taxonID	type	description	language	source
039CDB4195514C67FF5FFD0DFB8FFC43.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for the type species.	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195514C67FF5FFD0DFB8FFC43.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin — Plana = flat; from Greek micro — short, small; “ semenovi ” in honour of Dr. Yuriy Semenov (Palaeontological Museum of the National Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv = NMNHU-P) in recognition of his contributions to the discovery and collecting of this fossil material.	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195514C67FF5FFD0DFB8FFC43.taxon	type_taxon	Type and only known species. Planopusa semenovi, new species.	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195514C63FF5FFC0DFB16FCE0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NMNHU-P 64 - 709, rostral part of the skull with I 3, C, P 1, P 2, and isolated P 4 and M 1; P 3 is absent (fig. 2). Collected by Yu. A. Semenov in 1995 and stored in the NMNHPM. Type locality. Grytsiv, Shepetivskyi District Khmelnytskyi Region, Western Ukraine, karst deposits in limestone quarry on the right bank of Chomora River, 3 km west of village of Grytsiv; 49 ° 58 ˈ 05.2 N 27 ° 10 ˈ 03 E (reef zone). Formation and Age. Middle Sarmatian, middle-late Miocene; MN 9, likely in the interval from 11.146 – 11.056 Ma.	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195514C63FF5FFC0DFB16FCE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small seal with extremely short rostrum (table 1), differing from all other fossil and extant phocines by: 1) flattened palatal process of maxilla; 2) P 4 longer than M 1; 3) alveoli form a straight line; 4) wider rostrum across canines compared to other small Phocinae (but narrower than in Monachopsis pontica).	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195514C63FF5FFC0DFB16FCE0.taxon	description	Description. The partial skull likely belongs to an adult, based on the fused sutures. However, teeth are not worn, characteristic for sub-adults. The maxilla has a very short convexity over P 1 and convexity started over P 2. The incisive bone is partially broken and palatal process of the maxilla is flattened from the level of the anterior alveolus of P 2. The large grooves (fissura palatine) from anterior palatal foramina are directed towards the incisors (as in Enhydra lutris, fig. 3), in contrast to the condition stated by Wozencraft (1989) for other phocids, but similar to seals of the subfamily Devinophocinae (Koretsky and Holec, 2002; Koretsky and Rahmat, 2015). The concave palatine is wider (18.0 mm) between canines, similar to that in Devinophoca emryi (Koretsky and Rahmat, 2015). The hard palate is half the length of the smallsub-adult of Pusa caspica. Palatal grooves are shallow, but present without the posterior palatal foramen. Part of the palatal bone is missing. Posterior border of the anterior palatal foramen is situated at the level of P 1 (in contrast to that in Pusa caspica where it is between C and P 1). In coronal view, the space between the posterior border of the anterior palatal foramen and the anterior border for the choanae is 7.5 mm (11.0 mm in Pusa caspica). The lingual alveolar margins of canines and incisors are at the same level as those of the cheek teeth (as in D. emryi), but alveolar margins of C and P 1 are compressed towards the midline. From the anterior palatal foramina to the level of P 2, the palatine is flat. A deep, antero-posteriorly aligned groove (sulcus palatinus) is present posterior to P 2, characterized as a derived condition among phocids according to Wyss and Flynn (1993) and in contrast to D. emryi. Maxillary teeth: All teeth are very small with double roots (except C, P 1). The incisors are arranged in a straight line. The roots of alveoli I 3 are larger than I 2, which in turn is larger than I 1. The I 3 crown is preserved with a small cingulum on the lingual side, round in cross-section. Cingula present only on lingual sides of the crown and do not extend the buccal (labial) side (in contrast to Devinophoca) (fig. 2). Canines project ventrally, slightly worn (possibly sub-adult), but the anterior surface in both canines is worn or due to overbite with grinding of the lower canine (figs 2, 3). The diastema is absent between C and P 1, which is located obliquely to the tooth row. The snout is shortened, but the canines are relatively large compared to the length of the snout and other teeth, supporting the overbite hypothesis where the lower canine wears the upper, similar to those in Gulo gulo (wolverine) (IZUAN 896, from the Archangelsk area). Diastemata between postcanine teeth are absent. All alveoli are rounded and the posterior roots of P 2, P 4, and M 1 are larger than anterior roots. Tooth crowns are not worn. The large paraconid (central cusp) is turned caudally, with one small anterior cusp and a posterior cusp that is larger and positioned higher. The third cusp is placed on the basal cingulum, located caudally to the posterior cusp, and it is much smaller than other cusps (especially smaller on M 1). The P 1 has a single root, oval in cross-section, almost intact (similar to Praepusa). Its crown is 5.0 mm long (table 2), with a conical (triangular) central cusp and cuspidate lingual cingulum bearing diminutive two posterior cusps (in contrast to D. emryi). Cinguli on P 2, P 4, and M 1 are parallel to the lower enamel margin. On P 2, P 4, and M 1, the gum line is parallel to the margin of the dentary. The complete crowns on postcanine teeth (except P 1) are irregularly shaped in occlusal view (in contrast to D. emryi). The P 1 is flattened disto-lingually on its lingual side. The cingulum, bearing minute cuspules, encircles the crown on the lingual side of the P 1. The P 2 - M 1 crowns are triangular in occlusal view and slightly worn. The P 2 - M 1 teeth have two roots, both round in cross-section. The posterior root on P 2 is wider and much larger than the anterior alveolus. The P 2 is situated in parallel to the tooth row. The P 2 crown has a very prominent lingual cingulum with a minute anterior cingular cusp and slightly larger than two posterior cusps. The cingulum on the labial side extends around the entire tooth (in contrast to D. emryi) with carinae (sharp tooth edges) similar to those observed in Monachinae (Amson and Muizon, 2014). The buccal side of the P 4 is straight. This tooth has the widest crown base. Posterior root is larger than anterior one, with one anterior cusp, two posterior cusps, and an additional cusp on the lingual side of the cingulum. The crown is triangular in occlusal view. The P 4 is larger than M 1. The M 1 is very small (5.5 mm long and 3.5 mm wide) with two fused roots. The crown is triangular in occlusal view, similar to other postcanines, but much smaller. The anterior cusp is absent, but there is a single posterior cusp and a gracile cingular posterior cusp. Cingulum on the labial side is absent; the tip of the tooth is turned caudally. Cingula are located transversely only on the lingual sides of the crown, not extending the labial (buccal) side (in contrast to those in Devinophoca).	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195514C63FF5FFC0DFB16FCE0.taxon	discussion	Comparisons with small-sized representatives of the family Phocidae	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195554C62FF5FFCEDFF73FEC0.taxon	discussion	Due to the lack of preservation and fragility of fossil seal skulls, less than 20 specimens have been described so far, with only a few belonging to representatives of the subfamily Phocinae. This new partial seal skull of Planopusa semenovi is extremely small and has a short face (based on the size of the rostral part and teeth). Based on teeth formula, Pl. semenovi sp. n. belongs to the subfamily Phocinae and will be compared to other recent and fossil phocine seals. Planopusa semenovi differs from: Recent Pusa capsica by: being smaller, having well-developed, round anterior palatal foramen; the presence of palatal groove; the absence of diastema; the shape of the proximal edge of hard palate. Phocanella sp., cf. P. pumila (Pliocene, Yorktown Formation 5.3 – 3.6 Ma) from Lee Creek Mine, USA (Ray et al., 2008) by: the lack of diastema between teeth; short concavity over P 1 in preorbital part of the maxilla; the flattened palatal process of maxilla; the reverse ratios between P 4 and M 1; wider rostrum; rounded anterior palatal foramen, and deeper palatal groove. Histriophoca alekseevi (Middle Miocene, middle Sarmatian [~ 11.6 – 9.9 Ma] of the Eastern Paratethys) by: the absence of diastemata; the flattened palatal process of the maxilla; the reverse ratios between P 4 and M 1; wider rostrum; round and deep anterior palatal foramen; uneven depth of the palatal groove. Monachopsis pontica (Middle Miocene, middle Sarmatian [~ 11.6 – 9.9 Ma] of the Eastern Paratethys) by: the smaller width of the palatal process; narrowest infraorbital foramen of any known fossil or modern seal, but larger than in other seals from the same region (such as Histriophoca alekseevi, and Praepusa vindobonensis); longer and narrower teeth; width of the rostrum part of the skull (table 1; which is similar in size to Leptophoca lenis despite the smaller size, but wider than in Histriophoca alekseevi). Prepusa vindobonensis (middle Miocene, early Sarmatian [~ 12.8 – 11.6 Ma] of the Central and Eastern Paratethys) by: upper incisors forming a straight line; the absence of diastemata; the short concavity over P 1 in preorbital part of the maxilla; rounded anterior palatal foramen; the similar width of rostrum (despite overall smaller size). Leptophoca lenis (Early Miocene [~ 16 Ma], USA) by: upper incisors forming a straight line; the absence of diastema; short concavity over P 1 of the preorbital part of the maxilla; rounded anterior palatal foramen; similar width of the rostrum (despite overall smaller size).	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
039CDB4195544C6DFF57FE8DFE1BF8E0.taxon	description	Only the fossil sister taxa Devinophoca emryi and D. claytoni (early Mid-Miocene, Badenian, 16.3 – 12.8 Ma) are described within this subfamily. Planopusa semenovi differs from these taxa by: alveoli of upper incisors forming a straight line; pre-orbital part of the maxilla has very short concavity over P 1 and convexity starting over P 2; much smaller total size. There are no described fossil cystophorine seal skulls to date. Described fossil monachine skulls have a different dental formula and are much younger in geological age; in addition, their skulls were much larger with a reverse ratio between M 1 and P 4. Cladistic analysis The data matrix for the 14 included characters is shown in table 3. Cranial, mandibular and dental characters and character-states for Phocidae: 0, designates the most primitive state among the studied taxa; 1 – 2, derived states;?, unknown or missing data. Some characters have the opposite polarity to that of Berta and Wyss (1994) and Burns and Fay (1970), while other characters have the same polarity as that of Chapskii (1974). Some characters were updated and modified from Koretsky (2001), Koretsky and Grigorescu (2002), and Koretsky and Rahmat (2015). The analysis was performed with NONA after Goloboff (1999) and Winclada from Nixon (1999) using a heuristic search of the phocid taxa of 14 unweighted characters. The resulting single Wagner most parsimonious tree generated by Winclada with 184 steps long, having Consistency Index of 0.75, and Retention Index 0.81. The matrix of character-state data for 19 species of fossil and modern phocids is given in Table 3; in addition, the following taxa were used as outgroups: fossil representatives, such as Allodesmus and Puijila, and the recent mustelid Lontra. Skull 1. Anterior palatine foramina: (0) round and deep; (1) oval and shallow; (2) indistinctively marked (Burns and Fay, 1970). 2. Palatal groove: (0) present; (1) absent. 3. Palatal process of maxillary bone: (0) flat; (1) convex. 4. Rostrum: (0) short, relative to skull; (1) elongated (Chapskii, 1974: 299). Teeth 5. Number of incisors: (0) 3 / 2; (1) 2 / 2; (2) 2 / 1 (Chapskii, 1974: 289; in contrast to Burns and Fay 1970: 380); (3) 3 / 1. 6. Roots of postcanine teeth (P 2 / p 2 – P 3 / p 3): (0) one (fused); (1) two (Berta and Wyss, 1994: 51). 7. Roots of P 4 / p 4: (0) three; (1) two; (2) one. 8. Crowns of postcanine teeth: (0) multicusped; (1) single-cusped. 9. Dimensions of postcanine teeth relative to longitudinal diameter of alveolus of upper canine: (0) more than 60.0 %; (1) less than 60.0 % or sub-equal. 10. Basal cingulum of postcanine teeth: (0) well developed; (1) not developed. 11. Number of additional cusps of premolars: (0) more than two; (1) no additional cusps. 12. Premolar: (0) aligned parallel to axis of tooth-row; (1) seated obliquely. 13. Upper incisors: (0) arranged in a curved arcade; (1) arranged in a straight line. 14. Second and third upper incisors: (0) third larger than second; (1) second larger than third, (2) all upper incisors equal in size. Nodes of the present tree (fig. 5) correspond to traditionally recognised phocid taxa. Only one new name is introduced here: inclusion of Devinophoca emryi within the subfamily Devinophocinae requires recognition of the new species. The nodes on the cladogram shown in fig. 5 are supported by the following character transformations: Node 1 (family Phocidae): 8 (0). This paraphyletic group with an ancestral or primitive character (multicusped crowns of postcanine teeth) is treated as plesiomorphic for the family. Node 2 (subfamily Devinophocinae, possibly paraphyletic): 1 (0); 5 (3); 7 (0). The anterior palatal foramina are round and deep; number of incisors. Paraphyly of D. claytoni: three fused roots of the postcanine teeth. Node 3 (subfamily Phocinae): 9 (0,1); 5 (0). The diameter of the infraorbital foramen is equal to or greater than the diameter of the maxillary canine alveolus; the length of auditory bulla is less than the distance between them. In addition, character 9 (1) shows homoplasy in Neomonachus schauinslandi and Leptophoca lenis. Node 4 (subfamily Monachinae): 2 (1); 3 (1); 13 (0,1). The relative dimensions of the frontal and maxillary parts of nasals; shape of the anterior palatine foramina; maxilla forms a long concavity; reduced number of incisors. Node 5 (subfamily Cystophorinae): 5 (2); 11 (1); 14 (1). The mastoid convexity directed sharply downward behind the mastoid process. Maxilla forms a short concavity; advance reduced number of incisors; no additional cusps on premolars. The second incisor is larger than the third one.	en	Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. (2021): Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered In Grytsiv (Ukraine). Zoodiversity 55 (2): 143-154, DOI: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.143
