identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039887B9C91A0D2DFF2FFF7AFBDDFBF9.text	039887B9C91A0D2DFF2FFF7AFBDDFBF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygophylax naomiae Campos, Perez, Puce & Marques 2020	<div><p>Zygophylax naomiae Campos, Pérez, Puce &amp; Marques, sp. nov.</p><p>Plate 1 A–F; Table 1, 2</p><p>Zygophylax ? geniculata Millard, 1968: 264-266, fig 3; Millard, 1975: 195–197, fig. 64 [non Zygophylax geniculata (Clarke, 1894)].</p><p>Type series. Holotype—eleven small fragments of a colony, without gonophores (ZMUC-HYD 270).</p><p>Type locality. Off Cape Peninsula, South Africa , 34°23’S; 18°08’ E, 287 m.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype—Fragments of colony, 18 December 1929, Coll. T . Mortensen Exp. 1929, St. 58, 287 m, 34°23’S 18°08’E, South Africa, Det. N.H. Millard as “ Zygophylax ? geniculata ” (ZMUC-HYD 270) .</p><p>Description. Small fragments of a colony, up to 50 mm high. Stem most polysiphonic composed by main and parallel secondary axial tubes with some nematothecae, terminal portion of stem monosiphonic bearing nodes and internodes. Branches up to second order, sub-opposite hydrocladia with axillary hydrothecae, branching off stem at angles of 70–80°; nodes irregularly distributed marking rectilineous internodes with a slight constriction above axillary hydrotheca, each bearing one to three hydrothecae. Hydrothecae of stem and hydrocladia free, biserially arranged, slightly turned into frontal direction placed on conspicuous apophyses (Pl. 1A), two hydrothecae between each pair of hydrocladia, some hyrothecae placed at proximal portion of stem. Hydrothecae tubular, narrowing basally, slightly swollen at median region, consequently adcauline and abcauline walls slightly convex; rim smooth, plane of aperture perpendicular to hydrothecal long axis; 1–2 renovations common (Pl. 1D); diaphragm thick, oblique to rectilineous, with large circular hydropore; pedicel on distinct apophyses, long, with 2–8 segments (Pl. 1B–D). Nematothecae tubular, on hydrothecal apophyses and on secondary axial tubes, rim smooth; pedicel with 4–15 segments (Pl. 1E–F). No gonophores present.</p><p>Measurements. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrotheca 338–468 µm; diameter 104–1,482 µm; distance between subsequent hydrocladia on the same side 2.2–2.6 mm. Hydrocladia: length 3.0– 9.1 mm; diameter at base 104 µm. Hydrothecae: lenght of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 250–290 µm; lenght from base budding of the axis to rim 450–660 µm; diameter at rim 120 µm; diameter at diaphragm 60–80 µm; lenght of pedicel on adcauline side 190–370 µm; diameter at apophysis 60 µm. Nematothecae: lenght 120–290 µm; diameter at rim 50 µm.</p><p>Etimology. The specific name was given in honour of Dr Naomi A. H. Millard, one of the founders of the Zoological Society of South Africa and of the Zoologica Africana Journal (now African Zoology), for her numerous contributions to the study of hydroids, especially in southern Africa and adjacent oceans.</p><p>Geographical distribution. West Off Cape Peninsula, South Africa.</p><p>Remarks. The lack of gonothecae in the descriptions of new species has historically caused taxonomic difficulties within the genus, such as for Zygophylax pinnata (Sars, 1874) and Zygophylax brownei Billard, 1924 (cf. Schuchert, 2000). However, trophosomes may present unique and diagnostic characters, like in Zygophylax recta Jarvis, 1922, Zygophylax tottoni Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987, Zygophylax binemathophorata Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003 and Zygophylax kakaiba Campos et al., 2016 . The uniqueness of a trophosomal character supports the description of this new species.</p><p>Zygophylax naomiae sp. nov. may be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the strong pattern of annulations of the hydrothecae pedicels (2–8 segments) and nematothecae (4–15 segments), with no equivalents within Zygophylax . Annulated pedicels are largely used in the taxonomy of many taxa, both in leptothecates (e.g., Campanulariidae, cf. Cunha et al., 2017), and anthoathecates (e.g., Eudendriidae, cf. Marques et al., 2000; Puce et al., 2005).</p><p>The annulation pattern of the nematothecal pedicels of Z. naomiae sp. nov. is unique within the genus. This pattern shall not be confused with the bilobed or trilobate aspect presented by the nematothecae of some species, such as Zygophylax cervicornis (Nutting, 1905) (e.g., Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003) and Zygophylax curvitheca Stechow, 1913 (NMS 1959.33.305), associated to renovations of nematotheca and consisting of subtle sinuosities of the perisarc, not forming segments.</p><p>The pedicels of Z. stechowi, a species only recorded for its type locality (Sagami Bay, Japan; see Jaderholm, 1919), are somewhat similar, but they have a smaller number of annulations (up 4) that are not well demarcated, being related to the regenerative processes of the colony (Table 1). Moreover, the nematothecae of Z. stechowi are short and rounded, with smooth pedicels [Hirohito, 1995; corroborated by the examination of the type material UP- STY 2133, Table 1, and additional material ZMA 5144 (70 µm length; 50 µm diameter at rim)], and located at the proximal half of the hydrothecal pedicel, whereas those of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are located at the apophysis.</p><p>Annulations at the hydrothecal pedicels are also described for Zygophylax unilateralis Totton, 1930, a species distinguished by the curved shape of the hydrothecal walls and by the hydrothecae turned all to one of the facies of the colony. Besides, we observed that the holotype BMNH 29.10.28.77 has a variation of this character, with pedicels completely smooth, or slightly wrinkled, or ringed only proximally, or even ringed to almost all of its extension. This variation may suggest that the different patterns of annulations could be associated with processes of regeneration of the colonies and their hydrothecae. Anyhow, the segments of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are better defined and demarcated than those of Z. stechowi and Z. unilateralis .</p><p>Millard (1968, 1975) studied the type material of Z. naomiae sp. nov. and assigned that to Zygophylax ? geniculata, not confirming the identification due to the lack of fertile materials. Although Z. geniculata may have rings at the hydrotecal pedicels, the annulation is not always present (like observed in the type material MCZ-CNID 2283). Also, hydrothecae of Z. geniculata are distinctly oriented to different planes of the colony whereas those of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are arranged at the same plane, and the nematothecae of Z. geniculata are rare on secondary axial tubes and hydrothecal pedicels. Millard (1975) also pointed out that the specimen presently described had similarities with Zygophylax bifurcata Billard, 1942, because of its bifurcated hydrocladia and the shape of the nematothecae, but the dimensions of the hydrothecae of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are larger (Table 1).</p><p>Millard (1968) considered the presence of segments in the specimen ZMUC-HYD 270 associated with the process of colony regeneration. We disagree with this hypothesis because of the high frequency of segmented pedicels in hydrothecae and nematothecae and for its strong segmentation, distinct from the wrinkled perisarc commonly found in regenerative pedicels/hydroids. A comparison of the main morphological structures and measurements of Zygophylax naomiae sp. nov. with related congeners are detailed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.</p><p>gophylax geniculata (Clarke, 1894), and Zygophylax bifurcata Billard, 1942 (in μm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B9C91A0D2DFF2FFF7AFBDDFBF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Campos, Felipe Ferreira;Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Puce, Stefania;Marques, Antonio Carlos	Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
039887B9C91D0D20FF2FF9E9FF28FDBC.text	039887B9C91D0D20FF2FF9E9FF28FDBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygophylax africana Stechow 1923	<div><p>Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923</p><p>Plate 2 A–G</p><p>Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923: 106–107; Stechow, 1925: 445–446, fig. 18; Millard, 1964: 15–18, fig. 4a–f; Millard, 1968: 263; Millard, 1973: 28, fig. 4b; Millard, 1975: 189–190, fig. 62a–e; Millard, 1977a: 106; Millard, 1978:199; Gravier-Bonnet, 1979: 29; Millard, 1980: 131; Hirohito, 1983: 22–24, fig. 6; Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 75; Hirohito, 1995: 136–138, fig 40 a–e; Calder &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 28; Bouillon et al., 2006: 341; Ruthensteiner et al., 2008: 25; Altuna, 2012: 5–8, figs. 2, 3.</p><p>Zygophylax africanus Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 69 . [incorrect subsequent spelling]</p><p>Type Series. Holotype—colony pieces on some substratum in alcohol (ZSM 20040731). Paratypes—slides with colony branches (ZSM 20041574; ZSM 20043579) (Ruthensteiner et al., 2008) .</p><p>Type Locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.0/lat -33.683334)">Valdivia</a>, St. 92, North of Agulhas Bank, 33°41’S 18°00’E, Cape Town, South Africa, 178 m, 26 October 1898 .</p><p>Material examined. Cape <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.176666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.028334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.176666/lat -21.028334)">Town</a>, South Africa, 34°23’S 18°08’E, 287 m, 18 December 1929, Det. N.H. Millard, fertile colony (ZMUC-HYD 268); Coll. Benthedi, St. S 97, Indian Ocean, Îles Glorieuses, off nothern Madagascar, 11°32’S 47°16’E, 715 m, 07 April 1977, without gonophores (RMNH-Coel. slide 250); St. FA 131, La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, 20°52.2’S 55°05.9’E, 675–720 m, 01 September 1982, fertile colony (RMNH-Coel. slide 259); St. IIC 176, as “ Z. africana var. irregularis ”, La Reunion Islands, Indian Ocean, 21°01.7’S 55°10.6’E, 165–195 m, 08 September 1982, fertile colony (RMNH-Coel. slide 251) .</p><p>Description of additional material (ZMUC-HYD 268). Stem weakly polysiphonic, without nodes and internodes; branches of first order with numerous hydrocladia, all at same plane; hydrothecae and nematothecae irregulary arranged. Hydrocladia mostly monosiphonic, some polysiphonic basally (Pl. 2A–B). Hydrothecae tubular, widening distally, adcauline wall convex, abcauline wall concave (Pl. 2C); pedicel continuous to apophysis; diaphragm thick, oblique in relation to hydrothecal long axis; renovations common (up to 6) (Pl. 2D); two rows of hydrothecae at same plane, turned to one side of the colony. Nematotheca insertion scar on hydrothecal apophysis; one or two cylindrical preserved nematothecae observed on apophysis (Pl. 2D–E). Gonosome aggregated in dense clusters into coppinia, gonothecae surrounding branch with nematophorous tubules provided nematothecae and hydrothecae (Pl. 2F); each gonothecae with two long horn-shaped projections with large oval apertures on their tips (Pl. 2G).</p><p>Measurements of additional material. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrothecae 156–260 µm; diameter 156–312 µm; distance between subsequent hydrocladia on the same side 1.4–1.6 mm. Hydrocladia: lenght 3.3–9.6 mm; diameter at base 78–182 µm. Hydrothecae: lenght of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 270–300 µm / with renovations 350–370 µm; diameter at rim 90–100 µm; diameter at diaphragm 60–70 µm; length of pedicel on adcauline side 40–60 µm. Nematothecae: lenght 90–120 µm; diameter at rim 30 µm. Coppinia: maximal diameter of gonothecae 170 μm.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Bay of Biscay, Iberian Peninsula, 593–790 m (Altuna, 2012); Cape Town and Agulhas Bank, South Africa, 137–363 m (Stechow, 1923; Millard, 1964, 1975); La Reunion Island 165–195 m (present study); Izu-Niijima and Sagami Bay, Japan, 50–103 m (Hirohito 1983, 1995).</p><p>Remarks. There are many citations to the species in the literature, but Z. africana is basically known from a few records composing a disjunct distribution, viz. South Africa (Millard, 1975), Japan (Hirohito 1995), and Iberian Peninsula (Altuna, 2012). Herein we add a record for the Indian Ocean (RMNH-Coel. slide 251). Unfortunately, the type series of Z. africana could not be accessed.</p><p>Stechow (1923) described Z. africana, comparing that with Zygophylax valdiviae Stechow, 1923 and Z. convallaria (Allman, 1877) . Among these species, Z. convallaria presents larger and sigmoid hydrothecae with the adcaulinar wall more sinuous, nematothecae more elongated, gonothecae not adnate with short projections of the distal end, as we observed in the specimens ROMIZ B1921 and USNM 52473. On the other hand, Z. valdiviae has smaller dimensions than Z. africana, with more rectilineous walls of hydrothecae (Stechow, 1925). Unfortunately, Z. valdiviae is only known from the original description based on material lacking gonosome (Stechow, 1923). Zygophylax africana was also described from infertile material (Stechow, 1923, 1925), but its gonosome was subsequently described (Millard, 1964, 1975; Hirohito, 1983), being similar to the coppinia of the specimen ZMUC-HYD 268 studied by us.</p><p>Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987) remarked about the affinities between Z. africana and Cryptolaria Busk, 1857, with apedicellate hydrotheca, based on the secondary axial tubes of the stem and hydrocladia extending over the pedicels of hydrothecae. Subsequently, Millard (1964) suggested that both Cryptolaria and Zygophylax should be united. However, this character is variable and related to the stage of development of the colony—young colonies have fewer secondary axial tubes on all planes of the colony resulting in non-immersed hydrothecae. This is clear in the specimen ZMUC-HYD 268, with monosiphonic hydrocladia and few polysiphonic stem and ramifications, resulting in few immersed hydrothecae with conspicuous pedicel.</p><p>Zygophylax sagamiensis Hirohito, 1983 is also a species with similar trophosome to that of Z. africana, what can be seen by some previous misidentifications (e.g., Ritchie, 1911; Watson, 1973). The shape and size of the hydrothecae of Z. africana and Z. sagamiensis are indeed similar, hindering the identification of infertile specimens, but the gonosomes are distinct, with gonothecae with two projections oriented to opposite directions in Z. africana and only one projection in Z. sagamiensis (Hirohito, 1995; Vervoort, 2006). In addition, the gonothecae of Z. sagamiensis are completely adnate to each other, and only the tubular processes are free, presenting a polygonal aspect on a superior view, whereas those of Z. africana have the most distal third of the gonothecae completely free. Nevertheless, in one gonotheca of the specimen Z. sagamiensis (RMNH-Coel. slide 5352), we observed two projections horn-shaped of equal size, contrary to the pattern of the majority of the gonothecae of the same colony in which the pattern with only one projection dominates. However, this pattern might be a small intraspecific variation.</p><p>The apical tubular processes of the gonothecae of Z. africana are usually elongated in South Africa (Millard, 1964, 1975; ZMUC-HYD 268). However, specimens from the Bay of Biscay have gonothecae with shorter and thicker projections, suggested to be a variable intraspecific character (Altuna, 2012). Gonothecae with two apical projections in opposite directions are present in other species of the genus Zygophylax, such as Z. convallaria, Z. bifurcata, Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911), Zygophylax curvitheca Stechow, 1913, among others, but the degree of proximity between the gonothecae, and the size and curvature of the projections are variable among them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B9C91D0D20FF2FF9E9FF28FDBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Campos, Felipe Ferreira;Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Puce, Stefania;Marques, Antonio Carlos	Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
039887B9C9100D21FF2FFD2EFC54F8A7.text	039887B9C9100D21FF2FFD2EFC54F8A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygophylax crozetensis Millard 1977	<div><p>Zygophylax crozetensis Millard, 1977</p><p>Plate 3 A–D</p><p>Zygophylax crozetensis Millard, 1977b: 3, 15–18, fig. 4; Millard, 1979: 140; Van Praët, 1979: 883–884, fig. 24; Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 85; Calder &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 69.</p><p>Type Series. Holotype—fertile colony in alcohol (MNHN H.01577). Paratype—fertile colony in alcohol (SAM- H2779); three slides with fertile colony branches (3 RMNH-Coel. slides 114) .</p><p>Type Locality. “Marion Dufresne” Sta. 26/64-B, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.413334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.985/lat -46.413334)">Orques Channel</a>, Crozet Island, Indian Ocean, 46°24.8’ S 51°59.1’ E, 180 m.</p><p>Material examined. Paratype—Coll. Marion Dufresne, Sta. 26/64-B, 46°21.8’S, 51°52.1’E, 180 m, 20 April 1974, fertile colony (3 RMNH-Coel. slides 114).</p><p>Description of paratype. Stem polysiphonic composed by several secondary axial tubes along all extension, decreasing number distally; stem and hydrocladia with distinct apophyses budding off obliquely upwards in relation to main axis, in several planes (Pl. 3A); variable number of free hydrothecae between each pair of sub-opposite hydrocladia. Hydrocladia rectilineous attached to stem without apophysis, arising at angles 65°–70° in relation to stem; few irregular nodes/internodes observed, slightly oblique on main axial tube and on distal region of hydrocladia; some hydrocladia covered by secondary tubes with nematothecae and scar at insertion; weakly polysiphonic at proximal region, stem monosiphonic distally. Hydrothecae tubular, adcauline wall slightly convex, abcauline wall slightly concave (Pl. 3B); rim without renovations; diaphragm as thickened oblique perisarcal ring; pedicel from smooth to wrinkled at different degrees, sometimes with distinct annulations (Pl. 3B–C). Nematothecae pedicellated, on hydrothecal apophysis and secondary axial tubes, cylindrical to tubular, with constriction on proximal third (Pl. 3D); nematotheca on hydrothecal apophysis long, surpassing level of hydrothecal diaphragm. Gonosome aggregated into coppinia, thin gonothecae in dense clusters, distal part with free tubular processes pointing obliquely upwards, each process with one elliptical aperture; nematophorous tubules projecting among gonothecae with nematothecae and hydrothecae.</p><p>Measurements. Stem: diameter 140–590 µm; distance between subsequent hydrocladia at same side 1.1–2.3 mm. Hydrocladia: lenght 2.9–7.8 mm; diameter at base 170–250 µm. Hydrothecae: length of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 330–740 µm; diameter at rim 150 µm; diameter at diaphragm 90 µm; lenght of pedicel on adcauline wall 80–150 µm; diameter at apophysis 70–100 µm. Nematothecae: lenght 110–120 µm; diameter at rim 50–60 µm.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks. Unfortunately, we did not study the entire colony of the type material of Z. crozentensis because it was not found in the collection of the MNHN (Paris, France), even though holotype and paratype were listed for that collection (Van Praët, 1979). The paratype specimens deposited in the South African Museum (SAM) were also not available for loan. However, we had access to permanent slides of the paratype deposited in the RMNH.</p><p>Millard (1977b) described Z. crozetensis with hydrotecae similar to many congeners, especially Z. africana, from which it differs by its totally adnate gonothecae while in Z. africana the gonothecae are not entirely fused. Mil- lard (1977b) emphasizes that many species of Zygophylax from the southern hemisphere have similar trophosomes, but different gonosomes. Indeed, Z. crozetensis have similar hydrothecae to its congeners, but their trophosome differ by the irregular pattern of hydrocladia around the colony axis.</p><p>The hydrothecae of the non-fascicled hydrocladia of Z. crozetensis are arranged alternate and on a single plane, whereas those of the fascicled branches are in many directions. The multiplanar pattern is similar to that of Zygophylax armata (Ritchie, 1907) from the South Atlantic, specially comparing to its polysiphonic axis. Another similar character between these two species is the coppinia formed by densely aggregated gonothecae with pointed projections at their distal ends. In contrast, Z. crozetensis is characterized by some of its hydrotecal pedicels being wrinkled at different degrees, while in the same colony some pedicels of the monosiphonic regions of the hydrocladia are totally smooth, as observed in the specimen RMNH-Coel. slide 114. Although Millard (1977b) did not cite this feature in the original description of the species, she represented one of the pedicels of the type material wrinkled with a strong proximal constriction. On a highly polysiphonic region in the specimen RMNH-Coel. slide 114, the most proximal third of the stem had numerous, long and well wrinkled pedicels, many without hydrothecae due to the bad state of conservation of the material.</p><p>Zygophylax crozetensis also resembles Z. sagamiensis in the coppinia and the wrinkled pattern of some hydrothecal pedicels, but the hydrothecae of the latter are arranged in one plane and either oriented to one side (cf. RMNH-Coel. slide 5352) or both sides of the colony (Hirohito, 1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B9C9100D21FF2FFD2EFC54F8A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Campos, Felipe Ferreira;Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Puce, Stefania;Marques, Antonio Carlos	Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
039887B9C9120D24FF2FFF01FBE7FE54.text	039887B9C9120D24FF2FFF01FBE7FE54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygophylax infundibulum Millard 1958	<div><p>Zygophylax infundibulum Millard, 1958</p><p>Plate 4 A–F</p><p>Zygophylax infundibulum Millard, 1958: 180–181, fig. 4b–c; Millard, 1968: 266; Millard, 1973: 32; Millard, 1975: 197–198, fig. 65d–e; Millard, 1978: 200; Millard, 1979: 140; Millard, 1980: 131, 143–144, fig. 4d; Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 84; Calder &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 69; Miranda et al., 2015: 506.</p><p>Type Series. Holotype—Several stems and two whole mounts, without gonophores (SAM H36) (Millard, 1979) .</p><p>Type Locality. Coll. Pieter Faure, St. 10781, Natal coast, Durban, South Africa, 29°53’S 31°11’E, 155 m, 17 December 1900 .</p><p>Material examined. Coll. T. Mortensen Exp. 1929, St. 24, near Durban coast, South Africa, 29°48’30’’S 31°18’E, 219 m, 22 August 1929, det. N.H.A. Millard, small colonial fragments, without gonophores (ZMUC-HYD 271); Coll. Benthedi, St. S 93, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.538333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.266666/lat -11.538333)">Indian Ocean</a>, off northern Madagascar, 11°32.3’S 47°16’E, 400–556 m, 07 April 1977, without gonophores (RMNH-Coel. slide 253) ; Coll. Marion Dufresne, St. FA 117, as Z. cf. infundibulum, La Réunion, 20°57’S 54°08’E, 470–540 m, 31 August 1982, without gonophores (RMNH-Coel. slide 261) .</p><p>Description of additional material. (ZMUC-HYD 271) Stem rectilineous, mostly polysiphonic with only distamost part monosiphonic, not divided into nodes; hydrothecae facing one side of the colony. Hydrocladia polysiphonic proximally and monosiphonic distally (Pl. 4A), divided into transversal nodes, each internode with three hydrothecae; hydrocladia with axillary hydrotheca on axial apophyses, with subopposite arrangement, planar; hydrothecal apophyses developed, separated from hydrocladia by septum and constricton of perisarc. Hydrothecae tubular, slightly sigmoid, adcauline wall concave under rim, abcauline wall convex (Pl. 4C–D), pedicel long, rectilineous, slightly wrinkled (Pl. 4B), diaphragm thick, convex. Nematothecae tubular on hydrothecal apophysis (Pl. 4E–F).</p><p>Measurements. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrothecae 156–390 µm; diameter 182–442 µm; distance between subsequent hydrocladia at the same side 1.7–1.8 mm. Hydrocladia: lenght 5.1–7.4 mm; diameter at base 130–156 µm. Hydrothecae: length of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 350–370 µm; lenght from base budding of the axis to rim 540–610 µm; diameter at rim 130–150 µm; diameter at diaphragm 70 µm; diameter of pedicel on adcauline side 240–270 µm; diameter at apophysis 50 µm. Nematothecae: lenght 40–160 µm; diameter at rim 20–30 µm.</p><p>Diagnosis of reproductive structures. “Gonothecae not adpressed, narrow at base and widening distally, then divided into two outwardly curved necks bearing the terminal apertures. Protective tubular structures numerous, arising amongst the gonothecae and rising above them, completely obscuring them and forming a bristly coat to the coppinia; each branching irregularly and bearing many nematothecae similar to those to the trophosome. Each gonothecae apparently arising from the base of one of the tubular structures” (Millard, 1980: 143–144).</p><p>Geographical distribution. southern Brazil (Miranda et al., 2015); off Natal, South Africa, 115–219 m (Millard, 1975); off northern Madagascar, 400–556 m (present study).</p><p>Remarks. Zygophylax infundibulum Millard, 1958 is known from the Indian coast of South Africa (Millard, 1958, 1975, 1979, 1980), recently also recorded for Brazil by (Miranda et al., 2015) and now for Madagascar (this study). The gonosome of the species was subsequently described (Millard, 1980). We did not have access to any of the materials deposited in the South African Museum (SAM). The species may be diagnosed by the triangular shape of gonothecae with two short projections with apertures, the coppinia with numerous protective tubes, the hydrothecae curved at the distamost third and facing one side of the colony, and the long pedicels on well-demarcated apophyses.</p><p>Zygophylax infundibulum has similarities with Z. unilateralis, such as the sigmoid hydrothecae, hydrothecae oriented towards one side of the colony, distinct apophyses, non-adnate elongated gonothecae widening basally, and the many protective tubes in the coppinia. However, Z. unilateralis differs by the larger and thicker hydrothecae, globular to bi or trilobate nematothecae on hydrothecal apophyses, hydrocladia and secondary axial tubes, pedicel varying from totally smooth to slightly wrinkled or even segmented throughout its extension (e.g., in the holotype BMNH 29.10.28.77), and the 2–3 processes in the gonothecae of Z. unilateralis .</p><p>Millard (1980) also reported trophosomal and gonosomal similarities between Z. infundibulum and Zygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918, like the curved hydrothecae resembles of Z. infundibulum similar to those of young colonies of Z. sibogae (e.g., RMNH-Coel. slide 258), the shape of the gonothecae, and of the high density of protective tubes in the coppinia, although Z. sibogae has more elongated projections facing to opposite directions. Other characters listed above also help to differentiate between the species.</p><p>Colonies of Z. infundibulum undertake regeneration processes leading to the segmentation of the apophyses, the pedicels or even the hydrothecae, by the duplication of the diaphragms (Millard, 1958). We observed pedicels slightly segmented or wrinkled in some specimens (ZMUC-HYD 271, South Africa; RMNH-Coel. slide 253, Madagascar). This regeneration process and the resulted pedicelar annulations differ from those of Z. naomiae sp. nov. (see above). In the same specimen, regeneration processes also alter the number of renovations on rim (up to 11), increasing significantly the length, as well as the nematothecae of the secondary axial tubes of the stem vary from tubular to extremely thin and elongated, with a widened apex with one aperture.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B9C9120D24FF2FFF01FBE7FE54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Campos, Felipe Ferreira;Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Puce, Stefania;Marques, Antonio Carlos	Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
039887B9C9140D25FF2FFE44FE8DFF24.text	039887B9C9140D25FF2FFE44FE8DFF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygophylax millardae Rees & Vervoort 1987	<div><p>Zygophylax millardae Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987</p><p>Plate 5 A–D; Table 3</p><p>? Zygophylax biarmata: Jarvis, 1922: 335</p><p>Zygophylax ? antipathes: Millard, 1975: 190–192, fig. 62 f–g.</p><p>Zygophylax millardae Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 86–89, fig. 14; Calder &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 69.</p><p>Type series. Holotype—four fragments of a colony in alcohol, without gonophores (BMNH 1984.1.1.18); Para-types—slide with a colony branch, without gonophores (RMNH-Coel. slide 16520); slide with a fertile colony branch (RMNH-Coel. 16521) .</p><p>Type locality. John Murray Exp., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.236668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.236668/lat -5.0716667)">Sta</a> 112, Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania, 05°04’18’’S 39°14’12’’E, 14 January 1934, 73– 165 m.</p><p>Material examined. Paratypes—John Murray Exp., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.22167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.22167/lat -5.0825)">Sta</a> 112, Zanzibar, 05°04’18’’S 39°14’13’’E, 15 January 1934, 73– 165 m (RMNH-Coel. slide 16520); John Murray Exp., Sta 112, Zanzibar, 05°04’57’’S 39°13’18’’E, 15 January 1934, 113 m (RMNH-Coel. 16521); fragmented colony in alcohol, off northern Zanzibar, Tanzania, 05°04’57’’S 39°13’18’’E, 15 January 1934 (BMNH 1984.1.1.19); slide with a colony branch, Salomon Atoll, Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, 220 m (BMNH 1923.2.15.118) .</p><p>Description of holotype and paratype (RMNH-Coel. slide 16521). Colony attached to substratum by flattened disk formed by stolonal tubes. Stem weakly polysiphonic up to basalmost hydrocladium; sub-opposite hydrocladia pinnately disposed along stem; some hydrocladia with axillary hydrothecae, others arising direct from stem. Hydrocladia with distinct transversal septa; upright or slightly geniculate (Pl. 5A); hydrothecae of stem and hydrocladia on conspicuous apophyses arranged in two alternate series at same plane (Pl. 5B). Hydrothecae tubular to funnel-shaped; adcauline wall convex, more pronounced at basal half; abcauline wall rectilineous; plane of aperture perpendicular to hydrothecal length axis; renovations frequent, up to 5 (Pl. 5C); diaphragm thick, rectilineous to oblique; pedicel short, rectilineous, smooth. One short cylindrical nematotheca on hydrothecal apophyses; some rare wholes observed on secondary axial tubes (Pl. 5D). No coppinia.</p><p>Measurements. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrothecae 780–936 µm; diameter 156–416 µm; distance between subsequent hydrocladia at the same side 6.6– 3.6 mm. Hydrocladia: diameter at base 104 µm. Hydrothecae: length of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 350–370 μm/with renovations 450–510 μm; diameter at rim 170–180 µm; diameter at diaphragm 85–90 µm; lenght of pedicel on adcauline side 160– 121 µm. Nematothecae: lenght 70 µm; diameter at rim 50 µm.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Zanzibar, Tanzania, 73–165 m (Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987); Mozambique and off Natal, southern Africa, 6–110 m (Millard, 1975); Amirante Islands and Atol Providence, Seychelles, 37–183 m; Salomon Islands, Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean 110–219 m (Jarvis, 1922).</p><p>Remarks. Millard (1975) identified material collected in Natal and Mozambique as Zygophylax ? antipathes . However, Z. antipathes has branches arising from stem in several directions and larger hydrothecae with shorter pedicels (Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987).</p><p>Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987) also studied the material identified as Z. biarmata by Jarvis (1922), concluding that it could also belong to Z. millardae . These species are similar in many trophosomal characters (geniculate pattern of hydrocladia, convex adcaulinar wall and slightly concave abcaulinar wall, developed and continuous hydrothecal pedicels, hydrothecal rim with renovations, sometimes duplicate diaphragms and tubular nematothecae on apophyses or on hydrothecal pedicel), but are differentiated mainly by the larger measurements of Z. millardae hydrothecae (Table 3). Unfortunately, Z. millardae has been described from infertile material and with trophosome characters similar to those of other species. Thus, hydrothecal dimensions (cf. Ramil &amp; Vervoort 1992 for Z. levinseni / Z. elongata; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003 for Z. antipathes / Z. rufa) are important to differentiate the species, preventing them to be synonymized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B9C9140D25FF2FFE44FE8DFF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Campos, Felipe Ferreira;Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Puce, Stefania;Marques, Antonio Carlos	Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
039887B9C9160D26FF2FFCB8FF0EF9DD.text	039887B9C9160D26FF2FFCB8FF0EF9DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard 1958	<div><p>Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard, 1958</p><p>Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard, 1958: 177–179, fig. 4 d–g; Millard, 1975: 195, fig. 63 d–g; Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 84; Calder &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 69.</p><p>Type series. Holotype — eight fertile stems in alcohol and two whole mounts (SAM H59) (Millard, 1979).</p><p>Type locality. Coll. Pieter Faure, St. 12308, Off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.466667/lat -30.883333)">Port Shepstone</a>, Natal, South Africa, 30°53’S, 30°28’E, 66 m, 14 March 1901 .</p><p>Geographical distribution. Only known from type locality.</p><p>Remarks. This is the remaining species for southern Africa but, unfortunately, the type and additional materials of this species could not be accessed. Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard (1958) resembles Z. crozetensis in its short hydrothecal pedicel, arrangement of hydrothecae and shape of hydrothecal walls with the abcauline wall almost rectilineous and adcauline wall convex for most of its length, besides of the elongated gonotheca fused to each other for about 3/4 of length, and the similar measurements of the trophosome. Zygophylax geminocarpa was described by Millard (1958) as “Cauline hydrothecae almost completely immersed in the peripheral tubes of the stem. Nematotheca 1–4 on each hydrothecal apophysis (usually 2), and an irregular number on the peripheral tubes of the stem. Gonothecae not collected in coppiniae, but attached to one another in pairs, and arranged in dense clusters around the main stem and principal branches. Each gonotheca very large, elongated, round in section, tapering to the base, and, more rapidly, to the tip, fused to its twin for about 3/4 of length and then free. Scattered nematothecae borne on lower half. The gonothecae are not fully mature and have no openings to the exterior, nor can the sex be determined”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B9C9160D26FF2FFCB8FF0EF9DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Campos, Felipe Ferreira;Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Puce, Stefania;Marques, Antonio Carlos	Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
