79E3.taxon	description	Parmelia coccifera Fée, Essai cryptog. écorces officin.: 126 (1825). Holotype: — [without locality] ad corticem Alcornocae (G!). For further synonyms see Kalb (1987). Thallus corticolous, very rarely saxicolous, 2 – 7 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± weakly contiguous, plane to convex, but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.4 – 1.2 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface grey to yellowish grey or dull yellow, pruina punctiform, sparse at the lobe tips or totally absent; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae scarlet, marginal and laminal, subreticulate, often developing into soralia. Soralia marginal and laminal, orbicular to linear, ± becoming excavate, producing bright red and grey granular soredia. Medulla pale yellow to creamy in upper part; lower medulla white; scarlet below the pseudocyphellae. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia very rare, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose or weakly pale grey-pruinose. Internal stipe distinct, pale yellow in the upper part, white below, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores 14 – 18 × 6 – 8 μm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; red-pigmented medulla K + purple, C + purple-brown, KC + violet, P-; containing atranorin, chiodectonic acid, methyl pyxinate, methyl 3 - Omethylpyxinate, 25 - acetoxy- 20,24 - epoxydammerane- 3 - one, 25 - acetoxy- 20,24 - epoxydammerane- 3 β- ol and norstictic acid in the hypothecium only (Elix 2009).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC51F6AA39EFF1CFBDD79E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very common on bark and rock in coniferous, dry dipterocarp, mixed deciduous and shrub forests. Also in Australia, Central and South America and Africa. Notes: — Pyxine coccifera is well characterized by the vivid red-pigmented soralia and pseudocyphellae. Selected material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on the bark of Dipterocarpus obtusifolius in dry dipterocarp forest, 800 m, 27 June 1994, K. Boonpragob et al. 1860 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Khon Substation, on rocks in dry evergreen forest, 700 m, 17 ° 06 ' 43 '' N, 101 ° 37 ' 51 '' E, 21 May 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 148 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on rocks in dry dipterocarp forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 57 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 32 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 320 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Khon Substation, on the bark of Shorea obtusa in dry dipterocarp forest, 700 m, 17 ° 14 ' 32 '' N, 101 ° 18 ' 28 '' E, 10 November 2009, K. Buaruang & S. Meesim MSPL 506, 731 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, trail to Pha Kob, Lon Tae Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in coniferous forest, 1245 m, 17 ° 12 ' 00 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 48 '' E, 12 November 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 604, 607 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, in front of Pra Tum Nak, on rocks in shrub forest, 850 m, 14 ° 26 ' N, 101 ° 42 ' E, 18 June 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 15097 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on the bark of Dipterocarpus obtusifolius in dry dipterocarp forest, 700 m, 14 ° 18 ' N, 101 ° 37 ' E, 20 February 2000, P. Mongkolsuk 17356 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC41F69A39EFB9BFEE97BB3.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Lichen cocoës Sw., Nova gen. spec. plant.: 146 (1788); — Coccocarpia pellita var. cocoës (Sw.) Zahlbr., Cat. lich. univ. 3: 286 (1925). Holotype: — Jamaica, on Cocos, Swartz (S!; isotype: — H-ACH 379!). Thallus usually corticolous, rarely also saxicolous, 1 – 3 (– 10) cm wide, adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to slightly convex or concave, 0.4 – 0.8 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to yellowish white, pale yellow-brown or grey, patchily pruinose; pruina glistening; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae usually restricted to the margins, rarely laminal or becoming reticulately confluent, developing into soralia with age. Soralia marginal and laminal, orbicular to linear, ± coalescing into extensive patches; soredia granular. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the periphery; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia rare, cocoës - type, 0.4 – 1.4 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, reddish brown in the upper part and K + purple, P-; lower part white, K-, P-. Ascospores 15 – 18 × 6 – 7 μm. Conidia bacilliform, 3 – 4 × ca. 1 μm. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing lichexanthone (major), ± unknown terpenes (traces).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC41F69A39EFB9BFEE97BB3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — This very common, mainly pantropical lichen grows on rock, wood and bark in dry dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forests. Notes: — Pyxine cocoës is characterized by the cortical lichexanthone, marginal pseudocyphellae developing into coalescing soralia with rather coarsely granular soredia, the white medulla and apothecia of the cocoës - type with an internal stipe that is reddish brown (K + purple) in the upper part and the patchy pruina covering large parts of the lobe tips. Selected material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Mae Rim, along a big pond called ' Huay Tueng tao Reservoir', ca. 6 km NNW of Chiang Mai, on bark in a dry dipterocarp forest, 360 m, 18 ° 52 ' 11 '' N, 98 ° 56 ' 28 '' E, 16 March 2008, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 37099). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on rocks in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 49 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 29 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 308, 309 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the trunk of Bambusa bambos in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 07 ' 13 '' N, 101 ° 34 ' 30 '' E, 29 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang 427 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, Khao Noi, on the bark of Wrightia lecomtei in dry dipterocarp forest, 300 m, 14 ° 10 ' N, 101 ° 30 ' E, 2 April 1998, P. Mongkolsuk 12917 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, the trail “ Kang Kao ” cave Khao Lookchang site, on the bark of Pterospermum aceritolium in mixed deciduous forest, 1100 m, 14 ° 32 ' N, 101 ° 40 ' E, 6 April 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 13781 (RAMK). — Chonburi; Panutnikom district, Tung Kwang, on the trunk of Phyllanthus acidus in plantation, 50 m, 13 April 2001, P. Mongkolsuk 30000 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC71F69A39EFDCBFBAA7DDE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — INDIA. Nilgherries [Nilgiri]; A. Watt s. n. (BM!). — Pyxine berteriana var. himalaica D. D. Awasthi, Phytomorphology 30: 366 (1982). Holotype: — INDIA. Almora district; Uttar Pradesh, on way to Kasardevi, ca. 1930 m, on bark, 12 June 1956, D. D. Awasthi 3476 (LWG!). Thallus corticolous, 2 – 6 cm wide, adnate to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to slightly concave, in older thalli becoming slightly convex in the centre, 0.3 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to whitish grey or grey-brown, pruinose in extended patches near the apices, the pruina ± glistening; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae not prominent, usually retricted to the margins, rarely laminal or becoming subreticulate, often obscured by spreading pruina. Medulla orange in upper part; lower medulla white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.3 – 1.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, upper part orange-red, K + pale red, P-, C-, KC-, lower part much paler or white, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores (13 –) 16 – 20 × 6 – 7 μm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC71F69A39EFDCBFBAA7DDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Uncommon on bark in dry dipterocarp, dry evergreen and mixed deciduous forests. Also in Australia, China, India, Java and South America; not yet known from Africa. Notes: — Pyxine cognata is characterized by the cortical lichexanthone, the absence of vegetative propagules, the partly orange medulla and apothecia of the obscuracens - type with an orange-red, K + pale red internal stipe. Pyxine berteriana is similar, but it has broader, sparsely pruinose lobes and a medulla that is partly yellow. The two species contain very different arrays of terpenes (Kalb, 1987, pl. 11).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC71F69A39EFDCBFBAA7DDE.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Melia azedarach, hill evergreen forest, 1170 m, 30 June 1994, K. Boonpragob 2278 (RAMK). — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Stereospermum neuranthum, dry dipterocarp forest, 730 m, 18 ° 53 ' 54 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 38 '' E, 30 June 1994, K. Boonpragob 3582 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Pak Dang Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in dry evergreen forest, 750 m, 17 ° 10 ' 42 '' N, 101 ° 21 ' 48 '' E, 22 May 2009, S. Meesim 259 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of Tamarindus indica in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 07 ' 13 '' N, 101 ° 34 ' 30 '' E, 29 July 2009, S. Meesim 338 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 49 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 29 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim 344 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of Saraca indica in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 49 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 29 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim 347, 348 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on the bark of Roystonea regia in secondary forest, 385 m, 14 ° 33 ' N, 101 ° 40 ' E, 15 January 2000, N. Homchantara 16269 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC61F6FA39EFF1CFA9A7B18.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso; Serra da Chapada, near São Jeronymo, ad rupes apricas, 3 June 1894, G. O. A. Malme [Exped. Prim. Regnell. Lichens 2749 c]; lectotype selected by Swinscow & Krog 1975 a: 53. (S!). For synonymy see Kalb (1987). — Pyxine palniensis D. D. Awasthi, Phytomorphology 30 (4): 374 (1982). Holotype: INDIA. Tamil Nadu; Palni hills, Perumalmalai area near Perumal peak, on rock, 2000 m, 17 December 1970, D. D. Awasthi 70.1092 (LWU!). Thallus corticolous and saxicolous, 3 – 10 cm wide, loosely adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± imbricate, plane to slightly convex, 0.5 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface pale to dark grey, weakly pruinose towards the lobe tips or epruinose; true isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae laminal, irregular to linear or becoming ± reticulate subapically. Polysidiangia mainly laminal, occasionally marginal, scattered or clustered, nodular to subcylindrical or clavate, short, ± branched, pustulate, bursting apically to release corticate fragments but no soredia. Medulla (upper part) creamy yellow to yellow-orange or yellow-brown, lower part white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, simple or irregularly branched. Apothecia rare, obscurascens type, 0.5 – 1.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, pale yellow to yellow-orange or yellow-brown, K + greenish, P + dirty orange-brown. Ascospores 16 – 20 × 5 – 7 μm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla upper part: K-, C-, P + orange, lower part: all spot tests negative; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), testacein (major), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC61F6FA39EFF1CFA9A7B18.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — A pantropical species, very common on bark and rocks, in tropical rainforests, dry dipterocarp forests and lower montane scrubs. Also in Australia, Africa, Asia, South America, Cuba and Papua New Guinea. Notes: — P. coralligera is characterized by the polysidiangia, cortical atranorin, the pale yellow to yelloworange or yellow-brown medulla, obscurascens - type apothecia, an internal stipe that is concolorous with the medulla, and by the presence of medullary testacein and a characteristic array of terpenes. It is morphologically similar to P. retirugella, but the latter differs in containing additional norstictic acid and a different suite of terpenes. P. daedalea is morphologically similar and shows the same array of terpenes on TLC plates. But it is easily distinguished by the presence of laminal soralia. Co-chromatography of this species on TLC plates in solvents A, B' and C together with the morphologically identical P. palniensis shows that the two species have an identical array of terpenes. The only difference is a very low concentration of testacein in the latter so that no P-reaction could be observed.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC61F6FA39EFF1CFA9A7B18.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on the bark of Castanopsis costata in dry dipterocarp forest forest, 630 m, 18 ° 50 ' N, 98 ° 46 ' E, 26 January 1994, K. Boonpragob et al. 719, 731 (RAMK). — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on the bark of Syzygium claviflora, dry dipterocarp forest, 750 m, 1 July 1994, K. Boonpragob 2670, 2671, 2689 (RAMK). — Chiang Mai; medicinal garden, on bark in a ± open Cinchona plantation near Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, 1085 m, 18 ° 48 ' 22 '' N, 98 ° 54 ' 53 '' E, 17 March 2008, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 36780, 36788). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, a way from in front of Head Quarter of Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary 700 m, on the bark of an unidentified tree in tropical rainforest, 700 m, 17 ° 20 ' 18 '' N, 101 ° 30 ' 32 '' E, 20 May 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 080 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, a way from in front of Head Quarter of Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary 500 m, on the rocks in dry dipterocarp forest, 700 m, 17 ° 14 ' 33 '' N, 101 ° 18 ' 26 '' E, 21 May 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 119 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Helicopter Apron, on the rocks in lower montane scrub, 1487 m, 17 ° 16 ' 23 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 08 '' E, 25 Much 2009, S. Meesim 86 (RAMK). — Loei; Nahaew National Park, on the rocks in hill evergreen forest, 1260 m, 12 July 1995, P. Mongkolsuk et al. 4218 (RAMK). — Loei; Nahaew National Park, on the rocks in dry dipterocarp forest, 900 m, 5 November 1995, P. Mongkolsuk et al. 6616, 6618 (RAMK). — Loei; Nahaew National Park, on rocks in dry dipterocarp forest, 670 m, 6 November 1995, P. Mongkolsuk et al. 6767 (RAMK) — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, Former Golf Course, on the bark of an unidentified tree in shrub forest, 750 m, 14 ° 25 ' N, 101 ° 23 ' E, 5 December 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 15842 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, Former Golf Course, on the bark of an unidentified tree in tropical rainforest, 750 m, 14 ° 25 ' N, 101 ° 23 ' E, 5 December 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 15990 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, the trail kilometer no. 33 “ Nong Pakchee ”, on the bark of an unidentified tree in tropical rainforest, 800 m, 14 ° 20 ' N, 101 ° 39 ' E, 23 May 2000, P. Mongkolsuk et al. 15996, 16028, 19511 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC11F6FA39EFE18FA7A7EAF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe District; about 3 km W of Lae, coconut tree plantation, H. Kashiwadani 12382 (TNS!). Thallus 2 – 5 cm wide, adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± imbricate, plane to slightly convex, 0.3 – 0.6 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to yellowish white or yellowish grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular or very rarely becoming reticulate. Isidia often along the margins, but also laminal, cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, 0.3 – 0.8 mm tall, ca. 0.1 mm wide. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV –; medulla K + yellow → red, C-, P + orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (minor), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC11F6FA39EFE18FA7A7EAF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Rare on bark in dry dipterocarp forest. Also in Australia, South and East Asia and Papua New Guinea. Notes: — This lichen is characterized by the cylindrical isidia, the white medulla and the presence of atranorin, norstictic acid and testacein. Pyxine keralensis Awasthi is morphologically similar, but it has a yellow-orange medulla and it lacks norstictic acid and testacein.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC11F6FA39EFE18FA7A7EAF.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Syzygium claviflora in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 870 m, 18 ° 54 ' 33 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 17 '' E, 18 March 2008, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 36807, 36815, 36836) — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Holgarna kurzii in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 730 m, 18 ° 53 ' 54 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 38 '' E, 17 January 1995, K. Boonpragob 3934 (RAMK 17630).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC11F6EA39EFACAFBB37860.taxon	description	Mycobank MB 800693 Similar to Pyxine schmidtii Vain. (showing the same array of terpenes on TLC plates in solvent A, B' and C), but differing by having polysidiangia. Holotype: — THAILAND. Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Khok Prommachan, Kok Nok Kraba Forest Ranger Station, in a lower montane scrub on an unidentified tree, 1487 m, 17 ° 16 ' 53 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 22 '' E, 25 March 2009, S. Meesim 46 (RAMK 17626). Thallus corticolous, 4 – 10 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, discrete or rarely contiguous and imbricate, plane to distinctly convex but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.7 – 1.2 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface grey to whitish grey, epruinose, or very faintly pruinose towards the lobe tips; isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae sparse, marginal and laminal, irregular to linear or becoming finely reticulate. Polysidiangia mainly laminal, occasionally marginal, scattered or clustered, nodular to subcylindrical or clavate, short, ± branched, pustulate, bursting apically to release corticate fragments; simulating elevated soralia when abraded. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 1.8 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 16 – 20 × 6 – 8 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, P + orange-red; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), testacein (major), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC11F6EA39EFACAFBB37860.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very rare on bark in a lower montane scrub. Notes: — This species is characterized by the adnate to loosely adnate thalli, the presence of polysidiangia, a white medulla, cortical atranorin, medullary testacein and obscurascens - type apothecia. P. coralligera, P. maculata Swinscow & Krog (Swinscow & Krog 1975 a: 58), P. subcoralligera (see below) and P. boonpragobiana are morphologically similar as all produce polysidiangia as vegetative propagules. While the first three species are distinguished by a coloured medulla, the latter is easily separated by the presence of norstictic acid. P. dactyloschmidtii shows the same array of terpenes as P. schmidtii and P. asiatica, but the former species lacks vegetative propagules while the latter has soralia.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC11F6EA39EFACAFBB37860.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Known only from the type collection.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC01F6EA39EFD05FEB87D94.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. Cartago Province: 13 km SE of Cartago, 2.5 km SE of Orosi near the bridge over Rio Grande de Orosi, on a large boulder in a field, ca. 1150 m; 9 ° 47 ' N, 83 ° 50 ' W, 10 January 1979, H. Krog & R. Santesson 29074 (holotype O; isotype hb. Kalb!). Thallus usually corticolous, seldom saxicolous, 2 – 6 (– 10) cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to slightly concave at the tips, but usually convex from the tips to the centre, 0.4 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface lead-grey to dark grey or grey-brown in older parts, not pruinose or seldom with a punctiform pruina near the apices. Soralia present, laminal, hemispherical with coarsely granular, grey soredia. Pseudocyphellae marginal and laminal, rare on convex thallus parts, but distinct on plane parts, becoming reticulate. Medulla beige, cream or pale orange in upper part; lower medulla white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.3 – 0.6 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct; upper part pale cream or white, K-, P-, C-, KC-; lower part much paler or white, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores 10 – 15 × 6 – 7 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, UV-; medulla upper part: K + reddish to orange, P + orange, C-, KC-, lower part: K-, P-, C-, KC-; containing atranorin (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC01F6EA39EFD05FEB87D94.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Rare on bark in coniferous, dry dipterocarp, hill evergreen forests and lower montane scrubs. Also in Africa and South America. Notes: — Pyxine daedalea is characterized by the cortical atranorin, the presence of laminal soralia, the beige, cream or pale orange medulla and apothecia of the obscuracens - type with a whitish, K- internal stipe. Pyxine obscurascens is similar, but it has a medulla that is distinctly orange. P. coralligera exhibits the same array of terpenes as P. daedalea, but is readily distinguished in having polysidiangia rather than soralia (Kalb 1987: 48).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC01F6EA39EFD05FEB87D94.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Catanopsis diversitoria in dry dipterocarp forest, 530 m, 18 ° 53 ' N, 98 ° 51 ' E, 24 January 1994, K. Boonpragob et al. 1026 (RAMK). — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Quercus mespilifolioides in dry dipterocarp forest, 5 30 m, 1 8 ° 5 3 ' N, 9 8 ° 5 1 ' E, 3 F e bru a ry 1 99 4, K. B oo np r ag ob e t a l. 1 39 8, 1 400, 1 404, 1 409 (RAMK). — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Adina cordifolia in hill evergreen forest, 1430 m, 8 November 1994, K. Boonpragob et al. 3532 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Lon Tae Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of Pinus kesiya in coniferous forest, 1343 m, 17 ° 12 ' 00 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 48 '' E, 12 November 2009, MSPL 606, 610 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on the bark of Sycopsis macrophylla in lower montane scrub, 750 m, 14 ° 25 ' N, 101 ° 36 ' E, 18 January 1999, K. Boonpragob 15187 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC31F6DA39EFF1CFBB379F7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — MICRONESIA. Caroline Islands; Yap Island, 6 August 1939, F. Fujikawa 52 (TNS!). For further synonymy see Elix (2009). Thallus 2 – 5 cm wide, adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to imbricate, plane to slightly convex, 0.3 – 1.2 mm wide, subtruncate at the apices. Upper surface white to yellowish white or yellowish grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae ± distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular or becoming reticulate. Soralia laminal or occasionally apical, distinctly elevated, orbicular, subglobose; soredia farinose, white to yellow-white. Medulla upper part orange to orange-red, lower part white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia rare, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 2.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 13 – 17 × 6 – 8 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), unknown terpenes (minor), unknown pigment (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC31F6DA39EFF1CFBB379F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Corticolous (especially on palm trees) in coastal forests up to 300 m in South and East Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Polynesia and Micronesia. Notes: — This species is characterized by the white to yellowish white or yellowish grey upper surface with laminal, elevated, orbicular soralia, the orange to orange-red upper part of the medulla, a colourless stipe and the presence of atranorin and terpenes. Pyxine fallax is similar, but it has a uniformly white medulla, and it contains norstictic acid and testacein. For differences from P. daedalea see key.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC31F6CA39EFC76FAF679E3.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — INDIA. West-Bengalia, 1867, Kurz 164. Lectotype (designated by Swinscow & Krog 1975 a: 59): (H-NYL. 31775!). Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, 2 – 7 cm wide, adnate to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to slightly concave, in older thalli becoming slightly convex in the centre, 0.5 – 1.3 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface pale grey, grey or grey-brown, pruinose in extensive patches near the apices, the pruina ± glistening; marginal soredia present. Pseudocyphellae not prominent, restricted to the margins, developing into soralia, sometimes very slow so that the thallus remains without vegetative propagules for a long time. Medulla uniformly creamy to sulfur yellow. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia not common, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 1.3 mm wide; disc epruinose, but margin sometimes white pruinose. Internal stipe distinct; upper part brown, K + wine red, P-; lower part white, K-, P-. Ascospores 16 – 22 × 6 – 7 µm. Pycnidia ± common, immersed in small warts on thallus with an exposed black ostiole. Conidia 3 – 5 × 1 – 1.2 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, UV-; medulla K + slightly violet in patches, C-, KC + violet, P + orange; containing atranorin (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC31F6CA39EFC76FAF679E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very common on bark and rock in dry dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forests. Also in India, Nepal and Africa. Notes: — Pyxine meissnerina is characterized by the cortical atranorin, the patchy pruina on the lobe tips, the marginal pseudocyphellae developing into soralia, the creamy to sulfur yellow medulla and apothecia of the obscuracens - type with a brown, K + wine red internal stipe. Pyxine subcinerea is very similar, but it has a UV + orange thallus containing lichexanthone and the two species contain very different arrays of terpenes. Pyxine endolutea Kalb is also similar. That species contains atranorin and has a sulfur yellow medulla, but it lacks soralia. In some cases the production of soralia starts very late so that many younger specimens lack vegetative propagules. Consequently in the key, we have included this species as being both sorediate and nonsorediate. Selected material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on the bark of Stereospermum neuranthum in dry dipterocarp forest, 730 m, 18 ° 49 ' N, 98 ° 59 ' E, 9 November 1994, K. Boonpragob et al. 3548, 3567, 3568 (RAMK). — Chiang Mai; Mae Rim, along a big pond called ' Huay Tueng tao Reservoir', ca. 6 km NNW of Chiang Mai, on bark in a dry dipterocarp forest, 360 m, 18 ° 52 ' 11 '' N, 98 ° 56 ' 28 '' E, 16 March 2008, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 37048). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Luang Wildlife Research Station, on rock in a lower montane rainforest, 923 m, 17 ° 20 ' 35 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 26 '' E, 26 March 2009, S. Meesim 199 (RAMK 17631). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on rocks in dry evergreen forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 49 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 26 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 315, 316 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the trunk of Bombax ceiba in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 07 ' 09 '' N, 101 ° 38 ' 39 '' E, 29 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 280 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 07 ' 06 '' N, 101 ° 38 ' 39 '' E, 29 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 425 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of Terminalia glaucifolia in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 07 ' 09 '' N, 101 ° 38 ' 39 '' E, 29 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 432, 433, 434 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in dry dipterocarp forest, 569 m, 17 ° 06 ' 43 '' N, 101 ° 37 ' 51 '' E, 30 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 449, 457 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, Khao Lookchang, on the bark of Delonix regia in dry dipterocarp forest, 1100 m, 14 ° 32 ' N, 101 ° 40 ' E, 20 August 1997, K. Boonpragob et al. 8243 (RAMK). — Saraburi; Khao Yai National Park, Muak Lek, on the bark of an unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 300 m, 14 ° 34 ' N, 101 ° 12 ' E, 17 January 2000, P. Mongkolsuk 16405.2 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC21F6CA39EFB9BFBF57D84.taxon	description	Lectotype (designated here): — ISLAND OF RODRIGUEZ, 9 December 1874, I. B. Balfour 2391 (Transit of Venus Expedition) (BM!, isolectotypes H-NYL 31754! and H-NYL 2336, insertum post mortem). — Pyxine subvelata Stirt., Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst. 30: 396 (1898). Holotype: — AUSTRALIA. Queensland; Jimbour, June 1895, F. M. Bailey s. n. (BM!). For further synonymy see Kalb (1987). Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, 2 – 6 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating or irregular, contiguous to imbricate, plane to concave, rarely convex, 0.7 – 1.2 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to pale grey, greenish grey or yellowish grey, pruinose in patches or seldom only punctiform, matt or glossy; polysidiangia, soralia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae ± distinct, marginal and laminal, usually restricted to the peripheral parts of the lobes, rarely becoming reticulate. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines dense, short, simple or ± furcate. Apothecia cocoës - type, 0.5 – 1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct; upper part rose to orangered, K + purple, P-; lower part white, K-, P-. Ascospores 14 – 20 × 5 – 9 µm. Conidia bacilliform, 3 – 4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC21F6CA39EFB9BFBF57D84.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Occurs on rock and bark in dry dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forests. Also in Australia, Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific (Hawaiian Islands and Micronesia). Notes: — Pyxine petricola is characterized by the adnate to loosely adnate thallus, the absence of soredia, isidia and polysidiangia, the white medulla, cortical lichexanthone and cocoës - type apothecia with an internal stipe that is reddish in the upper part.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFC21F6CA39EFB9BFBF57D84.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of Sandoricum koetjape in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 07 ' 13 '' N, 101 ° 34 ' 30 '' E, 29 July 2009, MSPL 375 (RAMK). — Sakonnakon; Ratchapat Sakonnakon, on the trunk of Mangifera indica in dry dipterocarp forest, 300 m, 19 March 1998, W. Khumtim 11889 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDD1F73A39EFF1CFEE97EF0.taxon	description	Lectotype (selected by Kashiwadani 1977: 163): — PHILIPPINES. Luzon; Benguet, ad corticem arborum frondosarum, May 1911, E. D. Merrill 7934 (TUR-VAIN 8707!). — Pyxine glaucescens Vain. The Philipp. Journ. Sci., C, 8: 109 (1913). Holotype: PHILIPPINES. Comiran Island, Sulu Sea, ad corticem arboris frondosae, September 1910, E. D. Merrill s. n. (TUR-VAIN 8705!). Thallus corticolous, 2 – 5 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating or irregular, contiguous to imbricate, plane to partly convex, 0.5 – 1.4 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface whitish to pale greenish grey or yellow-grey, faintly pruinose towards the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae marginal and laminal, irregular, linear or becoming reticulate. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 1 – 3 mm wide; disc black, not pruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white to pale brown, K-, P-. Ascospores 15 – 23 × 6 – 8 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K + yellow → red, C-, P + orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (minor), unknown terpenes showing the same array as P. retirugella Nyl. (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDD1F73A39EFF1CFEE97EF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very rare on bark in a mixed deciduous forest. Also in Australia, Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific (Hawaiian Islands and Micronesia). Notes: — Pyxine philippina is characterized by the adnate thallus, the absence of soredia, isidia and polysidiangia, the uniformly white medulla, cortical atranorin and obscurascens - type apothecia with an internal stipe that is brownish in the upper part. P. schmidtii Vain., which also produces testacein, is morphologically very similar in lacking any vegetative propagules, but can easily be distinguished by the absence of norstictic acid in the medulla. P. profallax is morphologically also very similar, but this species differs by a different suite of terpenes.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDD1F73A39EFF1CFEE97EF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Pitsanulok; Phu Hin Rongkla National Park, air raid shelter point, on the bark of unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 560 m, 18 September 2006, S. Meesim 21506 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDD1F72A39EFB75FAAC7B72.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central District; around Woitape, ca. 1600 m, 19 October 1975, Kurokawa 9309 (TNS!). Thallus corticolous, 3 – 5 cm wide, adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± imbricate, plane to slightly concave, 0.8 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface whitish to grey or brownish grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular, becoming reticulate on the upper surface. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 1.0 mm wide; disc black, not pruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 16 – 22 × 6 – 8 μm. Pycnidia laminal, immersed to slightly sessile, black; conidia bacilliform, 3 – 4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K + yellow → red, C-, P + orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (submajor), unknown terpenes showing the same array as P. fallax (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDD1F72A39EFB75FAAC7B72.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — A very rare species, corticolous in a lower montane scrub. Also in Papua New Guinea (holotype). Notes: — Pyxine profallax is characterized by the adnate thallus, the absence of soredia, isidia and polysidiangia, the uniformly white medulla with norstictic acid, cortical atranorin, and obscurascens - type apothecia. P. philippina and P. schmidtii are very similar as both lack vegetative propagules and contain additional testacein, but the latter lacks norstictic acid and the former contains a different array of terpenes.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDD1F72A39EFB75FAAC7B72.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Lan Suriyan, on bark in a lower montane scrub, 1473 m, 17 ° 16 ' 44 '' N, 31 ° 07 ' 02 '' E, 25 June 2008, S. Meesim 29 (RAMK 17620).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDC1F72A39EFEF4FA967F87.taxon	description	Mycobank MB 800694 Similar to Pyxine keralensis Awasthi, but differing in having a white medulla (pale yellow to yellow-orange in P. keralensis). Holotype: — THAILAND. Sukhothai; Ramkhamhaeng National Park, in a dry evergreen forest, on Tetrameles nudiflora, 553 m, 16 ° 53 ' 00 '' N, 99 ° 43 ' 00 '' E, 23 October 1997, N. Homchantara 9575 (RAMK 17617). Thallus corticolous and saxicolous, 2 – 8 cm wide, firmely adnate to adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± imbricate, plane to slightly convex, 0.3 – 0.7 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface pale yellowish white to yellowish grey or pale grey, epruinose; polysidiangia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular and linear, seldom becoming reticulate. Isidia starting marginally, then spreading to the surface, cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, ± clustered, 0.2 – 0.5 mm tall, 0.05 – 0.1 mm thick. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface brown-black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, short, simple or furcate. Apothecia obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 1.1 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, orange, K + wine red, P-. Ascospores 12 – 18 × 6 – 7 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P + orange; containing atranorin (major), chloroatranorin (minor), testacein (major), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDC1F72A39EFEF4FA967F87.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Very rare on bark of Tetrameles nudiflora and rocks in a dry evergreen forest. Notes: — Pyxine pseudokeralensis is characterized by the cylindrical isidia, the white medulla and the presence of atranorin, testacein and terpenes. P. cylindrica, P. keralensis and P. lyei Swinscow & Krog (1975 a: 57), the only other isidiate species on a world level, are morphologically similar, particularly P. keralensis. P. lyei is easily separated by the presence of lichexanthone (thallus UV + yellow), while P. keralensis has a pale yellow to yellow-orange medulla. P. cylindrica is distinguished by the presence of medullary norstictic acid. Furthermore, all four species display different arrays of terpenes on TLC.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDC1F72A39EFEF4FA967F87.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on rock in a dry evergreen forest, 760 m, 14 ° 26 ' N, 101 ° 25 ' E, 23 April 2000, K. Buaruang & W. Polyiam 18686 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDC1F71A39EF9A6FB9E793E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — NOUKAHIVA. [Marquesas Islands, Nuku Hiva] ad cortices, D. E. S. A. Jardin s. n.; (H-NYL 31789!) — Pyxine consocians Vain., The Philipp. Journ. Sci., C, 8: 109 (1913). Holotype: — PHILIPPINES, Comiran Island, Sulu Sea, ad corticem arboris frondosae, September 1910, E. D. Merrill 7167 p. p. (TUR-VAIN. 8706!). Thallus 2 – 5 cm wide, adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes irregular, discrete to contiguous or imbricate, plane to weakly convex but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.3 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface whitish to pale greenish grey or yellow-grey, pruinose towards the lobe tips or epruinose; isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae marginal and laminal, irregular, linear or becoming reticulate. Polysidiangia laminal and marginal, scattered or clustered, nodular to subcylindrical, short, ± branched, pustulate, bursting apically to produce granular soredia. Medulla uniformly white or cream. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia rare, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 2.5 mm wide; disc grey-pruinose when immature. Internal stipe distinct, white to pale brown, K-, P-. Ascospores 17 – 22 × 6 – 9 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K + yellow → red, C-, P + orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (minor), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDC1F71A39EF9A6FB9E793E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Occurs on bark, rarely on rocks, in hill evergreen, mangrove and mixed deciduous forests. Also in Africa, Australia, Asia, Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) and several Pacific islands. Notes: — This lichen is characterized by the adnate thalli, polysidiangia, white or cream medulla, cortical atranorin and obscurascens - type apothecia with a white to pale brown internal stipe. Pyxine physciaeformis is morphologically similar, but it contains cortical lichexanthone and has physciaeformis - type apothecia. P. boonpragobiana is morphologically also very similar, but differs by a different suite of terpenes.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDC1F71A39EF9A6FB9E793E.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Sunku, on twig of an unidentified tree in hill evergreen forest, 1400 m, 18 ° 48 ' N, 98 ° 58 ' E, 19 January 1999, P. Mongkolsuk 014376 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17 ° 06 ' 41 '' N, 101 ° 38 ' 36 '' E, 29 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 403 (RAMK). — Trat; Muang district, near Ban Nam Chieo, on Rhizophora apiculata in a ± disturbed mangrove forest, 3 m, 12 ° 10 ' 25 '' N, 102 ° 28 ' 37 '' E, 25 February 2011, K. Kalb (hb. Kalb 38858).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDF1F71A39EFC48FDD27DE4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — THAILAND. Trat; In insula Koh Chang prope Lem Dan, ad truncos arborum in silva, 1900, J. Schmidt 25 (TUR-VAIN. 8695!) — Pyxine papuana Kashiw., Bull. Natl Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B, 3 (2): 68 (1977). Holotype: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe District; Mt. Kaindi, Wau, 1300 m, H. Kashiwadani 10658 (TNS!). Thallus 4 – 10 cm wide, adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, discrete or rarely contiguous and imbricate, plane to convex but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.5 – 1.2 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface white to whitish grey, pruinose, especially towards the lobe tips; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae marginal and laminal, irregular to linear or becoming reticulate. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 2.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white to brown, K-, P-. Ascospores 16 – 20 × 6 – 8 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, P + orange-red; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), testacein (major), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDF1F71A39EFC48FDD27DE4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Rare on bark in dry evergreen, lower montane rainforest, lower montane scrub and mixed deciduous forests. Also in SE Asia, Australia and Papua New Guinea. Notes: — This species is characterized by the adnate thalli, the absence of polysidiangia, soredia, isidia and norstictic acid and the presence of cortical atranorin, medullary testacein and obscurascens - type apothecia.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDF1F71A39EFC48FDD27DE4.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Huai Nam San, on the bark of an unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 787 m, 17 ° 20 ' 36 '' N, 101 ° 30 ' 17 '' E, 11 November 2008, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MS 0142 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Khok Prommachan, on rocks in lower montane scrub, 1487 m, 17 ° 16 ' 53 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 22 '' E, 26 June 2008, S. Meesim MS 41 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Khok Huai Toei, on rocks in lower montane rainforest, 1240 m, 17 ° 19 ' 46 '' N, 101 ° 31 ' 26 '' E, 27 June 2008, S. Meesim 57, 58 (RAMK). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, on the bark of an unidentified tree in dry evergreen forest, 850 m, 14 ° 30 ' N, 101 ° 37 ' E, 24 May 2000, W. Polyiam 19575 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDE1F70A39EFF1CFDBF7FD2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Lecidea sorediata Ach., Syn. meth. lich.: 54 (1814). Lectotype (selected by Kalb 1987: 74 [as holotype]): — in America septentrionale, Müh / eⁿberg ; (H-ACH 378!, isolectotypes: S!, UPS!). — Physcia glaucovirescens Nyl., Syn. meth. lich. 1 (2): 419 (1860) = Pyxine glaucovirescens (Nyl.) Aptroot, Crypt., Bryol. Lichenol. 9: 146 (1988). Lectotype (selected by Aptroot 1988 b: 146): — AUSTRALIA. Queensland; Morton [Moreton] Bay, Verreaux 1846; (PC n. v., fide A. Aptroot, loc. cit.; isolectotype: — (H). For further synonymy see Kalb (1987). Thallus corticolous as well as saxicolous, 3 – 8 (– 20) cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating, contiguous to imbricate, plane to slightly concave, 0.6 – 1.3 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface yellowish grey to brownish grey, lead-grey or blue-grey, distinctly pruinose; pruina punctiform towards lobe apices; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae very distinct at the margins, often grey-pruinose and becoming reticulate. Soralia initially marginal, developing from fissures, then laminal and orbicular, occasionally becoming corticate and developing into pseudoisidia; soredia granular, dirty white or grey. Medulla lemon-yellow above; lower part yellow-brown or yellow-orange. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, black to blue-black, furcate. Apothecia rare, obscurascens - type, 0.5 – 1.4 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct; upper part dark orange, K + red, P-, C-, KC-; lower part whitish, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores 14 – 19 × 6 – 8 µm. Pycnidia rare, laminal immersed in small warts in thallus; conidiospores bacilliform, 3 – 4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow or K-, C-, KC-, P + pale yellow or P-, UV –; medulla K-, C-, P-; containing atranorin (minor, or usually trace), chloroatranorin (trace), unknown terpenes (major), unknown pigment (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDE1F70A39EFF1CFDBF7FD2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — A rare species on rocks and bark in coniferous and dry dipterocarp forests. Also in Europe, North, Central and South America, Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific islands. Notes: — This species is characterized by the coarse, dirty white to grey, granular soredia, the absence of isidia and polysidiangia, the yellow to yellow-orange medulla, the prominent marginal pseudocyphellae and the presence of cortical atranorin. Pyxine endochrysina Nyl. is superficially similar, but it is esorediate and has nodular to squamulose or lobulate, marginal isidia.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDE1F70A39EFF1CFDBF7FD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on the trunk of Syzygium claviflora in dry dipterocarp forest, 750 m, 18 ° 53 ' 54 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 38 '' E, 1 July 1994, K. Boonpragob et al. 2667 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Lon Tae Forest Ranger Station, Pha Kop, on the bark of an unidentified tree in coniferous forest, 1343 m, 17 ° 11 ' 13 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 58 '' E, 12 November 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang 599 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDE1F77A39EFA46FB5A793E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — AUSTRALIA. Queensland; [locality unknown], F. M. Bailey 22; (BM!). For further synonymy see Kalb (1987). Thallus 3 – 8 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, contiguous to imbricate, plane but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.3 – 0.7 (– 1.0) mm wide, subrotund to subtruncate at the apices. Upper surface yellowish grey to grey to brownish grey or olive-grey, pruinose; pruina densely punctiform towards the lobe tips or forming larger plates within the thallus, often glistening; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct at the margins, often spreading laminally, rarely reticulate. Soralia marginal or submarginal and linear, then laminal and punctiform, often coalescing; soredia farinose. Medulla lemon yellow to yellow above, very thin below, white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.3 – 1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe indistinct; upper part red-brown, K + purple, P-; lower part white, K-, P-. Ascospores 13 – 20 × 6 – 8 µm. Pycnidia rare, laminal immersed in small warts in thallus; conidiospores bacilliform, 3 – 4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla upper part K-, C-, KC-, P + orange, lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDE1F77A39EFA46FB5A793E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Occurs on rock, wood and bark in dry dipterocarp, lower montane and mixed deciduous forests. This mainly pantropical species often extends into subtropical and temperate regions. Notes: — Pyxine subcinerea is characterized by the marginal soralia with farinose soredia, the yellow medulla, obscurascens - type apothecia and the presence of lichexanthone in the upper cortex. Pyxine meissnerina is very similar in its overall habitus, but this species is readily separated by a P- upper part of the medulla and a UV- cortex which contains atranorin.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFDE1F77A39EFA46FB5A793E.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Quercus mespilifolioides in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 570 m, 18 ° 53 ' 54 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 38 '' E, 1 July 1994, P. Mongkolsuk 1473 (RAMK 17619, 17633, 17634). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on the trunk of Saraca indica in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 49 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 29 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim 355 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Luang Wildlife Research Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in lower montane rainforest, 923 m, 17 ° 20 ' 34 '' N, 101 ° 30 ' 26 '' E, 12 November 2008, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang 186 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in lower montane rainforest, 923 m, 17 ° 20 ' 34 '' N, 101 ° 30 ' 26 '' E, 12 November 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MS 0186 (RAMK). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on the trunk of Saraca indica in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17 ° 20 ' 49 '' N, 101 ° 33 ' 29 '' E, 28 July 2009, S. Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 355 (RAMK).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFD91F76A39EFC48FC6E7B72.taxon	description	Mycobank MB 800695 Similar to Pyxine coralligera Malme, but containing a different array of terpenes, and having concave lobes with ± marginal pseudocyphellae which do not become reticulate. Holotype: — THAILAND. Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, in a dry dipterocarp forest, on Syzygium claviflora, 750 m, 18 ° 53 ' 54 '' N, 98 ° 51 ' 38 '' E, 1 July 1994, Boonpragob 2665 (RAMK 17615). Thallus corticolous and saxicolous, 1 – 3 cm wide, loosely to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to slightly concave, 0.5 – 1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface pale to dark grey or brownish to greenish grey, epruinose; true isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae marginal, rarely spreading to the upper surface, not becoming reticulate. Polysidiangia slender, mainly marginal, occasionally laminal, scattered or clustered, nodular to subcylindrical or clavate, short, ± branched, pustulate, bursting apically to release corticate fragments, no soredia. Medulla (upper part) creamy yellow to yellow-orange or yellow-brown, lower part white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, simple or irregularly branched. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV-; medulla upper part: K-, C-, P + orange, lower part: all spot tests negative; containing atranorin (major), chloroatranorin (minor), testacein (major), unknown terpenes (minor).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFD91F76A39EFC48FC6E7B72.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — A rare species, on bark and rocks in dry dipterocarp, dry evergreen and mixed deciduous forests. So far known only from Thailand, where it occurs at 390 – 750 m elevation. Notes: — P. subcoralligera is characterized by the marginal polysidiangia, cortical atranorin, the pale yellow to yellow-orange medulla, and by the presence of medullary testacein and a characteristic array of terpenes. It is morphologically similar to P. coralligera, but the latter differs in containing a different suite of terpenes, convex lobes with distinct, irregular to linear laminal pseudocyphellae, which become ± reticulate subapically. P. maculata is also similar, but this species is characterized by reticulate laminal pseudocyphellae.	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
039EDF55FFD91F76A39EFC48FC6E7B72.taxon	materials_examined	Material from Thailand examined: — Loei; Na Haeo National Park, in a dry dipterocarp forest on Neolithea sp., 540 m, 17 ° 28 ' 40 '' N, 100 ° 03 ' 30 '' E, 15 July 1995, P. Mongkolsuk 6378 (RAMK 17628). — Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Huai Baeng Forest Ranger Station, in a dry evergreen forest on an unidentified tree, 390 m, 17 ° 16 ' 48 '' N, 101 ° 34 ' 00 '' E, S. Meesim 745 (RAMK 16306). — Nakhon Ratchasima; Khao Yai National Park, creek to Heaw Plakung waterfall, in a mixed deciduous forest on rock, 580 m, 14 ° 31 ' 25 '' N, 101 ° 16 ' 22 '' E, 28 June 2000, W. Polyiam 20722 (RAMK 17627).	en	Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.2
