taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A7CA1D85621458E7C6FC7BFB2201D6.taxon	description	Definition. Small to very large myliobatiform fishes (adults from 22 cm to 260 cm DW) and distinguished by the following combination of characters: body variably depressed with a well-formed oval, circular or rhombic disc that fully incorporates head; snout angular to obtuse and sometimes very elongate; nasal curtain well developed, skirt-shaped, rectangular or bilobed; five gill slits; oral papillae usually present on floor of mouth; tail moderately stout to slender-based and more or less elongated (sometimes very elongate and whip-like); dorsal surface variably covered with dermal denticles, thorns and / or tubercles, smooth to very spiny and often with a median thorn row and / or a median denticle band; no dorsal or caudal fins; 1 – 4 prominent caudal stings, positioned on tail well posterior to pelvic fins; skin folds variably developed on the ventral and sometimes dorsal midline of tail; dorsal surface plain to strongly patterned, usually darker than ventral surface. Subfamilies. Dasyatinae Jordan and Gilbert, 1879, Hypolophinae Stromer, 1910, Neotrygoninae subfam. nov., and Urogymninae Gray, 1851.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85621458E7C6FC7BFB2201D6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Four subfamilies are recognised that are consistent with the family groups identified by Lim et al. (2015). Although, as discussed already, their proposed names are not available (R. van der Laan, pers. comm.), we maintained use of one of their groups by erecting a new taxon at the rank of subfamily: Neotrygoninae. Hypolophinae was resurrected and the Urogymninae resurrected and elevated from the rank of tribe.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85621459E7C6F887FE7D055B.taxon	description	Definition. Morphologically variable subfamily with no unique character states; disc circular, flattened coneshaped but mostly rhombic; snout short to long; tail variably depressed, short and firm to long and whip-like; oral papillae 1 – 7 or absent; dorsal tail fold developed or reduced to a fleshy ridge or absent; denticle band absent (typically weak if present), no tail thorns in most species, and usually plain dorsal surface coloration with dark posterior tail. All members with a short to long-based ventral tail fold that can be poorly developed to deep, and caudal sting relatively well forward on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2 – 3 times interspiracular width). Genera. Bathytoshia, Dasyatis, Hemitrygon, Hypanus, Megatrygon, Pteroplatytrygon, Taeniurops and Telatrygon.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85621459E7C6F887FE7D055B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The group contains eight genera of which three are resurrected (Bathytoshia, Hemitrygon and Hypanus) and two are new (Megatrygon and Telatrygon). Several nomenclatural issues need to be discussed that relate specifically to each of the genera. Species are treated in more detail in an identification guide to rays of the world (Last et al. in press) and other review papers in preparation, but synonymies are discussed briefly in Remarks sections for each genus.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85631459E7C6FD13FBF402DC.taxon	description	Species. B. brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875), B. centroura (Mitchill, 1815), and B. lata (Garman, 1880).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85631459E7C6FD13FBF402DC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Former junior synonym of Dasyatis (Kottelat, 2013) includes a small group of very large and widely distributed stingrays. Molecular data (G. Naylor, unpubl.) provides evidence that species complexes (A) Bathytoshia (as Dasyatis) brevicaudata and D. matsubarai Miyosi, 1939, and (B) Bathytoshia (as Dasyatis) lata, D. thetidis Ogilby, 1899, D. ushiei (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925), and eastern Atlantic stingrays identified as D. centroura (e. g. McEachran & Capapé, 1984), are populations of just two species (i. e. D. brevicaudata and D. lata). A western Atlantic species, Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815), is not conspecific with Bathytoshia of the eastern Atlantic. The pelagic stingray Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832), which clusters with these species (Fig. 1), is morphologically distinct from all other members of the family.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8563145AE7C6F98EFB0606A9.taxon	description	Species. D. chrysonota (Smith, 1828), D. hypostigma Santos & Carvalho, 2004, D. marmorata (Steindachner, 1892), D. pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758), and D. tortonesei Capapé, 1977.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8563145AE7C6F98EFB0606A9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The polyphyletic genus Dasyatis, once thought to consist of 36 species with widespread distributions in tropical and temperate seas, now applies to a monophyletic group of five small to medium-sized species found in the Atlantic (including the Mediterranean Sea) and SW Indian Ocean (see Fig. 1). Molecular data supports the non-conspecificity of similar blue-marbled forms, D. chrysonota and D. marmorata.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8560145AE7C6FDA7FBED02F6.taxon	description	Definition. Small to medium-sized dasyatids (adults typically to 31 – 66 cm DW, 93 cm DW in H. fluviorum) characterised by the following: depressed to robust, weakly rhombic to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular to broadly rounded; snout obtuse to broadly angular and moderately elongate (1.7 – 2.5 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small to very small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain typically broadly skirt shaped; mouth narrow, with 1 – 7 oral papillae (typically with 3 centrally); tail short and filamentous to long and whip-like (length 0.8 – 2.9 times DW), its base depressed oval and not especially broad; pelvic fins mediumsized to large, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold variably developed, typically low or reduced to form a ridge; ventral fold low with a short to long base; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.9 – 2.6 times interspiracular width); median thorns on disc in a row, often poorly defined or absent; denticle band poorly defined, small, diffuse or absent; skin smooth or with a patchy coverage of denticles; scapular thorns small or absent; tail sometimes with large median thorns, otherwise smooth or partly covered with fine denticles; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes yellow or orange; tail plain, usually black distally; estuarine / marine, Western Pacific. Species. H. akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841), H. bennetti (Müller & Henle, 1841), H. fluviorum (Ogilby, 1908), H. izuensis (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988), H. laevigata (Chu, 1960), H. laosensis (Roberts & Karnasuta, 1987), H. longicauda (Last & White, 2013), H. navarrae (Steindachner, 1892), H. parvonigra (Last & White, 2008), and H. sinensis (Steindachner, 1892).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8560145AE7C6FDA7FBED02F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Resurrected genus and formerly a junior synonym of Dasyatis (Kottelat, 2013), it consists of 10 morphologically similar species formerly placed in Dasyatis. The group is under review (PL); some of the nominal species listed above may be synonyms but other un-named species appear to exist.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8560145BE7C6FA67FD4C0693.taxon	description	Species. H. americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928), H. dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880), H. guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), H. longus (Garman, 1880), H. marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000), H. rudis (Günther, 1870), H. sabinus (Lesueur, 1824), and H. say (Lesueur, 1817).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8560145BE7C6FA67FD4C0693.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Resurrected genus, formerly considered a junior synonym of Dasyatis (Kottelat, 2013), now provisionally consists of eight somewhat morphologically heterogeneous species. Six of these species cluster together based on molecular data (see Fig. 1), but provisional placement of H. marianae and H. rudis still needs to be confirmed when tissues become available.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8561145BE7C6FDCBFCA4024C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Trygon microps Annandale, 1908: 393; newly proposed, monotypic. Definition. Very large dasyatid (adults to 220 cm DW) characterised by the following: very robust, broad rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex angular; snout broadly angular (~ 3 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small and sunken; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth narrow, with 5 oral papillae; tail short (length subequal to DW), very broad-based and depressed anteriorly, very strongly tapered at caudal sting then becoming filamentous; pelvic fins large, protruding greatly beyond disc; dorsal fold forming a low ridge; ventral fold low with a very short base; caudal sting posterior on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base more than 3 times interspiracular width); skin densely covered with minute stellate denticles but denticle band absent; no median rows of thorns and scapular thorns absent; tail base and sides covered with thorny denticles; dorsal colour plain; ventral surface white, disc margin dark; tail plain, black distally; marine, Indo – West Pacific.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8561145BE7C6FDCBFCA4024C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combination of the Greek mégas (great, large, mighty) and Greek trygon (stingray) with reference to the massive bulk of this gigantic stingray. Species. M. microps (Annandale, 1908).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8561145BE7C6FDCBFCA4024C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, monotypic genus and formerly assigned to Dasyatis. The placement of Megatrygon microps in the family Dasyatidae is provisional as molecular data (see also Naylor et al., in press) suggest that it, along with the ‘ amphi-American Himantura ’, are more closely related to the freshwater Neotropical stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) of South America. Further investigations are needed to determine the position of this species in the order Myliobatiformes, but it may belong in its own family.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8561145CE7C6FAFEFB4B079E.taxon	description	Definition. Medium-sized dasyatid (adults to 80 cm DW) characterised by the following: very robust, broadly cone-shaped disc with pectoral-fin apex angular; snout short and rounded (1.1 – 1.3 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small and sunken; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth very narrow, with numerous oral papillae; tail moderately elongate (length> 2 times DW), rather broad-based and depressed anteriorly, very strongly tapered at caudal sting then becoming filamentous; pelvic fins large, protruding well beyond disc, with long inner margins; dorsal fold rudimentary or absent; ventral fold low with a long base; caudal sting moderately well back on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base ~ 1.6 times interspiracular width); dense median row of small thorns and small denticles extending from nape onto tail; skin otherwise smooth or with sparse denticles; denticle band and scapular thorns absent; dorsal and ventral surfaces similarly plain and dark; marine, cosmopolitan. Species. P. violacea (Bonaparte, 1832).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8561145CE7C6FAFEFB4B079E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Frequently assigned to Dasyatis (e. g. Krefft & Stehmann, 1973; Rosenberger, 2001), Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) is a pelagic stingray with a body shape and coloration that is unique within the family. Molecular data suggest it is not monophyletic with newly defined Dasyatis, but might be monophyletic when assigned to Bathytoshia (Fig. 1). To avoid creating further confusion, this monotypic genus is retained provisionally pending more thorough morphological and molecular investigations.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8566145CE7C6FECFFD75034E.taxon	description	Definition. Large to very large dasyatids (adults to 100 – 180 cm DW) characterised by the following: robust, almost circular disc; snout obtuse to broadly angular (2 – 2.2 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt-shaped; mouth medium-sized, with ~ 7 oral papillae (in T. meyeni); tail firm and short (length slightly exceeding DW), its base rather broad and depressed; pelvic fins small, subrectangular, not protruding, inner margin long; dorsal fold absent; ventral fold deep with a long base; caudal sting positioned rather anteriorly on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2 – 2.3 times interspiracular width); skin rough in adults and denticle band absent; continuous strip of small median thorns on disc and tail in most adults, scapular thorns present or absent; tail prickly; strong dorsal colour plain or heavily black and white blotched; ventral disc white with dark margins; tail uniformly black; Atlantic (including the Mediterranean Sea) and Indo – West Pacific. Species. T. grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) and T. meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8566145CE7C6FECFFD75034E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Formerly placed within Taeniura (e. g. Last & Stevens, 1994; Last & Compagno, 1999) and later resurrected by Last & Stevens (2009), T. meyeni forms a monophyletic group with its cognate T. grabata, outside the subfamily Neotrygoninae and within the Dasyatinae, close to Dasyatis (see Fig. 1). The two Taeniurops species are morphologically distinct from other Dasyatinae in disc shape (almost circular) and ventral tail fold morphology (fold unusually deep and continuous to tail tip).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8566145DE7C6FBFFFC2C0602.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Trygon zugei Müller & Henle, 1841; newly proposed. Definition. Small to medium-sized dasyatids (adults typically to 29 – 73 cm DW) characterised by the following: strongly depressed, weakly rhombic to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular to broadly rounded; snout acutely angular and elongate (2.9 – 4 + times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small to very small and sunken; nasal curtain typically narrowly skirt-shaped; mouth narrow and lacking oral papillae; tail rather long and filamentous distally (length 1.4 – 3 times DW), its base narrow to medium width; pelvic fins medium-sized, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold variably developed, from prominent to absent; ventral fold low with a short to long base; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2 – 2.5 times interspiracular width); skin smooth; no scapular thorns or denticle band; median thorns on nape in a row, usually separated from larger thorn-like denticles on tail; no other thorns or rarely denticles on tail; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin usually dark edged; tail plain or darker dorsally than ventrally; marine, Northern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8566145DE7C6FBFFFC2C0602.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combination of the Latin telum (javelin, spear, arrow, dart) and Greek trygon (stingray) with reference to the long, narrowly pointed snout possessed by all members of the genus. Species. T. acutirostra (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988), T. crozieri (Blyth, 1860), T. zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841), and an undescribed species.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8566145DE7C6FBFFFC2C0602.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically conservative genus whose members were formerly assigned to Dasyatis. Telatrygon acutirostra resembles other species of Telatrygon in disc shape (apart from having a much longer snout and tail, smaller eyes, and less well-developed skin folds on the tail). It is otherwise similar in the states of most external characters used to define the dasyatid genera. However, based on phylogenetic analysis of NADH 2 sequences (and unpublished analyses of whole mitochondrial genomes), T. acutirostra does not cluster with other species of Telatrygon (Fig. 1), so its placement in the group is provisional pending more detailed anatomical studies. Telatrygon is represented by an undescribed species in the Western Pacific (Last, White & Naylor, submitted), and a cognate occurring in the northern Indian Ocean (identified by molecular data, GN) appears to be conspecific with Trygon crozieri Blyth, 1860; placed in synonymy with Dasyatis (= Telatrygon) zugei by Nishida & Nakaya (1988, 1990). Although Blyth’s description is brief, his species is undoubtedly a Telatrygon, based on disc shape, squamation, and tail morphology. Given that no other member of this group is known from the region, we propose the resurrection of Blyth’s species as Telatrygon crozieri.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8567145DE7C6FBDEFE2100E1.taxon	description	Species. N. annotata (Last, 1987), N. australiae Last, White & Séret, 2016, N. caeruleopunctata Last, White & Séret, 2016, N. kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841), N. leylandi (Last, 1987), N. ningalooensis Last, White & Puckridge, 2010, N. orientale Last, White & Séret, 2016, N. picta Last & White, 2008, N. trigonoides (Castelnau, 1873), and N. varidens (Garman, 1885).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8567145DE7C6FBDEFE2100E1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The taxonomy of a subgroup of Neotrygon, the kuhlii-complex, is not fully resolved (Puckridge et al., 2013). Three new members of the kuhlii-complex were described recently and a Western Pacific species (N. varidens) was resurrected (Last et al., 2016). Members of this subgroup are very similar in morphology and an Indo – Pacific revision is needed.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8564145EE7C6FF1BFDBB058C.taxon	description	Species. T. lymma (Forsskål, 1775) and an undescribed species.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8564145EE7C6FF1BFDBB058C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Distinctive and locally abundant rays on coral reefs of the tropical Indo – West Pacific. An undescribed species occurs in Melanesia.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8564145FE7C6F912FCA50506.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Dasyatis javaensis Last & White, 2013; newly proposed. Definition. Small dasyatids (adults typically to 23 – 32 cm DW) characterised by the following: strongly depressed, oval to suboval disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout acutely angular and elongate (1.9 – 3.6 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt shaped; mouth medium-sized with 2 – 4 oral papillae; tail rather short and semi-rigid or filamentous distally (length 1 – 2.2 times DW), its base broad and strongly or weakly depressed; pelvic fins small to medium-sized, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent (low ridges present in B. walga); caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.4 – 2 times interspiracular width); denticle band well developed with edge sharply defined, skin on rest of disc naked; median thorns on disc weak, those on tail larger when present; no scapular thorns and rarely denticles on posterior tail; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin dark edged; posterior tail plain or with pale lateral stripe; marine, Indo – West Pacific.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8564145FE7C6F912FCA50506.taxon	description	Species. B. heterura (Bleeker, 1852), B. imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), B. javaensis (Last & White, 2013), and B. walga (Müller & Henle, 1841).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8564145FE7C6F912FCA50506.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combination of the Latin brevi (short) and Greek trygon (stingray) reflects the short and semirigid tail of all members of the genus.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8564145FE7C6F912FCA50506.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically conservative genus with four small species previously placed in Himantura. The taxonomy of this group is very confused and is the subject of a generic review in progress (PL, unpublished). Brevitrygon heterura (Bleeker, 1852) is the correct name of a common Western Pacific species, misidentified as Himantura (= Brevitrygon) walga (Müller & Henle, 1841). Brevitrygon walga and B. imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) are both confined to the Indian Ocean.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8565145FE7C6FD37FBC602DC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Himantura signifer Compagno & Roberts, 1982; newly proposed. Definition. Small dasyatids (adults typically to ~ 37 cm DW) characterised by the following: depressed, oval to almost circular disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout acutely angular to obtuse, short or long (2.2 – 3.7 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small or small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt shaped; mouth narrow to medium-sized with 2 – 8 oral papillae; tail rather short or long, whip-like (length 1.3 – 3.8 times DW), its base narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins medium-sized, almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting rather forward on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2.3 – 3.2 times interspiracular width); 0 – 2 pearl-shaped mid-scapular thorns, no other scapular thorns; denticle band well developed with edge diffuse to sharply defined, skin on rest of disc typically naked; median thorns on tail weak or absent, small denticles usually on posterior tail in adults; dorsal coloration plain or with strong pattern; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes dark edged; posterior tail plain or with pattern; estuarine / freshwater, Indo – Malay Archipelago.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8565145FE7C6FD37FBC602DC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combination of the Latin fluvius (river) and Greek trygon (stingray) reflects the riverine distribution of all members of the genus. Species. F. kittipongi (Vidthayanon & Roberts, 2006), F. oxyrhyncha (Sauvage, 1878), and F. signifer (Compagno & Roberts, 1982).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D8565145FE7C6FD37FBC602DC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically similar genus consisting of three small species previously placed in Himantura. These freshwater / estuarine species are sister to Brevitrygon (Fig. 3), but differ in tail morphology from members of that marine group (having a longer, narrower-based, whip-like tail).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85651440E7C6F98EFBA60596.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Trygon margarita Günther, 1870; newly proposed. Definition. Heterogeneous group of small to large dasyatids (adults 28 – 165 cm DW) characterised by the following: variably depressed, oval to almost circular disc (weakly rhombic in F. c o l a ren s i s) with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout acutely angular to obtuse, long to very long (1.8 – 4 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small or small and sunken to protruding slightly; nasal curtain skirt-shaped to bilobed; mouth narrow to very narrow with 1 – 5 oral papillae; tail rather short or long, whip-like (length 1.5 – 3.8 times DW), its base narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins small to medium-sized, almost entirely concealed by disc (except long, pointed and well exposed in F. g e i j s k es i); dorsal fold reduced to a ridge or absent; ventral fold low or very low, short to long based; caudal sting not positioned well back on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.9 – 3 times interspiracular width); 1 – 4 mid-scapular thorns or thorns on nape in a row; small scapular thorns present; denticle band well developed with edge diffuse to sharply defined, skin on rest of disc prickly or with patchy denticles; median thorns on tail either continuous with those of mid-disc or absent; rest of tail naked or spiny; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes dark edged; posterior tail typically plain; marine / estuarine / freshwater, western Africa and Atlantic Ocean.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85651440E7C6F98EFBA60596.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combination of the Latin fontis (spring, fountain) and Greek trygon (stingray) reflects an ability of these stingrays to live in estuaries and freshwater. Species. F. c o l a re ns i s (Santos, Gomes & Charvet-Almeida, 2004), F. garouaensis (Stauch & Blanc, 1962), F. geijskesi (Boeseman, 1948), F. margarita (Günther, 1870), F. margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984), and F. ukpam (Smith, 1863).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85651440E7C6F98EFBA60596.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically heterogeneous genus consisting of six small to large stingrays, with two species confined to freshwater and the others to estuarine / marine habitats. The tail is long and whip-like (typical of the Urogymninae), but has a well-developed ventral skin fold so they have been traditionally placed in the genus Dasyatis. Fontitrygon margarita and F. margaritella are assigned in this group based on molecular data (Fig. 3), but placement of the other three species is provisional in the absence of sequence data. The four species from western Africa form a natural group based on morphology. However, the two western Atlantic species, F. colarensis and F. geijskesi, differ significantly from the other taxa (a much more elongated, narrowly pointed snout, smaller and somewhat sunken eyes, and pelvic fins longer and protruding further beyond the disc margin), and may prove to be non-congeneric with the African species. More data is needed for this group.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857A1440E7C6FCC7FBFE0179.taxon	description	Species. H. leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008, H. uarnak (Gmelin, 1789), H. undulata (Bleeker, 1852), and an undescribed species.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857A1440E7C6FCC7FBFE0179.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus Himantura, which was once represented widely in the Indo – West Pacific by ~ 20 species, is now restricted to a group of four large Indo – Pacific species with strong colour patterns. The taxonomy of this group is under review (PL & MM) and a new species exists in Australasian seas.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857A1441E7C6F9F7FD7A05CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Trygon gerrardi Gray, 1851: 116; newly proposed. Definition. Small to large dasyatids (adults to 42 – 116 cm DW) characterised by the following: firm, rather depressed to robust, suboval to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular to rounded; snout broadly angular, short to moderately elongate (1.7 – 2.7 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain skirt-shaped; mouth narrow with 2 – 5 oral papillae (lateral papillae present in most species); tail long, whip-like (length 1.8 – 3.4 times DW), its base typically narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins small, almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.9 – 2.5 times interspiracular width); 1 – 3 variably developed mid-scapular thorns or thorns in row on nape, no other scapular thorns; denticle band well developed with edge sharply defined, skin on rest of disc naked or with patchy denticles; no row of enlarged median thorns on tail, fine denticles posteriorly in most adults; dorsal surface plain or with spotted colour pattern; ventral surface white, disc sometimes dark or yellow edged; posterior tail typically half or fully banded in young; marine, Indo – West Pacific.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857A1441E7C6F9F7FD7A05CE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Combination of the Latin macula (stain, mark, spot) and batis (skate, ray, flatfish) alludes to the spotted coloration and / or black-and-white banded tail of most members of the genus. Species. M. astra (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Pogonoski, 2008), M. gerrardi (Gray, 1851), M. macrura (Bleeker, 1852), M. pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852), M. randalli (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Moore, 2012), M. toshi (Whitley, 1939) and three undescribed species.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857A1441E7C6F9F7FD7A05CE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically similar genus consisting of nine medium to large, marine whiprays previously placed in Himantura. The group contains at least three new species that are presently being described by the authors and their associates. Molecular analyses have divided the group into two subgroups; one containing largely black-spotted and / or white-spotted whiprays (gerrardi-complex), and another of largely plain-coloured whiprays (pastinacoides-complex) (see Fig. 3).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857B1441E7C6FD7FFBA40108.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Trygon uarnacoides Bleeker, 1852; newly proposed. Definition. Medium-sized to large dasyatids (adults to 71 – 150 cm DW) characterised by the following: rather depressed to robust, suboval to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly to broadly rounded; snout angular to obtuse, rather short to elongate (1.7 – 5.5 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small to small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth very narrow to broad, with 2 – 4 oral papillae (absent in P. hortlei); tail short to very long, whip-like (length 1.1 – 4.1 times DW), its base typically narrow and almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins small, produced slightly or almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.6 – 2.2 times interspiracular width); 1 – 3 variably developed, pearl-shaped mid-scapular thorns or thorns in row on nape; no shoulder thorns; denticle band well developed with edge typically sharply defined, skin on rest of disc naked or with patchy denticles; no row of enlarged median thorns on tail (except well developed in P. j en k i n s i i and connected with row on disc); posterior tail often with fine denticles or prickly; dorsal surface plain; ventral surface white, disc often dark edged; tail plain, not banded; marine and estuarine, Indo – West Pacific.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857B1441E7C6FD7FFBA40108.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Cryptic combination of the Latin pateo (lie open, be exposed) and batis (skate, ray, flatfish) alluding the eclectic nature of members of this group. Species. P. bleekeri (Blyth 1860), P. f a i (Jordan & Seale, 1906), P. hortlei (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Kailola, 2006), P. jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909), and P. uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852).	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857B1441E7C6FD7FFBA40108.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically heterogeneous genus consisting of five medium-size to very large, marine whiprays previously placed in the genus Himantura. Two widely distributed and relatively abundant species, Pateobatis fai and P. jenkinsii, have a broad rhombic disc with a short obtuse snout, whereas the other three species have a characteristic subcircular disc with a long, pointed snout. These species cluster together using mitochondrial data (Fig. 3), but analyses using nuclear genes may provide other insights.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857B1442E7C6F942FAD70596.taxon	description	lobistoma); tail typically whip-like (but relatively short and stiff in U. asperrimus), short to long (length 1 – 3.1 times DW), its base typically narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins very small to small, almost entirely or fully concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting absent, or positioned normally or well back on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.8 – 3.3 times interspiracular width); 1 – 3 mid-scapular thorns or thorns absent; no distinct shoulder thorn patch or median row on tail; denticle band well developed, its edge typically diffuse; skin elsewhere, often very rough or prickly (extremely so in U. asperrimus); posterior tail with fine denticles or very prickly; dorsal surface plain or almost plain; ventral surface white, disc often dark edged; tail plain blackish or white, not banded; marine / estuarine / freshwater, Indo – West Pacific. Species. U. asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), U. dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008), U. granulatus (Macleay, 1883), U. lobistomus (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006), U. polylepis (Bleeker, 1852), and an undescribed species.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D857B1442E7C6F942FAD70596.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Formerly monotypic, containing only the very spiny porcupine ray, Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Molecular analysis confirms its placement in the Urogymninae (Fig. 5). Five additional, large to very large species, including a new whipray from Australasia, were added to the group based on molecular data (Fig. 3). These species all have a flexible, oval or subcircular disc, small or very small eyes, and relatively small pelvic fins. Some live in freshwater. An undescribed species occurs in inshore habitats of Australasia.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85781443E7C6F9A2FB4F07B3.taxon	description	Species. M. chindwinensis Roberts, 2007	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85781443E7C6F9A2FB4F07B3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Poorly known (based on the holotype); more specimens and tissues needed.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85791443E7C6FEABFEC0036C.taxon	description	Definition. Small to very large dasyatids (adults to 43 – 200 cm DW or more) characterised by the following: depressed to robust, rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex angular to narrowly rounded; snout obtuse or broadly angular, and short to medium length (1.6 – 2.4 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain distinctly bilobed; mouth narrow to medium-width with 5 oral papillae; tail firm and long to very long (length 1.8 – 3.2 times DW), its base broad to very broad and noticeably depressed; pelvic fins large, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold absent; ventral fold deep to very deep with a long base; caudal sting positioned posteriorly on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 3.5 – 4.6 times interspiracular width); denticles on dorsal surface of disc patchy, denticle band well developed, but with diffuse edges; 1 – 3 variably developed, pearl or heart-shaped mid-scapular thorns, no other thorns on disc; tail prickly but lacking enlarged thorns (except in Pastinachus stellurostris); plain coloured dorsally, ventrally white, disc margin often dark; marine / estuarine, Indo – West Pacific. Species. P. at er (Macleay, 1883), P. gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2010, P. sephen (Forsskål, 1775), P. solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005, and P. stellurostris Last, Fahmi & Naylor, 2010.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
03A7CA1D85791443E7C6FEABFEC0036C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Until recently, thought to consist of a single, widespread Indo – Pacific species, Pastinachus sephen (Last & Stevens, 1994). Recent research (confirmed by molecular data) has demonstrated that the group is not monotypic, and P. s e ph e n is restricted to the northwestern Indian Ocean and another large stingray (P. a t e r) is more widespread.	en	Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa 4139 (3): 345-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
