taxonID	type	description	language	source
039F8602D56DD00A5F930FC19466F89C.taxon	description	Some differences between the fuscipennis and spinipes groups can be found in the shape of the posterior crossvein, which is long, oblique and at least slightly S-shaped in S. fuscipennis group and short, less oblique and regularly bowed outwardly in the S. spinipes group.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56DD00F5F930C689619FC40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A brown species with an elongate, subtriangular, black orbital spot (Fig. 1); moderately concave face (Fig. 2); pedicel index (see p. 2) about 5.0; hypandrium produced basally in lateral view (Fig. 5); aedeagus: 1 – 2 distinct midprojections; distiphallus shorter than epiphallus (Fig. 6); and epiphallus oval (Fig. 7).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56DD00F5F930C689619FC40.taxon	description	Description. Male: Body length (including porrect antenna): 7.4 – 8.1 mm; wing length 5.8 – 6.7 mm. Head (Figs 1 – 2) conspicuously produced in front of and below eye in lateral view. Eye obliquely oval, somewhat higher than gena. Frons broader than long, broadly excavated in front of ocellar tubercle. Velvety black orbital spot along eye margin elongate subtriangular, gradually tapering toward level of orbital seta. Velvety black parafacial spot at eye margin short oval. Antenna long and slender. Pedicel rod-like, about 5.0 times as long as broad in middle and slightly dilated apically. Postpedicel subtriangular, tapered in distal half but with rounded apex. Pedicel and postpedicel darkened, with greyish pollination, postpedicel almost black along lower margin and in distal half. Arista inserted in middle of postpedicel, with yellowish basal segment, more brown in thickened basal third and contrastingly white and finely pubescent in rest of its length. Face with sharp mid keel in upper half, distinctly concave in lateral view. Some parts of head surface (especially occiput, space around parafacial spot, upper mid face and a genal stripe below lower eye margin) with diffuse whitish pollination. Proboscis and palpus brown, palpus lanceolate, dilated in more than distal half. Thorax brown, densely grey pollinated on scutum, scutellum and greater part of pleura. Scutum with two pairs of brown longitudinal stripes: each submedian stripe broader than pollinated space between them and more lateral stripes very narrow, almost linear. Shining postpronotal callus and broad notopleuron separated from rest of scutum by more or less visible brown stripe continuing to wing base. Pleura densely pale grey pollinated, only anterior part of katepisternum and katatergite (in front of and above posterior spiracle) more shining. Prosternum with more or less distinct setulae, katatergite bare. Wing (Fig. 28) pale, brownish infumated with tendency to darkening of both crossveins. Posterior crossvein distinctly sinuate. Halter yellow. Legs almost uniformly yellowish to reddish brown. Mid femur with short but distinct seta in middle of anterior surface. Hind femur (Fig. 3) conspicuously swollen, with a double row of irregular short black spines. Hind tibia distinctly curved following ventral outline of hind femur in its distal two thirds. Abdomen shining yellowish brown, though sternites in basal half usually matt, greyish pollinated. Male terminalia (Figs 4 – 7): Cerci long but not reaching ventral margin of epandrium, surstylus relatively long, slightly pointed in lateral view. Hypandrium with markedly prominent basal part (Fig. 5). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 6) consisting of aedeagus, pregonite, postgonite, ejaculatory apodeme and aedeagal apodeme as in other species of this family but the shape of aedeagus especially species-specific. Epiphallus (Fig. 7) much higher than distiphallus in lateral view (cf. Fig. 6) and at least one spine-like process distinct between them (actually this process is flat, leaf-shaped in caudal view). Epiphallus (Fig. 7) with produced oval apical part, in lateral view rectangularly curved distally. Female. Body length 8.3 – 9.3 mm; wing length 6.3 – 7.4 mm. No significant differences in external characters (except for abdominal tip) were found between the male and the female. In general (as far as it may be estimated from the limited specimens available) the female seems to be larger and slightly darker and the wing is somewhat broader than in the male. Tergites and sternites 6 and 7 are much broader than long, sternite 6 almost twice as broad as long and sternite 7 more than 2.5 times as long. Hypoproct transverse, somewhat produced posteriorly in middle third, distinctly narrower than sternite 7. Cercus short and oval, rounded posteriorly and more pointed proximally. Both spermathecae spherical, their diameter not more than the length of hypoproct in lateral part. One spermatheca indistinctly larger than other. Etymology. We use here Elberg´s original collection name “ hecate “ which refers to “ Hecate “, the Greek goddess of magic, witchcraft, the night, moon and ghosts.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56DD00F5F930C689619FC40.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The bare katatergite of S. hecate shows that it belongs undoubtedly to the S. fuscipennis group although its face is bare, whereas so-called medifacial setulae may occur in some Nearctic members of this group. On the other hand S. hecate conspicuously differs from the Nearctic species by the species-specific shape of the hypandrium with the markedly developed basal frame appearing as a prominent basal lobe in lateral view (Fig. 5). According to the slender pedicel S. hecate resembles S. gracilicornis and S. tenuicornis but its specific structures of the male terminalia are distinctly different from all Nearctic species of the group (see Figs 8 – 19). We did not succeed in finding reliable differences in the female terminalia for separating species of the S. fuscipennis group.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56DD00F5F930C689619FC40.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S. hecate is presumably of Nearctic origin although became established exclusively in the Palaearctic Region. The present knowledge of distribution of the new species indicates its penetration from eastern Siberia to Central Europe. Possibly a careful review of Sepedon specimens in European collections will provide further evidence of this species in Europe in addition to the unique known record from the German Alps.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56DD00F5F930C689619FC40.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: 3, RUSSIA: Amur region, Klimoucy, 40 km W of Svobodniy, 15. vii. 1958, Borisova leg., provided with a red label „ Holotype Sepedon hecate sp. nov. Elberg, Rozkošný et Knutson, 2009 “ (USNM). Paratypes: 7 3, 11 Ƥ. 1 Ƥ, as holotype but 31. viii. 1958, Zinoviev (USNM). RUSSIA: Magadan area, Seimchan, 16. viii. 1972, 5 Ƥ; Khabarovsk area, P. Osipenko, 29. vii. 1973, 1 3, 1. viii. 1973, 1 Ƥ; Manoma, 29. viii. 1973, 1 3, all K. Elberg (IZHT). Amur region, Zeya, 16. vii. 1981, 1 3, 12. ix. 1981, 1 3, 1 Ƥ, 13. ix. 1981, 2 3, 3 Ƥ, all A. Shatalkin (ZMMU). GERMANY: Oberbayern, Schluifeldt Moos, 27. viii. 1935, 1 3 (CNC). Each paratype provided with a red label „ Paratype Sepedon hecate sp. nov. Elberg, Rozkošný et Knutson, 2009 “.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00F5F930F0397BCFA65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A yellowish-brown species with a short, drop-like orbital spot; deeply concave face in lateral view; pedicel index about 4.5; hypandrium not produced basally in lateral view (Fig. 8); aedeagus: midprojection absent; distiphallus longer than epiphallus (Fig. 12); and epiphallus rounded, broader than in preceding species (Fig. 16).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00F5F930F0397BCFA65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the SE USA, Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland, South Carolina, Arkansas, Louisiana and Florida (map: Orth 1986).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00F5F930F0397BCFA65.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. UNITED STATES: Illinois, Union Co., La Rue Pine Hills Ecological Area, 4.4 km N of Wolf Lake, September, 1 3, D. W. Webb; Illinois, Johnson Co., Heron Pond, 23. v. 1987, 1 3, D. King (all USNM).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00E5F930D6197DFFD36.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A yellowish-brown species with a short, drop-like orbital spot; deeply concave face in lateral view; pedicel index about 4.5; hypandrium not produced basally in lateral view (Fig. 9); aedeagus: midprojection absent; distiphallus about as long as epiphallus (Fig. 13); and epiphallus bilobate below apex (Fig. 17).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00E5F930D6197DFFD36.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Orth (1986) stated that S. fuscipennis consists actually of two subspecies, the nominate form and S. fuscipennis nobilis as well as intermediate specimens. Differences concern the orbital spot and the male genitalia, especially the size and shape of the aedeagus. He also tried to delimit the distribution of both subspecies in North America and found that intermediate specimens occur in a narrow band between them at approximately 41 ° latitude from the east coast to 105 ° longitude in Kansas. But four years later Manguin (1990) tested genetic data of all three populations and came to the conclusion that because the degree of similarity is high (0.92 – 0.99) all populations belong to the same species showing a geographic cline in several character states rather than a well-defined subspecies. However, she did not formally synonymize the subspecies.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00E5F930D6197DFFD36.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This is the most widely distributed Sepedon in North America known from Alaska and northern Canada to southern Texas and Florida (map: Orth 1986).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D568D00E5F930D6197DFFD36.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. UNITED STATES: New Jersey, Clementon Co., 1. v. 1904, 1 3; Washington, D. C., 28. vii. 1906, 1 Ƥ, W. L. McAtee; Michigan, Washtenaw Co., Little Portage Lake, 7. x. 1937, 1 3, I. J. Cantrall; Oregon, Yamhill Co., 5 miles S of Dayton, Holdrige Creek, 11. vii. 1970, 1 3, T. W. Fisher & R. E. Orth; Washington, Thurston Co., 15 miles N of Centralia, 19. vi. 1969, 1 Ƥ, R. E. Orth (all USNM) ..	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D569D00E5F930D1B94E7F870.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This is the most yellowish-brown species of the group, with a short, drop-like orbital spot; deeply concave face in lateral view; pedicel index about 4.5; hypandrium not produced basally in lateral view (Fig. 10); aedeagus: midprojection absent; distiphallus shorter than epiphallus (Fig. 14); and epiphallus bilobate apically (Fig. 18).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D569D00E5F930D1B94E7F870.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The known distribution area extends from Canada (southern Ontario, Quebec) west to Iowa and south to New Jersey in the USA (map: Orth 1986).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D569D00E5F930D1B94E7F870.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. UNITED STATES: Iowa, Hancock Co., Pilot Knob State Park, 22. v. 1970, 1 3 (paratype), C. O. Berg; Massachusetts, Middlesex Co., Lexington, 22. vii. 1982, 1 3, W. L. Murphy; Michigan, Wayne Co., Grosse Ile, 1. ix. 1951, 1 Ƥ, G. C. Steyskal (all USNM).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00D5F9309BA96E2F926.taxon	description	In this group only one holarctically distributed species with the Palaearctic nominate subspecies and the Nearctic S. spinipes americana Steyskal, 1951 has been recognized. Steyskal distinguished his new subspecies in his key to the American species of Sepedon by presence of the orbital spot, the slightly pruinose and bare middle part of the face, the haired katatergite (more precisely a supraspiracular convexity of the metathorax), the distinctly outwardly bowed posterior crossvein, the mid femur with a strong mid-anterior bristle, and the thickened and concolorous tawny hind femur. These characters are also well distinct in the nominate form of S. spinipes occurring in the Palaearctic region as confirmed by Steyskal (l. c.) in material from France, Greece and Latvia. The only distinguishing character stated by him was the difference in structures of the male terminalia. The recently re-examined representatives of both “ subspecies “ prove that actually there are no external non-genitalic distinguishable characters among both taxa but some major structures of the male terminalia, especially the conspicuously different shape of the aedeagus (Figs 22, 26), are even more different than within members of the S. fuscipennis group (Figs 12 – 15). The male terminalia structures of S. americana fit well with the original figure published by Steyskal (1951, Fig. 23) and are markedly different from any species collected in the Nearctic Region. Therefore the differences found between S. spinipes and S. americana may be considered to be of a specific level in full accordance with the current general concept of species in the large genus Sepedo n. The S. spinipes group as defined by Knutson & Orth (2001) thus does not include only one species with a Holarctic distribution but two different species, the Nearctic S. americana and the Palaearctic S. spinipes.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00D5F930BA395A7FDAA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A reddish-brown species with a short, drop-like orbital spot; slightly concave face in lateral view; pedicel index about 7.0; hypandrium not produced basally in lateral view (Fig. 11); aedeagus: midprojection absent; distiphallus longer than epiphallus (Fig. 15); epiphallus with a semicircular callus apically (Fig. 19).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00D5F930BA395A7FDAA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In a fairly limited area in the USA, east of 100 ° longitude from New York near the southern shore of Lake Ontario to southeastern Texas (map: Orth 1986).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00D5F930BA395A7FDAA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. UNITED STATES: New York, Riverhead, May 1951, 1 Ƥ, B. Latham; New York, Orleans Co., Albion, 6. viii. 1952, 1 3, 1 Ƥ, G. C. Steyskal; Texas, San Jacinto River, 8 miles W of New Waverly, 18. v. 1969, 1 Ƥ, V. V. Board (all USNM).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00C5F930C269534FEED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cerci usually not reaching beyond lower margin of epandrium; surstylus not longer than distiphallus in lateral view (Fig. 20); distal emargination of basal part of hypandrium only shallow (Fig. 21); distiphallus conspicously long, markedly dilated apically (Fig. 22).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00C5F930C269534FEED.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S. americana occurs over a large area in Alaska, Canada, and northernmost United States.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56AD00C5F930C269534FEED.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. UNITED STATES: Michigan, Livingston Co., Rushton, 19. v. 1946, 2 3, 1 Ƥ, G. C. Steyskal; Alaska, Nenana, 16. vi. 1951, 1 3, R. I. Sailor; New York, Chautauqua Co, S. Dayton, marsh area, 1. vi. 1963, 1 3, W. W. Wirth (all USNM).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56BD0035F930E5196E2FE5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cerci usually reaching beyond lower margin of epandrium in lateral view; surstylus much longer than distiphallus (Fig. 24); emargination of basal part of hypandrium conspicuous (Fig. 25); distiphallus only short, barely longer than epiphallus and not dilated apically (Fig. 26). At first glance, S. spinipes might be mistaken for the new Palaearctic species, Sepedon hecate sp. nov. However, detailed comparison of both species shows reliable differences. S. spinipes is generally smaller and paler, the black orbital spot is of a different shape, the pedicel is stouter, the dark longitudinal stripe above the postpronotal callus and notopleuron is almost indistinct, the katatergite is setulose in the posterior part, cell r 4 + 5 is parallel-sided, and the posterior crossvein is much more bowed than sinuate (Fig. 28). Distinct differences were also found in the shape of the male terminalia, as noted above.	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56BD0035F930E5196E2FE5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Details of the male genitalia of S. spinipes were recently re-examined in representative material from widespread parts of the distribution area and also compared with earlier published data from the Palaearctic, if they were accompanied by sufficiently detailed figures of the male terminalia. It is thus confirmed that S. spinipes occurs over the large territory from Ireland, the British Isles, and Scandinavia to North Africa (Morocco) and from Portugal to Mongolia and the Russian Far East. However, it has not been found in Japan (cf. Sueyoshi 2001).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
039F8602D56BD0035F930E5196E2FE5E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PORTUGAL: Evora, 17. x. 1998, 1 3, 1 Ƥ, J. Olejníček.; CZECH REPUBLIC: Lednice, 30. v. 1998, 1 3, R. Rozkošný; SLOVAKIA: Čoltovo, 18.5. 1980, 1 3, R. Rozkošný (all FSMU). ITALY: Lazio, L. Fibreno, 7 km SE of Sora, 7. v. 1990, 1 Ƥ, L. Fornasari & L. V. Knutson (USNM). GREECE: Crete, Gerani, 15 km W of Canea, 21. iii. 1963, 9 3, 2 Ƥ, L. Knutson (CU). IRAN: Boneh Javaz, 41 km SE of Dezful, 5. xi. 1971, 5 3, 6 Ƥ, L. Knutson (USNM). MONGOLIA: Bulgan Aimag, Teshig Soum, pond and marsh, wetland area near confluence Tariakhtain Gol & Egiin Gol, 49.74339 ° N, 103.10503 ° E, 10. vii. 2005, 1 3, J. Gelhaus (ANSP).	en	Elberg, Kaupo, Rozkošný, Rudolf, Knutson, Lloyd (2009): A review of of the Holarctic Sepedon fuscipennis and S. spinipes groups with description of a new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Zootaxa 2288: 51-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191317
