taxonID	type	description	language	source
039E0517F664FFB7D24A3BA0FDA6FA7F.taxon	description	Figure 2.2 – 2.3 Description. One partial leaf is identified as Clethra sp., measuring 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The leaf is simple, petiolate, obovate. The margin is unlobed, serrate. The base is incomplete, but was probably acute. Primary venation is pinnate. Secondary venation is semicraspedodromous and excurrent. Secondaries emerge from the midrib at approximately 45 °. Tertiary veins are mixed-percurrent (both alternate and opposite percurrent); some of the opposite percurrent veins are sinuous, but most are straight. Quaternary venation is predominantly regular reticulate, occasionally irregularly reticulate. Quinternary veins are regular, reticulate. Teeth are of a single order, small, irregularly spaced, the number increasing distally. Tooth sinuses are generally round, teeth straight / convex proximally, straight / concave distally. On some teeth all that is visible is a long, mucronate apex, a characteristic common to modern forms of C. alnifolia. Site Occurrence. Perdido Park.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F664FFB7D24A3BA0FDA6FA7F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Clethra today encompasses approximately 65 species, but only three occur in North America. Clethra acuminata occurs mostly in montane woodlands. Clethra alnifolia and C. tomentosa are found at lower elevations and in wetland areas. Of these two, C. alnifolia (Figure 2.4) has a wider distribution and is found mainly along the coastal plain from southern Maine to northern Florida and then westward to southeastern Texas. Fossil flowers within the core Ericales somewhat comparable to those of the Clethraceae have been found from Late Cretaceous deposits of Georgia, USA. (Schönenberger et al., 2012). Fruits and seeds of Clethra have been described from the middle Miocene of Europe (Friis, 1985).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F665FFB6D3B93DD8FC72FC77.taxon	description	Figure 3.1 – 3.2, 3.5 Description. Approximately 18 leaflet specimens represent Carya cf. aquatica. Leaflets are oblong or elliptical, a few are ovate, and L: W ratios are mostly> 3: 1. Many have an asymmetrical lamina, thus displaying the distinctive curvature common in this species. Sizes range from 3.2 – 8.5 cm long and 0.8 – 3.5 cm wide. Bases are cuneate and mostly asymmetrical. Apices are straight and acute. Secondary veins are numerous, often irregularly spaced, with increasing angles from 45 º apically to 75 º (or greater) basally. Tertiary veins are mostly opposite percurrent (straight or sinuous), although some are alternate percurrent. Margins are often entire, but sometimes with a few, small teeth that are usually straight distally and straight or convex proximally. Often, however, the margins appear erose rather than serrate. Peltate scales are often visible under epifluorescent light (Figure 3.2). Site occurrence. Scarborough School.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F665FFB6D3B93DD8FC72FC77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Carya aquatica today occurs in floodplain forests along a wide area of the southeastern coastal plain. It is remarkable that no fruits clearly assignable to this species have been recovered from the Citronelle Formation despite the abundance of leaflets with convincing features, which is one of the major reasons a “ cf. ” designation was used here.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F665FFB6D0DB38D5FACDF9C2.taxon	description	Figure 3.3, 3.6 Description. Ten Carya specimens show features common to leaflets of extant C. tomentosa. Laminae are mostly obovate, although some are elliptical or ovate and L: W ratios are ~ 2: 1. Leaflet size ranges from 5.3 – 9.9 cm long and 2.2 – 3.8 cm wide. Bases are mostly symmetrical, although a few are asymmetrical, and most are cuneate. Secondaries are regularly spaced with 45 º angles apically and 60 º angles basally. Tertiary veins are generally opposite percurrent. Teeth are of one order, uniformly placed 4 – 5 per cm, and usually occurring along the distal half of the lamina; no teeth or very few small teeth are noticeable basally. Between-teeth sinuses are angular; tooth shapes are straight distally / convex proximally. The principal tooth vein terminates at the tooth apex. Site occurrence. Scarborough School.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F665FFB6D0DB38D5FACDF9C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Today Carya tomentosa is common in upland sites throughout eastern North America.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F665FFB4D7463D0EFD57FC37.taxon	description	Figure 3.4, 3.7 Description. Three obovate and elliptical Carya leaflet specimens with characteristics not fitting well within those of either C. aquatica or C. tomentosa are present in the Citronelle Formation flora. They cannot confidently be assigned to any other species at this time. Laminae in these specimens may be symmetrical or asymmetrical; bases are cuneate; apices are acute. Secondary veins are irregularly spaced with angles increasing basally (from 45 º to almost 90 º). Tertiary veins are mixed percurrent. Uniform-sized teeth are of one order, regularly spaced, approximately 5 per cm, appearing all along the leaf margin (tooth characters are the major features not comparing well with C. aquatica or C. tomentosa). Tooth sinuses are angular, shape is straight distally / convex proximally. Principal tooth vein terminates at the apex. Site occurrence. Perdido Park. Family remarks. Species of the Juglandaceae are successful in a warm temperate to subtropical North America, as records of both extinct and extant genera clearly demonstrate (Wing and Hickey, 1984; Manchester, 1991; Manchester and Dilcher 1997; Manos and Stone, 2001; Elliott et al., 2006;). Carya first appears in Eocene sediments in North America (Manchester, 1999). Seven species of Carya currently occur on the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain (Godfrey, 1988), making this region a major center of diversity of the genus. Fruits and leaves of the juglandaceous genus Pterocarya have been identified from the Citronelle Formation, but will be described in a separate publication.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F667FFB2D01C3DEEFDF9FB57.taxon	description	Figure 4.4 Description. One bilobed leaf is attributed to Sassafras albidum. The overall outline is ovate with one lateral lobe. The original leaf was> 7 cm long. The main lobe has a width of 3 cm, whereas the lateral lobe is 1.5 cm wide. The base is missing. The apex of the central lobe is missing, but was probably rounded or acute. The apex of the lateral lobe is acute. It is difficult to categorize the primary venation, since the major veins to the lobes often do not diverge at the same point in other extant and fossil Sassafras specimens. The majority of S. albidum leaves are suprabasalactinodromous regardless of the number of lobes (usually from 1 – 3) (personal observation). In the Citronelle Formation fossil, the primary vein of the lateral lobe is smaller than the primary vein in the main lobe. Secondary veins are brochidodromous, forming long arches departing the midvein at angles of approximately 50 – 55 °. There are many intersecondary veins perpendicular to the midvein in the basal half of the leaf, becoming parallel to the major secondaries in the apical portion. Tertiary veins are mixed percurrent. Quaternary veins are irregular reticulate. A fimbrial vein is evident. Site occurrence. Perdido Park.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F667FFB2D01C3DEEFDF9FB57.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There are only two or three modern species of Sassafras, S. albidum being the only species currently in North America. It has a wide distribution over much of the eastern portion of the continent. Sassafras albidum probably diverged from Asian counterparts in the middle Miocene (Chanderbali et al., 2001; Nie et al., 2008). Fossils of Sassafras have been reported from the western Miocene Clarkia and Succor Creek floras (Smiley and Rember, 1985; Fields, 1996).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F661FFB2D3913FB5FC21FCD7.taxon	description	Figure 5.1 – 5.2 Description. One partial leaf with marginal petiole attachment is identified as Liriodendron, probably L. tulipifera. A portion of the slender petiole (approximately 1 mm thick) is 1.1 cm in length, but was probably originally much longer. The original leaf was> 6.8 cm long and> 6.8 cm wide, and broadly concavo-convex with an obtuse base. Primary venation is pinnate. Simple agrophic veins form loops near the basal portion of the leaf (Figure 5.2). Proximal secondary veins are decurrent and arching. Thickened secondary veins are irregularly spaced with consistent 45 ° angles. Some intersecondaries are present. It is difficult to categorize the looping tertiaries; some appear percurrent, whereas others appear irregular, reticulate. However, the fourth order veins are clearly irregular, reticulate. A fimbrial vein is present. Unfortunately, the characteristic notched apex of the genus is not preserved on the fossil. Site occurrence. Scarborough School.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F661FFB2D3913FB5FC21FCD7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Liriodendron tulipifera occurs in woodlands and wetlands extending from southern Alabama and the Florida panhandle to Louisiana, northward to Illinois, Michigan, and Vermont. Populations common on the southeastern coastal plain typically have smaller leaves, shorter petioles, rounder lobes, and rounder bases than typical leaves of more northern populations (Godfrey, 1988; personal observation). The Citronelle Formation specimen is most similar to the extant southeastern variety in the observable features. Leaves and fruits of Liriodendron occur in the Miocene of Idaho (Baghai, 1988). The two extant Liriodendron species (the other being L. chinense) probably diverged in the middle Miocene (Parks and Wendel, 1990; Azuma et al., 2001; Nie et al., 2008).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F661FFB0D0FB3815FD93FEF7.taxon	description	Figure 5.3 – 5.4 Description. Three specimens of Magnolia cf. virginiana leaf have been recovered from the Perdido Park site. These leaves are simple, petiolate, with marginal petiole attachment. They are either elliptical or obovate. The most complete obovate specimen is 12 cm long, the most complete elliptical specimen is 11.6 cm long and 3.0 cm wide (L: W ratio 4: 1). Margins are unlobed, entire. Bases are acute, decurrent. Apices are acute, straight. Primary venation is pinnate. Secondary venation is simple brochidodromous, mostly decurrent, irregularly spaced, angles consistently ~ 30 °. A perimarginal secondary vein is evident. Tertiary veins are irregular reticulate as are the quaternary and quinternary veins (Figure 5.4). Site occurrence. Perdido Park.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F661FFB0D0FB3815FD93FEF7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Magnolia virginiana occurs in swamps and bogs, mostly along the coastal plain from New Jersey to lower Florida and westward to east Texas, and also appears in Arkansas, Massachusetts, and New York. The family Magnoliaceae appears early in the macrofossil record, in existence as early as 93.5 to 110 m. y. a. (Tao and Zhang, 1992; Frumin and Friis, 1996, 1999). Fossil and molecular evidence suggest that the clade containing M. virginiana diverged in the early Oligocene. The genus Magnolia appears in western North America as early as the upper Paleocene, and in the southeast in the middle Eocene (Grote, 1989; Manchester, 1994; Azuma et al., 2001; Nie, et al., 2008). Seeds of Magnolia occur in the Miocene Brandon Lignite of Vermont, and there is a fruit record from the Miocene Clarkia site of Idaho (Tiffney, 1977; Rember, 1991).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F663FFAED0FF3AD5FEB9FCF7.taxon	description	Figure 6.3 Description. Ten large leaves of this species are present at the Scarborough School site, whereas five smaller, possibly less mature leaves are present at Perdido Park. The larger specimens are> 15.0 cm long and ~ 18.0 cm wide. A complete smaller specimen (part and counterpart) is 6.1 wide and 6 cm long. L: W ratios for large and smaller leaves are ~ 1: 1. Margins are lobed and serrate. The larger and smaller specimens differ somewhat in morphology as also seen in the extant species. For example, the larger leaves are usually strongly five-lobed, while the smaller leaves have three shallow lobes. Small, basal lobes occur on the larger leaves. Leaf bases are either cordate or lobate, regardless of leaf size. Apices of the lobes on large specimens are acute, while apices on smaller specimens are sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse. The primary venation of the larger leaves is mostly palinactinodromous, while the smaller leaves have actinodromous primary framework. Compound agrophic veins are evident on the smaller leaves. The margins have simple teeth, with 0 – 2 teeth per cm. One order of teeth is present, however, tooth sizes are variable on any given leaf. Teeth are irregularly spaced on the margin (as a whole), but are regularly spaced when comparing symmetry on either side of the lobes. Sinuses between the teeth are rounded. Teeth are convex / straight proximally, concave / straight distally. Fruits Figure 6.4 Description. Four Platanus fruiting heads have been found at the Red Bluff site. The most complete is 2.3 cm in diameter. Achenes with persistent styles are ~ 8 mm long and 2 mm wide. The receptacle is 9 mm wide. The fossil leaves and fruits are identical to those of the extant species P. occidentalis. Site occurrence. Large leaves are from Scarborough School; small leaves are from Perdido Park; fruiting structures are from Red Bluff.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F663FFAED0FF3AD5FEB9FCF7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Of the eight species of Platanus, three (or four) occur in North America. Platanus racemosa and P. wrightii (possibly P. racemus var. wrightii) are found primarily in areas of Arizona, California, and New Mexico, and also in northwestern Mexico. Platanus mexicana occurs in Mexico and Guatemala. Platanus occidentalis has a wide distribution along streams and rivers in eastern North America, from southern Maine to the panhandle of Florida, westward to south-central Texas, and northward to Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The fossil record of Platanus in North America begins in the Paleocene (Manchester, 1999). Platanus is also present in the western Miocene Clarkia and Succor Creek floras (Smiley and Rember, 1985; Fields, 1996). The apparent divergence of P. occidentalis from P. mexicana occurred in the middle to late Miocene (Feng et al., 2005). Fossils of possible P. occidentalis have been reported from the Brandywine flora of Maryland (McCartan et al., 1990).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67DFFAED2ED3815FD20FACD.taxon	description	Figure 6.5 – 6.6 Description. One simple leaf, 2.0 cm long and 0.9 cm wide, obovate, L: W ratio 2: 1, is attributed to Crataegus. Margin is shallowly lobed distally, crenations / serrations are also distal. Base is acute, decurrent. Apex is obtuse. Primary venation is pinnate. Secondary veins are craspedodromous, angles departing from the mid-rib at 30 ° to 40 °. Tertiary, quaternary, and quinternary veins are irregular, reticulate. Crenations / serrations are irregularly spaced, sinuses angular, rounded teeth convex proximally and distally. This specimen is somewhat similar to extant C. spathulata. Site Occurrence. Scarborough School.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67DFFAED2E03E0EFA8FFCD7.taxon	description	Figure 6.7 – 6.8 Description. A second simple leaf is also attributed to Crataegus, but appears to represent a separate species. The leaf is ~ 1.5 cm long and 1.2 cm at its widest distally, obovate, L: W ratio 1: 1. Margin unlobed, serrate. The base is missing, but was probably very narrow basally. Apex is obtuse. Primary framework is pinnate. Secondary venation is craspedodromous, veins departing the mid-rib at 20 ° to 30 °. Tertiary through quintinary venation is irregular reticulate. Two orders of somewhat rounded teeth, sinuses angular, both orders of teeth convex proximally and distally. Site occurrence. Perdido Park.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67DFFAED2E03E0EFA8FFCD7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This specimen appears similar to extant Crataegus floridana, which is sometimes considered a form of C. flava (Figure 7.1). Specific identification, even of extant species, can be challenging. Crataegus is well represented in North America with ~ 214 species, 41 of which occur today in the southeastern United States. Fossil genera similar to Crataegus occur in the early and middle Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. Some of the earliest records of the modern genus occur in the late Eocene Florissant flora of Colorado (Devore and Pigg, 2007); fruit records have been reported from European Miocene deposits (Kvacék and Walther, 2004). Leaves of Crataegus have been identified from the western Miocene floras of Clarkia and Succor Creek (Smiley and Rember, 1985; Fields, 1996). Europe or eastern North America is most probably the ancestral range of modern Crataegus species, with the modern species having an estimated divergence in the late Miocene (~ 14.3 Ma) (Lo et al., 2009).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67FFFABD7603895FE52FE8A.taxon	description	Figure 7.6 – 7.7 Description. Four partial specimens and one mostly complete specimen are similar to Acer rubrum. Leaves are simple, ovate, petioles slightly eccentric. Widths range from 3.0 – 5.0 cm. The most complete leaf is 5.8 cm long and 3.0 cm wide; L: W ratio of 2: 1. Margins appear somewhat lobed, although the incision is less than 25 % of the distance to the midvein. Margins are toothed. Bases are obtuse and rounded in some specimens, but somewhat cordate in others. Apices are acute and straight. Primary venation is basal actinodromous. Agrophic compound veins are evident. Major secondaries are craspedodromous / semicraspedodromous; a few intersecondaries are present. Tertiaries and quaternary veins are irregular reticulate, while quinternary veins are regular reticulate. Two orders of teeth are unequally distributed on the leaf margin. First order tooth sinuses are angular, teeth convex / straight proximally, convex / concave / straight distally. Secondary teeth when present have angular sinuses, teeth straight proximally, straight / concave distally. First order tooth apices are somewhat cassidate, as in the modern species (Figure 7.8). Site occurrence. Perdido Park.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67FFFABD7603895FE52FE8A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Acer rubrum is common in floodplain forests from Canada to peninsular Florida, and occurring westward to east Texas. The ancestral species of A. rubrum and A. saccharinum apparently split from Asian clades during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, whereas these North American sister species apparently diverged from each other in the earlier Pliocene (Renner et al., 2008; Saeki et al., 2011).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67FFFACD24A3A75FD08FA82.taxon	description	Figure 7.3 Description. One mostly complete leaflet is identified as Ptelea, possibly P. trifoliata. The leaflet is ovate and nearly circular (in the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, this is a characteristic of many extant lateral leaflet specimens of this genus). The leaf is 2.6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, L: W ratio of 1: 1. The base is obtuse and decurrent. The apex is incomplete, but indications are that it was rounded. Margins are sinuous. No glands are visible, indicating that the fossil is displaying the abaxial surface of the leaf (glands are typical on the adaxial side of P. trifoliata). Primary venation is pinnate. Irregularly spaced secondary venation appears mixed; some secondaries are brochidodromous, whereas others are cladodromous. Secondaries also display both excurrent and decurrent departures from the midrib. Tertiary, quaternary, and quinternary veins are irregular reticulate. A fimbrial, perimarginal vein is present. Site occurrence. Perdido Park.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F67FFFACD24A3A75FD08FA82.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ptelea is currently represented by three species in North America. Ptelea aptera and P. crenulata occur in California. Ptelea trifoliata occurs over a large portion of North America from Connecticut to central peninsular Florida, westward to Texas and parts of Mexico, northward to southern Ontario through Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The first reliable North American fossil records of Ptelea (based upon samaras) are from the middle Miocene of Idaho and Oregon (Dorf, 1936; Chaney and Axelrod, 1959; Call and Dilcher, 1995).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F678FFABD27B3AD7FEFDFA81.taxon	description	Figure 8.1 Description. Two partial mesophyllic leaves indicate a second Acer species from the Citronelle Formation similar to A. saccharinum. Inferring mostly bilateral symmetry of the lamina on either side of the midvein, the size of larger specimen extrapolates to a leaf> 8.7 cm long and 6.4 cm wide. Margins are toothed. Base is truncate. Apex is not preserved. Primary venation is actinodromous or palinactinodromous. Six suprabasal veins are present, as are agrophic compound veins. Both interior secondary veins and intersecondary veins are present. Tertiary veins are irregular reticulate. Teeth are of one order, but differ in size, some very large. Tooth sinuses are mostly rounded, teeth convex / straight proximally, concave / straight distally. Several teeth are present basally, which differentiates these specimens from A. saccharum. Additionally, they can be distinguished from the palmately lobed, palinactinodromous leaves of Platanus based upon the much broader tooth-width of Platanus leaves, and the greater incision of the lobes in Platanus leaves. Site occurrence. Scarborough School.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F678FFABD27B3AD7FEFDFA81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There are 27 species of Acer currently in the flora of North America, seven of which have been introduced. Nine of these species occur within the southeastern United States; seven of which, including A. saccharinum, are wetland inhabitants.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F678FFABD0A83A97FACBFA01.taxon	description	Figure 8.4 – 8.5 Description. Five simple, ovate leaves are similar to specimens of modern Ulmus alata. Lamina lengths range from 2.5 – 4.2 cm and widths from 1.2 – 2.3 cm, L: W ratio 2: 1. Margins are serrate. Bases are acute, some displaying an asymmetrical basal petiole insertion. Apices are acute and straight. Primary vein framework is pinnate. Secondary venation is craspedodromous, excurrent. Occasionally, second order veins branch just before reaching the margin. Spacing of secondaries is fairly uniform, but decreases somewhat basally. Angles of most secondary veins are ~ 45 º, but angles increase proximally. Tertiary veins are difficult to discern, but appear to be irregular reticulate as are the fourth order veins. Teeth are of two orders with secondary teeth appearing on the basal side of the primary tooth. There are 3 – 5 first order teeth per cm. Tooth sinuses are angular, teeth usually convex / straight proximally, convex / straight distally. The first order teeth are about as wide as long, giving them a broad appearance. There are no extenuating tips on teeth apices (Figure 8.5). Site occurrence. Lambert Station.	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
039E0517F678FFABD0A83A97FACBFA01.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ten species of Ulmus occur in North America. Of these, U. alata, U. americana, U. crassifolia, and U. rubra occur in the southeastern United States. Fossil Ulmus leaves have been recorded from the western Miocene Succor Creek Flora, and possibly from the Miocene Clarkia site of Idaho (Smiley and Rember, 1985; Fields, 1996).	en	Stults, DZ, Axsmith, BJ (2015): New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U. S. Gulf Coast. Palaeontologia Electronica (New York, N. Y.: 1991) 2 (6): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/550, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/550
