identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039D87CCFFA4FF84FF56FBA8FD166EFF.text	039D87CCFFA4FF84FF56FBA8FD166EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Epeorus) aculeatus Braasch 1990	<div><p>Epeorus (Epeorus) aculeatus Braasch, 1990</p> <p>(Figs 1–17)</p> <p>Material examined: 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.8437&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.62776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.8437/lat 27.62776)">Duskilo</a> stream, 27.62776 N, 93.8437 E, 1662 m, 16.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian and M. Vasanth [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 289]; 6 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Dirang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.2318&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.32675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.2318/lat 27.32675)">Showda village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.2318&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.32675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.2318/lat 27.32675)">Dirang river</a>, 27.32675 N, 92.23180 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 298].</p> <p>Description: Larva: Body length 9.5 mm; length of cerci 11.5 mm. Body generally dark brown (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Head: Length 1.7 mm, width 2.4 mm; brown, (Fig. 1); subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed anteriorly; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes black. Antennal scape and pedicel brown, flagellum pale. Labrum dark brown, deeply cleft with median notch on anterior margin; long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 5). Hypopharynx: Lingua with anterolateral lobes; superlinguae slightly expanded, laterally with rows of dense hair-like setae (Fig. 6). Mandible without scattered setae along the molar; incisors serrated, outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 7–8). Maxilla with row of hair-like setae medially, apical segment of palp with dense row of hair-like setae, basal segment of palp broad (Fig. 9). Labium broad, glossae with U-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of each palp pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum brown without clear marks; mesonotum somewhat darker brown with paramedian pair of darker spots anteriorly (Fig. 1). Legs: Femur brown; hypodermal spot on dorsal surface, outer margin with long setae; distal end with blunt spine (Figs 11–13); short stout blunt setae scattered on dorsal surface (Fig. 11a), tibia brown with long hair-like setae on outer margin; tarsi dark brown. Claw small with 3 denticles (Fig. 14).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga dark brown, terga II–IX with pair of long, acute, submedian spines (Fig. 2); posterior margin of tergum with hair-like setae medially and with numerous minute spines on segments II–IX (Fig. 4); segments II–VII with long posterolateral extensions (Fig. 3); sterna pale yellowish without markings. Lamellae of gill I somewhat extended beneath of abdomen (Fig. 15). Gills II–VII with costal ribs arched and anal rib straight (Figs 16–17). Cerci with hair-like setae dorsally.</p> <p>Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) aculeatus can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal terga II–IX each with pair of long, acute, submedian spines (Figs 1–2); (ii) anterior margin of labrum with deep median notch (Fig. 5); (iii) femur with short stout blunt setae scattered on dorsal surface (Fig. 11a).</p> <p>Distribution: Thailand and India (Arunachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Thailand by Braasch (1990) and male adult was described by Webb &amp; McCafferty (2006); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material, which represents the first record of the species for India.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFA4FF84FF56FBA8FD166EFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFA1FF84FF56FE09FCAB6927.text	039D87CCFFA1FF84FF56FE09FCAB6927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Epeorus) bifurcatus Braasch & Soldan 1979	<div><p>Epeorus (Epeorus) bifurcatus Braasch &amp; Soldán, 1979</p> <p>(Figs 18–34)</p> <p>Material examined: 2 larvae, India, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng, Dirang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.231804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.326754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.231804/lat 27.326754)">Showda village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.231804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.326754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.231804/lat 27.326754)">Dirang river</a>, 27.3267528 N, 92.2318027 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E/297]; 1 larva, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Dibang Valley, Mipi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.8061&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.96643" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.8061/lat 28.96643)">Mipi river</a>, 28.96643 N, 95.8061 E, 1455 m, 31.x.2017, coll. Anil Kumar &amp; Party [ZSI/ SRC-I /E/312]; 15 larvae, India, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Sangti valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.26954&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420841" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.26954/lat 27.420841)">Khechalu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.26954&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420841" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.26954/lat 27.420841)">Khendo Rong</a> (stream), 27.420841 N, 92.269538 E, 1790 m, 12.iii.2018. coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E/320].</p> <p>Description: Larva: Body length 9.8 mm; length of cerci 10.4 mm. Body generally dark brown (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Head: Length 1.7 mm, width 2.9 mm; light brown (Fig. 18); subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of hair-like setae directed anteriorly. Compound eyes black. Antennae with scape, pedicels and flagella light brown (Fig. 22). Labrum brown with deep median notch on anterior margin, long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 23). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 24. Mandibles without scattered setae along the molar area; incisors serrated, outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 25–26). Maxilla as in Fig. 27. Labium (Fig. 28) as in the previous species.</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum pale brown with indistinct band in middle and pair of dark spots; mesonotum brown (Fig. 18). Legs (Figs 29–31): Femora light brown, hypodermal spot on middle, outer margin with long setae and dark brown maculae medially; distal end with blunt spine; dorsal surface with scattered stout short thickened setae (Fig. 31a); tibia pale brown with long hair-like setae on outer margin; claw with 3 small denticles (Fig. 32).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga light brown, terga II–IX with pair of short submedian spines (Figs 18, 20); tergum II yellowish, terga III and IV with indistinct pale patches on middle, terga V–VIII with light middle band; terga II–IX with small setae along midline (Fig. 21); segments II–VII with long postero-lateral extensions; sterna light yellowish without markings (Fig. 19). Gill I triangular (Fig. 33); gills II–VII oval (Fig. 34). Cerci with row of hairlike setae dorsally.</p> <p>Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) bifurcatus can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal terga II–IX with pair of short submedian spines (Figs 18 &amp; 20); terga II–IX with small setae along midline (Fig. 21); and (iii) gill I larger than others (Fig. 33).</p> <p>Distribution: Vietnam, Thailand and India (Arunachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Vietnam by Braasch &amp; Soldán (1979). Subsequently, Nguyen &amp; Bae (2004) redescribed the larva of E. bifurcatus based also on specimens from Vietnam. Braasch &amp; Boonsoong (2010) reported this species from Thailand; we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material, which represents the first record of the species for India.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFA1FF84FF56FE09FCAB6927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFA1FF89FF56F931FD166E4F.text	039D87CCFFA1FF89FF56F931FD166E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Epeorus) unicornutus Braasch 2006	<div><p>Epeorus (Epeorus) unicornutus Braasch, 2006a</p> <p>(Figs 35–49)</p> <p>Material examined: 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.0346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.74791" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.0346/lat 27.74791)">Pa</a> stream 27.74791 N, 94.0346 E, 284.2 m, 14.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian and M. Vasanth [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 287]; 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Dirang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.231804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.326754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.231804/lat 27.326754)">Showda village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.231804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.326754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.231804/lat 27.326754)">Dirang river</a>, 27.3267528 N, 92.231802 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 296]; 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Dibang valley district, Roing, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.84094&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.18728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.84094/lat 28.18728)">Iphipani river</a>, 28.18728 N, 95.84094 E, 488 m, 04.iv.2016, coll. Santabala &amp; Party [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 309].</p> <p>Description: Mature larva: Body length 11.8 mm; length of cerci 12 mm. Body generally pale brown. (Fig. 35).</p> <p>Head: Length 1.9 mm, width 2.8 mm; pale brown (Fig. 35); subrectangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed anteriorly; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes blackish, antennal scape, pedicels and flagellum pale brown. Labrum wide, dark brown, anterior margin with 11–12 denticles, long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 39). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 40. Mandible brown with scattered setae along the molar area; incisor serrated; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 41– 42). Maxilla as in Fig. 43. Labium: glossae broad with V-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 44).</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum pale brown; mesonotum light brown (Fig. 35). Femora light brown with distinct patches; dorsal surface of all femora with two brown maculae medially (Fig. 45) and stout setae (Fig. 45A); femora of distal end with a prominent pointed spine on all legs (Fig. 45). Claw with 4 denticles (Fig. 46).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga pale brown without special marks (Fig. 35); posterior margin of abdominal terga I–X each with a row of spines (Figs 37– 38); terga II–X with a single acute median and medially prominent pointed spine (Fig. 35); tergum X with short spines with minute hair-like setae on posterior margin (Fig. 38); terga II–VII with long posterolateral extensions (Fig. 36); sterna pale with brown markings of oblique stripes medially and medio-lateral stripes laterally. Lamellae of gill I somewhat extended beneath of abdomen (Fig. 47). Gills II–VII with anal rib straight (Figs 48–49); gill faces with exception of marginal parts brownish tinged with black. Cerci with row of small hair-like setae dorsally.</p> <p>Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) unicornutus can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal terga I–X each with a row of spines (Fig. 35); (ii) terga II–IX each with acute median and medially prominent pointed spine (Figs 35–38); (iii) tergum X with short spines with minute hair-like setae on posterior margin (Fig. 38) and (iv) anterior margin of labrum with 11–12 denticles (Fig. 39).</p> <p>Distribution: Nepal, Thailand and India (Arunachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Nepal by Braasch (2006a) and reported from Thailand by Boonsoong and Braasch (2013); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material, which represents the first record of the species for India.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFA1FF89FF56F931FD166E4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFACFF89FF56FE99FB1C69EB.text	039D87CCFFACFF89FF56FE99FB1C69EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Epeorus) unispinosus Braasch 1980	<div><p>Epeorus (Epeorus) unispinosus Braasch 1980</p> <p>(Figs 50–67)</p> <p>Epeorus sp.: Ueno 1955 (young larva)</p> <p>Material examined: 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Tawang district, Jang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.9839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.59133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.9839/lat 27.59133)">Tawang Chu River</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.9839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.59133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.9839/lat 27.59133)">Nuranang Falls</a>, 27.59133 N, 91.9839 E, 2087 m, 07.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha. [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 480].</p> <p>Description: Mature Larva: Body length 12.5 mm; length of cerci 9.5 mm. Body brown with pale yellowish maculae (Fig. 50).</p> <p>Head: Length 1.5 mm, width 2.7 mm; pale brown (Fig. 50); without conspicuous markings, antennae short 2.6 mm; subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like simple setae directed anteriorly and medially; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes black. Antennal scapes and pedicels pale brown, flagella pale. Labrum 7.8 mm in width; dark brown with a rectangular mesal emargination; long hair-like setae on lateral margin (Fig. 54). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 55. Mandible without scattered setae along molar area; incisors serrated; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Fig. 56). Maxilla as in Fig. 57. Labium broad, glossae with narrow basal separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 58).</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum pale brown without dark marks (Fig. 50). Legs (Figs 59–62): dark brown with pale yellowish; dorsal surface of femur with hypodermal spots on middle and apex with small stout and ovate scattered setae on dorsal surface; femora of all legs with row of long hair-like setae on outer margin, apex of femora with blunt apical projection; (Fig. 60); tibiae long, brownish yellow, tarsi yellowish with basal dark brown. Claw with 5–6 denticles (Fig. 63).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga pale brown, abdominal terga II–IX each with single, prominent, acute median spine (Fig. 52); posterior margin of abdominal terga I–X each with row of small spines (Fig. 53); segments II–VII with small posterolateral extensions (Fig. 51); terga I–V medially dark brown, terga VI–VII with submedian pale spot and segment VIII and IX brown; tergum X anteriorly pale and posteriorly brown (Fig. 50); sterna pale yellow without markings (Fig. 51). Lamellae of gill I somewhat extended beneath of abdomen (Fig. 64). Gills II–VII with anal ribs on margin (Figs 65–67). Cerci with row of hair-like setae dorsally.</p> <p>Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) unispinosus can be differentiated from other species by the following combination of characters: (i) abdominal terga II–IX each with single, prominent, acute median spine and without lateral spines fringing the posterior margin (Figs 50–53); (ii) anterior margin of labrum with a rectangular mesal emargination (Fig. 54); and (iii) gill I slightly expanded anteriorly (Fig. 64).</p> <p>Distribution: Nepal and India (Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Remarks: Way back in 1955, Ueno briefly described an imperfectly preserved larva collected during Japanese- Nepal Himalaya Expedition but did not provide formal species name. Braasch (1980) slightly improved the description and named it as Epeorus unispinosus. Present larval description is in conformity with that if E. unispinosus originally described from Nepal and its distribution is extended herein to Arunachal Pradesh state of India. It has the salient features of the subgenus Epeorus s.s. as pointed out by Kluge (personal communication).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFACFF89FF56FE99FB1C69EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFACFF8EFF56F8FFFABA6EDB.text	039D87CCFFACFF8EFF56F8FFFABA6EDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Epeorus) gilliesi Braasch 1981	<div><p>Epeorus (Epeorus) gilliesi Braasch, 1981</p> <p>(Figs 68–84)</p> <p>Material examined: 1 larva, INDIA, Karnataka, Sharavathi river, below Jog falls, 26.xi.1928 [Reg. No. 7348/H13, ZSI, Kolkata]; 1 larva, Goa, Tambdi Surla, 17.ix.2017; coll. K. A. Subramanian [ZSI/ SRC-I /E-334].</p> <p>Description: Mature larva: Body length 13.5 mm; length of caudal filaments 12 mm. Body generally brown (Fig. 68).</p> <p>Head: Length 1.7 mm, width 3.6 mm; brown (Fig. 68); subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed medially-dorsally-backward and pressed to head; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennal scape, pedicels and flagellum brown. Labrum wide, dark brown, anterior margin with 14–15 denticles; long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 71). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 72. Mandible with scattered setae along molar area; incisors well developed; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 73–74). Maxilla as in Fig. 75. Labium broad, glossae with V-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp acutely pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 76).</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum pale brown; mesonotum darker brown with paramedian pair of darker spots anteriorly and pair of lateroparapsidal sutures curved inside posteriorly (Fig. 68). Legs (Figs 78–80): Femora brown; hypodermal spot on dorsal surface; dense row of long setae on outer margin; scattered stout setae on dorsal surface (Fig. 77); margin of tibia with dense hair-like setae. Claw with 5 denticles (Fig. 81).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga brown, a row of spines on posterior margin of segment I–X, terga III–VIII with a pair of brown spots (Figs 68, 70); posterior margin of terga with rather short spines; segments II–VII with long posterolateral extensions; sterna pale with pair of brown color marking on each segments (Fig. 69). Gill I elongated, somewhat extended beneath of abdomen, middle pairs large widely rounded (Fig. 68); Gills II–VII without arched anal ribs (Figs 82–84). Cerci with row of hair-like setae dorsally.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Epeorus gilliesi can be distinguished from closely related species E. petersi by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) abdominal terga III–VIII with pair of brown spot (Figs 68–70); (ii) a row of spine on posterior margin of segment I–X (Figs 68–70); (iii) posterior edge of the gill 1 elongated (Fig. 82); and (iv) anterior margin of labrum with 14–15 denticles (Fig. 71).</p> <p>Distribution: India (Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra).</p> <p>Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Khandala (Maharashtra), India by Braasch (1981); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material from south India. Adult stages are unknown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFACFF8EFF56F8FFFABA6EDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFABFF8EFF56FE2DFBB468A8.text	039D87CCFFABFF8EFF56FE2DFBB468A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Epeorus) petersi Sivaruban, Venkataraman & Sivaramakrishnan 2013	<div><p>Epeorus (Epeorus) petersi Sivaruban, Venkataraman &amp; Sivaramakrishnan, 2013</p> <p>(Figs 85–101)</p> <p>Material examined: 9 larvae, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Karumandiyamman kovil, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.46617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.52969" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.46617/lat 8.52969)">Kalakad</a> range, 08.52969N, 77.46617 E, 1042 m, 03.iv.2017, coll. R. Venkitesan [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-210]; 3 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Kanniyakumari, Velachithodu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.31174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.53833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.31174/lat 8.53833)">Kaliyal</a> beat, KWLS, 08.53833 N 077.31174 E, 473 m, 04.iv.2017,coll. R. Venkitesan [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-221]; 9 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Nilgris, Avalanchi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.56274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.26603" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.56274/lat 11.26603)">Upper Bhavani</a>, 11.26603 N, 76.56274 E, 2288 m, 13.xii.2016, coll. S. Prabakaran [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-233]; 20 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Nilgris, Iron bridge, Mukurthi range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.54975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.33476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.54975/lat 11.33476)">Western</a> chatment beat, 11.33476 N, 76.54975 E, 2302 m, 11.xii.2016, coll. S. Prabakaran [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-236]; 5 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Udumalpet, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.151695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.451726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.151695/lat 10.451726)">Thirumoorthy falls</a>, 10.451726 N, 77.151696 E, 23.iii.2016, coll. R. Babu [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-259]; 9 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Periyakallar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.96914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.451726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.96914/lat 10.451726)">Chinkona</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.96914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.451726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.96914/lat 10.451726)">Manampally</a>, 10.451726 N, 76.969141 E, 1044 m, 23.iii.2016, coll. R. Babu [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-263]; 10 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri, Singara range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.50754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.332405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.50754/lat 11.332405)">Kallada river</a>, 11.332405 N, 76.507539 E, 931 m, 02.iv.2016, coll. R. Babu [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-268].</p> <p>Description: Mature larva: Body generally brown; body length 12 mm; length of caudal filaments 15 mm (Fig. 85).</p> <p>Head: Length 2.2 mm, width 3.5 mm; yellowish brown; subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed anteriorly; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes black. Antennae small, antennal scape, pedicels and flagellum yellowish brown. Labrum wide, dark brown, anterior margin with 11–12 denticles, middle of labrum slightly cleft with long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 88). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 89. Mandibles with scattered setae along the molar area; inner incisors poorly developed; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 90–91). Maxilla as in Fig. 92. Labium broad; glossae with V-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp acutely pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 93).</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum yellowish brown; mesonotum yellowish brown with each a paramedian pair of brown dark- er spots anteriorly and a pair of of lateroparapsidal sutures inside curved streaks posteriorly (Fig. 85). Legs (Figs 94–97): yellowish brown; femora with distinct visible patches, hypodermal spot on dorsal surface; dense row of long setae on outer margin; scattered stout setae on dorsal surface (Fig. 95); outer margin of tibia with dense hairlike long setae. Claw with 4 denticles (Fig. 98).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga yellowish brown, a median dark brown line on segments III–IX, and a row of spines on posterior margin of segment I–X, terga III–X with pair of submedian larger spines on posterior margin medially (Figs 85–86); posterolateral spines on abdominal segment II–VII, progressively longer and curved inwards posteriorly (Fig. 87); sterna light yellowish without markings but partially visible muscle impressions. Lamellae of gills pale, posterior edge of the lamellate portion of gill 1 bluntly pointed (Fig. 99). Gills II–VII with anal ribs arched (Figs 100–101); gill faces with exception of marginal parts reddish tinged, tracheae of gills branched. Cerci long, dark brown, with row of hair-like setae dorsally.</p> <p>Adult: Detailed description provided by Sivaruban et al. (2013).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Epeorus (E.) petersi can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: in larva: (i) median line on terga III–IX; (ii) a row of spines on posterior margin of segment I–X, terga III–X with two submedian large spines on posterior margin medially (Figs 85–86); (iii) posterolateral spines on abdominal segment II–VII, progressively longer and bent inwards posteriorly (Fig. 87); and (iv) anterior margin of labrum with 11–12 denticles (Fig. 88).</p> <p>Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Remarks: The larva and adult of this species were described from Kumbakkarai (Tamil Nadu), India by Sivaruban et al. (2013); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFABFF8EFF56FE2DFBB468A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FDD5FCF66BF1.text	039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FDD5FCF66BF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) kapurkripalanorum Braasch 1983	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) kapurkripalanorum Braasch 1983</p> <p>Diagnosis: The species Epeorus (C.) kapurkripalanorum can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) margin of gills with spines; (ii) femora without any hypodermal femur spot; and (iii) claw without denticles.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Remarks: Kapur &amp; Kripalani (1963) studied the collections of Zoological Survey of India in May and June, 1955 from Kullu and the Lahaul-Spiti Valleys in Western Himalayas and recorded a species of Ironopsis but did not formally name the species. Braasch (1983) could not have access to those specimens but named it as I. kapurkripalanorum. Braasch (2006a) included E. kapurkripalanorum in Epeorus rheophilus group but his grouping did not gain wide acceptance. Subsequently, Kluge, 1989 clearly recognized six subgenera of the genus Epeorus based on valid morphological criteria. Based on Kluge (1989), Hrivniak et al. (2020 a, b) the shape of gill II of E. kapurkripalanorum provided by Kapur &amp; Kripalani (1961, fig. 14b) indicate its inclusion in the subgenus Caucasiron. Kluge (1997, 2015) studied and described in detailed E. rheophilus Brodsky, 1930 and suggested the synonymy of E. kapurkripalamorum with E. rheophilus which extends range of this species from Palearctic to Oriental realm. However, E. kapurkripalanorum apparently belongs to the genus Caucasiron whereas Kluge (2004) included E. rheophilus in the subgenus Ironopsis. Such ambiguities can be resolved only by future exploration in the type locality and association of life stages of E. kapurkripalanorum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FDD5FCF66BF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FB05FACD697E.text	039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FB05FACD697E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus Eaton 1881	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron ?) papillatus Braasch, 2006a</p> <p>Diagnosis: The species Epeorus (C.) papillatus could be identified by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) gills II–VII with papillae; and (ii) presence of spines on posterior margin of abdomen.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim).</p> <p>Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Sikkim by Braasch (2006a). Adult stages are unknown. The subgeneric attribution remains uncertain since Braasch (2006a, p. 80) indicated that gills lack any antero-lateral processes (“Kiemen [II-VII] ohne [anterolateraler, zäpfchen- bzw. daumenartiger Fortzatz] Prozessus”) which is the apomorphic character of Caucasiron. This problem will only be solved once more material is available.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FB05FACD697E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FF61FB5C6E82.text	039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FF61FB5C6E82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus lahaulensis Kapur & Kripalani 1963	<div><p>Epeorus lahaulensis Kapur &amp; Kripalani, 1963</p> <p>Diagnosis: The species Epeorus lahaulensis can be identified by the following combination of characters: in subimago (i) abdominal tergites brownish, each tergum darker posteriorly, sterna much paler; (ii) gonostyli 3 segmented, first segment longest, second segment slightly longer than third; (iii) margin of genital base convex; and (iv) penis long, broad apically and slightly divergent laterally, spines present ventrally just below the apex.</p> <p>Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Sissu, Lahaul Valley, Himachal Pradesh.</p> <p>Remarks: The subimago of this species was described from Himachal Pradesh by Kapur &amp; Kripalani (1963). Adult and larval stages are unknown. Therefore, any subgeneric attribution is not possible.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFB4FF91FF56FF61FB5C6E82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFB4FF94FF56F989FD4F6BBB.text	039D87CCFFB4FF94FF56F989FD4F6BBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) psi Eaton 1885	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) psi Eaton, 1885</p> <p>(Figs 102–116)</p> <p>Material examined: 12 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Dirang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.2318&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.32675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.2318/lat 27.32675)">Showda village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.2318&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.32675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.2318/lat 27.32675)">Dirang river</a>, 27.32675 N, 92.23180 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E-295]; 18 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Dibang valley district, Roing, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.84094&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.18728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.84094/lat 28.18728)">Iphipani river</a>, 28.18728 N, 95.84094 E, 488 m, 04.iv.2016, coll. Santabala &amp; Party [ZSI/ SRC / I/E-306-308]; 4 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Sangti valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.26954&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420841" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.26954/lat 27.420841)">Khechalu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.26954&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420841" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.26954/lat 27.420841)">KhendoRong</a> (stream), 27.420841 N, 92.269538 E, 1790 m, 12.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E-322]; 2 larvae, India, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.21811&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420265" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.21811/lat 27.420265)">Dirang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.21811&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420265" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.21811/lat 27.420265)">Chakpa village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.21811&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.420265" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.21811/lat 27.420265)">Chakpar Rong</a> (stream), 27.420265 N, 92.21811 E, 1749 m, 11.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E-328].</p> <p>Description: Mature larva: Body length 14 mm, cerci 16 mm. General colour brown (Figs 101–102).</p> <p>Head: Body slightly convex dorsally. Frontal and lateral margins of head expanded, (Fig. 102). Labrum rather small with hair-like setae dorsally and laterally; 2 times as wide as long, antero-lateral margins rather angulate; shallow excavation medially, anterior margin almost straight (Fig. 104). Hypopharynx pale brown, lingua with anterolateral lobes; superlinguae slightly expanded (Fig. 105). Mandible with scattered setae along molar area; incisor well developed; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 106–107). Maxilla as in Fig. 108. Labium: glossae with U-shaped separation; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp acutely pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 109).</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum brown; mesonotum dark brown anteriorly and a pair of lateroparapsidal sutures inside curved posteriorly (Fig. 102). Legs: yellowish brown; femora with rounded medial hypodermal femur spot; joint of the femur and tibiae dark brown; outer margin of tibiae of all legs with dense row of long setae (Figs 110–112). Claw with 2 denticles (Fig. 113).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal terga pale brown, abdominal terga with overturned letter Ψ on terga V–VIII; sterna II–VII with a pair of black slanting streaks and a brown line medially (Fig. 103); segments I–IX medially with small hair-like setae along the mid-dorsal line. Posterolateral margins of segments I–VII with short and blunt extension (Figs 102–103). Sterna pale brown with a pair of black slanting streaks and median black line (Fig. 103). Gills: gill I very large, greatly extended beneath abdomen (Figs 103, 114); costal rib of gills II–VII with short thumb-like projection (Figs 115–116); gill VII meets beneath body with short fibrilliform gills (Fig. 116). Cerci dark brown.</p> <p>Adult: Description provided by Eaton (1885).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Epeorus (Caucasiron) psi can be identified by the following combination of characters: (i) femora with rounded medial hypodermal spot (Figs 110–112); (ii) claw with 2 denticles (Fig. 113); (iii) abdominal terga with overturned letter Ψ on terga V–VIII; sterna II–VII with a pair of black slanting streaks and a brown line medi- ally (Fig. 103).</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh) Nepal and Taiwan.</p> <p>Remarks: The larval description of Epeorus (C.) psi from Nepal was provided for the first time by Braasch (1980). Unfortunately, it is inaccurate and poorly illustrated with schematic drawings. An improved description is given herein which enables its inclusion is the subgenus Caucasiron as per the following diagnostic features provid- ed recently in Hrivniak et al. (2020a). 1. Coloration of abdominal terga, including overturned letter Ψ on abdominal terga V–VIII (Fig. 103). 2. Coloration of abdominal sterna, including slanting streaks on sterna II–VIII (Fig. 103). 3. Medial hypodermal femoral spots (Fig. 110–112). 4. Claw with 2 denticles (Fig. 113). 5. Shape of gills II–VII (Fig. 114–116) with an outer thumb-like projection.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFB4FF94FF56F989FD4F6BBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
039D87CCFFB1FF94FF56FACDFCF7697F.text	039D87CCFFB1FF94FF56FACDFCF7697F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) suspicatus Braasch 2006	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) suspicatus Braasch, 2006b</p> <p>Diagnosis: This species could be distinguished by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) gills II–VII without papillae; and (ii) presence of spines on posterior margin of abdomen.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh) and Nepal.</p> <p>Remarks: The larva of this species was insufficiently described from Kulu-Valley, Himachal Pradesh (India) and Nepal by Braasch (2006b). Adult stages are unknown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87CCFFB1FF94FF56FACDFCF7697F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Selvakumar, C.;Subramanian, K. A.;Sivaramakrishnan, K. G.;Sinha, Bikramjit	Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2021): Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India. Zootaxa 4991 (3): 499-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4
