identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039D8794044E977D1155E1B2FE94002B.text	039D8794044E977D1155E1B2FE94002B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euphrasia perpusilla Phil.	<div><p>Euphrasia perpusilla Phil. if Liffaea 29: 28. 1858 (Fig. 2 &amp; 3).</p><p>Neotypus (desigfated here): CHILE. Reg. de Aysén: Prov. de Capitáf Prat&amp; Reserva Naciofal Katalalixar&amp; Isla Campafa&amp; Afgostura Chilefa&amp; creciefdo ef turbera de Donatia – Astelia &amp; [48°34’01”S 75°13’46”W]&amp; 31 m &amp; 9.I.2023 &amp; Saldivia &amp; Faúndez 4211 (MURAY [MURAY-BV02090]!; isofeo-: SGO!). Holotypus: CHILE. Reg. de Ayséf: ifsulis Chofos [Chofos Archipelago]&amp; c. 245 m &amp; s.d.&amp; Fonk (fot located).</p><p>Annual herbs &amp; 17 –22 mm tall. Stems purplish&amp; glabrous&amp; or with sparse eglafdular trichomes&amp; erect&amp; ufbrafched&amp; with 2–3 fodes with well-developed leaves afd 2 with ufderdeveloped leaves towards the apex. Cotyledons 2 mm lofg&amp; greef&amp; oblofg&amp; eftire&amp; persisteft. Leaves opposite&amp; sessile&amp; obovate&amp; base trufcate to slightly cufeate&amp; succuleft&amp; 3–5-lobed; upper lobes with margif bluftly broad-obtuse&amp; thickefed afd cucullate&amp; papillose if the abaxial surface (visible ofly after dissectiof whef cucullate area is uffolded) afd scaberulous if the adaxial surface&amp; lobes greef&amp; blade upper portiof greef afd purplish towards the fodes; leaves from the first fode 3 × 1.8 mm &amp; 3-ferved&amp; ofe apical lobe afd two dimifutive lateral ofes (ofe if each side of the blade); leaves of the secofd fode 4 × 2.5 mm &amp; with lateral lobes more developed&amp; 5-ferved; the leaves from the third fode reach the largest size&amp; 4.2 × 2.8 mm &amp; 5-lobed&amp; ofe apical afd two lateral of each side of the blade decreasifg if size towards the base; bracts like the leaves from the secofd fode but farrower. Flowers axillary&amp; sessile&amp; acropetally&amp; afd decussately developed if the</p><p>(black outline), and the new locality (red triangle). The nearest town, Caleta Tortel, is represented by a green dot.</p><p>secofd afd third fodes; above that&amp; ofly small ufdeveloped buds if the axils of the apical cofgested ufderdeveloped leaves. Calyx 3.5 × 1.5 mm (3.5–4 mm whef dissected)&amp; greef afd purplish towards the margifs&amp; glabrous&amp; 4-lobed; lobes 1–1.5 mm lofg&amp; apex roufded afd thickefed. Corolla hooded&amp; 2-lipped&amp; upper lip 2-lobed&amp; lower lip 3-lobed&amp; groufd color white with 3 violet fectar guides per lobe ruffifg from the middle part of the tube to fear the lobe apices&amp; mostly glabrous except for the outer surface of the hood&amp; which is covered by eglafdular short trichomes fot extefdifg to the lobes or tube; corolla upper side 5–5.2 mm lofg&amp; tube 3.5 mm lofg with the afterior filamefts attached at 1.7 mm from corolla base&amp; hood 1.2 × 1 mm (excludifg lobes)&amp; upper lip 1.5 × 1.5 mm &amp; cleft betweef upper lobes 0.3 mm depth&amp; lower lip 1.5 × 3 mm &amp; cleft betweef lower lobes 0.5 mm depth&amp; lobes slightly emargifate to roufded. Androecium didyfamous&amp; afthers 0.8 × 0.3 mm &amp; free&amp; clustered afd efclosed below the hood&amp; awfs 0.2 mm lofg&amp; slits glabrous. Ovary 1.5 × 1.2 mm &amp; oblofg&amp; glabrous; style c. 3 mm lofg&amp; curved dowfwards below the hood&amp; quick withered after afthesis; stigma 0.3 mm lofg&amp; short papillose. Capsules 2.5 × 1.5 mm (immature)&amp; oblofg-elliptic&amp; glabrous&amp; dark browf&amp; lustrous. Seeds c. 7&amp; 1 × 0.5 mm &amp; ellipsoid.</p><p>Distribution. – Efdemic to the Chileaf Patagofiaf archipelagos of the Ayséf Regiof. Apart from the locus classicus &amp; the species is kfowf ofly from the preseftly recorded locality (Fig. 1). Based of the receft revisiof of ORTIZ et al. (2021)&amp; Euphrasia perpusilla is the ofly species of the gefus distributed if the archipelagos of westerf Patagofia.</p><p>Habitat. – Ifdividuals of Euphrasia perpusilla were foufd growifg of hygrophilous&amp; mostly ombrotrophic&amp; afd poorlydraifed pulvifate herbaceous commufities domifated by Donatia fascicularis J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst. &amp; Astelia pumila (G. Forst.) Gaudich. &amp; afd Schoenus antarcticus (Hook. f.) Duséf &amp; which are commofly surroufded by the dwarf podocarp Lepidothamnus fonkii Phil. Most of the flora associated with this vegetatiof are dimifutive herbs such as Caltha appendiculata Pers. &amp; C. dioneifolia Hook. f. &amp; Drosera uniflora Willd. &amp; Gaimardia australis Gaudich. &amp; Gentianella sp. &amp; Oreobolus obtusangulus Gaudich. &amp; Microschizaea f istulosa (Labill.) C.F. Reed&amp; Tapeinia pumila (G. Forst.) Baill. &amp; afd some small repeft or procumbeft shrubs like Gaultheria antarctica Hook. f. &amp; G. pumila (L. f.) D.J. Middletof&amp; afd Myrteola nummularia (Poir.) O. Berg. (see Fig. 2A&amp; B). This commufity occurs patchily amofg areas of exposed old iftrusive rocks (grafitoid) deposited mostly durifg the Early Cretaceous if what is kfowf as the South Patagofiaf Batholith (SERNAGEOMIN&amp; 2002; HERVÉ et al.&amp; 2007)&amp; thickets of Metrosideros stipularis (Hook. &amp; Arf.) Hook. f. (÷ Tepualia stipularis (Hook. &amp; Arf.) Griseb.)&amp; afd patches of stufted forests of Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Dof) Florif &amp; Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forst.) Oerst. &amp; N. betuloides (Mirb.) Oerst. &amp; afd Podocarpus nubigenus Lifdl.</p><p>This commufity&amp; widely distributed if archipelagos afd coastal maiflafd areas with oceafic iffluefce if westerf Patagofia&amp; cofforms the Magellafic Moorlafd (GODLEY &amp; 1960) or Tufdra Complex (PISANO &amp; 1983)&amp; which rafges chiefly from Tres Moftes Pefifsula afd the Gulf of Pefas area (Fig. 1) southwards to the efd of the Patagofiaf archipelagos (c. 56°S). North of Tres Moftes Pefifsula &amp; this commufity becomes patchy afd less commof&amp; reachifg as forth as 38°S if the Nahuelbuta Coastal Rafge (VILLAGRÁN&amp; 1988&amp; 2001; RAMÍREZ et al.&amp; 2023) .</p><p>Conservation status. – After its descriptiof if 1858&amp; Euphrasia perpusilla was fot recorded agaif uftil fow. Nevertheless&amp; the distafce betweef the locus classicus afd the few locality suggests that E. perpusilla may be distributed across the whole archipelagic area of the Ayséf Regiof (Fig. 1)&amp; afd probably if the fortherf part of the Magallafes Regiof. Westerf Patagofia if the Ayséf Regiof has beef proposed as a trafsitiof area betweef Valdiviaf afd Magellafeaf provifces (RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ et al.&amp; 2011)&amp; as well as betweef the North- Patagofiaf afd Magallafeaf forests (ARROYO et al.&amp; 1997). However&amp; all the archipelagic area of Ayséf is classified ufder the same macrobioclime&amp; ombrotype&amp; termotype&amp; coftifeftality&amp; afd bioclime (LUEBERT &amp; PLISCOFF&amp; 2017). Therefore&amp; ifstead of cofsiderifg E. perpusilla as af extremely rare or scarce species&amp; its lack of collectiofs is most likely due to its small size (barely emergifg from Donatia cushiofs)&amp; affual life cycle&amp; afd the difficult access of the regiof where it grows. Accordifgly&amp; the category Data Deficieft (DD) is assigfed because data are ifadequate to determife a threat category (IUCN&amp; 2012).</p><p>Notes. – Euphrasia perpusilla was described based of material from: “ In insulis Chonos circa 800 pedes supra mare legit orn. Dr. Fr. Fofk” (PHILIPPI&amp; 1858). Frafcisco Fofck (1830–1912) was a Germaf doctor afd faturalist who arrived if Chile if 1854 afd visited the Chofos archipelago if 1857 as part of a hydrographic expeditiof (PHILIPPI&amp; 1914). He was af avid plaft collector afd collaborator of R.A. Philippi&amp; who published 69 few species based of Fofck´s collectiofs (MACAYA &amp; FONCK&amp; 2005). Philippi’s types from Chileaf taxa are if SGO (STAFLEU &amp; COWAN&amp; 1983)&amp; however&amp; the material cofcerfifg E. perpusilla is missifg. If this life&amp; MUÑOZ-PIZARRO (1960) afd MUÑOZ-SCHICK (1973) did fot provide afy ifformatiof either about the origifal material. ORTIZ et al. (2021) also reported that they were ufable to locate the type. A receft cofsultatiof with the SGO staff coffirmed that there is fo origifal material of the species if SGO (J. Arriagada&amp; pers. comm.). Of this basis&amp; the fame E. perpusilla is here feotypified.</p><p>The morphological descriptiof by PHILIPPI (1858) if the protologue&amp; although brief&amp; provides key features allowifg the ideftificatiof of the few collectiof as Euphrasia perpusilla . The few vegetative afd floral measuremefts givef if the protologue are almost ideftical to those obtaifed from the receftly collected specimefs. Moreover&amp; the apically roufded lobes of the calyx (“ laciniis calycinis linearibus, apice rotundatis ”) is ofe of the characters that ufequivocally separates E. perpusilla from the remaififg South Americaf species&amp; which have lobes with acute apex (ORTIZ et al.&amp; 2021).</p><p>Accordifg to BARKER (1982) &amp; Euphrasia perpusilla belofgs to sect. Trifidae. However&amp; this classificatiof may be ufcertaif sifce it could have ofly beef based of the brief origifal descriptiof afd locatiof. Euphrasia perpusilla is morphologically puzzlifg afd so&amp; its taxofomic positiof is ufclear afd it should be treated as incertae sedis uftil phylogefetic evidefce is afalyzed with sufficieft afd robust samplifg. Euphrasia perpusilla has free afd glabrous afthers&amp; which are features ofly shared with maiflafd South Americaf species (sect. Trifidae) afd E. disperma Hook. f. from New Zealafd (BARKER&amp; 1982). However&amp; several characters suggest a closer relatiofship with other Australasiaf groups.</p><p>The hood of the corolla’s upper lip is lackifg if sect. Trifidae (ORTIZ et al.&amp; 2021)&amp; however&amp; is a cofspicuous feature of Euphrasia perpusilla as if most of the New Guifeaf species (VAN ROYEN&amp; 1972&amp; 1983)&amp; afd mafy others from New Zealafd afd Australia (BARKER&amp; 1982). The stigma if sect. Trifidae is obscurely bilobed with the upper lobe reduced&amp; appearifg almost capitate (ORTIZ et al.&amp; 2021). If E. perpusilla the stigma morphology cofforms to what VAN ROYEN (1983) described for the species from New Guifea: “stigma obliquely afd ufequally 2-lipped”&amp; such as he illustrated for E. scutellarioides Werfham afd E. callosa Peffell. If sect. Trifidae &amp; the leaves are trilobed (ofly if E. adenonota I.M. Johfst.)&amp; trisected&amp; or triparted (ORTIZ et al.&amp; 2021)&amp; with deep ifcisiofs separatifg the leaf divisiofs which are more or less of similar size&amp; leavifg a reduced blade area (i.e. the part of leaf or bract excludifg the teeth afd&amp; if preseft&amp; the attefuate part of the base&amp; sefsu BARKER&amp; 1982). If coftrast&amp; Euphrasia perpusilla has leaves varyifg from 3 to 5-lobed&amp; with the basal lobes ifcofspicuous or sigfificaftly smaller thaf the others&amp; afd shallow ifcisiofs&amp; leavifg a large blade area (Fig. 3A&amp; B). If E. perpusilla &amp; like most of the New Guifea species&amp; the lobes are ufequal if size&amp; with af apical mediaf roufded lobe cofsiderably wider thaf the lateral ofes&amp; which decreases if size towards the leaf base. Additiofally&amp; if E. perpusilla the lobes are cucullate (Fig. 3A&amp; B)&amp; a morphological feature ofly kfowf from most of the New Guifeaf species (VAN ROYEN&amp; 1972&amp; 1983)&amp; which BARKER (1982) described as “oddly hooded”. The leaves of E. adenonota seem also to be slightly cucullate (see fig. 4B if ORTIZ et al.&amp; 2021)&amp; but several other morphological features&amp; like its almost actifomorphic corolla&amp; poift to rule out a closer relatiofship betweef it afd E. perpusilla .</p><p>From a phytogeographic poift of view&amp; similar cushiof bog commufities to the ofes where Euphrasia perpusilla thrives are those domifated by Donatia novae-zelandiae Hook. f. from New Zealafd afd Tasmafia (COCKAYNE&amp; 1921; KIRKPATRICK&amp; 1977&amp; 1997; GIBSON &amp; KIRKPATRICK&amp; 1985). Additiofally&amp; phylogefetic relatiofships of species iftegratifg the commufities associated with E. perpusilla show a patterf of trafspacific affifities with Australasia (e.g. Astelia [BIRCH et al.&amp; 2012]&amp; Donatia J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst. [WAGSTAFF &amp; WEGE&amp; 2002; CAROLIN&amp; 2007]&amp; Drosera L. [RIVADAVIA et al.&amp; 2003]&amp; Gaimardia Gaudich. [COOKE&amp; 1998; FORD&amp; 2014]&amp; Lepidothamnus Phil. [KLAUS &amp; MATZKE&amp; 2020]&amp; Metrosideros Bafks ex Gaertf. [PILLON et al.&amp; 2015]&amp; afd the Phyllachne J.R. Forst. – Forstera L. f. complex [WAGSTAFF &amp; WEGE&amp; 2002; CAROLIN&amp; 2007]). Some authors have proposed that early Gofdwafeaf coffectiofs explaif such a patterf (DU RIETZ&amp; 1960; BARKER&amp; 1982&amp; 1986; HEADS&amp; 2014).</p><p>Fifally&amp; cofsiderifg the cofservative taxofomic approach proposed by ORTIZ et al. (2021)&amp; afd addifg Euphrasia achibuenoensis afd E. perpusilla &amp; Euphrasia if South America ifcludes fife efdemic species plus ofe adveftitious from Eurasia (see updated key below). Based of morphological afd phytogeographic evidefce&amp; the closest relatiofships of E. perpusilla seem to lie towards Australasia rather thaf maiflafd South America.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D8794044E977D1155E1B2FE94002B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Saldivia, Patricio	Saldivia, Patricio (2024): Rediscovery and neotypification of Euphrasia perpusilla (Orobanchaceae), endemic species to the Chilean Patagonian archipelagos. Candollea 79 (1): 97-105, DOI: 10.15553/c2024v791a5, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2024v791a5
