taxonID	type	description	language	source
039987943707FF99E88CFC13FE63E7F8.taxon	description	(Figs. 1, 21)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943707FF99E88CFC13FE63E7F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA mer.: Třeboňsko PLA: Třeboň env., Stříbřecký most bridge (6955), 9. vi. 2006, 18 larvae on Spiraea salicifolia, 3 adults emerged, J. Macek lgt.; Borkovice (6753), 31. v. 2008, 6 larvae on Spiraea salicifolia, 2 adults emerged, J. Macek lgt., all J. Macek det. (NMPC). Adult. Diagnosis. Black, pronotum, tegulae and hind margins of abdominal terga and sterna with narrow whitish strips; tibiae and tarsi whitish (Fig. 1). Body length 7 – 7.5 mm. Head in dorsal view rectangular, lustrous, with temples slightly receding posteriorly; clypeus deeply incised with sharp lateral projections, surface with flat and irregular wrinkles; malar space longer than diameter of front ocellus and almost twice as long as pedicel; occipital carina incomplete, obliterated on vertex, postocellar area longer than wide (POL: OOCL = 1: 1.5) with distinct divergent postocellar furrows, mandibles asymmetric, left one with two and right one with three teeth; antennae a little longer than abscissa of costa from wing base to pterostigma; F 1 shorter than length of eye; median lobe of mesoscutum shining with sparse punctation; mesoscutellum shining with dense punctation medially, mesepisternum wrinkled in dorsal part and smooth in ventral part; abdomen wider than thorax, with finely alutaceous terga. Notes on identification. The species has an intermediate appearance between Monsoma pulveratum (Retzius, 1783) (Allantinae) and Sciapteryx consobrina (Klug, 1816) (Tenthredininae) but differs from them by the following characters: clypeus broadly and deeply incised with narrow, sharply pointed lateral lobes; mandibles asymmetric; fore wings with oblique crossvein in anal cell, medial vein fused with radial sector vein at long distance. The Czech specimens of D. ermak agree extremely well with the original description by ZHELOCHOVTSEV (1968). Larva. Description of the last instar. Head amber yellow with large dark parietal spot; dorsal side of body greyish with whitish irregular longitudinal subdorsal stripe, ground colour of ventral side whitish, annulet 2 and 4 with ring of flat white warts with setae, annulet 1 with black round spot on dorsum medially; annulet 2 laterally above dark spiracle with black round spot; surpedal lobe and hypopleurit with black marks. The last feeding instar moults to glassy grey-yellowish eonymph with obliterated colour pattern. Recognition. The last instar larva of Dinax ermak differs from the similar larva of D. jakowleffi, by distinct dark pattern on head (VERZHUTSKII 1981). Bionomics. Univoltine. Predicted flight period from mid April to mid May; larval period from May to June. Food plant: Spiraea salicifolia L. (Rosaceae). The non-feeding eonymph builds a firm cocoon for pupation, in which it can diapause for up to two years.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943707FF99E88CFC13FE63E7F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Russia: southern Ural, East Siberia: Magadan (ZHELOCHOVTSEV 1968); Czech Republic (new record) (Fig. 21).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943705FF9EE888FB3FFDAEE64B.taxon	description	(Figs. 4, 12)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943705FF9EE888FB3FFDAEE64B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA mer.: Křivoklátsko PLA: Nižbor (5950), 1. v. 2006, 2 spec., J. Macek lgt. BOHEMIA or.: Orlické hory PLA: Bukačka NR (5664), 24. v. 1994, 2 spec.; Zvonkové údolí valley (5865), 20. v. 2003, 1 spec., all J. Macek lgt. (MT); Trčkov NR (5664), 16. – 25. v. 1994, 2 spec., J. Hájek & J. Ježek lgt., 25. vi. 2003, 1 spec., J. Hájek lgt.; Železné hory PLA: Krkanka NR (6160), 2. vi. 2004, 3 spec.; Lichnice (6159), 25. iv. – 25. v. 1999, 3 spec., 12. v. 2000, 1 spec., 18. vi. 2000, 1 spec.; Strádovka NR (6160), 1 spec.; Polom NR (6160), 23. v. 1996, 9 spec., 27. v. 1997, 2 spec., 20. v. 1998, 1 spec., all F. Bárta lgt. (MT). BOHEMIA bor.: Jizerské hory PLA: Rybí loučky NR (5158), 17. v. – 29. v. 2003, 1 spec., P. Vonička lgt. (MT); České Švýcarsko NP, Růžák NR (5152), 15. vi. 2005, 1 spec., Trýzna lgt (MT). BOHEMIA occ.: Sokolov distr.: Tatrovický potok brook (5742), 3. vi. 2002, 3 spec., J. Ježek lgt. (MT); Lomnice (5741), 19. v. 2005, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. MORAVIA bor.: Beskydy PLA: Trojačka NR (6474), 6. v. 1934, 1 spec., F. Gregor lgt.; Radhošť Mt. (6575), 8. v. 1929, 1 spec., F. Gregor lgt.; Frenštát pod Radhoštěm (6475), 30. iv. 1926, 2 spec., F. Gregor lgt.; all J. Macek det. (NMPC). Larva. Redescription. For the diagnosis of LORENZ & KRAUS (1957) based on FORSIUS (1920) is insufficient for correct identification, the short redescription of the last instar larva is given here. Head brownish yellow with the upper half black; body in dorsal part above the spiracles greenish grey, ventral part below the spiracles white grey, suranal lobe with two black spots (Fig. 12). Annulets 2, 4 and 7 with very short fine setae and annulets 2 and 4 with two additional small conical tubercles. Prolegs with dense setation. Ground colour of the immature instars greenish with black head and no black spot on suranal lobe. Notes on identification. The last instar larvae are easily distinguished from the other Selandrinae associated with ferns by the greenish grey ground colour of the dorsum and the black spot on the suranal lobe. Bionomics. Univoltine. Flight period from the end of April to mid June; larval period from mid May to the end of June. Host plants: Athyrium filix-femina (Woodsiaceae), Dryopteris (= Aspidium) spp., Dryopteris dilatata (Dryopteridaceae), Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae), Adianthum pedatum (Adianthaceae) (LACOURT 1999) and Dryopteris filix-mas (CHAPMAN 1920). I collected the larvae exclusively on Athyrium filix-femina.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943705FF9EE888FB3FFDAEE64B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palaearctic Region (central and northern Europe, Siberia, and Japan) (NAITO 1996). Distribution in central Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland (TAEGER & BLANK 2008). Widespread and common in the Czech Republic, mainly in uplands and mountains.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943702FF9FE8BAFCF3FC22E159.taxon	description	(Figs. 3, 11, 13, 22)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943702FF9FE8BAFCF3FC22E159.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA centr.: Český kras PLA: Hostim env., Kačák brook (6050), 31. v. 2007, 1 spec., MT, J. Macek lgt. BOHEMIA or.: Železné hory PLA: Krkanka NR (6160), 2. vi. 2004, 11 spec., 30. vii. 2004, 8 spec.; Údolí Doubravy NR (6159), 25. v. 2005, 2 spec., 16. vi. 2005, 2 spec., all F. Bárta (MT). BOHEMIA bor.: Jizerské hory PLA: Ztracený potok brook, Kyselka (5257), 2. vi. – 30. vi. 2006, 2 spec., P. Vonička lgt. (YPT); České Švýcarsko NP: Dolský mlýn mill (5152), 15. v. 2005, 2 spec., 25. v. 2005, 1 spec., 16. vi. 2005, 2 spec.; Vlčí potok brook (5052), 2. vi. 2008, 1 spec.; Suchá Bělá brook (5151), 22. v. 2005, 1 spec., all M. Trýzna lgt. (MT); Brtnický most bridge (5052), 2. vii. 2008, 1 larva on Matteuccia, adult emerged 30. iii. 2009, J. Macek lgt. BOHEMIA occ.: Sokolov distr.: Dasnice (5841), 23. v. 2006, 1 spec., 13. vi. 2006, 1 spec.; Kaceřov (5840), 21. v. 2006, 1 spec., 29. vi. 2006, 1 spec.; Dolní Nivy (5741), 10. vi. 2004, 2 spec., Horní Nivy (5741), 10. vi. 2006, 3 spec., all J. Macek lgt. (MT) and det. (NMPC). Adult. Redescription. Body length 6 – 8.5 mm. Head and thorax black, labrum, clypeus, upper angles of pronotum and tegulae whitish; legs brown; abdomen black, most of terga 2 and 3 and middle of terga 4 and 5 orange yellow, posterior margin of each tergum, laterotergites and marks on sterna white; abdomen of males mostly black with inconspicuous orange-yellow spot medially (Fig. 3). Body longitudinally cylindrical, head coriaceous with smooth, sharply margined frontal field, frontal pit larger than frontal ocellus, coriaceous; postocellar area convex with deep pits flanking posterior ocelli; temples even, clypeus finely emarginate, dull; antennae in females a little shorter than abdomen, in males as long as abdomen, antennomeres slightly shortening towards apex; mesonotum smooth and lustrous, mesoscutellum with sparse punctuation, mesopleuron finely coriaceous, wings slightly nebulous, venation black, yellowish basally; anal cell without crossvein, tarsal claw simple; abdomen finely reticulate; ovipositor sheath slender with pointed dorsoapical projections, cerci as long as ovipositor sheath. Notes on identification. Strongylogaster baikalensis differs from the similar S. macula by the characteristic colour pattern on the abdomen: the orange-yellow marks are reduced to the middle part of the abdomen and never merged with the white spots on laterotergites, and the abdomen is mostly black in males. Penis valve as in Fig. 13. Larva. Description. Ground colour green, dorsal part darker and finely mottled, head orange yellow with brownish vertex; dorsal vessel more or less transparent and flanked by dark longitudinal stripes; abdominal segments with six annulets; annulets 1, 2 and 4 with 3 – 5 short setae and annulets 2 and 4 with two additional small conical tubercles; subspiracular and surpedal lobe with 4 – 5 setae and 1 – 2 small conical tubercles; suranal lobe densely setaceous; prolegs with 6 – 7 setae on outer side (Fig. 11). Notes on identification. The larvae differ from those of S. macula by the finely mottled dorsal ground colour and more transparent dorsal vessel. The host plants are also different (see below). Bionomics. Univoltine. Flight period from mid May to mid June; larval period from May to June. Host plants: Dryopteris filix-mas (Dryopteridaceae) and Matteuccia struthiopteris (Woodsiaceae) (new records).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943702FF9FE8BAFCF3FC22E159.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Russia (Baikal region) (NAITO 1990, 1996); Czech Republic (new record) (Fig. 22).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943702FF9FE8BAFCF3FC22E159.taxon	discussion	Comments. Strongylogaster baikalensis belongs to the S. macula group characterised by a peculiar form of the ovipositor sheath and yellow clypeus (NAITO 1996). It has never been found again since the description. When revising a large series of S. macula from various parts of the Czech Republic, I have recognized that it also includes specimens that agree well with the original description of S. baikalensis (NAITO 1990). Both species seem to be widely distributed throughout the Czech Republic; S. macula is associated with Athyrium filix-femina and S. baikalensis with Dryopteris filix-mas and Matteuccia struthiopteris.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943703FF9CE892FBE0FEA9E61C.taxon	description	(Figs. 2, 10, 14)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943703FF9CE892FBE0FEA9E61C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA bor.: Jizerské hory PLA: Rybí loučky NR (5158), 5. – 14. v. 2003, 1 spec., Vonička lgt. (MT); Josefův Důl, Jedlová brook (5257), 670 m a. s. l., 19. – 30. v. 2005, 3 spec., P. Vonička lgt (MT); České Švýcarsko NP: Bílý potok brook (5052), 23. v. 2006, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); ‘ U Eustacha’ forest (5052), 2. vi. 2008, 1 spec., M. Trýzna lgt. (MT); Brtnický potok brook (5052), 18. v. 2004, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); Vlčí potok brook (5052), 23. v. 2006, 1 spec., M. Trýzna lgt. (MT); Pryskyřičný důl gorge (5052), 22. v. 2006, 2 spec. (MT); Limberk (5052), 22. v. 2006, 2 spec. (MT), 25. v. 2007, 2 spec., all M. Trýzna lgt. BOHEMIA mer.: Šumava NP: Nová Pec env., Smrčina Mt. (7429), 1200 m a. s. l., 26. vi. 2007, 8 spec., J. Modlinger lgt. (MT). BOHEMIA occ.: Sokolov distr.: Kynšperk nad Ohří (5841), 23. v. 2006, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); Počerny (5742), 12. v. 2005, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); Bukovany (5841), 23. v. 2006, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); Horní Nivy (5741), 10. vi. 2004, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); Svatava (5841), 19. v. 2003, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT). BOHEMIA or.: Orlické hory PLA: Bukačka NR (5664), 26. iii. 2007, ex larva on Athyrium, J. Macek lgt; Trčkovská louka NR (5664), 15. – 31. v. 1997, 1 spec., J. Hájek lgt. (MT); Litice nad Orlicí, Litický oblouk meander (5964), 27. iv. – 31. v. 1997, 1 spec., J. Hájek lgt. (MT). Železné hory PLA: Polom NR (6160), 12. vi. 1997, 1 spec., F. Bárta lgt. (MT); Krkanka NR (6160), 2. vi. 2004, 1 spec., F. Bárta lgt. (MT); Slávická obora game preserve (6160), 31. v. 2006, 2 spec., F. Bárta lgt. (MT); Hubský pond (6160), 12. v. 2000, F. Bárta lgt.; Včelákov (6161), 4. vi. 2006, 3 spec., F. Bárta lgt. (MT). Králický Sněžník NNR, prameny Moravy springs (5866), 17. vi. 2003, 1 spec., P. Chvojka lgt. (MT). MORAVIA mer.: Bílé Karpaty PLA: Velká Javořina Mt., Hubertka hunting-lodge (7171), 19. v. 2006, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); all J. Macek det. (NMPC). Notes on identification. MUCHE (1969 a) provided a detailed description of the adults. This species differs from the similar S. baikalensis by an extensive colour pattern on the abdomen, with orange-yellow marks extended laterally and thus merging with yellow spots on laterotergites; the abdomen of males is mostly orange yellow. Male genitalia as in Fig. 14. The larva was described by LORENZ & KRAUS (1957). It differs from the larva of S. baikalensis by a uniformly green ground colour without mottling. The host plant in Central Europe is also different (see below). Bionomics. Univoltine. Flight period from late April to mid June; larval period from May to June. Host plants: Dryopteris (= Aspidium) spp., Dryopteris carthusiana, D. dilatata, Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae), Athyrium filix-femina (Woodsiaceae), Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) (TAEGER et al. 1998) and Arachnoides miqueliana (Dryopteridaceae) (NAITO 1996). I collected the larvae exclusively on A. filix-femina.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943703FF9CE892FBE0FEA9E61C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Holarctic Region (Central and Northern Europe, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, North America) (NAITO 1996). Scattered occurrence in the Czech Republic from uplands to highlands.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943700FF9DE863FCA0FC94E70B.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 9)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943700FF9DE863FCA0FC94E70B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA or.: Železné hory PLA: Hubský pond (6160), 6. vi. 2000, 1 spec.; Mokřadlo NR (6260), 6. vi. 2000, 1 spec., all F. Bárta lgt. (MT). Orlické hory PLA: Pod Sfingou rock (5764), 21. v. 2003, 1 spec., J. Hájek lgt. BOHEMIA bor.: Bělá u Děčína (5251), 14. vi. 1957, 5 spec., Z. Bouček lgt. České Švýcarsko NP: Limberk hill (5052), 25. v. 2007, 2 spec.; Křinice stream (5052), 2. vi. 2008, 1 spec.; Růžák NR (5152), 25. vi. 2007, 1 spec.; Mlýny hill (5152), 16. v. 2007, 1 spec., 6. vi. 2007, 1 spec.; Zadní Jetřichovice (5052), 29. vi. 2004, 1 spec., 6. vi. 2007, 2 spec.; Ponova louka NR (5151), 20. vi. 2006, 1 spec.; Bílý potok brook (5052), 15. vi. 2006, 1 spec.; Vlčí potok brook (5052), 23. v. 2006, 3 spec., 17. vii. 2006, 1 spec.; Suchá Bělá brook (5151), 15. vi. 2005, 1 spec.; Brtnický potok brook (5052), 29. vi. 2004, 1 spec., all M. Trýzna lgt (MT); Brtnický potok brook (5052), 29. viii. 2005, larva on Pteridium aquilinum, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. BOHEMIA centr.: Brdy Mts.: Tok Mt. (6249), 862 m a. s. l., 5 spec., J. Macek lgt. Český kras PLA: Kačák brook (6050), 31. v. 2007, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt.; Dobříš (6250), 10. vi. 1959, 1 spec., Z. Pádr lgt. ALBANIA: Mali Dajtí, 1408 m a. s. l., 28. v. 1959, J. Moucha lgt. BULGARIA: Petric, 29. vi. [no year], 1 spec., Mařan & Táborský lgt.; all J. Macek det. (NMPC). Adult. Notes on identification. The adults differ from the similar S. xanthocera by a deep median incision of the last sternum, black antennae and tricoloured (black, orange and white) hind femora in females and orange-yellow (except the first two tergites) abdomen in males (Fig. 6). Larva. Redescription. The larva was first described by LORENZ & KRAUS (1957) and WELKE (1959) under the name S. lineata (Christ, 1791). Green with dark transparent dorsal vessel; head in younger instars orange yellow, in last instar with two dark parietal spots; abdominal segments with seven annulets; annulets 2 and 4 with two small conical tubercles and 6 – 8 setae; annulet 7 with only five setae; subspiracular lobe with one conical tubercle and 6 – 8 setae; surpedal lobe with two conical tubercles and 8 – 10 setae; postspiracular lobe with two conical tubercles and five setae (Fig. 9). Notes on identification. Last instar larva differs from that of S. xanthocera by the presence of two dark parietal spots on the head (compare to S. xanthocera below). Moreover, the larvae appear later (June to July). Bionomics. Univoltine. Flight period from late May to early July; larval period from June to July. Host plants: Dryopteris (= Aspidium), Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae), Matteuccia struthiopteris (Woodsiaceae) and Pteridium aquilinum (= Eupteris aquilina) (Dennstaedtiaceae) (TAEGER et al. 1998). I collected the larvae exclusively on P. aquilinum.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943700FF9DE863FCA0FC94E70B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palaearctic Region (Europe, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea) (NAITO 1996). Scattered occurrence in the Czech Republic from uplands to highlands.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943701FF93E87EFDB3FC2CE47C.taxon	description	(Figs. 7, 8)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943701FF93E87EFDB3FC2CE47C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA centr.: Milovice (5755), 5. v. 2006, 2 spec.; 25. v. 2006, one larva on Pteridium aquilinum, 1 spec.; Těptín (6153), 8. v. 2000, 1 spec., all J. Macek lgt. BOHEMIA bor.: České Švýcarsko NP: Vlčí potok brook (5052), 2. vi. 2005, 1 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); 22. v. 2006, 1 spec., M. Trýzna lgt. (MT); Mlýny hill (5152), 16. v. 2007, 2 spec.; Zadní Jetřichovice (5052), 6. vi. 2007, 1 spec., M. Trýzna lgt.; Dolský mlýn mill (5152), 15. vi. 2005, 3 spec., 22. v. 2005, 1 spec.; M. Trýzna lgt.; Suchá Bělá brook (5151), 15. vi. 2005, 1 spec., M. Trýzna lgt.; Růžák NR (5152), 15. vi. 2005, 2 spec.; Srbská Kamenice (5152), 15. vi. 2005, 1 spec.; Ponova louka NR (5151), 19. vi. 2006, 2 spec., 16. v. 2007, 1 spec.; Limberk hill (5052), 25. v. 2007, 2 spec., M. Trýzna lgt (MT). BOHEMIA occ.: Karlovy Vary distr., Nová Role env., Vlčí potok brook (5742), 2. vi. 2005, 3 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); Nová Role env., Černý potok brook (5742), 22. vi. 2005, 2 spec., J. Macek lgt. (MT); all. J. Macek det. (NMPC). Adult. Notes on identification. Redescription was given by MUCHE (1969 a). It differs from the similar S. multifasciata by feebly inflexed posterior margin of last sternum, the orange yellow antennae and bicoloured (black and white) hind femora in females and with more or less extensive black pattern on abdomen in males. Habitus as in Fig. 7. Larva. Redescription. The larva was first described by LORENZ & KRAUS (1957) and WELKE (1959). Body ground colour green with translucent dorsal blood vessel (Fig. 8). Head orange yellow with variable dark pattern varying according to the stage of development: young instars with head orange yellow without dark pattern, older instars with variable pattern consisting of two parietal spots (as in S. multifasciata), last instar with dark upper half of head. Notes on identification. The last instar larvae differ from the similar S. multifasciata by the black upper half of the head. The larvae also appear earlier (May to June). Bionomics. Univoltine. Flight period from late April to early June; larval period from May to June. Host plants: Dryopteris (= Aspidium), Polystichum (Dryopteridaeceae), Athyrium (Woodsiaceae) and Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) (TAEGER et al. 1998). I collected the larvae exclusively on P. aquilinum.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943701FF93E87EFDB3FC2CE47C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palaearctic Region (central and northern Europe, Siberia, China, Japan) (NAITO 1996). Scattered occurrence in the Czech Republic from uplands to highlands.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
039987943701FF93E87EFDB3FC2CE47C.taxon	discussion	Comments. Both S. xanthocera and S. multifasciata are closely related and frequently occur at the same localities but have clearly separate flight periods. Strongylogaster xanthocera is a vernal species with the flight period from the end April to the end of the May, while S. multifasciata is mostly a summer species flying from early June to mid July, with partial overlap in late May and early June. The larvae of S. xanthocera feed on the bursting fronds of Pteridium and are grown up by early June, when the first instar of S. multifasciata appears. The larval period of S. multifasciata extends from June to early August before the ripening of the fern sori of Pteridium. Eonymphs of both species bore into bark for hibernation (WELKE 1959) and in captivity they also accept dry rotten wood (my observation).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370CFF90E8A3FCE6FC5DE02E.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370CFF90E8A3FCE6FC5DE02E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA bor.: Bělá u Děčína (5251), 14. vi. 1957, 2 spec., Z. Bouček lgt.; České Švýcarsko NP: Vlčí potok brook (5052), 23. v. 2006, 1 spec., M. Trýzna lgt. (MT); all J. Macek det. (NMPC). Notes on identification. MUCHE (1969 a) provided a diagnosis for adults. They are easily distinguished from the other Strongylogaster species by the short ovipositor sheaths, which are swollen at middle and not divided and lobed at apex, and the presence of a crossvein in the anal cell of the fore wing. Bionomics. Univoltine. Flight period from May to June. Host plant: Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) (LACOURT 1999).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370CFF90E8A3FCE6FC5DE02E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palaearctic Region (Europe, Siberia, Korea, Japan) (LACOURT 1999); distribution in central Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany (TAEGER & BLANK 2008). Very rare in the Czech Republic, recorded only twice from northern Bohemia (MACEK 2006).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370AFF96E8CAFD72FE34E06C.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 18)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370AFF96E8CAFD72FE34E06C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA or.: Hradčany env., Báň NR (5857), 31. v. 2005, 2 larvae on Rubus caesius, breeding failed; all J. Macek lgt. and det. (NMPC); Orlické hory PLA: Pod Sfingou rock (5763), 25. viii. 2004, 3 larvae on Rubus idaeus, 1 adult emerged 6. iv. 2005; Bukačka NNR (5664), 26. viii. 2004, 1 larva on Rubus idaeus, breeding failed. Adult. Notes on identification. The diagnosis was given by MUCHE (1969) and the taxonomy was discussed by TAEGER (1986). From the similar T. sticticus, it differs by two medial cells on the hind wing in females and a closed peripheral vein on the hind wing in males. Habitus as in Fig. 15. Larva. Notes on identification. The diagnosis was given by LORENZ & KRAUS (1957). From the similar T. sticticus, T. agrorum differs by a blue-green ground colour with fine pruinose coating and two dark parietal spots on the head (Fig. 18). Moreover, the larvae feed exclusively on Rubus. Bionomics. Mesophilous and silvicolous. Univoltine. Flight period from May to July; larval period from May to August. Host plants: Rubus idaeus, R. caesius, R. fruticosus (Rosaceae) (LISTON 1995, LACOURT 1998).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370AFF96E8CAFD72FE34E06C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palaearctic Region (widespread throughout Europe). Widespread in the Czech Republic in forest areas.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370AFF97E8C8FA14FB89E6B0.taxon	description	(Figs. 16, 19)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370AFF97E8C8FA14FB89E6B0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA centr.: Český kras PLA: Hlásná Třebáň (6051), 6. vii. 2005, 4 larvae on Rosa canina, 1 adult emerged 25. iv. 2006. Příbram – Lazec (6349), 9. vii. 2006, 1 larva on Rosa canina, breeding failed. MORAVIA mer.: Bílé Karpaty PLA: Machová NR (7171), 25. vi. 2005, 6 larvae on Rosa canina; 1 adult emerged 1. iv. 2006; Čertoryje NNR (7170), 29. v. 2006, 2 spec., 20. vi. 2006; Hutě NR (7073), 25. vi. 2006, 2 spec., U Petrůvky NR (6872), 3. vi. 2008, 2 spec., Ploštiny NR (6874), 27. vi. 2006, 1 spec. Podyjí NP: Šobes (7161), 12. – 30. v. 1997, 3 spec.; 30. v. – 9. vi. 1997, 3 spec.; all J. Macek lgt. and det. (NMPC). Adult. Notes on identification. The diagnosis was given by MUCHE (1969 b) and the taxonomy was discussed by TAEGER (1986). From the similar species Ametastegia equiseti (Fallén, 1808), T. sticticus differs by a larger size (T. sticticus: 8 – 10 mm; A. equiseti: 5.5 – 7 mm) and white basal part of pterostigma (whole pterostigma brown in A. equiseti). Moreover, T. sticticus differs from Taxonus agrorum by the absence of the medial cell on the hind wing in females and the absence of the peripheral vein on the hind wing in males. Habitus as in Fig. 16. Larva. Description. Head amber yellow with red-brown vertex; body green with only slightly paler venter. Abdominal segments with six annuli; cuticle very finely granulose; annulus 2 and 4 with short setae and tiny conical bristles, anal segment with very short setae on suranal lobe; subspiracular lobe with fine setae and 2 – 3 small conical tubercles, surpedal lobe with short setae and one conical tubercle (Fig. 19). Notes on identification. From the similar Apethymus apicalis (Klug, 1818), also feeding on roses, T. sticticus differs by the very tiny inconspicuous conical bristles on annulets 2 and 4 (with distinct conical tubercles in A. apicalis), rather uniform coloration (venter distinctly paler than dorsum in A. apicalis). The larvae of T. sticticus appear later (June to July) than the larvae of A. apicalis (May to June). Bionomics. Mesophilous to xerotermophilous species. Univoltine. Flight period from May to June; larval period from June to July. Host plants: Rosa spp. (Rosaceae).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370AFF97E8C8FA14FB89E6B0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey (TAEGER & BLANK 2008). Very local and rare in the Czech Republic.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370BFF95E87EFC79FDC3E45B.taxon	description	(Figs. 17, 20)	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370BFF95E87EFC79FDC3E45B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: BOHEMIA or.: Orlické hory PLA: Bukačka NR (6456), 12. ix. 2005, 1 larva on Filipendula ulmaria, adult emerged 28. iii. 2006; 26. vii. 2004, 1 larva on Rubus idaeus, breeding failed; all larvae J. Macek lgt.; Bukačka NR (6456), 18. vii. – 5. viii. 1994,1 spec. (MT); 28. vi. – 18. vii. 1994, 5 spec. (MT), all J. Hájek lgt. BOHEMIA bor.: Jizerské hory PLA: Jizerka, Bukovec (5159), 31. v. 2003, 7 spec., J. Preisler lgt.; Jizerka, Pralouka (5159), 7. vi. 2004, 3 spec., P. Vonička & J. Preisler lgt., 27. vi. 2004, 2 spec., P. Vonička & J. Preisler lgt. (MT). MORAVIA bor.: Jeseníky PLA: Velký Kotel Mt. (5969), 14. vii. – 29. vii. 1994, 2 spec. J. Ježek lgt. (MT); all J. Macek det. (NMPC). Adult. Notes on identification. The diagnosis was given by TAEGER (1986). From the similar Ametastegia perla (Klug, 1818), T. alboscutellatus differs by a larger size (T. alboscutellatus: 7 – 8 mm; A. perla: 6 – 7 mm) and three radial sector cells in the fore wing (two in A. perla). Habitus as in Fig. 17. Larva. Description. Head pale brown, dorsum grey green with more or less distinct mottling in contrast to uniformly greyish venter, annulet 1 with two more or less distinct white spots. Abdominal segments with six annuli; cuticle very finely granulose; annulus 2 and 4 with short inconspicuous setae and tiny conical bristles combined (Fig. 20). Notes on identification. The larva of T. alboscutellatus differs from the similar larva of Pachyprotasis antennata (Klug, 1817) by the presence of six annulets on each abdominal segment (seven in P. antennata) and one white spot on annulet 1 (white spots on the three annulets of each abdominal segment in P. antennata). Bionomics. Hygrophilous and silvicolous species. Univoltine. Flight period from May to July; larval period from July to September. Host plants: Rubus idaeus and Filipendula ulmaria (Rosaceae) (MACEK 2008).	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
03998794370BFF95E87EFC79FDC3E45B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known so far only from mountains in central Europe (Sudeten, Carpathians); recorded from Germany, Slovakia, Ukraine (TAEGER & BLANK 2008) and the Czech Republic (MACEK 2008). In the Czech Republic very local and rare, recorded so far from the Jizerské hory Mts., Orlické hory Mts. and Jeseníky Mts.	en	Macek, Jan (2010): Taxonomy, distribution and biology of selected European Dinax, Strongylogaster and Taxonus species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1): 253-271, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5325551
