taxonID	type	description	language	source
039987F2FFFE9051DCE135A0FD3CFE56.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the absence of prominent striation, common in other Pristionchus species (nudus lat.: naked)	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFFE9051DCE135A0FD3CFE56.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 1 Adult. Body cylindrical, stout, i. e., body length-maximum body diam. ratio (a value) is ranging from 12 - 18, depending on culture condition; cuticle moderate in thickness, smooth with fine annulations, weak but conspicuous longitudinal striations, conspicuous lateral field with two bands, no clear annulation between bands. Head without apparent lips, six mound-like anteriorly directed expansions, one on each sector. Six labial sensilla one on each lip sector, long, bristle-like; two lateral sensilla clearly longer than other four. Cephalic papillae vestigial, probably degenerate and embedded in cephalic tissue. Amphidial apertures located on lateral sector, slightly dorsally shifted, at level of margin of cheilo- and gymnostom. Stomal dimorphism not observed; all individuals examined of stenostomatous form. Dorsal pharyngeal gland penetrating dorsal tooth to gland opening. Anterior pharynx (= pro and metacorpus) twice as long as posterior (= isthmus and basal bulb), muscular composed of tube-shaped procorpus and moderately developed metacorpus (median bulb) with roundish rectangular shape in lateral view; posterior pharynx glandular with nerve ring surrounding anterior end of isthmus. Pharyngo-intestinal junction (cardia) welldeveloped. Intestine simple tube, not forming pre-rectum, extended posteriorly from cardia to rectum; three (two subventral and one dorsal) rectal gland cells at distal end of intestine (margin between intestine and rectum). Secretory-excretory pore not conspicuous, ventrally located at level of isthmus to pharyngo-intestinal junction, excretory duct extending anteriad and reflexed back to position of pore; two large secretory-excretory cells around excretory duct. Deirid observed laterally on lateral field, located around posterior end of basal bulb to pharyngo-intestinal junction to a half body diameter posterior to junction, ca 0.5 body diam. posterior to secretory-excretory pore. Hemizonid not observed. Lateral glands (small pores connected to secretory cell) on lateral body surface, with positions inconsistent among individuals, numbering 5 to 8 for males and 9 to 13 for females. Postdeirid at anterior part of vas deferens in male and posterior end of posterior gonad in female, on the same striation with deirid (= lateral field) or the adjacent striation or the second dorsally neighboring striation to lateral field. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom consisting of six per- and interradial plates, each forming small flap at anterior end, posterior part of each plate broad, consisting of translucent and non-sclerotized tissue. Gymnostom short, cuticular ring-like anterior end overlapping cheilostom internally; two layers of metastegostomatal mounds consisting of weakly sclerotized tissue present on dorsal side of inner wall. Pro-meso stegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring internally overlapping with gymnostom to connect gymnostom and metastegostom; broad and conspicuous in dorsal view. Metastegostom bearing dorsal mounds, small, conspicuous, triangular, movable tooth with clearly observed pharyngeal tube. Left subventral ridge with three minute, rounded adventitious denticles on a plate, and the most ventral denticle masked by remaining two in lateral view. Right subventral ridge with two rounded distal adventitious denticles. Telostegostom weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Male. Whole body ventrally arcuate, strongly ventrally curved at tail region when killed by heat. Testis single, ventrally located, anterior part reflexed to right or left side; spermatogonia arranged in three to five rows in reflexed part, well-developed spermatocytes arranged as three to four rows in anterior two-thirds of main branch, mature amoeboid spermatids arranged in multiple rows in proximal part of gonad. Vas deferens not clearly separated from other parts of gonad. Posterior end of vas deferens and rectum fused to form a cloacal tube. Spicules paired, separate; spicules smoothly curved in ventral view, adjacent to each other for distal third of their length, each smoothly tapering to pointed distal end; spicule in lateral view smoothly ventrally arcuate, giving spicule about 100 ° curvature, oval manubrium at anterior end, lamina / calomus complex smoothly tapering to pointed distal end. Gubernaculum conspicuous, about one-third of spicule length, broad anteriorly such that dorsal wall is slightly recurved with dorsal and ventral walls separate at ca 30 ° angle at posterior end; dorsal side of gubernaculum possessing single, membranous, anteriorly directed process and lateral pair of more sclerotized, anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed processes. In lateral view, anterior half of gubernaculum with two successive curves separated by anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed process, with anterior terminal curvature highly concave and almost closed, with deep posterior curvature being one-third of gubernaculum length; posterior half forming tube-like process enveloping spicules. Cloacal opening (co) slit-like in ventral view; one small, ventral, single genital papilla (vs) on anterior cloacal lip. All nine paired genital papillae relatively long, bristle-like. Tail elongate conoid to sharply pointed tip, i. e., tail does not form a distinct spike. Paired papillae and phasmid are arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (v 5, v 6, v 7), ph, pd>, where v 1 located about 1 cloacal body diameter (CBD) anterior to co; v 2 d a little less than 0.5 CBD anterior to co; v 3 adcloacal; v 4 at less than 1 / 10 CBD posterior to co, i. e., v 3, co and v 4 are very close to each other; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, but clearly separated from each other, about 1 CBD posterior to ad, i. e., about 2 CBD posterior to co; ph at about 1 / 4 CBD posterior to v 7; and pd about 1 CBD posterior to v 7. v 1, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 3, v 5 – 7 ventral, pd subdorsal in male tail. Bursa or bursal flap absent. Female. Body relaxed or weakly ventrally arcuate when killed by heat. Gonad didelphic, amphidelphic; each gonadal system arranged from vulva / vagina as uterus, oviduct, and ovary; anterior gonad right of intestine, with uterus and oviduct extending ventrally and anteriorly on right of intestine and with totally reflexed (= antidromous reflexion) ovary extending dorsally on left of intestine; oocytes mostly arranged in three to four or more rows in distal two-thirds of ovary and in double or single row in rest of ovary, distal tips of each ovary reaching oviduct of opposite gonad branch; anterior end of oviduct (= junction tissue between ovary and oviduct) consists of rounded cells; anterior part of oviduct consists of rounded cells, forming a simple tube; middle part of oviduct serving as spermatheca, consists of roundish and relatively large cells. Eggs in single to multiple-cell stage or even further developed at posterior part of oviduct (= uterus), in young females being composed of squared or angular cells, long enough to contain one well-developed oocyte. Receptaculum seminis not observed, i. e., the organ is not independent, and a part of oviduct / uterus works as the organ; vaginal glands present but obscure; vagina perpendicular to body surface, surrounded by sclerotized tissue; vulva slightly protuberant in lateral view, pore-like in ventral view; rectum about one anal body diameter (ABD) long, intestine / rectum junction surrounded by well-developed sphincter muscle. Anus in form of dome-shaped slit, posterior anal lip slightly protuberant; phasmid about 2 ABDs posterior to anus. Tail elongate, conoid, with sharply pointed tip.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFFE9051DCE135A0FD3CFE56.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus nudus n. sp. has several characteristic typological traits, which have not been found in other species of the genus. The new species is characterized by its long and bristle-like labial sensilla where two lateral sensilla are much longer than the other four, lack of male cephalic sensilla, monomorphic stoma morphology (stenostomatous form only), where thick posterior half of cheilostomal plate is composed by translucent tissue, two-layered dorsal gymno- and stegostomal mound, small and triangular dorsal tooth, roundish rectangular-shaped metacorpus, position of nerve ring surrounding the anterior end of isthmus, long male tail without clear spike and the arrangement of male genital papillae, i. e., <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (v 5, v 6, v 7), ph, pd>. The new species can be readily distinguished from all other Pristionchus species with the above species-specific characters, i. e., none of the other species in the genus have these characters. Phylogenetically, P. nudus n. sp. belongs to the basal species group of the genus, where two monomorphic species, P. elegans Kanzaki, Ragsdale, Herrmann, & Sommer, 2012 and P. bucculentus Kanzaki, Ragsdale, Herrmann, Röseler & Sommer, 2013 (elegans group), and two dimorphic species, P. fissidentatus Kanzaki, Ragsdale, Herrmann & Sommer, 2012 and P. paulseni Herrmann, Kanzaki, Weiler, Yoshida, Rödelsperger & Sommer, 2019 (fissidentatus group) have been described. P. nudus n. sp. shares the modification of the cheilostomatal plates with P. elegans and P. bucculentus, which have thin membrane-like cheilostomatal plates. Within these two species, P. nudus n. sp. shares the stoma pattern, monomorphic stenostomatous form with P. elegans. However, the new species is distinguished from P. elegans with its species-specific characters described above. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017221), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFFE9051DCE135A0FD3CFE56.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Isolated from a longhorn beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) collected at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden - Green stone forest, Yunnan province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 6026 frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFF19048DCE132D4FD3CFA51.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from its phylogenetic position as tentative sister to P. nudus.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFF19048DCE132D4FD3CFA51.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 1 Adult. Body cylindrical, moderate to stout, i. e., body length-maximum body diam. ratio (a value) is ranging from 15 – 22, depending on culture condition; cuticle moderate in thickness, smooth with fine annulations, weak longitudinal striations, conspicuous lateral field with two bands. No clear annulation between bands. Head without apparent lips, six mound-like anteriorly directed expansions, one on each sector. Six labial sensilla one on each lip sector, short, papilliform. Four small papilliform cephalic papillae in males on right and left subventral and right and left dorsal sectors. Amphidial apertures located on the lateral sector, slightly dorsally shifted, at level of margin of cheilo- and gymnostom. Stomal dimorphism present, and details are described below. Dorsal pharyngeal gland clearly observed, penetrating dorsal tooth to gland opening. Anterior pharynx 1.5 times as long as posterior pharynx, muscular, composed of tube-shaped procorpus and well-developed oval-shaped metacorpus; posterior pharynx glandular with nerve ring surrounding the middle of isthmus. Pharyngo-intestinal junction (cardia) well-developed. Intestine simple tube, not forming pre-rectum, extended posteriorly from cardia to rectum; three (two subventral and one dorsal) rectal gland cells observed at distal end of intestine (margin between intestine and rectum). Secretory-excretory pore not conspicuous, ventrally located at level of isthmus to pharyngo-intestinal junction, excretory duct extending anteriad and reflexed back to position of pore; two large secretory-excretory cells around the excretory duct. Deirid observed laterally on lateral field, located at the level around the posterior end of basal bulb to pharyngo-intestinal junction to a half body diameter posterior to the junction, ca 0.5 – 1 body diam. posterior to secretory-excretory pore. Hemizonid not observed. Lateral glands (small pores connected to secretory cell) on lateral body surface, with positions inconsistent among individuals, numbering 5 to 8 for males and 9 to 13 for females. Postdeirid at anterior part of vas deferens in male and the posterior end of posterior gonad in female, on the same striation with deirid (= lateral field) or on the adjacent striation or the second dorsally neighboring striation to lateral field. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom with six per- and interradial cuticular plates. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to project from stomal opening and form a small flap. Gymnostom short, cuticular ring-like anterior end overlapping cheilostom internally with, metastegostomal mound consisting of weakly sclerotized tissue present on dorsal side of inner wall. Pro-meso stegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring internally overlapping with gymnostoma to connect gymnostom and metastegostom, with dorsal side relatively thick and conspicuous, ventral side thin and inconspicuous. Metastegostom bearing dorsal mound, conspicuous, movable triangular or flint-shaped dorsal tooth with strongly sclerotized surface with an inverted V-shape in lateral view. Left subventral ridge with three minute, rounded adventitious denticles on a plate, most ventral denticle is masked by the remaining two in lateral view. Right subventral ridge with two rounded distal adventitious denticles. Telostegostom weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom divided into six per- and interradial plates. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to project from stomal opening, forming a small flap. Tip of each cheilostomal plate sometimes split into two small flaps. Each cheilostomal plate inclined inwardly, i. e., whole stoma appears to narrow anteriorly. Gymnostom with thick cuticle, forming short, ring-like tube with more heavily sclerotized wall in the posterior; anterior end of gymnostom internally overlapping posterior end of cheilostomatal plates. Pro-mesostegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring internally overlapping with gymnostoma to connect gymnostom and metastegostom with dorsal side relatively thick and conspicuous, ventral side thin and inconspicuous; metastegostom bearing large claw-like or triangular dorsal tooth; two right subventral serrated plates; three left subventral serrated plates. Separation between serrated plates often inconspicuous. Telostegostom forming weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Male. Whole body ventrally arcuate, strongly ventrally curved at tail region when killed by heat. Testis single, ventrally located, anterior part reflexed to right or left side; spermatogonia arranged in three to five rows in reflexed part, well-developed spermatocytes arranged as three to four rows in anterior two-thirds of main branch, mature amoeboid spermatids arranged in multiple rows in proximal part of gonad. Vas deferens not clearly separated from other parts of gonad. Posterior end of vas deferens and rectum fused to form a cloacal tube. Spicules paired, separate; spicules smoothly curved in ventral view, adjacent to each other for distal third of their length, each smoothly tapering to pointed distal end; spicule in lateral view smoothly ventrally arcuate, giving spicule about 100 ° curvature, oval manubrium at anterior end, lamina / calomus complex expanded slightly (ca 1 / 4 of blade length) posterior to manubrium, then smoothly tapering to pointed distal end. Gubernaculum conspicuous, about one-third of spicule length, broad anteriorly such that dorsal wall is slightly recurved with dorsal and ventral walls separate at 50 to 60 ° angle at posterior end; dorsal side of gubernaculum possessing single, membranous, anteriorly directed process and lateral pair of more sclerotized, anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed processes. In lateral view, anterior half of gubernaculum with two successive curves separated by anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed process, with anterior terminal curvature highly concave and almost closed, with deep posterior curvature being one-third of gubernaculum length; posterior half forming tube-like process enveloping spicules. Cloacal opening (co) slit-like in ventral view; one small, ventral, single genital papilla (vs) on anterior cloacal lip. All nine paired genital papillae relatively long, bristle-like. Tail conoid with long spike occupying more than 2 / 3 of tail length, possessing filiform terminus. Paired papillae and phasmid arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd>, where v 1 located about 1.5 CBD anterior to co; v 2 d midway between v 1 and co; v 3 adcloacal; v 4 at less than 1 / 10 CBD posterior to co, i. e., v 3, co and v 4 situated close to each other; ad less than 1 CBD posterior to co; ph at 1 CBD posterior to co; v 5 - v 7 forming triplet, but clearly separated from each other, about 1 CBD posterior to ad, i. e., less than 1 / 10 CBD posterior to ph; pd about 1 / 4 CBD posterior to v 7. v 1, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 3, v 5 – 7 ventral and pd subdorsal in male tail. Bursa or bursal flap absent. Female. Body relaxed or weakly ventrally arcuate when killed by heat. Gonad didelphic, amphidelphic; each gonadal system arranged from vulva / vagina as uterus, oviduct, and ovary; anterior gonad right of intestine, with uterus and oviduct extending ventrally and anteriorly on right of intestine and with totally reflexed (= antidromous reflexion) ovary extending dorsally on left of intestine; oocytes mostly arranged in three to four or more rows in distal two-thirds of ovary and in double or single row in rest of ovary, distal tips of each ovary reaching oviduct of opposite gonad branch; anterior end of oviduct (= junction tissue between ovary and oviduct) consists of rounded cells; anterior part of oviduct consists of rounded cells, forming a simple tube; middle part of oviduct serving as spermatheca, consists of roundish and relatively large cells. Eggs in single to multiple-cell stage or even further developed at posterior part of oviduct (= uterus), in young females being composed of squared or angular cells, long enough to contain one well-developed oocyte. Receptaculum seminis not observed, i. e., the organ is not independent, and a part of oviduct / uterus works as the organ; vaginal glands present but obscure; vagina perpendicular to body surface, surrounded by sclerotized tissue; vulva slightly protuberant in lateral view, pore-like in ventral view; rectum about one anal body diameter (ABD) long, intestine / rectum junction surrounded by well-developed sphincter muscle. Anus in form of dome-shaped slit, posterior anal lip slightly protuberant; phasmid about 2 – 2.5 ABDs posterior to anus. Tail long, smoothly elongate, conoid, with filiform terminus.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFF19048DCE132D4FD3CFA51.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationship. Pristionchus paranudus n. sp. is characterized by its cuticle structure with weak longitudinal striation and distinctive lateral field, presence of partially split cheilostomatal plates and right and left subventral metastegostomatal serrated plates of eurystomatous form, long spike of male tail and the arrangement of male genital papillae, i. e., <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd>. The new species shares partially split cheilostomatal plates with P. paulseni and some of the triformis group species (P. hoplostomus Ragsdale, Kanzaki, Röseler, Herrmann, Sommer, 2013; P. fukushimae Ragsdale, Kanzaki, Röseler, Herrmann, Sommer, 2013 and P. yamagatae Herrmann, Kanzaki, Weiler, Yoshida, Rödelsperger & Sommer, 2019), and its surface cuticle structure (moderate in thickness with weak striations and distinctive lateral field) and the structure and arrangement of male genital papillae (long bristle-like and ventrally located v 3, co and subventral v 4 are very close to each other) with P. nudus n. sp. However, the new species is distinguished from P. paulseni and triformis group by its left subventral stegostomal plate of the eurystomatous form, cuticle structure and the structure and the arrangement of genital papillae, i. e., P. paulseni and triformis group species have claw-like stegostomatous tooth on the left subventral sector of the eurystomatous form, thick cuticle with distinctive longitudinal striations and indistinctive lateral field, and v 3 and v 4 are clearly separated. The new species is also distinguished from P. nudus n. sp. by its median bulb, which is oval vs. somewhat rectangular in lateral view, the position of the nerve ring, middle vs. anterior end of isthmus, labial sensilla, papilliform vs. bristle-like, stomal morphology in stenostomatous form, with sclerotized chilostomatal plates, flint-shaped dorsal tooth with a metastegostomal mound on the dorsal side vs. thick and seemingly soft cheilostomatal plates, triangular dorsal tooth and two layers of dorsal metastegostomatal mounds, arrangement of genital papillae and phasmid, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd> vs. <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (v 5, v 6, v 7), ph, pd>, and the male tail shape with vs. without spike. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017222), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFF19048DCE132D4FD3CFA51.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Isolated from rotting water hyacinth bulbs (Eichhornia) on terraces below Dayutang village, Yuanyang, Yunnan province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 5988 frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimen sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE89047DCE132FCFC5CFB71.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from China, the country of origin.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE89047DCE132FCFC5CFB71.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 2 Adult. Androdioecious species. Body cylindrical, stout, i. e., body length-maximum body diam. ratio (a value) is usually ranging from 11 – 17, depending on culture condition; cuticle thick, with fine annulations, conspicuous longitudinal striations. Lateral field consisting of two lines, weakly separated from body striations by presence of deirid. Head without apparent lips, six mound-like anteriorly directed expansions, one on each sector. Six labial sensilla, one on each lip sector (on the mound); four small papilliform cephalic papillae in males on right and left subventral and right and left dorsal sectors; amphidial apertures located on lateral sector, slightly dorsally shifted, at level of margin of cheilo- and gymnostom. Stomal dimorphism present, and details are described below. Dorsal pharyngeal gland clearly observed, penetrating dorsal tooth to gland opening. Anterior pharynx 1.5 times as long as posterior pharynx, muscular, composed of tube-shaped procorpus, well-developed oval-shaped metacorpus (median bulb); posterior pharynx glandular with nerve ring surrounding middle of isthmus. Pharyngo-intestinal junction (cardia) well-developed. Intestine simple tube, not forming pre-rectum, extended posteriorly from cardia to rectum; three (two subventral and one dorsal) rectal gland cells observed at distal end of intestine (margin between intestine and rectum). Secretory-excretory pore not conspicuous, ventrally located at level of isthmus to pharyngo-intestinal junction, excretory duct extending anteriad and reflexed back to position of pore; two large secretory-excretory cells around the excretory duct. Deirid observed laterally on lateral field, located at the level around the posterior end of basal bulb to pharyngo-intestinal junction to a half body diameter posterior to the junction, ca 0.5 body diam. posterior to secretory-excretory pore. Hemizonid not observed. Lateral glands (small pores connected to secretory cell) on lateral body surface, with positions inconsistent among individuals, numbering 5 to 8 for males and 9 to 13 for females. Postdeirid at anterior part of vas deferens in male and the posterior end of posterior gonad in female, on the same striation with deirid (= lateral field) or on the adjacent striation or the second dorsally neighboring striation to lateral field. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom with six per- and interradial cuticular plates. Incision between plates not always distinguished. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to project from stomal opening to form small flap. Gymnostom short, cuticular ring-like anterior end overlapping cheilostom internally; dorsal gymnostomal wall with mound-like expansion probably derived from metastegostom which gives an appearance of thickened dorsal gymnostomal wall compared to ventral side, and a metastegostomal mound consisting of weakly sclerotized tissue present on the dorsal side of the inner wall. Pro-meso stegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring internally overlapping with gymnostoma to connect gymnostom and metastegostom. Metastegostom bearing dorsal mound and conspicuous and movable triangular or flint-shaped dorsal tooth with strongly sclerotized surface giving an appearance of an inverted V-shape in light microscopy in lateral view. Left subventral ridge with three minute, rounded adventitious denticles on a plate, and the most ventral denticle is masked by the other two in the lateral view. Right subventral ridge with three bluntly pointed distal adventitious denticles. Telostegostom forming weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom divided into six distinctive per- and interradial plates. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to project from stomal opening, forming a small flap. Each cheilostomal plate inclined inwardly, giving an appearance that whole stoma is narrowing anteriorly. Gymnostom with thick cuticle, forming short, ring-like tube with more heavily sclerotized wall in the posterior. Pro-mesostegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring connecting gymnostom and metastegostom. Metastegostom bearing large claw-like dorsal tooth; claw-like right subventral tooth; and three left subventral denticles, where the tip of each denticle sometimes splits into two or three small ridges. Telostegostom forming weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Male. Whole body ventrally arcuate, strongly ventrally curved at tail region when killed by heat. Testis single, ventrally located, anterior part reflexed to right or left side; spermatogonia arranged in three to five rows in reflexed part, well-developed spermatocytes arranged as three to four rows in anterior two-thirds of main branch, mature amoeboid spermatids arranged in multiple rows in proximal part of gonad. Vas deferens not clearly separated from other parts of gonad. Posterior end of vas deferens and rectum fused to form a cloacal tube. Spicules paired, separate; spicules smoothly curved in ventral view, adjacent to each other for distal third of their length, each smoothly tapering to pointed distal end; spicule in lateral view smoothly ventrally arcuate, giving spicule about 100 ° curvature, oval manubrium at anterior end, lamina / calomus complex smoothly tapering to pointed distal end. Gubernaculum conspicuous, about one-third of spicule length, broad anteriorly such that dorsal wall is slightly recurved with dorsal and ventral walls separate at 50 - 60 ° angle at posterior end; dorsal side of gubernaculum possessing single, membranous, anteriorly directed process and lateral pair of more sclerotized, anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed processes. In lateral view, anterior half of gubernaculum with two successive curves separated by anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed process, with anterior terminal curvature highly concave and almost closed, with deep posterior curvature being one-third of gubernaculum length; posterior half forming tube-like process enveloping spicules. Cloacal opening (co) slit-like in ventral view; one small, ventral, single genital papilla (vs) on anterior cloacal lip. All nine paired genital papillae papilliform. Tail conoid with short spike. The paired papillae and the phasmid are arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)>, where v 1 located about a little more than 1 CBD anterior to co; v 2 d midway between v 1 and co; v 3 1 / 4 – 1 / 5 CBD anterior to co; v 4 at 1 / 4 – 1 / 5 CBD posterior to co; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; ph at midway between ad and the root of tail spike; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, between ph and the root of tail spike; and pd at same level as v 6 or v 7. v 1, v 3, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 5 – 7 ventral, pd subdorsal in male tail. Bursa or bursal flap absent. Hermaphrodites. Body relaxed or weakly ventrally arcuate when killed by heat. Gonad didelphic, amphidelphic; each gonadal system arranged from vulva / vagina as uterus, oviduct, and ovary; anterior gonad right of intestine, with uterus and oviduct extending ventrally and anteriorly on right of intestine and with totally reflexed (= antidromous reflexion) ovary extending dorsally on left of intestine; oocytes mostly arranged in three to four or more rows in distal two-thirds of ovary and in double or single row in rest of ovary, distal tips of each ovary reaching oviduct of opposite gonad branch; anterior end of oviduct (= junction tissue between ovary and oviduct) consists of rounded cells; anterior part of oviduct consists of rounded cells, forming a simple tube; middle part of oviduct serving as spermatheca, consists of roundish and relatively large cells. Eggs in single to multiple-cell stage or even further developed at posterior part of oviduct (= uterus), in young females being composed of squared or angular cells, long enough to contain one well-developed oocyte. Receptaculum seminis not observed, i. e., the organ is not independent, and a part of oviduct / uterus works as the organ; vaginal glands present but obscure; vagina perpendicular to body surface, surrounded by sclerotized tissue; vulva slightly protuberant in lateral view, pore-like in ventral view; rectum about one anal body diameter (ABD) long, intestine / rectum junction surrounded by well-developed sphincter muscle. Anus in form of dome-shaped slit, posterior anal lip slightly protuberant; phasmid about 1.5 ABDs posterior to anus. Tail conoid with or without elongated posterior half; and tail terminus sharply pointed.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE89047DCE132FCFC5CFB71.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus chinensis n. sp. is characterized by having the right subventral stegostomal ridge of stenostomatous form, with three bluntly pointed minute denticles, its relatively short tail in males and hermaphrodites, i. e. conoid with short (less than 1 CBD) spike in male and conoid with elongated posterior half in hermaphrodite, arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)>, and its characteristic reproductive mode, androdioecy. Pristionchus chinensis n. sp. is typologically and phylogenetically close to P. fissidentatus, i. e., these two species share the stomatal characters of stenostomatous form, relatively short male tail and the androdioecy, and further, both species belong to the basal clade of the genus. However, the new species can be distinguished from P. fissidentatus by its stomal structure of eurystomatous form, although these two species share the claw-like dorsal tooth and left subventral denticles with many minute cusps, the right subventral sector possessing a large claw-like tooth vs. ridge with three tips. Further, P. chinensis n. sp. can be distinguished from P. fissidentatus by its male tail characters. Although the characters of spontaneous males are sometimes inconsistent within species, the difference in the arrangement of genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)> vs. <v 1, (co, v 2), v 3 d, v 4, ad, Ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd> and the length of tail spike less than vs. more than 1 CBD is consistent for these two species. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017217), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE89047DCE132FCFC5CFB71.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. From Mimela sp. (Coleoptera: Rutelidae) collected at " Skytree " near Bubeng Fieldstation CAS, Yunnan province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 6023 frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype hermaphrodite: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype hermaphrodite: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype hermaphrodite: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA. Species description of four Pristionchus triformis - group species Common characters. The basal species groups described above are highly variable in the basic typological characters, e. g., the presence / absence of stomal dimorphism, cuticle structure, pharyngeal structure and position of the nerve ring. In comparison, species in the triformis - group are uniform, and they share common characters as described below, based on re-observation of four previously described species (P. triformis Ragsdale, Kanzaki, Röseler, Herrmann, Sommer, 2013, P. hoplostomus, P. fukusimae and P. yamagatae) and three new species. Several diagnostic characters are summarized in Table 3. Adult. Body cylindrical, stout, i. e., body length-maximum body diam. ratio (a value) is usually ranging from 10 – 18, depending on culture condition; cuticle with fine annulation, clear longitudinal striations and indistinct lateral field consisting of two lines, weakly separated from the body striations by presence of deirid, and absence of clear annulations. Head without apparent lips, six mound-like anteriorly directed expansions, one on each sector. Six labial sensilla one on each lip sector, papilliform, and four male cephalic papillae papilliform, on each of right and left subventral and right and left dorsal lip sectors, smaller than labial sensilla. Stomal dimorphism (or polymorphism) present, and its details are described below. Anterior pharynx 1.5 times as long as posterior pharynx, muscular composed of tube-shaped procorpus and well-developed oval-shaped metacorpus (median bulb); posterior pharynx glandular with nerve ring at mid-isthmus length. Pharyngo-intestinal junction (cardia) clearly observed, well-developed. Intestine simple tube, not forming pre-rectum, extended posteriorly from cardia to rectum; three (two subventral and one dorsal) rectal gland cells observed at distal end of intestine (margin between intestine and rectum). Secretory-excretory pore not conspicuous, ventrally located at level of isthmus to pharyngo-intestinal junction, excretory duct extending anteriad and reflexed back to position of pore; two large secretory-excretory cells around the excretory duct. Deirid observed laterally on lateral field, located at the level around the posterior end of basal bulb to pharyngo-intestinal junction to a half body diameter posterior to the junction, ca 0.5 – 1 body diam. posterior to secretory-excretory pore. Hemizonid not observed. Lateral glands (small pores connected to secretory cell) on lateral body surface, with positions inconsistent among individuals, numbering 5 to 8 for males and 9 to 13 for females. Postdeirid at anterior part of vas deferens in male and the posterior end of posterior gonad in female, on the same striation with deirid (= lateral field) or on the adjacent striation or the second dorsally neighboring striation to lateral field. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom consisting of six per- and interradial plates. Each plate is sometimes separated into two plates, forming a rare 12 - plated morph. Incision between plates not always easily distinguished. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to project from stomal opening forming small flap. Gymnostom short, cuticular ring-like anterior end overlapping cheilostom internally. Stegostom separated into three subsections: pro-meso, meta, and telostegostom. Pro-mesostegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring internally overlapping with gymnostoma to connect gymnostom and metastegostom. Metastegostom bearing conspicuous and movable triangular or flint-shaped dorsal tooth with strongly sclerotized surface giving an appearance of an inverted V-shape in light microscopy in lateral view; pointed left subventral ridge with three minute adventitious denticles on a plate, most ventral denticle often masked by remaining two in lateral view; pointed right subventral ridge, often with distinct distal adventitious denticle (s). Shape of dorsal tooth, right and left subventral ridges are variable within and among species. Telostegostom weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom divided into six well-distinguished per- and interradial plates. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to protrude from stomal opening and form a small flap. Plates often partially or completely separated to form large plates with split tip or two narrow plates. 6 – 12 cheilostomatal flaps derived from 6 – 12 plates. 12 - plated eurystomatous form of P. triformis is regarded as ‘ megastomatous form’. Gymnostom with thick cuticle, forming short, ring-like tube being thicker posteriorly; finely serrated anterior end of gymnostom internally overlapping posterior end of cheilostomatal plates. Structural variation within each species described below. Stegostom separated into three subsections: pro-meso, meta, and telostegostom. Pro-mesostegostom variable among individuals in all examined species, variation described below. Metastegostom bearing large claw-like dorsal tooth, and large, claw-like or pointed right subventral tooth. Left subventral sector of metastegostom bearing three triangular ridges; tip of each ridge sometimes split into two or more fine tips, shape varies within and among species. Dorsal tooth and right subventral tooth movable. Movement not observed in left subventral denticles. Telostegostom weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Variation in gymnostom and pro-mesostegostom of eurystomatous form. Pro-mesostegostom of triformis - group well-developed compared to other species in genus, two different types of stomal structure in eury- and megastomatous forms. Relatively well sclerotized pro-mesostegostom internally overlap with posterior end of gymnostom. In one type, referred to as ‘ type 1 ’, gymnostom relatively thick and short, pro-mesostegostom relatively short, bearing coarse and short serrates at anterior end (Fig. 21 D). ‘ Type 2 ’ with thin and long gymnostom, pro-mesostegostom loses anterior serrates, but often bears sparse or 2 – 3 rows of fine serrates on inner wall of elongated pro-mesostegostom. These two types are not always easily distinguishable by light microscopy. Further, intermediate types, e. g., lacking both anterior and posterior serrates, occur. Both types are treated as variation within the eury / megastomatous forms. Male. Whole body ventrally arcuate, strongly ventrally curved at tail region when killed by heat. Testis single, ventrally located, anterior part reflexed to right or left side; spermatogonia arranged in three to five rows in reflexed part, well-developed spermatocytes arranged as three to four rows in anterior two-thirds of main branch, mature amoeboid spermatids arranged in multiple rows in proximal part of gonad. Vas deferens not clearly separated from other parts of gonad. Posterior end of vas deferens and rectum fused to form a cloacal tube. Spicules paired, separate; spicules smoothly curved in ventral view, adjacent to each other for distal third of their length, each smoothly tapering to pointed distal end; spicule in lateral view smoothly ventrally arcuate, giving spicule about 100 ° curvature, oval manubrium at anterior end, lamina / calomus complex smoothly tapering to pointed distal end. Gubernaculum conspicuous, about one-third of spicule length, broad anteriorly such that dorsal wall is slightly recurved with dorsal and ventral walls separate at 50 – 60 ° angle at posterior end; dorsal side of gubernaculum possessing single, membranous, anteriorly directed process and lateral pair of more sclerotized, anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed processes. In lateral view, anterior half of gubernaculum with two successive curves separated by anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed process, with anterior terminal curvature highly concave and almost closed, with deep posterior curvature being one-third of gubernaculum length; posterior half forming tube-like process enveloping spicules. Cloacal opening (co) slit-like in ventral view; one small, ventral, single genital papilla (vs) on anterior cloacal lip. All nine paired genital papillae papilliform. Tail conoid with a long spike. Arrangement of paired papillae and phasmid is variable among species, but size and structure of papillae are consistent with what has been described above. Bursa or bursal flap absent. Female / hermaphrodite. Body relaxed or weakly ventrally arcuate when killed by heat. Gonad didelphic, amphidelphic; each gonadal system arranged from vulva / vagina as uterus, oviduct, and ovary; anterior gonad right of intestine, with uterus and oviduct extending ventrally and anteriorly on right of intestine and with totally reflexed (= antidromous reflexion) ovary extending dorsally on left of intestine; oocytes mostly arranged in three to four or more rows in distal two-thirds of ovary and in double or single row in rest of ovary, distal tips of each ovary reaching oviduct of opposite gonad branch; anterior end of oviduct (= junction tissue between ovary and oviduct) consists of rounded cells; anterior part of oviduct consists of rounded cells, forming a simple tube; middle part of oviduct serving as spermatheca, consists of roundish and relatively large cells. Eggs in single to multiple-cell stage or even further developed at posterior part of oviduct (= uterus), in young females being composed of squared or angular cells, long enough to contain one well-developed oocyte. Receptaculum seminis not observed, i. e., the organ is not independent, and a part of oviduct / uterus works as the organ; vaginal glands present but obscure; vagina perpendicular to body surface, surrounded by sclerotized tissue; vulva slightly protuberant in lateral view, pore-like in ventral view; rectum about one anal body diameter (ABD) long, intestine / rectum junction surrounded by well-developed sphincter muscle. Anus in form of dome-shaped slit, posterior anal lip slightly protuberant. Tail elongate conoid with filiform terminus. The position of phasmid described for each species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE79044DCE133C9FBCBF8CA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the associated substrate from which the species was recovered. The strain was isolated from rotting Magnolia grandiflora fruits with some soil material.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE79044DCE133C9FBCBF8CA.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 4 Adult. General characters are as described above for the triformis - group. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom, gymnostom, pro-mesostegostom and telostegostom as described above. 12 - plated form not found. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth somewhat narrow, i. e., the angle of anteriorly detected tip is steeper, triangular and slightly anteriorly directed in male, flint-shaped with somewhat blunt tip in female, both have strongly sclerotized surface giving an appearance of an inverted V-shape in lateral view; left subventral ridge with three minute, blunt adventitious denticles on plate; right subventral ridge with three distal rounded adventitious denticles, plate slightly narrower in male than female, thus males seems to have two pointed denticles. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom as described above, anterior half of each cheilostomal plate often split into two tips to form 12 - flapped form. Six-flapped form (without split cheilostomal plate) rare. Gymnostom in both types 1 and 2 short and thick, forming cuticular ring. Pro-mesostegostom well-developed, internally overlapping with the posterior end of gymnostom; type 1 form short, somewhat flattened and bearing weak serrates at anterior end; type 2 with 2 – 3 rows of small spines on inner surface. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth claw-like as typical of the genus; left subventral ridge with three large plates, each often has split tips and extra denticles on middle forming spiny plate; right subventral movable tooth claw-like and often bears an extra peak on the ventral side. Telostegostom as described above. Male. Paired papillae and phasmid are arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd>, where v 1 located about a little more than 1 CBD anterior to co; v 2 d less than 1 / 4 CBD anterior to co; v 3 adcloacal; v 4 at 1 / 4 – 1 / 5 CBD posterior to co, i. e., v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 are close to each other; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; ph at midway between ad and root of tail spike; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, between ph and the root of tail spike; and pd around level of v 7. v 1, v 3, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 5 – 7 ventral, pd subdorsal in male tail. General shape of spicule and gubernaculum as described above. Female. Gonadal characters of female as described above. Tail elongate conoid with slightly filiform terminus, i. e., the posterior half of tail more elongated compared with anterior part. Phasmid ventro-laterally located at about 1.0 – 1.5 ABD posterior to anal opening.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE79044DCE133C9FBCBF8CA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus magnoliae n. sp. is characterized by the somewhat blunt and flintshaped dorsal tooth and the right and left subventral ridges with three blunt denticles of stenostomatous form, right subventral stegostomal tooth which often has blunt peak on ventral side in eurystomatous form, well-serrated promesostegostomal wall in type 2 eurystomatous form, arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd> where v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 are close to each other, and a long spike occupying more than 2 / 3 of tail length. Pristionchus magnoliae n. sp. is typologically close to P. yamagatae and P. hoplostomus. The new species and the other two species share the arrangement of genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7), pd> where v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 are close to each other, and right subventral tooth in eurystomatous form, often having an extra peak on its ventral side. In addition, somewhat blunt and flint-shaped dorsal tooth in the stenostomatous form is common in the new species and P. yamagatae. However, the new species is distinguished from P. hoplostomus by the absence vs. presence of 12 - plated stenostomatous form and dorsal tooth of stenostomatous form, blunt vs. pointed. The typological characters of P. magnoliae n. sp. are almost identical with those of P. yamagatae, distinguished only by the relative position of ph and v 5, close but clearly separated vs. very close and sometimes overlapping. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017219), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFE79044DCE133C9FBCBF8CA.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Rotting Magnolia grandiflora fruits in Changfeng Park, Shanghai, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 5999, other strain RS 6000 from the same location, frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD9907CDCE1323AFD3CFEB5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the associated substrate from which the species was recovered. The strain was isolated from a rotting pseudostem of a plant of the banana family (Musa sp.) with soil material.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD9907CDCE1323AFD3CFEB5.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 4 Adult. General characters are as described above for the triformis - group. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom, gymnostom, pro-mesostegostom and telostegostom as described above. 12 - plated form was not found during observation. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth triangular, anterior end slightly curved, tooth often directed anteriorly; left subventral ridge with three minute, blunt or pointed adventitious denticles on a plate; right subventral ridge with three distal rounded or blunt adventitious denticles. Whole stoma including the tooth and denticles is narrow and more pointed in males. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom as described above, anterior half of each cheilostomal plate often split into two tips to form 12 - flapped form. Six-flapped form (without split cheilostomal plate) rare. Gymnostom in both types 1 and 2 short and thick, forming cuticular ring. Pro-mesostegostom well-developed, internally overlapping with posterior end of gymnostom; type 1 form short, somewhat flattened and bearing weak serrates at anterior end; type 2 with small spines sparsely on inner surface. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth claw-like as typical of the genus; left subventral ridge with three large plates, each often has split tips and extra denticles on middle forming spiny plate; right subventral movable tooth claw-like and often bears extra peak on the ventral side. Telostegostom as described above. Male. Paired papillae and phasmid are arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)>, where v 1 located about 1 CBD anterior to co; v 2 d less than 1 / 5 CBD anterior to co; v 3 adcloacal; v 4 at 1 / 3 CBD posterior to co, i. e., v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 are close to each other; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; ph at 2 / 3 way from ad and the root of tail spike; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, just posterior to ph; and pd around level of v 7, i. e., ph, triplet papillae and pd are very close to each other. v 1, v 3, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 5 – 7 ventral, pd subdorsal in male tail. General shape of spicule and gubernaculum as described above. Female. Gonadal characters of female as described above. Tail elongate conoid with slightly filiform terminus, i. e., the posterior half of tail is more elongated compared with anterior part. Phasmid ventro-laterally located at about 1.5 ABD posterior to anal opening.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD9907CDCE1323AFD3CFEB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus musae n. sp. is characterized by the slightly anteriorly curved triangular dorsal tooth and the right and left subventral ridges with three denticles of stenostomatous form, right subventral stegostomal tooth which often has blunt peak on the ventral side in eurystomatous form, sparsely serrated pro-mesostegostomal wall in type 2 eurystomatous form, the arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)> where v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 and ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd are close to each other, respectively, and a long spike of male tail. Pristionchus musae n. sp. is typologically close to P. hoplostomus. The new species and P. hoplostomus share a triangular and pointed dorsal tooth in stenostomatous form, right subventral tooth in eurystomatous form, often have an extra peak on its ventral side, and the arrangement of genital papillae, closely located v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4. The new species is distinguished from P. hoplostomus by the absence vs. presence of 12 - plated stenostomatous form, and dorsal tooth of stenostomatous form, i. e., the tooth is somewhat larger and more anteriorly directed in P. hoplostomus than P. musae n. sp. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017220), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD9907CDCE1323AFD3CFEB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Pugao Laozhai village, close to road, Yuanyang, Yunnan province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 5987 frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFDC9077DCE132ECFD3CFA85.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the substrate from which the species was recovered. The type strain was isolated from a rotting fig of Ficus auriculata from soil substrate.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFDC9077DCE132ECFD3CFA85.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 5 Adult. General characters are as described above for the triformis - group. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom, gymnostom, pro-mesostegostom and telostegostom as described above. 12 - plated form not found. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth triangular, anterior end slightly curved, tooth sometimes directed anteriorly; left subventral ridge with three minute, blunt or pointed adventitious denticles on a plate; right subventral ridge with one or two distal rounded or blunt adventitious denticles. Whole stoma including the tooth and denticles is narrow and more pointed in males. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom as described above, anterior half of each cheilostomal plate often split into two tips to form 12 - flapped form. Six-flapped form (without split cheilostomal plate) rare. Gymnostom in both types 1 and 2 short and thick, forming cuticular ring. Pro-mesostegostom well-developed, internally overlapping with posterior end of gymnostom; type 1 form short, somewhat flattened and bearing weak serrates at anterior end; type 2 with few small spines on inner surface. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth claw-like as typical of the genus; left subventral ridge with three large plates, each often has split tips and extra denticles on middle forming spiny plate; right subventral movable tooth claw-like and sometimes bears an extra peak on the ventral side. Telostegostom as described above. Male. Paired papillae and the phasmid are arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)>, where v 1 located about 1 CBD anterior to co; v 2 d just less than 1 / 5 CBD anterior to co; v 3 adcloacal; v 4 at 1 / 3 CBD posterior to co, i. e., v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 are close to each other; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; ph 2 / 3 distance from ad and root of tail spike; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, just posterior to ph; and pd at level of triplet, i. e., ph, triplet papillae and pd are close to each other. v 1, v 3, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 5 – 7 ventral and pd subdorsal in male tail. General shape of spicule and gubernaculum as described above. Female. Gonadal characters of female as described above. Tail elongate conoid with slightly filiform terminus, i. e., posterior half of tail is more elongated compared to anterior part. Phasmid ventro-laterally located at about 1.5 ABD posterior to anal opening.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFDC9077DCE132ECFD3CFA85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus auriculatae n. sp. is characterized by the slightly anteriorly curved triangular dorsal tooth and the right and left subventral ridges with three denticles of stenostomatous form, right subventral stegostomal tooth may have a blunt peak on the ventral side in eurystomatous form, sparsely serrated pro-mesostegostomal wall in type 2 eurystomatous form, the arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)> where v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 and ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd are close to each other, respectively, and a long spike occupying more than 2 / 3 of tail length of male tail. In addition, the arrangement of v 1, v 2 d and ad genital papillae, where the distance between v 1 and v 2 d is almost same as that between v 2 d and ad is characteristic to this species. Pristionchus auriculatae n. sp. is typologically close to P. hoplostomus. The new species and P. hoplostomus share triangular and pointed dorsal tooth in stenostomatous form, right subventral tooth in eurystomatous form, sometimes have an extra peak on its ventral side, and the arrangement of genital papillae, closely located v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 and pd overlapping with v 5 – 7 triplet. The new species is distinguished from P. hoplostomus by the absence vs. presence of 12 - plated stenostomatous form, right subventral ridge in stenostomatous form, with blunt vs. pointed denticles, and the arrangement of posterior four pairs of genital papillae, i. e., pd is overlapping with triplet vs. posterior to v 7. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017216), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFDC9077DCE132ECFD3CFA85.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Isolated from rotting Ficus auriculata fruits from soil substrates collected at the Botanical garden, Shanghai - conservatory 1, Shanghai, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 5989 frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD7906FDCE13288FA9CFEB5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the family name of the host, bess beetle (Coleoptera: Passalidae).	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD7906FDCE13288FA9CFEB5.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 5 Adult. General characters are as described above for the triformis - group. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom, gymnostom, pro-mesostegostom and telostegostom as described above. 12 - plated form not found. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth triangular, anterior end slightly curved, tooth often directed anteriorly; left subventral ridge with three minute, blunt or pointed adventitious denticles on a plate; right subventral ridge with a distal pointed adventitious denticle. Whole stoma including tooth and denticles narrow and more pointed in males. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom as described above, anterior half of each cheilostomal plate often split into two tips to form 12 - flapped form. Six-flapped form (without split cheilostomal plate) rare. Gymnostom short and thick in both types 1 and 2, forming cuticular ring. Pro-mesostegostom well-developed, internally overlapping with posterior end of gymnostom; type 1 form short flattened with weak serrates at anterior end; type 2 bearing few small spines on inner surface. Arrangement of tooth and denticles in metastegostom as described above; dorsal movable tooth claw-like as typical of the genus; left subventral ridge with three large plates, each often has split tips and extra denticles on middle forming spiny plate; right subventral movable tooth claw-like often with extra peak on ventral side. Telostegostom as described above. Male. Paired papillae and phasmid are arranged as <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)>, where v 1 located about 1 CBD anterior to co; v 2 d just less than 1 / 5 CBD anterior to co; v 3 adcloacal; v 4 at 1 / 3 CBD posterior to co, i. e., v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 are close to each other; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; ph 2 / 3 distance from ad and rest of tail spike; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, just posterior to ph; and pd around the level of v 7, i. e., ph, triplet papillae and pd close to each other. v 1, v 3, v 4 and ph subventral, v 2 d and ad lateral, v 5 – 7 ventral, pd subdorsal in the male tail. General shape of spicule and gubernaculum as described above. Female. Gonadal characters of female as described above. Tail elongate conoid with slightly filiform terminus, i. e., the posterior half of tail is more elongated compared to anterior part. Phasmid ventro-laterally located at about 1.5 ABD posterior to anal opening.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD7906FDCE13288FA9CFEB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus passalidorum n. sp. is characterized by the slightly anteriorly curved triangular dorsal tooth, the right and left subventral plates with one and three denticle (s) in stenostomatous form, right subventral stegostomal tooth without extra peak in eurystomatous form, sparsely serrated pro-mesostegostomal wall in type 2 eurystomatous form, and the arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2 d, v 3, co, v 4, ad, (ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)> where v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4 and ph, v 5, v 6, v 7, pd are close to each other, respectively, and a long spike occupying more than 2 / 3 of tail length of male tail. Pristionchus passalidorum n. sp. is typologically similar to P. hoplostomus and P. musae n. sp. The new species and these two species share a triangular and pointed dorsal tooth with slightly anteriorly curved tip in stenostomatous form and the arrangement of genital papillae, closely located v 2 d, v 3, co and v 4. The new species is distinguished from P. hoplostomus by the absence vs. presence of 12 - plated stenostomatous form, left subventral ridges of stenostomatous form, clearly pointed vs. bluntly pointed, right subventral plate of stenostomatous form, single vs. multiple peaks, right subventral tooth of eurystomatous form, without vs. with extra peak. The new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017223), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFD7906FDCE13288FA9CFEB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Bessbug (Coleoptera: Passalidae) at Ailaoshan Field Station CAS, Yunnan province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 6031, frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA. Species description of P. dorci n. sp. and P. purgamentorium n. sp. of the Pristionchus maupasi - group Adult. Body cylindrical, stout, i. e., body length-maximum body diam. ratio (a value) is usually ranging from 10 – 14, depending on culture condition; cuticle thick with fine annulation and longitudinal striations. Head without apparent lips, six mound-like anteriorly directed expansions, one on each sector. Six labial sensilla, one on each lip sector (on the mound); four small papilliform cephalic papillae in males on right and left subventral and right and left dorsal sectors; amphidial apertures located on lateral sector, slightly dorsally shifted, at level of margin of cheilo- and gymnostom. Stomal dimorphism present, and detailed morphology of the stoma is described below. Dorsal pharyngeal gland clearly observed, penetrating dorsal tooth to gland opening. Anterior pharynx longer than posterior pharynx; procorpus muscular, stout, occupying half to two-thirds of corresponding body diameter; metacorpus muscular, forming median bulb; isthmus narrow, not muscular; basal bulb glandular. Pharyngo-intestinal junction (cardia) clearly observed, well-developed. Intestine simple tube, not forming pre-rectum, extended posteriorly from cardia to rectum; three (two subventral and one dorsal) rectal gland cells observed at distal end of intestine (margin between intestine and rectum). Secretory-excretory pore not conspicuous, ventrally located at level of isthmus to pharyngo-intestinal junction, excretory duct extending anteriad and reflexed back to position of pore; two large secretory-excretory cells around the excretory duct. Deirid observed laterally on lateral field, located at the level around the posterior end of basal bulb to pharyngo-intestinal junction to a half body diameter posterior to the junction, ca. 0.5 – 1 body diam. posterior to secretory-excretory pore. Hemizonid not observed. Lateral glands (small pores connected to secretory cell) on lateral body surface, with positions inconsistent among individuals, numbering 5 to 8 for males and 9 to 13 for females. Postdeirid at anterior part of vas deferens in male and the posterior end of posterior gonad in female, on the same striation with deirid (= lateral field) or on the adjacent striation or the second dorsally neighboring striation to lateral field. Stenostomatous form. Cheilostom consisting of six per- and interradial plates. Incision between plates not always distinguished. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to project from stomaal opening and form a small flap. Split cheilostomal plate not observed. Gymnostom short, cuticular ring-like anterior end overlapping cheilostom internally; dorsal gymnostomal wall with mound-like expansion probably derived from metastegostom which gives an appearance of thickened dorsal gymnostomal wall compared to ventral side. Stegostom separated into three subsections: pro-meso, meta, and telostegostom. Pro-mesostegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring internally overlapping with gymnostoma to connect gymnostom and metastegostom. Metastegostom bearing conspicuous and movable triangular or flint-shaped dorsal tooth with strongly sclerotized surface giving an appearance of an inverted V-shape in light microscopy in lateral view; pointed left subventral ridge with three minute adventitious denticles on a plate, most ventral denticle often masked by remaining two in lateral view; pointed right subventral ridge, often with distinct distal adventitious denticle (s). Telostegostom forming weakly sclerotized cuplike cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Whole stoma including tooth and denticles narrow and more pointed in males. Eurystomatous form. Cheilostom divided into six well-distinctive per- and interradial plates. Anterior end of each plate rounded and elongated to stick out from stomal opening and form a small flap. Split cheilostomal plate not observed. Gymnostom with thick cuticle, forming short, ring-like tube with more heavily sclerotized wall in the posterior; anterior end of gymnostom internally overlapping posterior end of cheilostomatal plates; lacking the serrates at anterior end of gymnostom. Pro-mesostegostom forming a weakly cuticularized ring connecting gymnostom and metastegostom. Metastegostom bearing large claw-like dorsal tooth; claw-like right subventral tooth; and three left subventral denticles, where the tip of each denticle sometimes splits into two or three small ridges. Telostegostom forming weakly sclerotized cup-like cavity connecting stoma and pharynx. Male. Whole body ventrally arcuate, strongly ventrally curved at tail region when killed by heat. Testis single, ventrally located, anterior part reflexed to right or left side; spermatogonia arranged in three to five rows in reflexed part, well-developed spermatocytes arranged as three to four rows in anterior two-thirds of main branch, mature amoeboid spermatids arranged in multiple rows in proximal part of gonad. Vas deferens not clearly separated from other parts of gonad. Posterior end of vas deferens and rectum fused to form a cloacal tube. Spicules paired, separate; spicules smoothly curved in ventral view, adjacent to each other for distal third of their length, each smoothly tapering to pointed distal end; spicule in lateral view smoothly ventrally arcuate, giving spicule about 100 ° curvature, oval manubrium at anterior end, lamina / calomus complex smoothly tapering to pointed distal end. Gubernaculum conspicuous, about one-third of spicule length, broad anteriorly such that dorsal wall is slightly recurved with dorsal and ventral walls separate at 40 – 50 ° angle at posterior end; dorsal side of gubernaculum possessing single, membranous, anteriorly directed process and lateral pair of more sclerotized, anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed processes. In lateral view, anterior half of gubernaculum with two successive curves separated by anteriorly and obliquely ventrally directed process, with anterior terminal curvature highly concave and almost closed, with deep posterior curvature being one-third of gubernaculum length; posterior half forming tube-like process enveloping spicules. Cloacal opening (co) slit-like in ventral view; one small, ventral, single genital papilla (vs) on anterior cloacal lip. All nine paired genital papillae papilliform. Paired papillae and phasmid arranged as <v 1, v 2, v 3 d, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)>, where v 1 located about 1.5 CBD anterior to co; v 2 about 0.5 CBD anterior to co; v 3 d less than 1 / 10 CBD posterior to v 2, i. e., about 1 / 3 CBD anterior to co; v 4 at about 1 / 3 CBD posterior to co; ad about 1 CBD posterior to co; ph midway between ad and root of tail spike; v 5 – v 7 forming triplet, just posterior to ph; and pd level of ventral triplet (v 5 – v 7). v 1, v 2, v 4 and ph subventral, v 3 d and ad lateral, v 5 – 7 ventral and pd subdorsal in the male tail. General shape of spicule and gubernaculum as described above, spicule relatively thin, gubernaculum relatively low (flattened). Male tail spike long. Female. Body relaxed or weakly ventrally arcuate when killed by heat. Gonad didelphic, amphidelphic; each gonadal system arranged from vulva / vagina as uterus, oviduct, and ovary; anterior gonad right of intestine, with uterus and oviduct extending ventrally and anteriorly on right of intestine and with totally reflexed (= antidromous reflexion) ovary extending dorsally on left of intestine; oocytes mostly arranged in three to four or more rows in distal two-thirds of ovary and in double or single row in rest of ovary, distal tips of each ovary reaching oviduct of opposite gonad branch; anterior end of oviduct (= junction tissue between ovary and oviduct) consists of rounded cells; anterior part of oviduct consists of rounded cells, forming a simple tube; middle part of oviduct serving as spermatheca, consists of roundish and relatively large cells. Eggs in single to multiple-cell stage or even further developed at posterior part of oviduct (= uterus), in young females being composed of squared or angular cells, long enough to contain one well-developed oocyte. Receptaculum seminis not observed, i. e., the organ is not independent, and a part of oviduct / uterus works as the organ; vaginal glands present but obscure; vagina perpendicular to body surface, surrounded by sclerotized tissue; vulva slightly protuberant in lateral view, pore-like in ventral view; rectum about one anal body diameter (ABD) long, intestine / rectum junction surrounded by well-developed sphincter muscle. Anus in form of dome-shaped slit, posterior anal lip slightly protuberant. Tail elongate conoid with long and filiform terminus. Phasmid ventro-laterally located at about 1.5 – 2.0 ABD posterior to anal opening.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFCF906DDCE13685FC35F84C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the generic name of the host Lucanid beetle (Dorcus davidis [Fairmaire, 1887]).	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFCF906DDCE13685FC35F84C.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 6 Adult. General characters are as described above for maupasi - group. Stenostomatous form. Dorsal movable tooth flint-shaped with anterior end slightly curved; left subventral ridge with three minute, blunt or pointed and adventitious denticles on a plate, most dorsal denticle often masked by middle denticle; right subventral ridge with a distal pointed adventitious denticle. Eurystomatous form. Dorsal movable tooth claw-like as typical of the genus; left subventral ridge with three large plates, often with two or three split tips; right subventral movable tooth claw-like and extra peak not observed. Male. As described above for maupasi - group. Female. As described above for maupasi - group.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFCF906DDCE13685FC35F84C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus dorci n. sp. is characterized by the slightly anteriorly curved flintshaped dorsal tooth, the left subventral ridge with three pointed or blunt denticles and right subventral ridge with a small pointed denticle of stenostomatous form, claw-like right subventral stegostomal tooth without an extra peak in eurystomatous form, the arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2, v 3 d, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)> where posterior four paired papillae are forming cluster, and a long tail of both sexes. The maupasi- group of Pristionchus currently contains 15 species. These species are typologically similar with each other, but can be distinguished by the stomatal characters, e. g., number of denticles, and the arrangement of genital papillae (summarized in Kanzaki et al. 2018). P. dorci n. sp. shares its single-peaked right subventral ridge in the stenostomatous form and the laterally directed third paired male genital papillae (v 3 d) with P. laevicollis Kanzaki, Herrmann, Yoshida, Weiler, Rödelsperger & Sommer, 2018, P. japonicus Kanzaki, Ragsdale, Herrmann, Mayer & Sommer, 2012 and P. hongkongensis Kanzaki, Herrmann, Yoshida, Weiler, Rödelsperger & Sommer, 2018, which have single-peaked right subventral ridge and v 3 d papillae. The new species is also similar to P. maxplancki Kanzaki, Ragsdale, Herrmann, Röseler & Sommer, 2013 and P. quartusdecimus Kanzaki, Ragsdale, Herrmann, Röseler & Sommer, 2013 which has 1 – 2 peaks on the right subventral ridge and v 3 d papillae. However, P. dorci n. sp. is distinguished from P. laevicollis by the relative position of genital papillae, v 2 and v 3 d two pairs are close to each other vs. clearly separated, the v 3 d is at 1 / 3 CBD anterior to co vs. very close to co and sometimes adcloacal, and the ventral triplet papillae and pd overlap each other vs. pd is located at just posterior to the triplet papillae. P. dorci n. sp. is distinguished from P. japonicus by the relative position of genital papillae, v 1 is at 1.5 CBD vs. 1.0 CBD anterior to co, v 1 – v 2 distance is almost same as vs. obviously shorter than v 2 – v 4 distance, and female tail elongated conoid with vs. without filiform terminus. The new species is also readily distinguished from P. hongkongensis by the relative position of genital papillae, v 1 is at 1.5 CBD vs. 1 CBD anterior to co, v 1 – v 2 equivalent vs. shorter than v 2 – v 4 distance, and the spicule shape, the spicule of P. dorci n. sp. is slenderer than that of P. hongkongensis. In addition, P. hongkongensis is characterized by its stomal morphology of eurystomatous form, i. e., large and barrel-shaped stoma bearing left subventral ridges with many cusps, and this character is clearly different from the stomal morphology of new species. P. dorci n. sp. is distinguished from P. quartusdecimus by the right subventral ridge of stenostomatous form, with single vs. 1 - 2 peaks, and relative position of genital papillae, v 1 is at 1.5 CBD vs. 1.0 CBD anterior to co, v 1 – v 2 distance is almost same as vs. obviously shorter than v 2 – v 4 distance, and the ventral triplet papillae and pd overlap to each other vs. pd is located at just posterior to the triplet papillae. Typological characters, e. g., the arrangement of genital papillae, of new species is very similar to those of P. maxplancki. However, P. dorci n. sp. is distinguished from P. maxplancki by the right subventral ridge of stenostomatous form, with single vs. 1 – 2 peaks, and the relative position of posterior four paired papillae, the ventral triplet papillae and pd overlap to each other vs. pd is located at just posterior to the triplet papillae. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017218), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFCF906DDCE13685FC35F84C.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Isolated from a specimen of the lucanid beetle Dorcus davidis collected at a dumpster near Ganquan, Shasnxi province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 6134, other strain RS 5992; frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFC29065DCE13230FD3CFE59.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the finding circumstances. The beetle was collected on a dumpster (lat. purgamentum = trash).	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFC29065DCE13230FD3CFE59.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 6 Adult. General characters are as described above for maupasi - group. Stenostomatous form. Dorsal movable tooth flint-shape, anterior end slightly curved; left subventral ridge with three or sometimes more minute pointed and adventitious denticles on a plate, most dorsal denticle often masked by middle denticle; right subventral ridge with two or three bluntly pointed adventitious denticles. Eurystomatous form. Dorsal movable tooth claw-like as typical of the genus; left subventral ridge with three large plates, each often has two or three split tips; right subventral movable tooth claw-like, an indistinctive extra peak sometimes seen. Male. As described above for maupasi - group. Female. As described above for maupasi - group.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFC29065DCE13230FD3CFE59.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships. Pristionchus purgamentorium n. sp. is characterized by the slightly anteriorly curved flint-shaped dorsal tooth, the left subventral ridge with three or sometimes more pointed denticles and right subventral ridge with two or three small bluntly pointed denticles of stenostomatous form, claw-like right subventral stegostomal tooth sometimes with an indistinctive extra peak in eurystomatous form, the arrangement of male genital papillae, <v 1, v 2, v 3 d, co, v 4, ad, ph, (v 5, v 6, v 7, pd)> where posterior four paired papillae form a cluster, and distinctive and long tail of both sexes. The maupasi- group currently contains 16 species including P. dorci n. sp.. These species are typologically similar to each other, but can be distinguished by the stomatal characters, e. g., number of denticles, and the arrangement of genital papillae (summarized in Kanzaki et al., 2018). Pristionchus purgamentorium n. sp. shares its multiple-peaked right subventral plate in the stenostomatous form and the laterally directed third paired male genital papillae (v 3 d) with P. maxplancki, which have one to two-peaked right subventral ridge and v 3 d papillae. The new species also shares multiple-peaked right suvbentral plate of stenostomatous form with P. riukiariae Kanzaki, Herrmann, Yoshida, Weiler, Rödelsperger & Sommer, 2018. However, P. purgamentorium n. sp. is distinguished from P. maxplancki by its right subventral plate of stenostomatous form, with two to three ridges vs. one to two ridges. P. purgamentorium n. sp. is also distinguished from P. riukiariae by right subventral plate of stenostomatous form, with two to three ridges vs. two ridges, and the arrangement of genital papillae, third vs. second pair directed laterally (v 3 d vs. v 2 d), and second and third pairs are separated vs. very close to each other. Further, the new species is distinguished from all other species by mating experiments and also characterized by a ca. 1,600 - bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene (GenBank accession number MW 017224), the sequence of which is distinct from that of all other Pristionchus species.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
039987F2FFC29065DCE13230FD3CFE59.taxon	materials_examined	Type host and locality. Isolated from a beetle of the genus Mimela (Coleoptera: Rutelidae) at a dumpster near Ganquan, Shaanxi province, PRC. Type material and type strain. Type strain RS 6138 frozen at the nematode collection of the MPI Tübingen and available as living culture upon request. Voucher specimens sent to the following museums: Holotype male, Paratype male and female: Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany; Paratype male and female: Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden; Paratype male and female: University of California in Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC), Riverside, CA, USA.	en	Kanzaki, Natsumi, Herrmann, Matthias, Weiler, Christian, Röseler, Waltraud, Theska, Tobias, Berger, Jürgen, Rödelsperger, Christian, Sommer, Ralf J. (2021): Nine new Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) species from China. Zootaxa 4943 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4943.1.1
