identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A7878F9851FFACFF76FCB3FBD3FD1C.text	03A7878F9851FFACFF76FCB3FBD3FD1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emesis (Aphacites) hypoaithos , Callaghan, Trujano-Ortega & Rios-Malaver 2024	<div><p>Emesis (Aphacites) hypoaithos, Callaghan, Trujano-Ortega &amp;Ríos-Málaver, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1–4, 13–18)</p><p>Emesis tegula DeVries 1997, p. 209, Pl. 17, Figs. 17–19; Emesis tegula Warren et al. 2023, #G7300 (dorsal), #G7299 (ventral).</p><p>Diagnosis. Emesis (Aphacites) hypoaithos sp. nov. males can be separated from other species of Emesis by the yellow orange ventral surface combined with a prominent postmedian row of connected crescent shaped spots on both wings; on the hindwing, these are proximal to a marginal row of small black spots, the first two and the last one of which are slightly larger. The females are yellow on both wing surfaces but can also be distinguished by the same prominent postmedian band, with the first two marginal spots being larger on the apex of the ventral hindwing.</p><p>Description. MALE: Forewing length HOLOTYPE 20.6 mm, paratypes: 19.07 mm (n=9), S= 1.92 mm.</p><p>Wing shape (Fig. 1): Forewing costal margin very slightly indented midway, before reaching a rounded, slightly falcate apex, distal margin slightly curved, proceeding to rounded tornus, inner margin straight; hindwing costa slightly curved to rounded apex, distal margin slightly rounded to pointed tornus, inner margin slightly convex to base.</p><p>Dorsal surface (Fig. 1): Ground color of both wings light brown with slight orange tinge. Forewing costal margin dark brown; forewing discal area infused with variable grey scaling, with short linear marks, discal cell with a slight reddish tinge, containing three linear black spots and one elongated at the end, with a similar set of elongated spots below in cell CuA 2; distad a post discal broken row of small, offset, irregular lines, those from cells R 1 to M 3 displaced proximally between M 1 and M 3, space between end of discal cell and cell CuA 1 darker brown, the irregular lines in cells CuA 1 and CuA 2 offset proximally; distad a parallel postmedian row of faint, crescent spots from costa to 1A+2A, space between these and the post discal row of irregular lines lighter yellow/brown forming a 2.3 mm wide median band; distad a row of small, faint submarginal dark brown spots, proximally with slightly reddish scaling, margin and fringe dark brown; anal margin below 1A+2A with some infusion of grey scaling.</p><p>Hindwing follows general pattern and shading of forewing. Discal area infused with light grey scaling, costa light yellow, cell Sc+R 1 with two small spots, discal cell with some reddish scaling and same configuration of marks as on forewing; cell CuA with two faint, linear spots directly below; a post discal row of short, unconnected, irregular black lines with those in cells M 2 and M 3 offset distally, distad of this, a row of post median crescent spots continues from forewing with the median band of similar lighter scaling, distad with the submarginal row of black spots as on forewing, proximally with reddish scaling; margin and fringe dark brown; anal margin light yellow; vein 3A accompanied by long, androconal scales increasing to tornus.</p><p>Ventral surface (Fig. 2): Ground color of both wings yellow orange. Costa of forewing above Sc+R 1 with some darker scaling, maculation of forewing reflected ventrally, but more strongly marked; space between end of discal cell to cell CuA 1 and post discal row of short lines darker; area occupied by median band of slightly lighter ground color; postmedian row of crescent brown spots more prominent, space between these and submarginal spots with slightly lighter scaling; margin distad of submarginal spots infused with darker scaling from apex to tornus; inner margin from middle of cell CuA 2 yellow.</p><p>Hindwing maculation continuation of that on forewing reflecting dorsal surface, with postmedian and submarginal black spots more prominent, the two submarginal spots on apex slightly larger with marginal area infused with darker scaling as on forewing; a row of androconal hairs found in middle of cell CuA 2; vein 1A+2A to inner margin yellow.</p><p>Head: Upper surface of frons and collar dark orange, lower frons around labial palpi white; labial palpi short, light orange, with short scaling, not extending beyond face when viewed dorsally, third segment short (0.4mm), rounded, 30% of length of second segment; proboscis light brown, long; antennal length 60% of forewing length, segments with two small, white points on each segment, club tips black.</p><p>Body: Dorsal surface color of thorax and abdomen dark brown, ventral surface light orange with random white scaling; forelegs trimerous, pubescent, with femur separating below midpoint of coxa; midlegs and hindlegs light orange with a few random spurs, final tarsus segments black.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs. 15–16, 18), (n=5): Uncus with lobes joined, spread, uniting in a central peak with a variable notch in ventral view, in lateral view pointed distad at nearly 90°, ventrally slightly indented; tegumen dorsally long and slightly rounded, ventrally produces an extended point, cephalad indentation for attachment of vinculum extends higher than tips of vinculum; scaphium broad terminating in a point in ventral view (Fig.16); falces long, curved, pointed, and doubled inwardly; vinculum attached to cephalad margins of tegumen, not joined, and continues slightly curved to saccus with pointed triangular posterior flange in middle; saccus long, rounded in ventral view; valvae with a lateral plate on each valve in lateral view, valvae terminating in broad, slightly bifurcated tip, upper projection slightly smaller and rounded and lower rounded, short, and slightly turned outward in ventral view (Fig. 16); dorsally, valvae joined to opposite valve by a long transtilla; aedeagus short, wide, slightly curved with small ventral flange at exit of pedicel, posterior half from attachment of pedicel to tip sclerotized, caudad segment lightly sclerotized; tip pointed with vesica exiting dorsally, vesica with numerous small cornuti on tip, and with larger cornuti behind tip (Fig. 18).</p><p>FEMALE (Figs. 3–4, 17): Forewing length, 17.7 mm (n=1).</p><p>The female differs from the male in the following:</p><p>Wing shape (Fig. 3): Forewing costal margin more indented, distal margin more curved before rounded tornus; likewise, hindwing distal margin more rounded to more rounded tornus, inner margin slightly rounded.</p><p>Dorsal surface (Fig. 3): Female with same maculation as male, differing from the male in lighter yellow to brown ground color of both wings; a 3.6 mm wide median band of lighter yellow crosses both wings between a post discal row of short, curved lines and a fainter row of joined crescent shaped markings proximal to a marginal row of small black spots, the first two slightly larger; margin of forewing from apex to vein Cu1 variably infused with dark scaling; fringe black.</p><p>Ventral surface (Fig. 4): Ground color of both wings light yellow, maculation identical but more pronounced; apex of forewing with infusion of darker scaling to vein M 3; apex of hindwing with first two prominent submarginal black spots larger than male; fringe black.</p><p>Head: Same as male but with labial palpus narrow and light brown same length as male, but second segment broader, antennae as male.</p><p>Body: Dorsal surface color of thorax and abdomen yellow, abdomen with lighter scaling between segments, ventral surface white, appendages light yellow.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 17), (n=1): Corpus bursae elongated with two sail-shaped invaginated signae of equal size, arising close to midpoint of corpus bursae, which tapers to exit of ductus bursae; ductus bursae long, with some small striations, broadening with increased striations and sclerotization before reaching the sclerotized sterigma slightly bent from left in ventral view, at the exit of membranous ductus seminalis; sterigma between ductus seminalis and ostium bursae tubular, tapering slightly to ostium bursae, dorsally opened with two small lateral flanges, and slightly bent to left viewed ventrally; lamella postvaginalis consists of a broad, irregular plate dorsad of ostium bursae; lobes of papillae anales rounded, pubescent ventrad with thicker sclerotization dorso-laterally.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 29, red circles). The distribution of Emesis hypoaithos sp. nov. is from Costa Rica to Colombia west of the Serra Occidental to northern Peru and northern Venezuela. The species also most likely occurs in Ecuador due to the existence of similar habitats.</p><p>Etymology. The name for this species is a noun in opposition derived from the Greek words “hypo” (under) and “aithos” (dark red) referring to the color of the ventral surface.</p><p>Type Material. Holotype male with labels: HOLOTYPUS / COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.327774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.3905554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.327774/lat 4.3905554)">Fusagasugá La Aguadita</a>, 04° 23’26” N / 74° 19’40” W, 2200m, 2.ii.1958, E. Schmidt Mumm, leg. SM-5947. The type will be deposited in the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia IAvH-E-9825 . ALLOTYPUS / COLOMBIA El Cerrejón, Guajira, 1.v.81, Callaghan leg. /Genitalia #1505/ genitalia vial .</p><p>Paratypes: COSTA RICA: 1♂ (CJC), Ciudad Colón, 10.x.93, Callaghan, leg. ; 1♂ (CJC), Turrialba, Cartago, 28.viii.76, Serrano leg. PANAMA: 1♂ (CJC), Rio Parté, Panamá Prov., 30.ix.78, Callaghan leg. COLOMBIA: 1♂ (CJC), Villeta, Cundinamarca,10.ix.21, DNA sample 76, Callaghan leg. ; 1♂ (CJC), Quichas, Santander, 400m, 21.i.95, F. Montero leg. ; 1♂ (CJC), Vitoria, Caldas, 9.ii.69, DNA sample 77 ; 1♂ (CJC) Bahía Concha, Tayrona, Atlántico, 22.ix.04 ; 1♂ (CJC), Bahía Concha, Tyrona, 22.ix.04 . VENEZUELA: 1♂ (CJC), Distrito Federal, Miranda, 30.vii.75, Costa leg. ; 1♂ (CJC), Monte Zerpa, Merida, 2500m, 27.ix.07, Mielke &amp; Orellana leg. PERU: 3♂ (MUSM), Piura, Canchaque, 1200–1300m, 13.iv.81, Lamas, leg. ; 1♂ (MUSM), 18.v.82, Lamas leg.; 1♂ (MUSM), Piura Ayabaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.75/lat -4.5833335)">Ambasal</a>, 2900m, 04°35’S / 79°45’W, 9.vi.2007, Zelada leg. ; 1♂ (MUSM), Piura km 30 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.53333/lat -5.9)">Olmos-Chamaya</a>, 1300m, 05°54’S / 79°32’W, 17.vi.95, Lamas leg. ; 1♂ (MUSM), Piura <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.833336/lat -4.7)">Quebrada Ulunche</a>, 1000m, 04°42’S / 79°50’W, 2.vi.00, Lamas leg. ; 1♂ (MUSM), Tumbes Cerros de Amotape, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.26667/lat -3.8166666)">El Caucho</a>, 3°49´S / 80°16´W, 340m, 30.ix.2019, Gamboa leg.</p><p>Biology. Emesis hypoaithos sp. nov. inhabits a variety of vegetation types throughout its range, from sea level to 2200m in Colombia, but reaching 2900m in Peru. In Colombia it is found from the Dry Tropical Forest (Bs-T) in the Guajira to Pluvial Montane Rainforest (Bp-MB) on the Pacific coast. It is never common, and females are especially rare. The males perch in the late morning to early afternoon on leaf dorsal surfaces with wings outspread about 2 to 3m high in sunny localities along paths or inside the wood´s edge, usually close to streams where it has been observed on damp earth. DeVries (1997), in the section under “ Emesis tegula ”, gives information on the habits of this butterfly in Costa Rica. He reports a putative larval foodplant as Pisonia aculeata L. ( Nyctaginaceae). The larva partially folds the leaf to provide a shelter in which it pupates. In Costa Rica, the species has been reported from 300 to 600m, occupying a range of habitats.</p><p>Discussion: In their study of the genomics of the tribe Emesidini, Zhang et al. (2019) defined a subgenus Aphacites Hübner, [1819] with Emesis lucinda, (Cramer [1775]) as the type species. This subgenus was divided into two clades with species close to E. lucinda separated from a group of three species, Emesis vulpina Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886, Emesis diogenia Prittwitz, 1865 and Emesis heteroclita Stichel,1929, sharing similar genomic characteristics. A fourth species, Emesis eleanorae Gallardo &amp; Grishin, 2021, was described from Honduras (Gallardo et al., 2021). An additional species belonging to this sub clade is Emesis tegula, Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886, placed by Zhang et al. (2019) erroneously in their subgenus Tenedia as the result of a misidentification. The basis for this is shown in Gallardo et al. (2021). In their figure 1- h, p. 54, the specimen identified as E. tegula is most likely Emesis tristis Stichel, 1910, a taxon which indeed shares the genomic and morphological characteristics of Tenedia, as do Emesis lupina Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886 and Emesis tenedia C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1861, also illustrated. Comparison of the genitalia of both E. tegula (Figs. 19, 20) and E. hypoaithos sp. nov. (Figs. 15, 16) and with that of E. eleanorae Gallardo &amp; Grishin, 2021, shows that these belong to the same subclade of Aphacites, as does E. eleanorae .</p><p>Emesis hypoaithos sp. nov. has been identified as E. tegula (Figs. 9–12, 19–21), with which it is sympatric by DeVries (1997) (plate 17, Figs. 17, 18 and 19), and in the section under E. tegula, in Warren et al. (2023) (Figs. G7300, G7299 from Panama, Chiriqui). The males of both taxa share the light reddish-brown ventral surface but are separated by the strongly marked wing surfaces, especially the distal margins of the ventral surface of E. hypoaithos sp. nov. with well-marked crescent spots. The faint ventral surface maculation of E. tegula was the principal character cited by Godman &amp; Salvin (1886, p. 444) to identify this species.Although there are considerable individual differences in the male genitalia of both species, E. hypoaithos sp. nov. can be separated by the longer valvae, the lateral plate of the genitalia rounder, the tips of the valvae with the dorsal of the two posterior processes smaller, and a stouter aedeagus. The width of the lobes of the uncus are usually more widely spread. Another sympatric species, Emesis (Mandania) mandana (Cramer, 1780) has also been associated with E. hypoaithos sp. nov. in Seitz (1916) and DeVries (1997), but is separated by the lighter dorsal surface, lighter reddish tone to the ventral surface, distinct median band on both wings bordered distad with crescent spots and more rounded distal margins, as well as the genitalia.</p><p>The females of E. hypoaithos sp. nov. are more difficult to separate from other members of the genus, sharing the yellow shaded ventral surface and lighter median band of E. vulpina and E. tegula, as well as two slightly darker marginal spots on the apex of the ventral hindwing. However, the dorsal surface maculation is more pronounced and the ground color on both wing surfaces slightly darker than the other species (Figs. 3–4). While sharing the median band with E. tegula, the spots on the margin of the VHW of Emesis hypoaithos sp. nov. are more sharply defined, especially those on the apex. The female genitalia of Emesis hypoaithos sp. nov. can be separated from those of other members of the clade by the shorter sclerotized section before the entrance to the ostium bursae (Fig. 17).</p><p>Variation. In the populations of Emesis hypoaithos sp. nov. studied, the principal variation in the males was size and a slightly lighter shading of the ground color on the dorsal and ventral surfaces with a slightly different width of the median band. The male genitalia show considerable individual variation, especially in the separation of the lobes of the uncus from a ventral perspective. However, a population inhabiting the western cordillera and Chocó region of Colombia is quite distinct and we describe it here as a new subspecies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A7878F9851FFACFF76FCB3FBD3FD1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Callaghan, Curtis John;Trujano-Ortega, Marysol;Ríos-Málaver, Indiana C.	Callaghan, Curtis John, Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Ríos-Málaver, Indiana C. (2024): Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Zootaxa 5443 (3): 406-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5443.3.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5443.3.5
03A7878F9855FFACFF76FD18FE1BF9DF.text	03A7878F9855FFACFF76FD18FE1BF9DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emesis (Aphacites) hypoaithos subsp. ochros , Callaghan, Trujano-Ortega & Rios-Malaver 2024	<div><p>Emesis (Aphacites) hypoaithos ochros Callaghan, Trujano-Ortega &amp; Ríos-Málaver, ssp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 5–8)</p><p>Diagnosis. This new subspecies (Figs. 5–6) is easily distinguished from the nominate subspecies (Figs. 1–2) by the darker ground color of the dorsal surface crossed by a broader yellow median band on both wings. The ventral surface is quite variable in shading compared to the nominate subspecies. Intermediate forms are shown in figures 7 and 8.</p><p>Description. MALE (Figs. 5–6): Forewing length of HOLOTYPE 20.3 mm, paratypes: 20.4 mm (n=4), S= 0.556.</p><p>Similar in appearance to the nominate subspecies, ventral surface maculation identical but stronger, dorsal surface with same maculation, but infused with darker scaling in discal and post median and marginal areas, both wings crossed by a slightly irregular 4.0mm wide yellow median band. Three specimens from the Department of Valle del Cauca (Figs.7–8) are intermediate to the nominate subspecies with a narrower yellow median band.</p><p>The male genitalia are identical to the nominate subspecies (Figs. 15–16).</p><p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 29, blue circles). Emesis hypoaithos ochros, ssp. nov. is found rarely on the western drainage of the Cordillera Occidental in the Departments of Chocó and Valle de Cauca in Colombia.</p><p>Etymology. Noun in opposition in Greek signifying yellow, referring to the color of the median band which distinguishes this subspecies.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male with labels: HOLOTYPUS / COLOMBIA 1000m San José del Palmar, Chocó, 22.viii.1992, Acote, leg. Ex “col. Schmidt-Mumm ”, with a dissection label “Genitalia # 1546 Callaghan”. To be deposited in the IAvH .</p><p>Paratypes: COLOMBIA: 2♂ (CJC), Rio Garrapatas, Valle de Cauca, Davio, 8.iii.97, DNA sample 78 ; 1♂ (CJC), Garrapatas, Valle, x.1998, R. Couto leg.</p><p>Biology. Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A7878F9855FFACFF76FD18FE1BF9DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Callaghan, Curtis John;Trujano-Ortega, Marysol;Ríos-Málaver, Indiana C.	Callaghan, Curtis John, Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Ríos-Málaver, Indiana C. (2024): Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Zootaxa 5443 (3): 406-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5443.3.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5443.3.5
03A7878F9855FFA0FF76F94CFB65F87C.text	03A7878F9855FFA0FF76F94CFB65F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emesis (Tenedia) pacis , Callaghan, Trujano-Ortega & Rios-Malaver 2024	<div><p>Emesis (Tenedia) pacis Callaghan, Trujano-Ortega &amp; Ríos-Málaver, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 22–28)</p><p>Emesis ? sp. D´Abrera, 1994 6:1067.</p><p>Diagnosis. Can be distinguished from all other Emesis species by the brown dorsal wing surface punctuated by bright yellow/orange spots on the forewing, the brightest in cell M 3 distad of the broken post discal line, with another smaller spot below in cell CuA 1, two fainter spots infused with brown scaling above in cells R 4 +R 5 and R 2, with similar lighter subapical scaling (Figs. 22–23).</p><p>Description. MALE (Figs. 22–26): Forewing length of HOLOTYPE 21 mm (n=1).</p><p>Wing shape (Figs. 22–23): Costal margin very slightly concave, apex slightly falcate, distal margin convex to pointed tornus, inner margin straight. Hindwing distal margin curved to rounded tornus, inner margin convex.</p><p>Dorsal surface (Fig. 22): Forewing dorsal surface dark brown, discal cell with three thick, black evenly spaced lines, and one slightly curved at the end, three similar black lines below in cell CuA 2; distad, a post discal row of unconnected black lines in cells R 2 to CuA 2, the line in cell M 2 slightly offset distad, those in cells R 2, R 4 +R 5, M 3 and Cu1 connected distad to a yellow/orange spot; distad of this, a slightly curved postmedian row of indistinct black spots and a parallel row of sharper, smaller submarginal spots, one in each cell except in CuA 2 where there are two; at the apex, the two rows are separated by indistinct yellow/orange scaling; fringe dark brown.</p><p>Hindwing dorsal surface brown, anal cell grey-brown; discal cell occupied by three irregular lines, the first divided into two small spots; below an indistinct spot in cell CuA 2; post discal row of irregular, connected short lines between Sc+R 1 and vein 2A, a continuation of those on forewing, nearly in a straight line, except for that in Sc+R 1 being slightly offset proximally; distad a slightly curved row of faint, black spots between vein Rs and vein 2A, and a parallel row of indistinct small marginal black spots, one in each cell except in CuA 2, where there are two, the space between these two rows slightly lighter; fringe dark brown.</p><p>Ventral surface (Fig. 23): Forewing ventral surface ground color reddish brown, maculation same as dorsal, but more pronounced. Discal area to post discal line reddish brown, infused with grey scaling below vein CuA 2; postmedian and marginal areas lighter with greater variable infusions of yellow/orange scaling; area between vein CuA 2 and inner margin infused with grey scaling; row of marginal spots reddish brown except for the two in cell CuA 2, which are black.</p><p>Hindwing ventral surface ground color uniform light brown, cellular area with short line above discal cell in cell Sc+R 1, four faint lines within discal cell, the three intermediate lines divided, that at end of cell long; post discal row of separated short black lines extends from vein M 2 to vein 2A, those in cells M 1 and Rs angled parallel to end of cell; that in Sc+R 1 offset proximally; postmedian row of lines broader and irregular extending slightly distad along veins; submarginal row of small black spots faint except for that at tornus, which is slightly larger.</p><p>Head: Labial palpi pubescent, dark yellow; antennae dark brown with scattered whitish scales, frons black.</p><p>Body: Thorax dark brown, forelegs pubescent, dark yellow, femur of both mid- and hind legs ventrally dark grey, dorsally dark yellow, tibia and tarsus dark yellow with random dark brown spurs. Abdomen dark brown with lighter scaling between segments.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs. 24–26): Uncus shorter than tegumen, squared in lateral view, lobes of uncus connected directly without intermediate peak in ventral view (Fig. 25); tegumen rounded dorsally, narrow laterally, narrowing ventrally to rounded point; falces connected to lateral edges of tegumen, curved caudad, scaphium narrow, attached dorsally to tegumen; vinculum not connected dorsally, attached to cephad edge of tegumen, slightly curved in “s” shape to saccus with triangular caudad projecting flange halfway; saccus small, triangular, flat; valvae elongated, tip bifurcated in two pointed projections on each side, dorsal projection slightly curved with rough edges, broader in ventral view, lower projection shorter, narrower, at divergent angle from dorsal projection; transtilla connecting two sides of valvae dorsally to aedeagus, ending caudad in two small points (Fig. 26); aedeagus curved, pointed, with ventral flange before attachment to the curved pedicel, vesica leaves aedeagus dorsally before pointed tip and contains two, small separate elongated cornuti, one slightly longer than the other.</p><p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a noun in opposition in Latin signifying peace, a word particularly important and relevant to the current situation in Colombia, and especially the Departments where this species is found.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 29, yellow circles). The range of Emesis pacis sp. nov. is limited to the northern portion of the western cordillera in the Departments of Risaralda, Antioquia and Valle de Cauca. Additional data comes from the photos of amateur photographers:</p><p>1♂, Antioquia, Jardín; 1 ♂ Valle de Cauca, El Cairo, Cerro el Inglés, 4°45’N / 76°16’W, 2068m, 16.viii.2018, Joel Tupac Otero Ospina; 1 ♂ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat 5.2)">Pueblo Rico</a>, Risaralda, 5°12’N / 76°04’W, 1505 m, Daniel Jaramillo Ferrer ; 1 ♂ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88966&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4951386" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88966/lat 5.4951386)">Reserva Mesenia-Paramillo</a>, 5°29’42.5”N / 75°53’22.8”W, 2190m, 13–14.vi.2014, Kim Garwood .</p><p>Type material. Holotype male from Colombia, Risaralda, with the following labels:HOLOTYPUS/ COLOMBIA Risaralda, Pueblo Rico Cuchilla La Línea PNN <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.148333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.03333/lat 5.148333)">Tatamá</a> 05°08´54”N / 76°02’00”W, 2150m, Bosque, T. Van Someren-Rydon, 19–20.viii.2004, L. Franco / Instituto Humboldt, Colombia IAvH-E-86367</p><p>Paratypes: COLOMBIA: 1♂ Frondino, Antioquia, NHMUK Natural History Museum, United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom .</p><p>Biology (Figs. 27, 28). Emesis pacis sp. nov. is apparently a very rare species endemic to the central region in the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. This region is characterized by very high rainfall (Mountain Rain Forest (bp-M), and Mid Mountain Rain Forest (bp-MB) and is very rich in endemic species with distribution restricted to the biogeographic Chocó region, including Pseudotinea volcanicus (Callaghan &amp; Salazar, 1997), Mesene ingrumaensis Callaghan &amp; Salazar, 1999, Euselasia tenebrosa (Constantino, G. Rodríguez &amp; Salazar, 2011), Mesosemia portentosa (Stichel, 1927), M. vemania Constantino, Salazar &amp; Rodríguez, 2010, and Pelolasia bettina (Hewitson, 1869) . Our observations suggest that Emesis pacis sp. nov. is most common during the drier months, especially June and August. Occurs rarely in areas of undisturbed cloud forest between 1500–2500m near streams and small clearings where the males can be observed perching with wings outspread or imbibing mineral salts on wet sand (Figs. 27–28) on sunny days when the environmental temperature is above 24 °C.</p><p>Discussion: Emesis (Tenedia) pacis sp. nov. was first known from a lone male specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) photographed and published by D’Abrera (1994), in his volume VI of Butterflies of the Neotropical Region as an undescribed taxon. Another lone specimen, the Holotype, was found in the Instituto Humboldt collection in Villa de Leyva, Colombia. Since then, the species has been recorded occasionally by amateur butterfly photographers from various localities in western Colombia.</p><p>In their genomic analysis of the tribe Emesidini, Zhang et al. (2019) defined a subgenus Tenedia Grishin based exclusively on DNA data, on the absence of apparent synapomorphy. However, all the species cited by them as belonging to this subgenus share two elongated slightly divergent posterior projections in the male genitalia. As in the case of most groups belonging to the tribe Emesidini, there is considerable individual variation which complicates the classification on the species level. Species status is best confirmed using barcoding or other genomic techniques. However, in the case of the present taxon, the morphological characters of the wing maculation described above show very slight variation in the individuals studied and is sufficient to confirm its species status.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A7878F9855FFA0FF76F94CFB65F87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Callaghan, Curtis John;Trujano-Ortega, Marysol;Ríos-Málaver, Indiana C.	Callaghan, Curtis John, Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Ríos-Málaver, Indiana C. (2024): Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Zootaxa 5443 (3): 406-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5443.3.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5443.3.5
