taxonID	type	description	language	source
039887D57C01FFF7FDCCA9E664ABCAC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material studied Host: Lophius piscatorius L.	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C01FFF7FDCCA9E664ABCAC1.taxon	description	Site of infection: gall bladder. Locality, dates and depths: (1) 58 ° 51 ˏN, 07 ° 35 ˏW (NW of Scotland), 30 March, 2000, 250 m; (2) 58 ° 45 ˏN, 07 ° 49 ˏW (NW of Scotland), 30 March, 2000, 400 m. Prevalence: (1) 6 of 16 (37 %); (2) 8 of 26 (31 %). Host length range: (1) 41 – 64 cm; (2) 45 – 66 cm. Collection number: 2005: 7: 1: 1. Description Trophozoite (or pseudoplasmodium) (Figure 1) spherical or slightly ovoid, di- or tri-sporous, with short finger-like pseudopodia. Endoplasm distinct, finely granular. Dimensions, based on 6 fixed specimens: 20.0 – 26.8 x 16.0 – 20.0. Spore (Figures 2, 3) asymmetrical, banana-shaped, one end more pointed than the other. Valves unequal, smooth, larger valve slightly bent. Sutural line straight, thin. Sporoplasm binucleate, extends below polar capsules. Polar capsules spherical, subterminal. Polar filament tightly coiled, with 7 – 8 coils. Dimensions, based on 30 fixed spores, as ranges with means ± SD in parentheses: spore length 5.6 – 8.0 (7.1 ± 0.6); spore thickness 30.0 – 39.6 (34.9 ± 2.7); thickness of larger valve 18.0 – 25.0 (21.0 ± 2.6), and of smaller valve 12.0 – 18.0 (14.8 ± 1.2); diameter of polar capsule 3.0 – 5.4 (4.1 ± 0.7); polar capsule length: spore length = 1: 1.4 – 2.6; spore length: spore width = 1: 3.5 – 6.8.	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C01FFF7FDCCA9E664ABCAC1.taxon	discussion	Discussion Eiras (2006) listed 147 nominal species of the genus Ceratomyxa from fish hosts, the most common site of infection being the gall bladder. One species of Ceratomyxa, C. appendiculata, was described by Thélohan (1895) from both L. piscatorius and L. budegassa off the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of France and was subsequently reported from L. budegassa in the Adriatic Sea by Lubat et al. (1989). It was most recently reported by Maillo et al. (2004) from 58.2 % of L. budegassa caught in the western Mediterranean and we recently found what appeared to be the vegetative stages of C. appendiculata in the gall bladder of one L. piscatorius caught off the west coast of Portugal (unpublished result). Ceratomyxa lophii n. sp. differs markedly from C. appendiculata in having unequal spore valves, and in the form of the trophozoite, which in C. appendiculata is polymorphic with from one to six pointed pseudopodia. Unequal spore valves have been described from other species of Ceratomyxa. The seven species with the most marked differences in size between valves are compared with C. lophii in Table 1. In only one other spe-cies — C. inaequalis Doflein, 1898 — is the difference in size and shape between the two valves close to that observed in C. lophii n. sp.. Ceratomyxa inaeqaulis was described from the labrid fishes Symphodus mediterraneus and S. tinca in the Mediterranean Sea. Its spores are similar in gross dimensions to those of C. lophii n. sp., but the difference in length between the two spore valves is much smaller. The form of the trophozoite is also different between the two species, that of C. inaequalis being teardrop-shaped with usually one long pointed pseudopodium, in contrast to the spherical or ovoid shape and short blunt pseudopodia of C. lophii n. sp. Given these marked morphological differences and the fact that the two species have been reported from different host species and from locations a considerable distance apart, we consider them to be separate species. Ceratomyxa lophii was found only in samples of L. piscatorius caught at the edge of the continental shelf to the northwest of the Outer Hebrides. It may therefore have a more restricted and northerly distribution than its congener C. appendiculata. Species of Ceratomyxa Spore Polar capsule Host Locality Length Thickness Length Width C. lophii n sp. 5.6 – 8.0 30.0 – 39.6 3.0 – 5.4 3.0 – 5.4 Lophius piscatorius Northwest of Scotland	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C01FFF7FDCCA9E664ABCAC1.taxon	description	C. acanthuri Kpatcha, Die- 10.0 – 12.0 16.0 – 18.0 2.0 – 3.2 2.0 – 3.2 Acanthurus monroviae Senegal bakate, Faye and Toguebaye, hippoglosus, Reinhardtius,	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C03FFF3FDCCA92462CDCAD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material studied Host: Lophius budegassa Spinola	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C03FFF3FDCCA92462CDCAD2.taxon	description	Site of infection: gall bladder Localities, dates and depths: (1) 36 ° 56 ˏN, 07 ° 38 ˏW, 5 June, 2000, 250 m; (2) 36 ° 51 ˏN, 08 ° 00 ˏW, 9 June, 2000, 200 m; (3) 36 ° 50 ˏN, 08 ° 58 ˏW, 14 June, 2000, 250 m; (4) 36 ° 46 ˏN, 08 ° 36 ˏW, 24 October, 2000, 450 m; (5) 36 ° 50 ˏN, 08 ° 30 ˏW, 16 April, 2001, depth unknown (all off Algarve, southern Portugal). Prevalence: (1) 3 of 3; (2) 1 of 1; (3) 1 of 1; (4) 1 of 1; (5) 2 of 2. Host length range: (1) 30 – 36 cm; (2) 35 cm; (3) 37 cm; (4) 36 cm; (5) 70 – 96 cm. Collection number: 2005: 7: 1: 2. Description Trophozoite (Figure 4) irregular in shape, drifting freely in the bile. Dimensions: 28.8 – 60.4 (n = 16) with 4 – 5 fine filopodia and variable numbers of nuclei. FIGURES 4 – 7. Alataspora budegassai n. sp. 4. Trophozoite, stained with Giemsa. 5. Sporoblast, unstained fixed specimen. 6. Spore, sutural view, stained with Giemsa. 7. Spore, sutural view, unstained fixed specimen. Scale-bars: 10 µ m Sporoblast (Figures 5, 8, 9) disporous, roughly spindle-shaped with two long extensions, one free with a characteristic hook at the end (Figure 8), the other attached to the wall of the gall bladder with tendril-like extensions (Figure 9). Dimensions, based on 10 fixed specimens: 45.0 – 54.0 x 12.6 – 16.4. Spore (Figures 6, 7) broad, flat and triangular in sutural view, flat and extended in valvular view. Sutural line straight, thin and distinct. Sporoplasm binucleate. Valve shells drawn out into alate membranous processes without venation adherent to posterior part of valve. Polar capsules spherical. Polar filament with 3 – 4 coils. Dimensions, based on 30 fixed spores, as ranges with means ± SD in parentheses: spore length 12.0 – 14.4 (12.8 ± 0.7); spore width, including alate processes 86.0 – 159.6 (120.5 ± 20.6); spore width, excluding alate processes 32.0 – 39.6 (34.6 ± 2.6); diameter of polar capsule 4.6 – 6.4 (5.6 ± 0.5); polar capsule length: spore length = 1: 2.6 – 3.6; spore length: spore width = 1: 2.1 – 3.2. Glyptocephalus stelleri, Acanthopsetta nadeshnui A. opisthocentri (Dogiel, 1948) 5.0 – 7.0 14.0 – 17.0 1.5 1.5 Opisthocentrus ocellatus Sea of Japan A. parvicapsula Shulman, Kova- 5.9 – 6.4 9.7 2.0 – 2.5 1.5 Aulopus cadenati Atlantic Ocean off Gulf Discussion The features that justify the inclusion of this species in the genus Alataspora are the extreme lateral elongation of the spore and the long membranous processes that adhere to the posterior edges of the valves. Of the 16 previously described species of Alataspora, A. budegassai is most similar in spore dimensions to A. africana Shulman, Kovaleva & Dubina, 1979 (Table 2). The latter species was described from the perciform fish Callanthias ruber caught off Western Sahara. The description of A. africana is brief and lacking in detail so, taking this into consideration together with the host and locality differences, we feel justified in considering our species from L. budegassa to be new. This is the first report of an Alataspora sp. from the genus Lophius, and A. budegassai appears to be unique within the genus in that in young spores the alate processes are wound around the valves. However, some of the previous descriptions of Alataspora spp. are brief and incomplete, so this feature may have been missed. Gall bladders were missing in 37 of the 45 specimens of L. budegassa viscera obtained. All of the gall bladders examined were infected with A. budegassai. The myxosporean genus Alataspora has been referred to erroneously as Alatospora in several publications. The name Alatospora is preoccupied by a genus of aquatic hyphomycete and the myxosporean genus was originally named as Alataspora by Shulman et al. (1979). The problem appears to have originated with the misspelling of the generic name in the otherwise admirable textbook on protozoan parasites of fishes by Lom & Dykova (1992), in which the family name Alatasporidae is also misspelled as Alatosporidae. These misspellings highlight the importance of authors checking the original descriptions of species and genera rather than blindly accepting secondary references.	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C07FFFEFDCCAFCE64C3CFC3.taxon	materials_examined	Material studied Host: Lophius piscatorius L.	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C07FFFEFDCCAFCE64C3CFC3.taxon	description	Site of infection: gall bladder Locality, date and depth: (1) 58 ° 51 ˏN, 07 ° 35 ˏW (NW of Outer Hebrides), 30 March, 2000, 250 m; (2) 58 ° 45 ˏN, 07 ° 49 ˏW (NW of Outer Hebrides), 30 March, 2000, 400 m; (3) 58 ° 29 ˏN, 08 ° 54 ˏW (NW of Outer Hebrides), 30 March, 2000, 470 m; (4) 58 ° 45 ˏN, 08 ° 03 ˏW (NW of Outer Hebrides), 30 March, 2000, 700 m; (5) 57 ° 20 ˏN, 05 ° 50 ˏW (Off Skye, Inner Hebrides), March 2004, depth unknown; (6) 57 ° 20 ˏN, 05 ° 50 ˏW (Off Skye, Inner Hebrides), August, 2004, depth unknown. Prevalence: (1) 3 of 16 (19 %); (2) 14 of 26 (54 %); (3) 1 of 1; (4) 1 of 1; (5) 1 of 2; (6) 1 of 2. Double infections: two host individuals, one each from positions (1) and (2), had double infections of P. lophii and C. lophii. Host length range: (1) 41 – 64 cm; (2) 45 – 66 cm; (3) and (4) lengths unknown. Collection number: 2005: 7: 1: 3. Description Trophozoite (Figures 10, 11) disporous, ovoid with a single lobopodium sometimes bifurcating at its tip, which is attached to the wall of the gall bladder. Ectoplasm dense and clearly demarcated. Endoplasm fine, lightly staining. Dimensions, based on 8 fixed specimens: 25.6 – 35.2 x 14.4 – 32.0. Spore (Figures 12, 13, 14, 15,) triangular or rhomboidal with pointed tips in sutural view, flat and curved in valvular view. Sutural line prominent and raised (this feature can be seen in Figure 14, but is obscured in Figures 12 and 13 by the enveloping alate processes). Sporoplasm binucleate. Valve shells drawn out into two delicate broad alate processes that join together at their proximal extremities forming a parachute-like structure over the valves. The valves are often observed folded over with the alate processes covering them (Figure 13). Polar capsules oval, terminal, in close proximity to one another and overlapping in sutural view. Polar filament wide, flat, deeply staining and with only 1.5 – 2 coils. Dimensions, based on 30 fixed spores, as ranges with means ± SD in parentheses: spore length 7.2 – 10.0 (9.8 ± 1.6); spore width, including alate processes 21.6 – 28.8 (25.9 ± 2.8); spore width, excluding alate processes 16.8 – 22.6 (18.2 ± 1.2); spore thickness 15.2 – 20.8 (17.5 ± 1.01); polar capsule length: 3.8 – 5.4 (4.3 ± 0.7); polar capsule width: 3.0 – 4.0 (3.6 ± 0.2); polar capsule length: spore length = 1: 2.0 – 3.2; spore length: spore width = 1: 3.2 – 4.3.	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
039887D57C07FFFEFDCCAFCE64C3CFC3.taxon	discussion	Discussion Pseudalataspora lophii n. sp. differs from the other 11 species of Pseudalataspora described to date in the dimensions of the spore (Table 3) and in having alate processes that cover the spore body. The numbers of coils of the polar filament are not given in the descriptions of most of these species, but the figures indicate that none has less than three, as compared with a maximum of only two coils for P. lophii n. sp. The function of the parachute-like alate processes that cover the spore of P. lophii would appear to be to facilitate the distribution of the spore after release from the host. Lophius spp. are ambush predators that immerse themselves in the substrate with a shuffling motion (Laurensen et al., 2004). This behaviour would tend to throw myxosporean spores up and away from the infected host and the alate processes would then assist in their further dispersal. Whether this might result in direct infection of other anglerfishes or of an invertebrate alternative host is unknown. Only one marine myxosporean life cycle has so far been shown to require an invertebrate host (Køie et al., 2004), although actinosporean stages have been found in several species of marine polychaetes and oligochaetes. On the other hand, there is also evidence of direct fish-to-fish transmission of marine myxosporeans (Diamant, 1997; Yasuda et al., 2002). As with the genus Alataspora, Pseudalataspora has been referred to erroneously in the literature as Pseudalatospora or Pseudoalatospora, the latter being the misspelling by Lom & Dykova (1992). Three species of myxosporean are now known to infect the gall bladders of L. piscatorius, while two species are known to infect the gall bladders of L. budegassa. Evidence from the literature and from the present study suggest that these parasites have different endemic areas, which makes them potentially useful candidates as biological tags in population studies of their fish hosts. Recent genetic studies have suggested that stocks of L. piscatorius in the northern part of its distribution are part of a single more or less panmictic reproductive population (O’Sullivan et al., 2006). Parasites, however, can often be used to identify subpopulations of fish distinguished by certain behavioural differences, but which genetic studies may not pick up because there is still a considerable amount of gene flow between them (MacKenzie & Abaunza, 2005). In future studies we plan to examine more anglerfish samples from different parts of their geographical distribution to test if their myxosporean gall bladder parasites can be used to reveal finer details of host population structure.	en	Afonso-Dias, Isabel, Kalavati, Chaganti, Mackenzie, Ken, Mackenzie, Kevin S. (2007): Three new species of Myxosporea (Bivalvulida: Ceratomyxidae: Alatasporidae) from the gall bladders of anglerfishes Lophius spp. (Teleostei: Lophiidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 1466: 35-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176573
