identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0398878DFF80FF83C7D18278FE41FF3C.text	0398878DFF80FF83C7D18278FE41FF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumulariidae McCrady 1859	<div><p>Family Plumulariidae McCrady, 1859</p><p>Diagnosis (modified from Calder 1997; Bouillon et al. 2006). Hydroid colonies erect, arising from a creeping, root-like, or disc-shaped hydrorhiza. Stem usually a monosiphonic or polysiphonic, branched or unbranched hydrocaulus, stem infrequently a branched or unbranched main axis giving off hydrocauli laterally. Hydrocladia alternate, opposite, or in verticils, with those on polysiphonic hydrocauli arising from a single primary axial tube. Hydrothecae uniseriate, usually small and partly adnate, occurring only on hydrocladia, with or without marginal cusps. Nematophores protected by nematothecae rather than occurring as naked sarcostyles. Nematothecae welldeveloped, usually bithalamic and movable, not fused to hydrothecae; at least three of them (with two lateral nematothecae and one median inferior nematotheca) adjacent to each hydrotheca.</p><p>Gonophores fixed sporosacs or infrequently as free but short-lived medusoids. Gonothecae solitary, with or without phylactocarps, seldom with nematothecae.</p><p>Remarks. The diagnosis of the family Plumulariidae is modified slightly herein to accommodate Schizoplumularia n. gen. and its unique colony morphology, especially the nature of the main axis and the origins and locations of the hydrocauli.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF80FF83C7D18278FE41FF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF81FF84C7D18512FD53FC97.text	0398878DFF81FF84C7D18512FD53FC97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizoplumularia	<div><p>Genus Schizoplumularia n. gen.</p><p>(Fig. 1)</p><p>Diagnosis. Plumulariid hydroids having an erect, polysiphonic, branched or unbranched main axis lacking apophyses and hydrocladia except at proximal end, main axis geniculate, at least in younger parts of colony. Tubes of main axis giving rise to ultimate branches, equivalent to hydrocauli. Primary axial tube at base of main axis with apophyses and hydrocladia, giving rise to secondary axial tubes before diverging laterally from main axis to form first ultimate branch (proximalmost hydrocaulus of colony). As with primary axial tube, secondary axial tubes giving rise to new secondary axial tubes before diverging laterally from main axis, and so on; apophyses and hydrocladia absent on all axial tubes beyond the primary one. Hydrorhiza where known a root-like mass of intertwining tubules adhering to sandy sediment. Ultimate branches equivalent in morphology to hydrocauli of Plumularia in being monosiphonic, unbranched, and divided into internodes with varied numbers of alternate apophyses bearing hydrocladia. Hydrocladia unbranched, borne only on ultimate branches and at base of primary axial tube, divided into homomerously or heteromerously segmented internodes. Hydrothecate internodes of hydrocladia each with a hydrotheca, a pair of lateral nematothecae, and one or more median inferior nematothecae. Ahydrothecate internodes of hydrocladia, when present, with one or more median nematothecae each. Hydrothecae occurring only on hydrocladia, uniseriate, small, cup-shaped, adnate to internode, margin smooth. Nematothecae conical, bithalamic, movable.</p><p>Gonophores presumably fixed sporosacs. Gonothecae solitary, pyriform, arising from apophyses on ultimate branches (hydrocauli), unprotected by phylactocarps or nematothecae; aperture terminal, round, closed by an operculum.</p><p>Type species: Schizoplumularia vervoorti n. sp., designated herein.</p><p>Remarks. In species of Schizoplumularia, unlike those of any other genus in the family Plumulariidae, hydrocauli arise alternately and laterally from a polysiphonic, branched or unbranched main axis. The proximalmost hydrocaulus of the colony is formed by divergence of the primary axial tube from the polysiphonic main axis. While still constituting part of the main axis, the primary axial tube bears apophyses and hydrocladia. All other hydrocauli of the colony are formed by divergence from the main axis of secondary axial tubes that originated distal to the original primary axial tube, and none of these subsequent and more distal axial tubes have apophyses and hydrocladia while confluent with other tubes of main axis. Once curving away from main axis, secondary axial tubes become monosiphonic hydrocauli that are much as in the genus Plumularia Lamarck, 1816, with hydrocladia given off from alternate and lateral apophyses.</p><p>Colony morphology is reminiscent of P. insignis, P. abietina and P. insignis var. gracilis (= Plumularia billardi nom. nov.) described and figured by Allman (1883) and Billard (1913). An examination of type material showed that this similarity is only superficial and that all three species belong to the genus Plumularia .</p><p>Etymology. The generic name Schizoplumularia is derived from a combination of the Latinized form of the Greek word-forming element skhizein (split, separate), refering to the independent origins of the ultimate branches of the colony, and the generic name Plumularia Lamarck, 1816, applied to a group with which the new taxon shows affinities. The gender of the name is feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF81FF84C7D18512FD53FC97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF86FF87C7D1879FFD95FB7C.text	0398878DFF86FF87C7D1879FFD95FB7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizoplumularia vervoorti	<div><p>Schizoplumularia vervoorti n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 2‒3; Table 2)</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=178.575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.198334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 178.575/lat -18.198334)">Material</a> examined. Fiji. MUSORSTOM 10, stn CP 1364, 18º11,9'S, 178º34,5'E, 80‒86 m, 15-VIII-1998: one fragment 45 mm high with female? gonothecae, holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-16600).</p><p>Western Pacific Ocean. Stn without label. One damaged colony 75 mm high, no gonothecae, paratype (MNHN-IK-2012-16601; RMNH.Coel.42070).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name vervoorti honours Dr Willem (Wim) Vervoort (1917–2010) for his extensive and important contributions to hydrozoan taxonomy.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from Fiji, at depths between 80‒ 86 m. A second colony, without accurate station data, was collected in the western Pacific region.</p><p>Description. Examined colonies both fragmentary with missing hydrorhizae, each comprising an erect, polysiphonic, geniculate main axis giving rise to alternate, monosiphonic hydrocauli bearing alternate hydrocladia. In holotype, base of main axis with three tubes, one primary and two accessory, with only primary tube bearing apophyses and hydrocladia along proximalmost 25 mm. At approximately 17 mm from base, one of two accessory tubes disappearing; further on, primary tube giving rise to first hydrocaulus of colony and to a new secondary axial tube adhering to remaining secondary tube. This remaining secondary axial tube giving rise to a second hydrocaulus on opposite side of main axis, and at same point to a new secondary axial tube adhering to secondary axial tube formed in axil of first branch. Above second branch, main axis comprising two tubes broken, with remainder of colony lost. In paratype, main axis distinctly geniculate, with four tubes along entire length; hydrocauli alternate, long, curved, graceful, conferring distinctive appearance to colony. Two central accessory tubes of main axis fused and interconected along their entire length. Lateral tubes (secondary axial tubes) giving rise to hydrocauli and to a supplementary attached tube near origin of each branch towards apical end. Hydrocauli divided into internodes by slightly oblique nodes; each internode with two or three apophyses, these alternately directed to left and right, and slightly frontally. Each apophysis with a mamelon on upper surface, with two axillary nematothecae, and with one perisarcal ring at distal end. One to three nematothecae placed irregularly between two consecutive apophyses. Hydrocladia beyond apophyses homomeric, consisting of a succession of hydrothecate internodes with slightly oblique nodes, each internode with one hydrotheca on distal half and with four nematothecae, two mesial inferior and two lateral. Hydrothecae cup-shaped, widening towards margin, adcauline wall fully adnate, abcauline wall straight, aperture circular, tilted downwards, rim smooth. Mesial inferior nematothecae two, with one near basal node arising on a small elevation and another near middle of internode. Lateral nematothecae longer than mesial inferior ones. All nematothecae conical, bithalamic, movable. Each internode with two internal perisarc rings near extremities.</p><p>Gonothecae inserted on apophyses; each one pear-shaped, with circular terminal aperture closed by an operculum; nematothecae absent.</p><p>Variability. Ahydrothecate internodes sometimes appear on the hydrocladia as a result of damage and subsequent regeneration. Such internodes have one nematotheca, with the following hydrothecate internode bearing a single mesial inferior nematotheca.</p><p>FIJI stn CP 1364</p><p>Height of colony (in mm) 44 Length hydrothecate hydrocladial internodes 610‒830 Diameter at node 45‒50 Hydrotheca</p><p>Length abcauline wall 65‒80 Length adcauline wall 70‒90 Diameter at rim 70‒80 Mesial nematotheca, length 60‒70 Diameter at rim 25‒35 Lateral nematotheca, length 90‒130 Diameter at rim 30‒40 Gonotheca, length 580‒660 Greatest diameter 230‒260 Remarks. Schizoplumularia vervoorti n. sp. somewhat resembles Plumularia antonbruuni Millard, 1967 in the morphology of its hydrothecae, with hydrothecal rims tilted down, and in having two mesial inferior nematothecae. However, dimensions of both internodes and hydrothecae are larger in P. antonbruuni . Moreover, clear differences exist in the structure of the colonies, with those of P. antonbruuni having monosiphonic and unbranched hydrocauli that arise from a hydrorhiza, and those of S. vervoorti having similar hydrocauli that arise from a main axis that is polysiphonic and geniculate.</p><p>Millard (1967) described only male gonothecae in her original account of P. antonbruuni . Later, both male and female gonothecae of the species were described on the same colony by Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987). In S. vervoorti, observed gonothecae, probably female, were uniform in morphology and different from descriptions of Millard (1967) and Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF86FF87C7D1879FFD95FB7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF85FF8AC7D18139FD83FBB1.text	0398878DFF85FF8AC7D18139FD83FBB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizoplumularia geniculata	<div><p>Schizoplumularia geniculata n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 4‒5; Table 3)</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=163.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 163.25/lat -19.016666)">Material</a> examined. North New Caledonia. BATHUS 4, stn CP 906, 19º01'S, 163º15'E, 339‒350 m, 04-VIII-1994: one colony 45 mm high with one immature gonotheca, holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-16602).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name geniculata refers to the bent or geniculate habitus of the hydrocauli in the colony.</p><p>Distribution. This species is known only from the type locality, North New Caledonia, at a depth between 339‒ 350 m.</p><p>Description. Hydrorhiza comprising a small tuft of perisarcal fibres given off from base of colony. Main axis erect, polysiphonic, geniculate. Along basal 27 mm of main axis, primary axial tube giving rise to alternate apophyses and hydrocladia arranged in same plane. Beyond 27 mm from base of colony, primary axial tube curving away from main axis and becoming initial branch (hydrocaulus) of colony. Remaining branches (hydrocauli) given off alternately to left and right of main axis, originating from secondary axial tubes having apophyses and hydrocladia only when tube curves away from main axis to form a typical hydrocaulus. Distal part of colony with main axis comprising a few accessory axial tubes; new secondary axial tubes arising in axils of each hydrocaulus, extending along and adhering to preceding secondary axial tube, then diverging from main axis to create a new hydrocaulus, as in Schizoplumularia vervoorti n. sp. Hydrocauli monosiphonic, divided into internodes by oblique nodes visible only towards apical end. Each internode with one or two apophyses and one to three nematothecae between two consecutive apophyses. Apophyses arranged alternately left and right in one plane in older parts of branches; younger parts with apophyses occurring left and right but almost in a single frontal row; each apophysis with a well developed mamelon on upper surface and with two axillary nematothecae, an extra distal nematotheca appearing on some apophyses; one perisarcal ring often present near node. Hydrocladia heteromerously segmented, beginning with a short ahydrothecate internode having one nematotheca on basal part and two internal perisarcal rings near proximal and distal ends; nematotheca of first internode sometimes lost. Remainder of hydrocladia divided into alternating hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes by oblique nodes. Each hydrothecate internode bearing a hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior on an elevation, and two laterals located on short apophyses. Hydrothecae tubular, deep, narrowing towards base, adcauline wall fully adnate, abcauline wall slightly sinuous with basal half slightly convex and distal half slightly concave; hydrothecal rim smooth, circular, slightly tilted toward abcauline wall. Ahydrothecate internodes each with one nematotheca on an elevation along basal third. All nematothecae movable, bithalamic, conical; mesial inferior nematotheca with adcauline wall of upper chamber somewhat deeper than usual and emarginated. Internodes with two perisarcal rings, one at each end, sometimes an additional thickening appearing below, behind or above hydrotheca.</p><p>One immature gonotheca observed springing from a hydrocladial apophysis; walls pyriform, widening to depressed distal end.</p><p>Remarks. Hydrothecae of this species are similar in morphology to those in hydroids described by Billard (1913) as Plumularia insignis var. conjuncta (= Plumularia conjuncta Billard, 1913), but it is impossible to reach a well-founded conclusion about the relationship of the two forms. Although the ramification pattern remains unknown in P. conjuncta, other characters differentiate it from our material. Ultimate branches or hydrocauli (equivalent to the type material of Billard’s species) in Schizoplumularia geniculata n. sp. are divided into cauline internodes by oblique nodes, each one carrying one or two apophyses, whereas they are undivided in P. conjuncta . In addition, hydrocladia were heteromerously segmented in our colonies, with the intermediate internodes always clearly separated by oblique nodes from hydrothecate internodes. Separation between hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes is weak or absent in P. conjuncta . Both hydrothecate internodes and hydrothecae are smaller in Schizoplumularia geniculata n. sp. (Table 8).</p><p>BALTHUS stn CP 906</p><p>Height of colony (in mm) 43 First hydrocladial internode, length 90‒100 Length hydrothecate hydrocladial internodes 390‒460 Length ahydrothecate hydrocladial internodes 140‒180 Diameter at node 40‒50 Hydrotheca</p><p>Length abcauline wall 160‒190 Length adcauline wall 185‒210 Diameter at rim 85‒90 Mesial nematotheca, length 50‒60 Diameter at rim 25‒30 Lateral nematotheca, length 70‒90 Diameter at rim 30‒35 Gonotheca, length 170* Greatest diameter 150*</p><p>* The gonotheca is probably immature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF85FF8AC7D18139FD83FBB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF88FF90C7D180F7FC19FC6E.text	0398878DFF88FF90C7D180F7FC19FC6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizoplumularia elegans	<div><p>Schizoplumularia elegans n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 6‒9; Table 4)</p><p>Material examined. New Caledonia. BIOCAL 1, stn CP 110, 22°12.383'‒ 22°13.315'S, 167°06.434' ‒167°09.936'E, 275‒320 m, 09-IX-1985: five fragmented colonies to 60 mm high; two colonies with damaged gonothecae. One colony, 120 mm high in two fragments is the holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-16603); remaining colonies are paratypes (MNHN-IK-2012-16604; RMNH.Coel.42071).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 4, stn CP 171, 18°57.8'S, 163°14.0'E, 435 m, 17-IX-1985: some badly damaged colonies up to 112 mm high; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 4, stn CP 172, 19°01.2'S, 163°16.0'E, 275‒330 m, 17-IX-1985: one mutilated colony of 70 mm with a few hydrocladia; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 4, stn CP 180, 18°56.8'S, 163°17.7'E, 450 m, 18-IX-1985: five fragmented colonies and a number of pieces, maximal height c. 60 mm; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>CHALCAL 2, stn DW 80, 23°26.70'S, 168°01.80'E, 160 m, 31-X-1986: one fragment 15 mm high; with damaged gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>Loyalty Islands. MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 412, 20°40.60'S, 167°03.75'E, 437 m, 15-II-1989: 100 mm high colony with two fragments of hydrocladia; no gonothecae. (MNHN; RMNH one slide).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 421, 20°26.27'S, 166°40.17'E, 245 m, 16-II-1989: 80 mm high colony; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 449, 20°54.40'S, 167°17.75'E, 300 m, 20-II-1989: one colony 80 mm high in bad condition; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 457, 21°00.42'S, 167°28.71'E, 353 m, 20-II-1989: single colony 80 mm high and some fragments; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 6, stn CP 464, 21°02.30'S, 167°31.60'E, 430 m, 21-II-1989: single small colony c. 65 mm high with Kirchenpaueria bonnevieae (Billard, 1906) as epibiontic and a fragment; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 485, 21°23.48'S, 167°59.33'E, 350 m, 23-II-1989: top part of colony, 45 mm high, plus some detached branches up to 25 mm; no gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>Norfolk Ridge. SMIB 4, stn DW 53, 23°40.1'‒23°39.5'S, 167°59.9'‒168°00.3'E, 250‒270 m, 09-III-1989: single c. 80 mm high spirally-built colony; no gonothecae. (MNHN; RMNH one slide).</p><p>BATHUS 3, stn CP 804, 23º41'S, 168º00'E, 244‒278 m, 27-XI-1993: one colony 65 mm high; without gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>North New Caledonia. BATHUS 4, stn CP 902, 19º01'S, 163º15'E, 341‒351 m, 04-VIII-1994: one colony 100 mm high; without gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>BATHUS 4, stn CP 906, 19º01'S, 163º15'E, 339‒350 m, 04-VIII-1994: one colony 120 mm high; without gonothecae. (MNHN).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is the Latin adjective elegans, chosen to emphasize the elegant and graceful habitus of the colony.</p><p>Distribution. Schizoplumularia elegans n. sp. was collected at several localities from New Caledonia, the Norfolk Ridge, and the Loyalty Islands, at depths from 160 to 450 m.</p><p>Description. Hydrorhizae of colonies consisting of a mass of intertwining tubules adhering to sandy sediment, supporting a polysiphonic and forked main axis; main axis sinuous to geniculate in younger parts of colony. Hydrocauli given off from main axis, arranged alternately right and left in one plane. Main axis of colony having same structure as in Schizoplumularia vervoorti n. sp. and S. geniculata n. sp.: basal part with a primary axial tube curving away from main axis to form first hydrocaulus; this hydrocaulus with apophyses and hydrocladia disposed alternately left and right in the same plane; remaining hydrocauli originating from secondary axial tubes, given off to left and right of main axis, with apophyses and hydrocladia appearing only after tube curves away from main axis to form a typical hydrocaulus. In distal part of colony, a new secondary axial tube arising from axil of each hydrocaulus and adhering to old secondary axial tubes, these later giving off new hydrocauli as described for the other two species. Hydrocauli always monosiphonic, divided by transverse nodes visible only on apical parts; internodes with a varying number of apophyses, with as many as 10 basally and one or two distally; apophyses arranged alternately right and left in one plane, with one to three nematothecae between two consecutive apophyses on same side. Nematothecae on axis of hydrocauli arranged mostly in a row on one side, only rarely observed on other side. Each apophysis with two axillary nematothecae and one mamelon on upper surface. Hydrocladia heteromerous; basal internode ahydrothecate, bearing a nematotheca on a small proximal elevation and with two internal perisarcal rings near each end; remaining internodes alternately hydrothecate and ahydrothecate, separated by slightly oblique nodes. Ahydrothecate internodes weakly indicated on basal part of hydrocladia, with one nematotheca on a small elevation near basal node. Hydrothecate internodes each with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and a pair of laterals. Hydrothecae situated on basal half of internode, very small, cup-shaped, adcauline wall fully adnate, abcauline wall straight; hydrothecal rim smooth, circular. Number and development of internal perisarcal rings in internodes varied, with up to five observed on hydrothecate internodes: three below, one just proximal to base and one distal to hydrotheca; ahydrothecate internodes with two perisarcal thickenings, one basal and one distal. All nematothecae conical, bithalamic, movable; mesial inferior nematothecae located on an elevation; lateral nematothecae large, mounted on a reduced apophysis.</p><p>Gonothecae arising from apophyses; all of them tubular to pear-shaped, with a circular terminal aperture closed by an operculum.</p><p>Variability. Lateral nematothecae were very large (fig. 9A‒B) in colonies from stations MUSORSTOM 6 DW 421 and DW 457, with their lengths varying even on the same hydrocladium. Nodes separating hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes were not easily visible on basal parts of some hydrocladia. In material from station DW 53, one hydrocauline internode was observed with a single apophysis as a result of regeneration after rupture. Also in material from stn DW 53, one hydrothecate internode at the proximalmost end of a hydrocladium had two mesial inferior nematothecae.</p><p>BIOCAL 1 MUSORSTOM 6 SMIB 4</p><p>stn CP 110 stn DW 485 stn DW 53 First hydrocladial internode, length 110‒140 160‒200 130‒170</p><p>Length hydrothecate hydrocladial internodes 360‒440 430‒490 330‒360</p><p>Length ahydrothecate hydrocladial internodes 110‒180 180‒250 150‒190 Remarks. Material from the Loyalty Islands (MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 449), the Norfolk Ridge (SMIB 4, stn DW 53), and BATHUS 3 (stn CP 804) had slightly larger hydrothecae, but the remaining characters are similar to the other examined colonies and therefore we assign it to the same species. Examined material is characterized by large, branched, strongly polysiphonic colonies. Basal parts of the main axis are thick and straight, with long and curved hydrocauli arranged to right and left. In distal parts the main axis is geniculate, and hydrocauli originate from secondary axial tubes, similar to those described for Schizoplumularia vervoorti n. sp. This species nevertheless differs from S. vervoorti in the greater size and greater polysiphonic development of the colony, by the decidedly small size of the hydrothecae, by the position of the hydrothecae on the basal half of the internode, and by the existence of ahydrothecate internodes on the hydrocladia. Some characters of Schizoplumularia elegans n. sp.</p><p>resemble those of Plumularia spiralis Billard, 1911, but in that species the colony has the normal morphology seen in species of Plumularia Lamarck, 1816, with hydrocauli arising from a hydrorhiza and not from a polysiphonic main axis. The hydrocaulus of S. spiralis is monosiphonic with a characteristic zig-zag shape, hydrocladia are homomerously segmented, and hydrothecae are larger.</p><p>In the heteromerous segmentation of hydrocladia, in overall measurements, in disposition of hydrothecae and nematothecae on internodes, and in shape and small size of hydrothecae, colonies of this species come close to Plumularia tenuissima Totton, 1930, but there are important differences that separate the two species. Type material of P. tenuissima, a polysiphonic fragment 1 cm high that is branched and rebranched in one plane (Totton 1930), clearly differs from the ramification pattern of Schizoplumularia elegans, in which the main axis may be forked or unforked but the only lateral ramifications are represented by the typical lateral hydrocauli, always monosiphonic and unbranched. In addition, in P. tenuissima the hydrocladia are alternate on distal parts of branches but become sub-opposite and decussate in other parts and the basalmost ahydrothecate internode of hydrocladia is fused with the apophyses; both features of Totton’s species resemble the genus Nemertesia Lamouroux, 1812 . The same opinion was already advanced by Vervoort &amp; Watson (2003) when describing new material of P. tenuissima from New Zealand. Part of the material studied by Vervoort &amp; Watson (2003) was also examined during this work (RMNH-Coel. slides 2100, 2195, 2196, 3030). These colonies are polysiphonic and bear hydrocladia on the main axis. Ramifications arise from apophyses on secondary tubes. They seem to conform with diagnoses of Plumularia rather than Schizoplumularia . While trophosomes of both species are similar, their gonothecae differ, with those of P. tenuissima having an oblique aperture while the aperture is terminal in Schizoplumularia . Moreover, ramification of their colonies is very different.</p><p>Plumularia brachiata Totton, 1930 (= Plumularia mula Totton, 1936) also shows some similarities with S. elegans, but its ramification pattern is similar to that of P. tenuissima .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF88FF90C7D180F7FC19FC6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF92FF94C7D1800EFEA3FAB2.text	0398878DFF92FF94C7D1800EFEA3FAB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumularia insignis Allman 1883	<div><p>Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883</p><p>(Figs 10‒11; Table 5)</p><p>Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883: 21, pl. II, figs. 1‒4; Billard, 1908: 759; Billard, 1910: 32, fig. 14; Van Praët, 1979: 924, fig. 96.</p><p>? Plumularia insignis: Millard, 1977: 42, fig. 12D‒E; Stepanjants, 1979: 117, pl. XXII, fig. 2; Blanco, 1994: 239, fig. 30; Genzano, 1995: 6; Das, 2007: 16; Gul et al., 2015: 6.</p><p>Plumularia abietina Allman, 1883: 21, pl. III.</p><p>Plumularia insignis abietina: Billard, 1908: 759 .</p><p>Plumularia insignis var. abietina: Billard, 1910: 35; Bedot, 1921: 28; Van Praët, 1979: 925.</p><p>Plumularia flabellum var. abietina: Stechow, 1923: 226 .</p><p>? Plumularia sp. Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962: 100, fig. 19.</p><p>Not Plumularia cf. insignis: Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 394, fig. 95G‒I.</p><p>Material examined. Plumularia insignis: fragments of syntype material at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; Challenger Expedition Stn. 145, 46º40’S– 37º50’E, 567 and 274 m depth, 27-12-1873, off Prince Edward Island (South Africa). MNHN-IK-2012 -16036, three slides:</p><p>L. 1278. Fragment of a polysiphonic branch 14 mm long, with hydrocladia arising from axial tube; secondary tubes with nematothecae.</p><p>L. 1279. Five hydrocladia.</p><p>L. 1280. Branch fragment 17 mm long, with polysiphonic basal part and hydrocladia arising from axial tube.</p><p>Plumularia abietina: fragments of syntype material at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; Challenger Expedition, Prince Edward Island (South Africa). MNHN-IK- 2012 - 16035, two slides:</p><p>L. 1179. Six hydrocladia.</p><p>L. 1281. Fragment of distal part of a branch, 11 mm long; monosiphonic; with four gonothecae; a second fragment 5 mm long, with one apophysis, one hydrocladium and one gonotheca.</p><p>Distribution. Plumularia insignis is known with confidence only from Prince Edward Island (South Africa) at depths of 274 and 567 m (Allman 1883). Records from Kerguelen (Millard 1977; Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962, as Plumularia sp.), southwestern Atlantic (Stepanjants 1979; Genzano 1995), Bangladesh (Das 2007) and Pakistan (Gul et al. 2015) are considered here as dubious and the material reported from New Zealand waters by Vervoort &amp; Watson (2003, as Plumularia cf. insignis) is excluded (see Discussion).</p><p>Description. Type material of Plumularia insignis . Fragment of hydrocaulus polysiphonic proximally, becoming monosiphonic distally. Main tube divided into internodes by straight nodes, with nodes visible only on monosiphonic parts; each internode with two apophyses, one near mid-region and another near distal node; nematothecae two, one near proximal node and another just above first apophysis. Apophyses bearing hydrocladia directed alternately left and right, arising only from main tube; each apophysis with one mamelon having a welldeveloped circular aperture and three or four nematothecae: two axillary and one or two above mamelon; two perisarcal thickenings sometimes apparent. Internode at proximal end of hydrocladium ahydrothecate, with one nematotheca on a small elevation basally, and with two perisarcal rings, one at each end. Rest of hydrocladium comprising a succession of hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes, separated by oblique nodes. Hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca in mid-region and with three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrotheca cup-shaped, deep; adcauline wall fully adnate; abcauline wall straight; margin circular, smooth, perpendicular to hydrocladial axis. Mesial inferior nematotheca on a small elevation, sometimes surpassing hydrothecal base. Lateral nematothecae on small apophyses placed below hydrothecal margin, but extending some distance beyond orifice. Mesial and lateral nematothecae with distal chamber slightly scooped. Number of perisarcal rings variable, with between two and six per internode along the same hydrocladium; when six thickenings apparent, two located below hydrotheca, three behind, and one above; when two appear, one present at each end. Ahydrothecate internodes each with one nematotheca basally on a small elevation, and two perisarcal thickenings at ends, these strongly developed on proximal parts of hydrocladium and weakly developed on distal parts. All nematothecae bithalamic, movable. Nematothecae of apophyses larger that those of hydrocladial internodes.</p><p>Type material of Plumularia abietina . Fragment of hydrocaulus monosiphonic, divided into internodes by transverse nodes; each internode with two apophyses bearing hydrocladia, one near mid-region and another just beneath distal node on opposite side; cauline nematothecae two per internode, one immediately above basal node and another over first apophysis. Apophyses alternately placed left and right, each with one well-developed mamelon, two axillary nematothecae, and one or two unpaired nematothecae distal to mamelon; one perisarcal ring may occur near the node. Hydrocladia inserted on apophyses, arranged alternately to left and right, segmented heteromerously. First internode of hydrocladium always ahydrothecate, with one nematotheca on a small elevation on basal part and with two perisarcal rings, one at each end. Hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrotheca cup-shaped, placed centrally, with adcauline wall fully adnate, abcauline wall straight; hydrothecal margin smooth, circular, perpendicular to hydrocladial axis. Mesial inferior nematotheca on a small elevation, reaching or sometimes surpassing hydrothecal base. Lateral nematothecae each borne on a small apophysis located under hydrothecal margin, extending well beyond orifice.</p><p>Annular thickenings as many as six per internode. Mesial and lateral nematothecae with distal chamber slightly scooped. Nematothecae of apophyses larger that those of hydrocladial internodes. Ahydrothecate internodes with one nematotheca on basal part, arising from a small elevation; perisarcal thickenings two, with one at each end. All nematothecae bithalamic, movable.</p><p>Gonothecae large, tubular, widening towards distal end; aperture tilted, closed by a semicircular operculum; in lateral view, gonotheca narrow over apical part.</p><p>Remarks. Examination of type materials of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and P. abietina Allman, 1883 revealed no significant morphological differences between them except for the former, having a polysiphonic stem. As for that character, we emphasize that our description of P. abietina is based on the material examined by us, namely six isolated hydrocladia (L.1179) and two monosiphonic fragments of the distal part of two branches (L.1281); in the original description, Allman (1883: 21) stated that the colony is polysiphonic. In consequence, both possessed the same colony structure, with similar branching patterns. Trophosomal morphology and measurements were also identical. We therefore uphold the conclusion that they are conspecific. Billard (1908), acting as First Reviser, assigned precedence to the name P. i n s i g ni s over P. abietina (as well as over P. f l ab e l l um Allman, 1883, which he believed was conspecific). The presence of a polysiphonic stem having a main tube provided with lateral apophyses that support hydrocladia fits well within the current concept of the genus Plumularia Lamarck, 1816 .</p><p>We consider other records of P. insignis in the literature to be questionable because of differences in colony morphology from the type material examined here. Hydroids referred to P. i ns i gn i s by Millard (1977) from Kerguelen had hydrocladial internodes that were nearly all hydrothecate. Ahydrothecate internodes were rare, sporadic, and normally linked to regeneration processes following damage. Segmentation of hydrocladia was also mostly homomerous in specimens examined by Naumov &amp; Stepanjants (1962, as Plumularia sp.) from the Kerguelen Islands. The same character was reported by Stepanjants (1979) in colonies from Patagonia, although gonothecae were similar to those described in P. abietina by Allman (1883). Colony ramification in material examined by Millard (1977) included lateral branches originating from secondary tubes (see Millard 1977: fig. 12D), and a hydrocladium originating from the same tube was always present below each branch. Millard considered this character, not previously described, to be peculiar to the Kerguelen material. A similar pattern of ramification from accessory tubes was also described by Vervoort (1972) and Blanco (1976) in hydroids identified as Nemertesia ramosa Lamouroux, 1816 . Both of those records were later referred to P. insignis by Stepanjants (1979) and Ramil &amp; Vervoort (1992). Finally, P. insi gni s has been reported from the southwestern Atlantic (Genzano 1995), Bangladesh (Das 2007) and Pakistan (Gul et al. 2015) but all without description of the colonies. In our opinion, hydroids from these studies merit re-examination before they can be assigned with confidence to P. insignis .</p><p>The specimen included provisionally in P. insignis by Vervoort and Watson (2003, as Plumularia cf. insignis) is clearly not referable to that species. It differs in having two hydrothecae per internode, hydrothecae that are very deep and with the abcauline wall slightly concave, and an additional unpaired nematotheca at the base of the hydrotheca.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF92FF94C7D1800EFEA3FAB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF96FF96C7D181FCFBFDFA7D.text	0398878DFF96FF96C7D181FCFBFDFA7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumularia flabellum Allman 1883	<div><p>Plumularia flabellum Allman, 1883</p><p>(Fig. 12; Table 6)</p><p>Plumularia flabellum Allman, 1883: 19, pl. I, figs 1‒4; Stechow, 1 923: 225. Plumularia insignis flabellum: Billard, 1908: 759 .</p><p>Plumularia insignis var. flabellum: Billard, 1910: 34, fig. 15; Van Praët, 1979: 925.</p><p>Material examined. Plumularia flabellum: fragments of type material at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, Challenger Expedition, Marion Island (South Africa), 91–137 m, 26-12-1883, MNHN-IK-2012- 16034, two slides:</p><p>L. 1251. Two hydrocladia.</p><p>L. 1282. Fragment 15 mm long, polysiphonic over basal half; nematothecae on secondary tubes.</p><p>Distribution. Plumularia flabellum is known only from its type locality of Marion Island (South Africa), at depths between 91 and 137 m.</p><p>Description. Fragment polysiphonic along basal part. Main tube segmented, with internodes separated by transverse nodes; each axial internode with two apophyses bearing hydrocladia, one in mid-region and another just under distal node, and two nematothecae, one just above basal node and another above first apophysis. Apophyses alternately directed right and left, arising only from main tube; each apophysis with one well-developed mamelon on upper surface, and with 3–4 nematothecae: two axillary and one or two distal to mamelon; one perisarcal ring occurring near node. Hydrocladia with proximalmost internode ahydrothecate, bearing one nematotheca on a small elevation towards base; perisarcal rings sometimes visible, with one basal and other distal; rest of hydrocladium comprising a succession of hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes. Hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrotheca cup-shaped; adcauline wall fully adnate; abcauline wall straight; hydrothecal margin smooth, circular, perpendicular to hydrocladial axis. Mesial inferior nematotheca on a small elevation, reaching and sometimes surpassing hydrothecal base. Lateral nematothecae on a small apophysis placed below hydrothecal margin, extending well beyond orifice. Mesial and lateral nematothecae with a slightly scooped distal chamber. Number of perisarcal rings variable, with a maximum of six; on distal parts, rings may be absent or not visible. Ahydrothecate internodes with one nematotheca on basal part, arising from a small elevation; perisarcal thickenings two, with one at each end. All nematothecae bithalamic, movable. Nematothecae of apophyses larger than those of hydrocladial internodes.</p><p>L.1251 First hydrocladial internode, length 160‒180 Diameter at node 80‒100 Hydrothecate internode, length 410‒460 Ahydrothecate internode, length 140‒170 Diameter at node 70‒100 Hydrotheca</p><p>Abcauline wall, length 200‒220 Adcauline wall, length 150‒190 Diameter at rim 160‒180 Mesial nematotheca, length 80‒100 Diameter at rim 50 Lateral nematotheca, length 100‒110 Diameter at rim 50‒60 Remarks. Plumularia flabellum Allman, 1883 differs from P. insignis Allman, 1883 mainly in colony morphology, being dense and pinnately ramified and with primary and secondary branches disposed in the same plane (Allman 1883: Pl. 1 fig. 1). In P. insignis, colonies have a polysiphonic main stem, with single branches given off in all directions around the central axis (Allman 1883: Pl. 1 fig. 1). Moreover, hydrocladial internodes are shorter in P. flabellum, and hydrothecae are smaller. For these reasons we consider P. flabellum to be a valid species, distinct from P. insignis .</p><p>The structure of the colony clearly differs from that of Schizoplumularia n. gen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF96FF96C7D181FCFBFDFA7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF94FF98C7D1823AFDACFE3F.text	0398878DFF94FF98C7D1823AFDACFE3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumularia billardi	<div><p>Plumularia billardi nom. nov.</p><p>(Figs 13‒14; Table 7)</p><p>Plumularia insignis var. gracilis Billard, 1913: 47, fig. 41, pl. III, figs. 29‒30; Bedot, 1921: 28; Van Praët, 1979: 925.</p><p>Material examined. Plumularia insignis var. gracilis, Syntype material: ZMA.COEL.P.4052. Type locality, in part: Siboga Expedition Stn 159, 0º59.1’S, 129º48.8’E, 411 m, 16-08-1899: five fragments, 15–140 mm, some with gonothecae; also one colony, 93 mm high, in two fragments, without gonothecae.</p><p>ZMA.COEL.P.5234. Type locality, in part: Siboga Expedition Stn 262, 5º53.8’S, 132º48.8’E. 560 m: five fragments, probably of same colony, 5–90 mm high, without gonothecae.</p><p>MNHN-IK-2012-16032. Type locality, in part: Siboga Expedition Stn 159, 0º59.1’S, 129º48.8’E, 411 m, 16- 08-1899, one slide: L.1283, two monosiphonic fragments, 4 mm and 9 mm long, smaller one with three gonothecae.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name billardi honours Dr Armand Eugène Billard (1871–1942), who first described this species (as Plumularia insignis var. gracilis).</p><p>Distribution. Plumularia billardi is known only from two localities in Indonesian waters (type localities), at depths of 411 and 560 m.</p><p>Description. Hydrorhiza a tuft of perisarcal fibres given off from base of colony. Colony branched, main axis polysiphonic proximally, becoming monosiphonic distally. Main tube with several nematothecae, up to 12, between two consecutive apophyses; not divided into segments; internal perisarcal rings lacking; apophyses arising from main tube, disposed alternately left and right; each apophysis with two axillary nematothecae and one mamelon on distal part; hydrocladia pinnately arranged. Lateral branches given off from main tube, arising from tubular apophyses located in axil of a thickened hydrocladial apophysis with a missing hydrocladium (fig. 13B, arrow); these apophyses with one axillar nematotheca. Branches composed of a succession of internodes separated by slightly oblique nodes; basal internodes with two or rarely three apophyses, distal ones normally with only one. Nematothecae four below first apophysis, with two others between consecutive apophyses, these sometimes displaced to posterior side of branch. Basal internodes lacking perisarcal rings, or with one at each end; number of perisarcal rings increasing towards distal part, with up to 12 per internode. Apophyses of branches alternately directed left and right, more or less in the same plane in basal parts and frontally directed distally. Hydrocladia of main axis and branches identical in structure; each hydrocladium with a proximalmost ahydrothecate internode; this first internode with one proximal nematotheca on a small elevation, and with two perisarcal rings, one at each end; remainder of hydrocladium a succession of hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes. Hydrothecate internodes each with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrotheca deep, with adcauline wall fully adnate; abcauline wall straight; hydrothecal rim smooth, perpendicular to hydrocladial axis. Mesial inferior nematotheca on small elevation, not reaching base of hydrotheca; lateral nematothecae on small apophysis, arising below hydrothecal margin, extending well beyond orifice. Ahydrothecate internodes with one proximal nematotheca, borne on a small elevation. All nematothecae bithalamic, movable, with adcauline wall of distal chamber lowered. Perisarcal thickenings in internodes decidedly varied in number. Observed morphological variations mainly including number of apophyses, and number and disposition of nematothecae per axial and branch internodes; these related to processes of regeneration following damage.</p><p>Gonothecae elongated, tubular, with a distal circular aperture; arising from apophyses.</p><p>ZMA.COEL.P.4052</p><p>Hydrothecate internode, length 540‒560 Ahydrothecate internode, length 140‒170 Diameter at node 60‒70 Hydrotheca</p><p>Abcauline wall, length 250‒300 Adcauline wall, length 220‒290 Diameter at rim 110‒140 Mesial nematotheca, length 70‒80 Diameter at rim 30‒40 Lateral nematotheca, length 70‒80 Diameter at rim 30‒40 Gonotheca, length 1300‒1570 Maximum diameter 350‒400</p><p>Remarks. The trophosome of Plumularia insignis var. gracilis Billard, 1913 resembles that of P. insignis Allman, 1883, but its gonosome differs in morphology. In P. insignis var. gracilis, the gonothecal aperture is circular in shape and apical in position, whereas that of P. insignis is semicircular and oriented laterally. Moreover, gonothecae of the two differ in size, with those of P. insignis var. gracilis being considerably smaller. The ramification pattern of this morphotype, with lateral branches arising from the axil of hydrocladial apophyses, also seems quite peculiar. In addition, the type localities of the two morphotypes are decidedly different both geographically and environmentally, with P. i n s i g ni s var. gracilis being from tropical waters of Indonesia and P. insignis from Prince Edward Island ( South Africa) in the cold subantarctic region.</p><p>We therefore consider the hydroid described as P. insignis var. gracilis to be a different species from P. insignis . The binomen Plumularia gracilis cannot be applied to Billard’s species because that name is an invalid junior homonym of Plumularia gracilis Murray, 1860 [= Hydrallmania franciscana (Trask, 1857)], Plumularia gracilis Clarke, 1879 [= Plumularia clarkei Nutting, 1900 = Halopteris clarkei (Nutting, 1900)], and Plumularia gracilis (Fraser, 1948) [= Nemertesia gracilis (Fraser, 1948)]. Instead, Plumularia billardi is proposed as a replacement name for the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF94FF98C7D1823AFDACFE3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
0398878DFF98FF9AC7D184A7FBB6F811.text	0398878DFF98FF9AC7D184A7FBB6F811.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumularia conjuncta Billard 1913	<div><p>Plumularia conjuncta Billard, 1913</p><p>(Fig. 15; Table 8)</p><p>Plumularia insignis var. conjuncta Billard, 1913: 49, figs. 42‒43; Bedot, 1921: 28; Van Praët, 1979: 925.</p><p>Material examined. Plumularia insignis var. conjuncta, Holotype, ZMA. COEL.P.4051, Siboga Expedition St. 95. Sulu Islands, 5º43.5’ N, 119º40’E, 522 m, 26-06-1899: fragment 5 mm high, without gonothecae.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.666664/lat 5.725)">Schizoholotype</a>, MNHN-IK-2012-16033, Siboga Expedition St. 95. Sulu Islands, 5º43.5’ N, 119º40’E, 522 m, 26-06-1899, one slide: L.1284, fragment of holotype, 1.5 mm long, with one hydrocladium and a detached hydrocladium; without gonothecae [reported as “ paratype ” by van Praët (1979): 925].</p><p>Distribution. The species is known only from the type locality, in the Sulu Islands, Indonesia, at a depth of 522 m.</p><p>Description. The holotype consists of a 5 mm fragment deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (alcohol); the schizoholotype slide at the MNHN is a small piece of the same axis, with two hydrocladia.</p><p>Fragment of main axis or branch, probably apical, not divided into internodes, with eight apophyses directed alternately left and right in same plane; one nematotheca between two consecutive apophyses. Apophyses with two axillary nematothecae and with one well-developed mamelon on upper part. Hydrocladia with proximalmost internode ahydrothecate, with one nematotheca on basal part, borne on a small elevation. Remainder of hydrocladium composed mostly of hydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes; intermediate ahydrothecate internodes infrequent, on distalmost part of hydrocladium (last internodes). Hydrothecate internodes each with one hydrotheca and four nematothecae: one mesial inferior, two laterals and one unpaired distal. Hydrotheca tubular, adcauline wall fully adnate with slightly concave distal half, abcauline wall slightly sinuous, rim smooth, slightly tilted towards abcauline wall. Mesial inferior nematotheca on a small elevation, not reaching base of hydrotheca. Lateral nematothecae on a small apophysis, arising below hydrothecal margin. Distal unpaired nematotheca on an elevation, not reaching basal node of next hydrothecal internode. On distalmost part of hydrocladium, distal nematotheca sometimes appearing separate on a poorly differentiated ahydrothecate internode. All nematothecae bithalamic, movable. Basal internodes with 10‒12 annular thickenings: three basal, three to five behind and four distal to hydrotheca; distal internodes with three perisarcal rings in hydrothecate and two in ahydrothecate internodes.</p><p>Remarks. The holotype of Plumularia insignis var. conjuncta Billard, 1913; a small, sterile fragment only 5 mm long, is inadequate for accurate characterization of colony morphology and for determining how the colony might have been ramified. Nevertheless, differences are evident in its trophosome, mainly in hydrothecal morphology, which unmistakably distinguish Billard’s material from Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 . We therefore recognize it as a distinct species, under the binomen Plumularia conjuncta Billard, 1913 .</p><p>ZMA. COEL.4051</p><p>First hydrocladial internode, length 150‒160 Hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internode, length 630‒710 Hydrothecate internode, length 530‒600 Ahydrothecate internode, length 140‒160 Diameter at node 50‒70 Hydrotheca</p><p>Abcauline wall, length 210‒250 Adcauline wall, length 240‒280 Diameter at rim 105‒110 Mesial nematotheca, length 70‒80 Diameter at rim 30‒40 Lateral nematotheca, length 85‒90 Diameter at rim 30‒40</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398878DFF98FF9AC7D184A7FBB6F811	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Agís, José Ansín;Ramil, Fran;Calder, Dale R.	Agís, José Ansín, Ramil, Fran, Calder, Dale R. (2016): One new genus and three new species of plumulariid hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean, with a re-examination of Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 and related taxa. Zootaxa 4169 (1): 57-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.3
