identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039D87B34C281B5AFF19FAC4FEF377DA.text	039D87B34C281B5AFF19FAC4FEF377DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola curta SUBSP. MERIDIONALIS 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA CURTA SUBSP. MERIDIONALIS SUBSP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 4, 5)</p><p>Zoobank registration: zoobank.org:act: FAA1D97A- EE43-4DDF-BA3D-462BAFBEE7D7</p><p>Etymology: From Latin meridionalis, southern, referring to the distribution of the species relative to its conspecifics.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05/200152), a dissected animal deposited in the MNCN collection. Type locality: Spring at Bigor Dolenci, North Macedonia.</p><p>Material studied: Spring at Bigor Dolenci, North Macedonia, 41.484°N, 20.999°E, C.W., May 2008, MNCN 15.05/200152 (80% ethanol). Canal outflow of spring at Bigor Dolenci, North Macedonia, 41.484°N, 20.999°E, C.W. and D.L., May 2008, UGSB 12958 (80% ethanol). Spring-fed lake near the Kosovitiko River, Lista, Greece, 39.73°N, 20.48°E, Z.E., July 2004, UGSB 14439 (80% ethanol).</p><p>Diagnosis: Central radular tooth formula 6-C-6/1-1; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length and with one medial outgrowth on its left side; nervous system moderately concentrated (RPG ratio = 0.48).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.0–4.5 whorls, height 2.00– 2.25 mm (Fig. 4A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about three-quarters of total shell length. Protoconch ~450 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture pitted (Fig. 4G). Aperture slightly oval; inner lip slightly thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 4B, D). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 4E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~500 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~40 rows of teeth (Fig. 4H). Central tooth formula 6-C-6/1-1 (Fig. 4I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 4-C-4. Inner marginal teeth bearing 25–28 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 19–21 sharp cusps (Fig. 4J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 5D). Ctenidium with ~15 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 5A). Stomach approximately as long as wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 5B). Nervous system slightly pigmented, almost pale, and moderately concentrated (RPG ratio = 0.48; N = 1); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 5F). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 5D, E); penis attached to the area close to the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: The three localities where this species was found were small, shallow spring-fed waters filled with stones and mud. Snails were found in low abundance on stones at the three localities and co-occurring with Horatia macedonica (KuŠcer, 1937) and Stagnicola palustris (Müller, 1774) .</p><p>Remarks: Radomaniola curta meridionalis bears a smaller shell than other subspecies of R. curta studied herein, in addition to a wider and shorter penis (Supporting Information, Tables S6 and S9) and an average sequence divergence from other conspecific lineages of 0.6–2.2% for COI. It is also differentiated from the geographically proximate Radomaniola curta subsp. bermius (Reischütz, 1988) in having a shell with smaller umbilicus, larger aperture and more convex spire whorls.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C281B5AFF19FAC4FEF377DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C2B1B45FC84FA3EFBC176CC.text	039D87B34C2B1B45FC84FA3EFBC176CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola curta SUBSP. MONTENEGRENSIS 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA CURTA SUBSP. MONTENEGRENSIS SUBSP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 6, 7)</p><p>Zoobank registration: zoobank.org:act: 6D859A59- 9357-4949-99F4-3960B1E5FBDD</p><p>Etymology: The subspecies name refers to the occurrence of this snail in Montenegro.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05/200157), five paratypes (MNCN 15.05/200158) in the MNCN collection and ~ 50 paratypes (UGSB 19515) in the UGSB collection. Type locality: Drobnica Spring, Reljići, Montenegro.</p><p>Material studied: Drobnica Spring, Reljići, Montenegro, 42.2000°N, 19.0593°E, T.H. and C.W., September 2009, MNCN 15.05/200158 and UGSB 19515 (80% ethanol). Maricina Spring, Zabes, Montenegro, 42.2287°N, 19.0907°E, T.H. and C.W., September 2009, UGSB 19051 (80% ethanol). Outflow from the Velje Oko Spring, Gluhi do, Montenegro, 42.2142°N, 19.0512°E, T.H. and C.W., September 2009, UGSB 19043 (80% ethanol).</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; central radular tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, with a long duct; distal seminal receptacle (SR1) pyriform, duct medium length; proximal seminal receptacle (SR2) small, pyriform to elongate, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, slightly longer than head length, attached to the central area of the head; nervous system moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.47).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.0–4.5 whorls, height 2.5–3.0 mm (Fig. 6A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~400 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture wrinkled (Fig. 6G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about three-quarters of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 6B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 6E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~600 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~60 rows of teeth (Fig. 6H). Central tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1 (Fig. 6I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 4-C-4. Inner marginal teeth having 24 or 25 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 23–26 sharp cusps (Fig. 6J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 7H). Ctenidium with 14 or 15 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 7A). Stomach approximately as long as wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 7B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.47); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 7C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately two times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct slightly longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 pyriform, with duct of medium length, joining renal oviduct at the insertion point with the bursal duct. SR2 shorter than SR1, pyriform to elongate, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 7D–G; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Malegenitaliawithaprostateglandapproximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 7L). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, longer than head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and rarely with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 7H–K; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached to the central area of the head; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: Radomaniola curta montenegrensis has been collected from three closely proximal rheocrene springs located close to the Lake Scutari. These springs were of cold, low water flow. Snails were abundant on stones and in the mud at all localities. No direct co-occurring species was found.</p><p>Remarks: All three studied populations of R. c. montenegrensis varied in shell size and shape and penis size (Figs 6, 7; Supporting Information, Tables S6 and S9). Despite their morphological differentiation, COI sequence divergence was low (0.1%). This subspecies differs from the geographically proximate R. c. curta, Radomaniola curta anagastica (Radoman, 1973) and Radomaniola curta maxima subsp. nov. in its shorter and more ovate shell (see Radoman, 1983; Supporting Information, Table S6), smaller bursa copulatrix (Supporting Information, Table S8), a shorter distance between seminal receptacles and an average sequence divergence with R. c. curta and R. c. maxima of 1.2–2.5% for COI. The COI sequence divergence between R. c. montenegrensis and one individual from the type locality area of R. c. anagastica, sequenced by Falniowski et al. (2012) (GenBank accession number: KC011773), was substantial (5.4%).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C2B1B45FC84FA3EFBC176CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C341B40FCF7F94FFD3275F2.text	039D87B34C341B40FCF7F94FFD3275F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola curta SUBSP. OMBLENSIS 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA CURTA SUBSP. OMBLENSIS SUBSP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 8, 9)</p><p>Radomaniola curta curta (Küster, 1842) – Hirschfelder, 2017</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: 903123AE-A06C-4F45-8759-5F7E68F93BBF</p><p>Etymology: Referring to Ombla Spring, in which this subspecies was originally found.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05/200155), six paratypes (MNCN 15.05/200156) in the MNCN collection and ~ 70 paratypes (UGSB 18778) in the UGSB collection. Type locality: Ombla Spring, Rozat, Croatia.</p><p>Material studied: Ombla Spring, Rozat, Croatia, 42.6749°N, 18.1374°E, T.H. and D.D., June 2016, MNCN 15.05/200156 and UGSB 18778 (80% ethanol). Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; central radular tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, with a long duct; SR1 elongate, duct short; SR2 small, pyriform to elongate, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, smaller than head length and with one medial outgrowth on its left side; nervous system moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.49).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.0–4.5 whorls, height 2.5–3.2 mm (Fig. 8A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~400 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture pitted (Fig. 8G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about two-thirds of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 8B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish to yellowish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 8E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~700 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~50 rows of teeth (Fig. 8H). Central tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1 (Fig. 8I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 3-C-3. Inner marginal teeth having 20–25 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 18–26 sharp cusps (Fig. 8J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 9F). Ctenidium with 14–16 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 9A). Stomach approximately as long as wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 9B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.49); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 9C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, about as long as wide. Bursal duct slightly longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 elongate, with a short duct, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 shorter than SR1, pyriform to elongate, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 9D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 9I). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, smaller than head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 9F–H; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached to the area close to the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: Radomaniola curta omblensis is known only from its type locality, a large karstic spring fed by subterranean waters. Snails were deeply submerged (&gt; 1 m) and attached to the walls, the aquatic vegetation and stones. A closely co-occurring species was Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) .</p><p>Remarks: Hirschfelder (2017) found Radomaniola - like snails in Ombla Spring and assigned them to R. c. curta . Our morphological and genetic data from a Radomaniola population living in the same spring indicate that this population differs from R. c. curta and from any other subspecies. Specifically, this new subspecies differs from the conchologically similar R. c. curta and R. c. kicavica according to its more slender shell, slightly larger bursa copulatrix and shorter bursal duct. The COI sequence divergence with other subspecies ranges between 1.2 and 2.6%.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C341B40FCF7F94FFD3275F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C311B42FF22FA67FDDA760F.text	039D87B34C311B42FF22FA67FDDA760F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola curta SUBSP. MAXIMA 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA CURTA SUBSP. MAXIMA SUBSP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 10, 11)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: D86C5BA4-235B-410B-93B7-531D97B30A4D</p><p>Etymology: From Latin maximus, very large, referring to its large body size.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200153), 20 paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200154) in the MNCN collection and&gt; 500 paratypes (UGSB 19540) in the UGSB collection. Type locality: Crnojevića River, Montenegro.</p><p>Material studied: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.0284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.355" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.0284/lat 42.355)">Crnojevića River</a>, near the bridge, Montenegro, 42.3550°N, 19.0284°E, T.H., C.W. and D.E., September 2009, MNCN 15.05 /200154 and UGSB 19540 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture pitted; central radular tooth formula 5-C-5/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, with a long duct; SR1 elongate, duct short; SR2 small, pyriform, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, sometimes with one medial outgrowth on its left side; nervous system unpigmented, elongate (mean RPG ratio = 0.52).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.0–4.5 whorls, height 2.5–3.5 mm (Fig. 10A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~400 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture pitted (Fig. 10G). Teleoconch whorls slightly convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about three-quarters of total shell length. Aperture oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 10B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 10E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~700 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~50 rows of teeth (Fig. 10H). Central tooth formula 5-C- 5/1-1 (Fig. 10I); basal tongue V-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula (4)3-C- 3(4). Inner marginal teeth bearing 18–21 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 22–23 sharp cusps (Fig. 10J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 11F). Ctenidium with 13–16 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 11A). Stomach approximately as long as wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 11B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system unpigmented, elongate (mean RPG ratio = 0.52); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size (Fig. 11C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, about as long as wide. Bursal duct longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 elongate, with a short duct, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 shorter than SR1, pyriform, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 11D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 11H). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth (sometimes absent) on its left side (Fig. 11F, G; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached to the area close to the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: This is a riverine subspecies collected from the margins of the Crnojevića River when the water level was low. Snails were found in high abundance on stones and small rocks. Co-occurring species are Ancylus sp., Theodoxus sp., Bithynia sp. and Anagastina matjasici (Bole, 1961) .</p><p>Remarks: Although specimens of R. c. maxima are larger than those of other conspecific populations and present a more ovate shell shape, they are included in R. curta by the presence of a long SR1, an ovoid bursa copulatrix with a long duct, a gradually tapering penis with a medial outgrowth on the left edge and an RPG ratio from moderately concentrated to elongate. All these features have been described for R. c. curta by Radoman (1983). In this monograph, Radoman (1983) stated that Orientalina (= Radomaniola) curta subspecies differ from each other mainly in shell rather than in anatomical features, which applies to R. c. maxima. Other than by shell shape and size, this subspecies is diagnosable by its small number of cusps on the radular teeth, a high RPG ratio and a wide base of the penis. Our phylogenetic inferences also place the studied specimens of R. c. maxima unambiguously within the R. curta clade (Fig. 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C311B42FF22FA67FDDA760F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C331B4DFEBFF90FFD287443.text	039D87B34C331B4DFEBFF90FFD287443.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola dolens Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA DOLENS SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 12, 13)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: 1DCAC494-B7E4-47B4-B0E7-7701B39DF9A9</p><p>Etymology: The name dolens means painful in Latin and is derived from Achérōn, the Greek name of the Acheron River, or ‘River of Woe’ in Ancient Greek mythology, where the type locality of this species is located.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200159), five paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200160) in the MNCN collection and ~ 20 paratypes in the UGSB collection (UGSB 16932). Type locality: Springs of the Acheron River, Glyki, Greece.</p><p>Material studied: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.6235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.328" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.6235/lat 39.328)">Springs</a> of the Acheron River, Glyki, Greece, 39.3280°N, 20.6235°E, M.B., August 2014, MNCN 15.05 /200160 and UGSB 16932 (80% ethanol). Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; central radular tooth formula 6-C-6/1-1; bursa copulatrix globular, duct longer than bursal length; SR1 elongate, duct short; SR2 elongate, smaller than SR1, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, base narrow, shorter than head length; nervous system weakly pigmented, elongate (mean RPG ratio = 0.50) .</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 3.5–4.0 whorls, height 1.75–2.25 mm (Fig. 12A–C; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish, sometimes whitish. Protoconch ~400 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture wrinkled (Fig. 12G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about two-thirds of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 12B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 12E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~600 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~60 rows of teeth (Fig. 12H). Central tooth formula 6-C-6/1-1 (Fig. 12I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 5-C-5. Inner marginal teeth having 28–30 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 25–27 sharp cusps (Fig. 12J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 13F). Ctenidium with 11–12 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 13A). Stomach slightly longer than wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 13B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, elongate (mean RPG ratio = 0.50); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 13C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix globular, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 elongate, duct short, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 smaller than SR1, elongate, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 13D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 13H). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 13F, G; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached well behind the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: Endemic to the large, cold spring of the Acheron River, in which the species lives in moderate abundance.</p><p>Remarks: Genetic divergence in the small sample (N = 3) of R. dolens was relatively large (~2% for COI), as was the variation in shell shape and shell aperture observed in some individuals (Fig. 12A–D). Differences in shell shape might have been driven by shell erosion. We found no remarkable anatomical differences in this population. This species is distinguished from the geographically proximate and conchologically similar population of R. haesitans from the Louros River according to its wider shell umbilicus, smaller bursa copulatrix and SR1, more slender penis, lower RPG ratio and an average sequence divergence of 6.6% for COI (Supporting Information, Tables S4, S8 and S9).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C331B4DFEBFF90FFD287443	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C3C1B4EFF49FBD3FB98764C.text	039D87B34C3C1B4EFF49FBD3FB98764C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola jovanovskae Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA JOVANOVSKAE SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 14, 15)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: 73C15FFA-001B-4C60-A237-C42DC17B52D8</p><p>Etymology: This species is named after Dr Elena Jovanovska, a dedicated researcher of the diatom flora in Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa, who provided invaluable logistical support for this study.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200161), 12 paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200162) in the MNCN collection and&gt; 100 paratypes (UGSB 19517) in the UGSB collection. Type locality: Oteshevo Sirhan Spring, Sirhan, North Macedonia.</p><p>Material studied: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.9357&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.0032" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.9357/lat 41.0032)">Oteshevo Sirhan Spring</a>, Sirhan, North Macedonia, 41.0032°N, 20.9357°E, D.L. and S.N., May 2008, MNCN 15.05 /200162 and UGSB 19517 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; shell aperture slightly oval; central radular tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, with a duct longer than bursal length; SR1 pyriform, duct short; SR2 pyriform, duct short; SR1 longer than SR2; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, base narrow; nervous system weakly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.41).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.00–4.25 whorls, height 2.1–2.9 mm (Fig. 14A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~400 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture wrinkled (Fig. 14G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about two-thirds of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 14B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 14E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~650µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~55 rows of teeth (Fig. 14H). Central tooth formula 7-C- 7/1-1 (Fig. 14I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 4-C-4. Inner marginal teeth having 25 or 26 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 23 or 24 sharp cusps (Fig. 14J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 15F). Ctenidium with 11 or 12 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 15A). Stomach slightly wider than long, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 15B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.41); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 15C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 pyriform, duct long, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 shorter than SR1, pyriform, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Figs 15D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 15H). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 15F, G; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached well behind the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, undulated.</p><p>Habitat: This species has been collected from one spring in the watershed of Lake Prespa. Snails occur abundantly on stones together with Ancylus sp.</p><p>Remarks: This species is conchologically similar to the geographically proximal R. c. kicavica (Supporting Information, Fig. S2). However, these two taxa can be distinguished anatomically according to a shorter bursal duct, more elongated bursa copulatrix and smaller seminal receptacles in R. jovanovskae, and larger and more tapering penis and larger prostate gland in R. c. kicavica (Supporting Information, Figs S6, S 8). The average sequence divergence between the two taxa was 4% for COI.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C3C1B4EFF49FBD3FB98764C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C3F1B4AFCC9F9D6FF1C7211.text	039D87B34C3F1B4AFCC9F9D6FF1C7211.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola nachtigallae Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA NACHTIGALLAE SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 16, 17)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: 0139AB61-FB6A-42C4-814A-78E132AAEC1A</p><p>Etymology: Named after Silvia Nachtigall, who helped us with much of the preparation of material and the laboratory work conducted for this and other studies.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200165), ten paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200166) in the MNCN collection and&gt; 100 paratypes (UGSB 18857) in the UGSB collection. Type locality: source of the Krupa River, Krupa na Vrbasu, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><p>Material studied: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.6207" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.0/lat 44.6207)">Source</a> of the Krupa River, Krupa na Vrbasu, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 44.6207°N, 1 7. 1 1 0 5°E, T.H. a n d D.D., Ju n e 2 0 1 6, M N C N 15.05/200166 and UGSB 18857 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture slightly wrinkled; central radular tooth formula 7-C-7/1- 1; bursa copulatrix globular, with a long duct; SR1 elongate, duct short; SR2 elongate, duct short; penis slightly pigmented on the distal section, gradually tapering, shorter than head length; nervous system weakly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.46).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, four whorls, height 2.2–2.8 mm (Fig. 16A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~550 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~200 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture slightly wrinkled (Fig. 16G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about three-quarters of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 16B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 16E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~650 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~60 rows of teeth (Fig. 16H). Central tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1 (Fig. 16I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula (5)4-C-4(5). Inner marginal teeth having 30–32 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 35–37 sharp cusps (Fig. 16J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 17F). Ctenidium with 13–15 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 17A). Stomach slightly longer than wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 17B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.46); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 17C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix globular, as long as wide. Bursal duct longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 elongate, duct short, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 slightly shorter than SR1, elongate, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 17D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 17H). Penis slightly pigmented on the distal section, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, base medium wide, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 17F, G; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached well behind the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: This species has been found only in a rheocrene spring of clear and shallow waters presenting low temperature (10.5 °C) and conductivity (465 µS/ cm). Aquatic plants are sparse. Snails are abundant on stones. Other co-occurring gastropods are Sadleriana sp. and Ancylus sp.</p><p>Remarks: This species is closely related to the geographically proximate congeners R. bosniaca and R. szarowskae . The average COI sequence divergence between R. nachtigallae and these two species is 2% and 4%, respectively. This small genetic divergence contrasts with their considerable morphological differentiation in terms of shell size, shell shape and other characters of the reproductive system. Thus, R. nachtigallae differs from R. bosniaca in that it has a larger shell with taller spire whorls, wider base of penis, shorter penis compared with head length, more globular bursa copulatrix, longer bursal duct and more elongated SR1; and differs from R. szarowskae in its smaller shell, smaller penis and smaller bursa copulatrix (Supporting Information, Figs S2, S 6, S 8). These three species have a similar number of gill filaments and cusps on the radular teeth and RPG ratio.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C3F1B4AFCC9F9D6FF1C7211	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C3B1B74FC1CFF41FDF576EF.text	039D87B34C3B1B74FC1CFF41FDF576EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola pesici Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA PESICI SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 18, 19)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 42A9C1DA-B6A9-40BE-9A96-4F381D133CA2</p><p>Etymology: Named after Professor Vladimir PeŠić, collector of this species, in recognition of his valuable contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of Montenegro.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200163), five paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200164) in the MNCN collection and ~ 20 paratypes (UGSB 19048) in the</p><p>UGSB collection. Type locality: Bar Spring, Donje Vrelo, Montenegro .</p><p>M a t e r i a l s t u d i e d: B a r S p r i n g, D o n j e V r e l o, Montenegro, 42.86°N, 20.25°E, V.P., May 2005, MNCN 15.05 /200164 and UGSB 19048 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; central radular tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1; bursa copulatrix globular, with a long duct; SR1 elongate, duct short; SR2 slightly shorter than SR1, elongate, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, base narrow, approximately as long as head length; nervous system weakly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.47).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 3.5–4.0 whorls, height 1.75–2.25 mm (Fig. 18A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum whitish. Protoconch ~400 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture pitted (Fig. 18G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about three-quarters of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 18B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 18E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~600 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~60 rows of teeth (Fig. 18H). Central tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1 (Fig. 18I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 4-C-4. Inner marginal teeth having 30–32 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 30–35 sharp cusps (Fig. 18J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 19F). Ctenidium with ten or 11 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 19A). Stomach as long as wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 19B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio= 0.47); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 19C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately two times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix globular, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 elongate, duct short, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 slightly shorter than SR1, elongate, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 19D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 19H). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, approximately as long as head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 19F, G; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached well behind the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Remarks: This species resembles R. montana and R. filiola in bearing a more ovate shell than other congeners. Anatomically, R. pesici differs from the two species according to its larger bursa copulatrix, more slender penis, longer radula and larger central radular teeth. Average sequence divergence among the three species ranges between 5.3 and 7.9% for COI. Radomaniola pesici is also differentiated from the geographically proximate R. curta and R. wolffi in its shorter and more ovate shell, a larger number of cusps on the central and lateral teeth, smaller bursa copulatrix with a shorter duct, shorter penis and an average sequence divergence of 4.5–6.2% for COI (Supporting Information, Table S4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C3B1B74FC1CFF41FDF576EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C051B76FF5DF96DFAD475A5.text	039D87B34C051B76FF5DF96DFAD475A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola szarowskae Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA SZAROWSKAE SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 20, 21)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: 605481A3-A28F-4DC0-B532-9A1534B21887</p><p>Etymology: Named after Dr Magdalena Szarowska, in recognition of her many contributions to the evolution of Truncatelloidean gastropods of the Balkan Peninsula, including species of this genus.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200167), ten paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200168) in the MNCN collection and 60 paratypes (UGSB 18566) in the UGSB collection. Type locality: source of the Cetina River, Cetina, Croatia.</p><p>Material studied: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.4301&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.9766" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.4301/lat 43.9766)">Source</a> of the Cetina River, Cetina, Croatia, 43.9766°N, 16.4301°E, T.H. and D.D., June 2016, MNCN 15.05 /200168 and UGSB 18566 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Shell ovate-conic, 3.5–4.0 whorls (apex often eroded); protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; central radular tooth formula 6-C-6/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, with a duct as long as bursal length; SR1 elongate, duct short; SR2 elongate, same length as SR1, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, base wide, shorter than head length; nervous system weakly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.47).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 3.5–4.0 whorls, height 2.3–3.0 mm, apex often eroded (Fig. 20A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~500 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~150 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture pitted (Fig. 20G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about three-quarters of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 20B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip.</p><p>Operculum oval, yellowish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 20E, F).</p><p>Radular length intermediate, ~700 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~50 rows of teeth (Fig. 20H). Central tooth formula 6-C-6/1-1 (Fig. 20I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 4-C-4. Inner marginal teeth having 20–25 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 20–24 sharp cusps (Fig. 20J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 21F). Ctenidium with 13–15 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and posteriorly positioned. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 21A). Stomach slightly longer than wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 21B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.47); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 21C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct as long as bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 elongate, duct short, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 as long as SR1, elongate, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 21D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 21H). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, shorter than head length, base wide, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 21F, G); penis attached close to the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: The source of the Cetina River is a large, deep, karst spring located in the north-western slopes of the Dinara Alps. Snails are distributed on stones submerged at 0.5 m along the shore of the quiet pool formed by the spring waters. The temperature and conductivity of the water are low (9.6 °C and 350 µS/cm) and aquatic vegetation is sparse. Other co-occurring gastropods are Horatia klecakiana (Bourguignat, 1887) and Ancylus sp.</p><p>Remarks: This is one of the largest species recorded so far for this genus. Conchologically, R. szarowskae resembles R. c. kicavica, but it differs anatomically from this subspecies according to its larger penis, larger and more globous bursa copulatrix, less concentrated nervous ring and a larger number of cusps on the lateral radular teeth. Phylogenetically, the two taxa are distantly positioned from one another (Fig. 2), and their COI average sequence divergence is 5.6%. Radomaniola szarowskae differs from the phylogenetically and geographically close species R. bosniaca and R. nachtigallae in that it has a more conic and larger shell, more globous and larger bursa copulatrix and in the shape and size of the penis (Supporting Information, Figs S2, S 6, S 8).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C051B76FF5DF96DFAD475A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C071B71FC31F9B1FA7675FC.text	039D87B34C071B71FC31F9B1FA7675FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola variabilis Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA VARIABILIS SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 22, 23)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: BACA04A4-0420-4FB3-B15B-A3CD6789A303</p><p>Etymology: From Latin variabilis, variable, referring to its high intraspecific variation in shell shape.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200169), three paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200170) in the MNCN collection and ten paratypes in the UGSB collection (UGSB 23975). Type locality: Vellas Spring, Kalpaki, Greece.</p><p>Material studied: Vellas Spring, Kalpaki, Greece, 39.8660°N, 20.6243°E, T.W. and C.A., May 2005, MNCN 15.05 /200170 and UGSB 23975 (80% ethanol); unnamed spring, 3 km west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.92" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.18/lat 39.92)">Qafë Murrës</a>, Albania, 41.63°N, 20.2°E, Z.F., June 2003, UGSB 14440 (80% ethanol); unnamed spring, 7 km south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.92" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.18/lat 39.92)">Tepelenë</a>, Albania, 40.27°N, 20.28°E, Z.F., October 2004, UGSB 14441 (80% ethanol); Syri i Kaltër Lake, 7 km west of Muzinë, Albania, 39.92°N, 20.18°E, Z.F., October 2004, UGSB 2294 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture pitted; central radular tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, duct slightly longer than bursal length; SR1 pyriform, duct short; SR2 pyriform, duct short, slightly larger than SR1; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, base narrow, approximately as long as head length; nervous system weakly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.47).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.0–4.5 whorls, height 2.0– 2.6 mm (Fig. 22A–F; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish, sometimes whitish. Protoconch ~425 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~175 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture pitted (Fig. 22I). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about two-thirds of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 22B, F). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 22G, H). Radular length intermediate, ~600 µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~60 rows of teeth. Central tooth formula 7-C-7/1-1 (Fig. 22J–L); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula (3)4-C-4(3). Inner marginal teeth having 25–32 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 27–34 sharp cusps (Fig. 22M, N).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 23G, H). Ctenidium with 12 or 13 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 23A). Stomach as long as wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 23B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio= 0.47); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 23C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately three times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct slightly longer than bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 pyriform, duct short, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 slightly larger than SR1, pyriform, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 23D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 23F). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, approximately as long as head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 23G–K; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached well behind the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: Radomaniola variabilis lives in cold water springs and lacustrine habitats; it has been found on stones and aquatic vegetation. It co-occurs with Ancylus fluviatilis Müller, 1774, Radix cf. peregra (Müller, 1774) and Bithynia sp. in the type locality.</p><p>Remarks: Populations of R. variabilis are particularly variable in the number of cusps on the lateral radular teeth, intensity of body pigmentation, penis width (Figs 22, 23) and shell morphology (e.g. shells of the Vella Spring population in Greece are slightly larger, more elongate than those of the Albanian populations and present a smaller aperture with a thin inner lip). Female genitalia could not be examined in detail because most of the dissected females from the type locality were parasitized and had stunted organs. Also, we found no females among the few specimens collected at the localities in Albania. Although the ABGD and GMYC methods subdivided this species into three entities, we consider this taxon as a single species based on the geographical proximity and phylogenetic clustering of the studied populations as a monophyletic group, a small intraspecific divergence &lt;1.6% for COI and similar shape of the shell and penis. Fehér &amp; Erőss (2009) assigned the three populations from Albania studied herein to R. curta based on shell morphology. However, penis features and genetic data suggest that these populations are members of R. variabilis and not of R. curta . The authors also reported the species R. curta and R. albanica co-occurring in the Syri i Kaltër Spring (Fehér &amp; Erőss, 2009). Based on morphological and molecular results, we conclude that the snails from the same locality examined in the present study are likely to be conspecific with R. variabilis and R. albanica .</p><p>Radomaniola variabilis is morphologically distinguishable from the geographically and phylogenetically proximate species R. dolens, R. albanica and R. haesitans according to its wider shell, wider shell umbilicus, longer penis, shorter bursal duct and SR1 and sequence divergence from these three species (5–6% average divergence for COI).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C071B71FC31F9B1FA7675FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C001B7CFC08FA71FE44748B.text	039D87B34C001B7CFC08FA71FE44748B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radomaniola wolffi Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>RADOMANIOLA WOLFFI SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 24, 25)</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: 7373D604-929B-4E92-AF4E-11F19EB6DD96</p><p>Etymology: Named after Christian Wolff, collector of this and other gastropod species in the Balkan Peninsula.</p><p>Type material: Holotype (MNCN 15.05 /200171), ten paratypes (MNCN 15.05 /200172) in the MNCN collection and ~ 50 paratypes in the UGSB collection</p><p>(UGSB 19533). Type locality: Vitoja Spring, north of Lake Scutari, Montenegro .</p><p>Material studied: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.3628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.3252" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.3628/lat 42.3252)">Vitoja Spring</a>, north of Lake Scutari, Montenegro, 42.3252°N, 19.3628°E, T.H. and C.W., 20 September 2009, MNCN 15.05 /200172 and UGSB 19533 (80% ethanol) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Protoconch microsculpture wrinkled; central radular tooth formula (3)4-C-4(3)/1-1; bursa copulatrix ovoid, with a duct as long as bursal length; SR1 pyriform, duct long; SR2 pyriform, duct short; penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, base narrow, longer than head length; nervous system weakly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.45).</p><p>Description: Shell ovate-conic, 4.0–4.5 whorls, height 2.3–3.0 mm, apex often eroded (Fig. 24A–D; Supporting Information, Table S6). Periostracum yellowish. Protoconch ~450 µm wide, 1.5 whorls; nucleus ~175 µm wide; protoconch microsculpture wrinkled (Fig. 24G). Teleoconch whorls convex, with deep sutures; body whorl large, occupying about two-thirds of total shell length. Aperture slightly oval; inner lip thicker than outer lip; peristome margin simple, straight (Fig. 24B). Umbilicus narrow, not covered by the inner lip. Operculum oval, brownish, about two whorls; muscle attachment area oval and located near the nucleus (Fig. 24E, F). Radular length intermediate, ~600µm (~25% of total shell length), with ~45 rows of teeth (Fig. 24H). Central tooth formula (3)4-C-4(3)/1-1 (Fig. 24I); basal tongue U-shaped, length about equal to lateral margin. Lateral tooth formula 3-C-3. Inner marginal teeth having 18–20 tapered cusps, shortening toward the base. Outer marginal teeth with 21–25 sharp cusps (Fig. 24J).</p><p>Animal darkly pigmented except for neck and tentacles (Fig. 25F). Ctenidium with 14–17 welldeveloped gill filaments, occupying ~50% of pallial cavity length and positioned posteriorly. Osphradium of intermediate width and opposite middle of ctenidium (Fig. 25A). Stomach slightly longer than wide, with two chambers almost equal in size; style sac longer than wide, surrounded by an unpigmented intestine (Fig. 25B; Supporting Information, Table S7). Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated (mean RPG ratio = 0.45); cerebral ganglia approximately equal in size, presenting small black granules (Fig. 25C).</p><p>Female glandular oviduct approximately two times longer than wide. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, slightly longer than wide. Bursal duct as long as bursal length. Renal oviduct unpigmented, coiled. SR1 pyriform, duct long, joining renal oviduct slightly above the insertion point with bursal duct. SR2 shorter than SR1, pyriform, with a short duct, located on renal oviduct near loop (Fig. 25D, E; Supporting Information, Table S8).</p><p>Male genitalia with a prostate gland approximately two times longer than wide, bean shaped; seminal duct entering the middle-posterior region; pallial vas deferens emerging close to its anterior edge (Fig. 25H). Penis unpigmented, gradually tapering, longer than head length, base narrow, weakly folded along inner edge and with one medial outgrowth on its left side (Fig. 25F, G; Supporting Information, Table S9); penis attached well behind the right eye; penial duct narrow, near outer edge, almost straight.</p><p>Habitat: Known only from a cold, large, karstic spring, Vitoja Spring, in Montenegro (for details of this locality, see Grego et al., 2019). The water conductivity was low (245 µS/cm) and vegetation sparse. The species was found mainly on stones, rocks, walls and detritus. Other gastropod species co-occurring in this spring are Pyrgula annulata (Linnaeus, 1758), Theodoxus sp., Bithynia sp., Planorbarius sp., Valvata sp. and Galba truncatula (Müller, 1774) .</p><p>Remarks: This species is conchologically similar and geographically proximate to Radomaniola elongata (Radoman, 1973), which was originally described based on the shell (Radoman, 1973), and only the anatomy of its penis is known (Falniowski et al., 2012). However, they can be distinguished by the narrower penis in R.wolffi (Fig. 25G) and an average sequence divergence of 9.1% for COI (Supporting Information, Table S4). Another Radomaniola species from the Lake Scutari region, Radomaniola lacustris (Radoman, 1983), for which only shell features are known (Radoman, 1983), differs from R. wolffi in having a more globose shell with a larger aperture.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C001B7CFC08FA71FE44748B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
039D87B34C0D1B7CFEF2FAA1FA8E75FC.text	039D87B34C0D1B7CFEF2FAA1FA8E75FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lerniana Delicado & Hauffe 2022	<div><p>LERNIANA GEN. NOV.</p><p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: z o o b a n k. org:act: AAB227D3-CBD8-4E8A-A001-4AA29A9B4256</p><p>Type species: Hydrobia tritonum Bourguignat, 1852 (also known as Semisalsa tritonum; Schütt, 1980).</p><p>Etymology: The genus name refers to the Greek name Λέρνη, Lerna, a spring region that was once a lake and today is home to a population of the type species; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Shell ovate-conic; 4.0–4.5 whorls; aperture oval with a straight narrow outer lip; umbilicus narrow. Operculum corneous, yellowish, thin, pliable, oval, without peg, and paucispiral with submarginal nucleus. One pair of basal cusps on radular central tooth. Ctenidium well developed, with 10–13 gill filaments. Osphradium positioned opposite approximate middle of ctenidium. Stomach without gastric caecum. Bursa copulatrix medium sized, pyriform, pedunculated and lying against the anterior section of the albumen gland; unpigmented renal oviduct; two seminal receptacles; SR2 smaller than SR1 and arising at the renal oviduct loop. Prostate gland bean shaped, about twice as long as wide. Penis strap-like, simple or with one small, medial outgrowth on its left side. Nervous system slightly pigmented, moderately concentrated.</p><p>Remarks: Lerniana is distinguished here from Radomaniola according to its smaller shell with a shorter spire, smaller stomach, pyriform bursa copulatrix with a shorter duct (of globular shape and with a longer duct in Radomaniola), smaller SR2, strap-like penis [although sometimes also gradually tapering, see Falniowski etal. (2012: 29, fig.7G1, G5) and Georgiev (2013: 294, fig. 2.4)] with a small outgrowth on the left side (larger and gradually tapering with a more prominent outgrowth in Radomaniola) and a generally more concentrated dorsal nerve ring (RPG ratio &lt;0.5 in Lerniana) (Supporting Information, Figs S3, S 7, S 9). Moreover, all phylogenetic analyses congruently depicted the three species assigned to this new genus (i.e. R. tritonum, R. feheri and R. seminula) as a well-supported clade outside Radomaniola (Fig. 2). Falsibelgrandiella Radoman, 1973 is remarkably different from Lerniana because it bears a tubular shell, distinct shape and size of the seminal receptacles, and a penis with a wider base (Radoman, 1983). Lerniana is more similar in shell shape to Turcorientalia Radoman, 1973 and Pseudorientalia Radoman, 1983 but differs from Graecorientalia Radoman, 1983 in having a larger and pyriform bursa copulatrix with a shorter duct, larger SR1 and narrower base of the penis; from Turcorientalia in terms of its smaller bursa copulatrix, larger seminal receptacles and longer and narrower penis; and from Pseudorientalia according to its narrower bursa copulatrix, larger seminal receptacles and narrower penis (Radoman, 1983).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87B34C0D1B7CFEF2FAA1FA8E75FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Delicado, Diana;Hauffe, Torsten	Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten (2022): Shell features and anatomy of the springsnail genus Radomaniola (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) show a different pace and mode of evolution over five million years. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 393-441, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab121
