taxonID	type	description	language	source
039ACD45FF15FFEBFF17FBC8FA49FC1A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Stipulosina amphibarba new species	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF15FFEBFF17FBC8FA49FC1A.taxon	diagnosis	Generic diagnosis. Stipulosina species are characterized by two pairs of cruciate interfrontal setae, two pairs of dorsocentral setae, four scutellar setae, sexually dimorphic mid tibia, and the costa extending far beyond the apex of R 4 + 5. Males have a characteristic sternite 5 (S 5) with a trifid posteromedial margin, and stout, bilaterally symmetrical hypandrial arms separate from both the epandrium and the central part (anterior apodeme) of the hypandrium.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF15FFEBFF17FBC8FA49FC1A.taxon	description	Generic description. Antenna to wing tip length 1.8 – 2.8 mm; wing fully developed, extending far beyond tip of abdomen and twice as long as wide. General color brown, legs mostly pale brown to yellowish (hind femur brown). Head: Face broad and flat, lunule broadly rounded and as wide as distal margin of pedicel. Clypeus narrow, strap-like. Palpus short, pale, with one or more preapical ventral setae. Eye 2.5 – 5 × as high as gena; vibrissa long; gena with 1 – 3 upturned setae in addition to the small marginal setae, anterior genal seta longer than genal height. Antenna yellowish brown, margin of pedicel with long setae, arista long-pubescent and almost twice as long as head height. Frons with dark stripes surrounding base of interfronal setae, forming a M pattern more or less interrupted anteromedially. Interfrontal area broad, flanked by two pairs of cruciate interfrontal setae and a pair of small lower setulae. Fronto-orbital setae large and lateroclinate, lower pair about 0.7 × upper pair, small exclinate orbital setulae present. Ocellar and outer vertical setae large and subequal; inner vertical seta very large; postocellar setae very small, inner and outer occipital setae large. Thorax: Prosternum linear, bare. Fore femur with several long, thin posterodorsal and ventral setae. Mid tibia of both sexes with a distinct ventral seta before middle and a long apicoventral seta; male mid tibia with a row of stout ventral setae on distal half and corresponding enlarged setae in the basal half of the femur. Hind leg with first tarsomere swollen, less than half as long as second, first and second tarsomeres densely golden setulose ventrally; hind tibia with neither a distinct apical spur nor enlarged dorsal setae; hind femur slightly to strongly swollen. Scutum pruinose, with two strong postsutural dorsocentral setae; prescutellar acrostichal setulae twice as long as other acrostichals. Postpronotal lobe with a single very large outer seta and a small inner seta; notopleural, supraalar and postalar setae strong, intra-alar slightly enlarged. Scutellum wider than long, with four long marginal setae. Katepisternum with one large dorsal seta and one or two very small setae. Wings with white to pale brown veins and a small, narrow, apically rounded alula. Vein R 2 + 3 weakly sinuate, apex strongly curving up to costa; R 4 + 5 evenly curved up to meet costa well before wing tip, costa extending far beyond apex. Ventral costagial seta long. Male abdomen: Sternite 5 short to long but always with a strongly developed tripartite posterior margin with a small, dark central process flanked by two larger setose lobes. Sternite 8 (S 8) very short, fused to sternite 6 + 7 (S 6 + 7) on right side. Subepandrial sclerite well developed, functionally replacing weak subanal plate. Cercus variable, short and fused to epandrium or sometimes more separate and elongate, but always with strong setae. Surstylus highly variable between species. Hypandrial arm free from main (medial) part of hypandrium and from epandrium. Phallic complex compact and heavily sclerotized. Female abdomen (female unknown for S. curvistylus): Tergite 7 (T 7) half as wide as and slightly shorter than tergite 6 (T 6), sometimes posteriorly emarginate. Tergite 8 (T 8) entire, approximately equal in width to T 7. Epiproct weakly sclerotized, bare. Cercus elongate, apically long-setose. Sternite 7 (S 7) very large and well sclerotized, at least 1.5 × length of sternite 6 (S 6) and normally concealing S 8. S 8 short, strap-like with four setae. Hypoproct separated, on each side ventral to cerci and posterior to margins of T 8. Three (2 + 1) small, short spermathecae, bodies no longer than wide.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF15FFEBFF17FBC8FA49FC1A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The generic name is derived from a combination of the name of the structure in which these flies occur and the “ - sina ” suffix that has become usual for generic names in the Limosininae. The gender is feminine.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF14FFE7FF17F910FD9EFD6A.taxon	description	(Figs. 6 a – e, 7 a – d, 8 a – d) Description: Body length 2.0 – 2.8 mm, males and females similar in size. General color brown but leg parts other than hind femur yellow. Eye height 5 × genal height. Mid tibia with a pair of equal setae at basal quarter with posterodorsal seta at least half as long as anterodorsal seta; anterodorsal, dorsal and smaller posterodorsal setae at distal 3 / 4. Wing veins pale, whitish. Third costal sector subequal to second. Male abdomen: Sternite 5 with a prominent trifid posteromedial area made up of a small, distally bilobed central piece with a cluster of dense setae on each side; flanked by longer processes with a narrow, pointed outer margin; inner margin of process with a long-setose lobe. Sternite 5 length anterior to trifid posteromedial area subequal to length of S 4. Epandrium with uniform setae. Cercus robust and conspicuously long-setose at apex, length 1.2 – 1.3 × surstylus length. Surstylus stout and triangular; ventral lobe densely setose, dorsomedial lobe with thick tuft of setae (often hidden between / behind posteromedial lobe of S 5). Basiphallus broadly cylindrical; distiphallus very short and broad, mostly sclerotized except at apex. Postgonite stout, broad basally and tapered apically. Female abdomen: Tergite 8 desclerotized medially or just posteromedially; tergite length at margins 1.25 × medial length of tergite. Epiproct half as long as cercus. Spermathecae smooth except few creases on dorsal surface.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF14FFE7FF17F910FD9EFD6A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (♂, QCAZ): ECUADOR: Napo: SierrAzul Reserve, 14 km W Cosanga, 2200 m, in bamboo stipules, 11. v. 2002, S. A. Marshall debu 00195517. Paratypes: Same as holotype (9 ♂, 9 ♀, DEBU); Yanayacu Biological Station, 0 ° 36 ’ S, 77 ° 53 ’ W, 2000 – 2500 m, 25. ix – 13. x. 2019, T. Yau and S. A. Marshall (6 ♂, 8 ♀, QCAZ).	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF14FFE7FF17F910FD9EFD6A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name refers to the bearded surstylus and cercus.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF14FFE7FF17F910FD9EFD6A.taxon	discussion	Comments: Males of S. amphibarba and S. barbistylus are easily differentiated by the relative lengths of the large, heavily setose cerci and surstyli, which are usually visible even in dried specimens. Females of these two species are similar, but females of the closely related S. barbistylus (taken in copula with the easily identified male) have a T 8 with dilated lateral margins. The remaining female specimens, with subequal medial and lateral lengths of T 8, are assumed to be S. amphibarba.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFE7FF17FCE8FE6AF9EE.taxon	description	(Figs. 9 a – e, 10 a – g, 11 a – d) Description: As described for S. amphibarba n. sp. except as follows: Male abdomen: Trifid posteromedial area with small clusters of setae on each side of center piece; longer processes flanking center piece long-setose on distal half inner margin. Cercus length 0.6 – 0.7 × surstylus length. Ventral lobe of surstylus broad and flat, densely long-setose at distal half; dorsomedial lobe small, apex with a few stout setae followed by tight rows of setae along margin. Distiphallus cylindrical with dorsolateral edges strong and corrugated; apex membranous. Postgonite stout, broad basally and tapered apically. Female abdomen: Tergite 8 posteromedially desclerotized; medial and lateral lengths subequal. Length of epiproct 0.5 × length of cercus. Spermathecae irregularly crinkled.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFE7FF17FCE8FE6AF9EE.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name refers to the dense “ beard ” of long distal setae on the surstylus.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFE7FF17FCE8FE6AF9EE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (♂, QCAZ): ECUADOR: Napo: SierrAzul Reserve, 14 km W Cosanga, 2200 m, 0 ° 40 ’ 55 ” S, 77 ° 56 ’ 9 ” W, in bamboo stipules, 11. v. 2002, S. A. Marshall debu 00195526. Paratypes: ECUADOR: Napo: Yanayacu Biological Station, 0 ° 36 ’ S, 77 ° 53 ’ W, 2000 – 2500 m, 25. ix – 13. x. 2019, T. Yau and S. A. Marshall (63 ♂, 55 ♀, QCAZ); same as previous specimens but the female and male were taken in copula (1 ♂, 1 ♂, QCAZ); ditto, ridge, ex. Chusquea scandens stipules (1 ♀, QCAZ); same as previous specimens but on Rhipidocladum racemiflorum (1 ♀, QCAZ).	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFE7FF17FCE8FE6AF9EE.taxon	discussion	Comments: The one specimen of this species collected from Rhipidocladum racemiflorum is the only specimen of the genus known from a species of bamboo other than Chusquea scandens. That specimen was found on a stem rather than in a stipule and it is unlikely to represent a close association. The R. racemiflorum on which the specimen was found on was close to C. scandens, and no further Stipulosina specimens were found in an extensive search of nearby R. racemiflorum.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFFEFF17F96CFCA1FD6A.taxon	description	(Figs. 12 a – e, 13 a – f, 14 a – d) Description: Body length 1.8 – 2.8 mm, females on average smaller than males. General color brown but leg parts other than hind femur yellow. Eye height 4.5 – 5.0 × gena height. Mid tibia with an anterodorsal seta at basal quarter, the corresponding posterodorsal seta small and inconspicuous, less than a third as long as anterodorsal seta; anterodorsal, dorsal and smaller posterodorsal setae present at distal 3 / 4. Second and third costal sectors subequal. Male abdomen: Sternite 5 with a prominent trifid posteromedial area made up of a small, distally narrow central piece subtended by a cup-like lobe and flanked by longer processes with broad basal ventral lobe with long stout setae and a distal bare ventral lobe giving the apex a beak-like aspect; length anterior to trifid posteromedial area 0.5 × length of S 4. Epandrium with uniform setae. Surstylus deeply divided into elongate, narrow anterior and posterior ventrally directed lobes, both setose but posterior lobe much longer. Cercus small, slightly convex, with two long, stout setae. Ventral lobe of subepandrial sclerite rounded and short. Basiphallus broadly cylindrical, tapered to distiphallus; distiphallus basally cylindrical and heavily sclerotized, dorsally with a straight fork extending to apex of membranous distal portion, membrane finely spiculate ventrally. Postgonite stout, dark; very broad basally, sharply tapered on distal half. Female abdomen: Tergite 8 anteromedially desclerotized; T 8 of uniform length. Epiproct three quarters as long as cercus. Spermathecae with scale-like pattern.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFFEFF17F96CFCA1FD6A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name refers to the deeply cleft surstylus, superficially similar to the surstylus of species in the genus Ceroptera Macquart.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF18FFFEFF17F96CFCA1FD6A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (♂, QCAZ): ECUADOR: Napo: SierrAzul Reserve, 14 km W Cosanga, 2200 m, 0 ° 40 ’ 55 ” S, 77 ° 56 ’ 9 ” W, in bamboo stipules, 11. v. 2002, S. A. Marshall debu 00195553. Paratypes: Same as holotype (4 ♂, 4 ♀, DEBU); Yanayacu Biological Station, 0 ° 3 ’ S, 77 ° 53 ’ W, 2000 – 2500 m, 25. ix – 13. x. 2019, T. Yau and S. A. Marshall (15 ♂, 15 ♀, QCAZ).	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF01FFFEFF17FCE8FB9BFA7E.taxon	description	(Figs. 15 a – e, 16 a – f) Description, holotype male (left mid leg missing): Body length 2.3 mm. General color pale brown, femora and tibiae similarly pigmented. Eye height 2.5 × genal height. Mid tibia with an anterodorsal seta at basal quarter and an anterodorsal, dorsal and posterodorsal setae at distal 3 / 4 (proximal anterodorsal area obscured on unique type). Wing veins yellowish brown, third costal sector 0.8 × second costal sector. Abdomen: Sternite 5 dominated by a prominent trifid posteromedial area made up of a dark, broadly diamondshaped central piece flanked by very broad processes divided into inner and outer surfaces; inner surface densely microtrichose distally and basally with an inward pointed lobe anteroventrally bumpy and apically with a large, stout seta; length anterior to trifid posteromedial area 0.3 × length of S 4. Epandrium with two very large lateroventral setae. Cercus convex and rounded, with one long and several shorter setae. Subepandrial sclerite broad and well sclerotized. Surstylus comprising a single strongly curved lobe with three short, very stout preapical anterior setae. Basiphallus broadly cylindrical; distiphallus very short and quadrate, ventrally curved, forked, and pointy, dorsally perpendicularly bent then bilobed; apex with a finely spiculate membranous ventral surface. Postgonite stout, dark, sinuate, more or less parallel sided, bilobed apically.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF01FFFEFF17FCE8FB9BFA7E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name refers to the strongly curved surstylus.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
039ACD45FF01FFFEFF17FCE8FB9BFA7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (♂, QCAZ): ECUADOR: Napo: SierrAzul Lodge, 14 km W Cosanga, 2200 m, 0 ° 40 ’ 55 ” S, 77 ° 56 ’ 9 ” W, in bamboo stipules, 10. v. 2002, S. A. Marshall debu 00195563.	en	Yau, Tiffany, Marshall, Stephen A. (2021): Stipulosina new genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) from bamboo (Chusquea scandens stipules in Ecuador. Zootaxa 5072 (3): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.3
