identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A73A58FFEBFFFDF1B6CBD375CDFAFF.text	03A73A58FFEBFFFDF1B6CBD375CDFAFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia aptera Blume 1827	<div><p>1. Begonia aptera Blume (1827: 97) (Figures 1 &amp; 2)</p> <p>Sect. Platycentrum</p> <p>≡Diploclinium apterum (Blume) Miquel (1856: 691)</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi: Tondano, s.coll., s.n. (lectotype L! [Herb. Ludg. Bat. 898194-39], designated by Hughes [2008]).</p> <p>= Begonia cristata Warb. ex Smith &amp; Wasshausen (1983: 442)</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, North Sulawesi: Minahasa, Tomohon, iv 1984, K.F. &amp; P.B. Sarasin 288 (lectotype K!, designated by Smith &amp; Wasshausen [1983]).</p> <p>= Begonia renifolia Imscher (1913: 379)</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, North Sulawesi: Minahasa, Bojong, N. Wallich 15188 (holo B!).</p> <p>= Begonia aptera subsp. hirtissima Girmansyah &amp; Thomas (2009: 72).</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Kolaka Regency, Ranteangin District, Tinukari Village, Mt. Mekongga, 21 March 2006, D. Girmansyah Deden 654 (holotype BO!, isotypes E!, L, K!, US).</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; widespread in E Malesia (Sulawesi, Moluccas and W New Guinea). Habitat:— Primary to secondary lowland, hill and upland forests at 200–1500 m elevation.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Least Concern (LC). Begonia aptera is widespread in eastern Malesia (Sulawesi, Moluccas and West New Guinea) and locally common in both primary and secondary forest habitats. Using GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011), the species’ Extend of Occurrence (EOO) was estimated at 690,000 km 2.</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia aptera is one of the most widespread Begonia species in eastern Malesia. It is part of the Begonia longifolia Blume (1823: 102) species complex (Tebbitt 2003). Within this complex, several taxa which are morphologically similar to the type of Begonia aptera have been described (Tebbitt 2003, Girmansyah et al. 2009). Material collected all over Sulawesi in the last 10 years shows that there are transitional forms in this morphospace, however, and we have consequently put these names in synonymy. There is considerable morphological variation between populations in Sulawesi with regard to leaf size and shape, leaf margin serration, indumentum density (glabrous to densely hairy), and fruit morphology (fruit wings clearly developed, or only present as small rims, or absent) (Fig. 1). Moreover, Begonia aptera typically has three-locular ovaries and fruits, but individuals with aberrant fruit morphology (two- or four-locular fruits) have been occasionally observed in herbarium material (DCT 09-109 [BO, E]), the field and cultivation. This situation is similar to the considerable morphological variation observed in the closely related and widespread Begonia longifolia (see Hughes &amp; Girmansyah, 2011). This species shows a very wide distribution from continental Southeast Asia to the Lesser Sunda Isles, and it has also been reported from Sulawesi. However, only two collections from Sulawesi have been cited in the literature (Johannsson et al. 76 [K] in Tebbitt [2003]; Hendrian et al. 939 [E, L] in Hughes [2008]), both of which fall in the morphological variability observed in Begonia aptera. Begonia longifolia (material from Malaysia) and B. aptera (material from Sulawesi) were retrieved as sister taxa in molecular phylogenies based on cpDNA data (Thomas et al. 2012), and relaxed molecular clock analyses indicate that the split occurred relatively recently, in a Pleistocene timeframe (ca. 1 Ma, 95% HPD [highest posterior density interval]: 0.1–1.2 Ma). The two species are morphologically similar, and have been mainly differentiated by leaf shape and leaf margin characters (typically broadly elliptic and bidentate to -serrate in Begonia aptera; typically lanceolate or occasionally the larger leaves broadly elliptic, margin single toothed to almost entire in B. longifolia; see identification key in Tebbit [2003]).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi: Southeast Sulawesi: Mt. Watoewila, 25 Mar. 1929, G.K. Kjellberg 1032 (BO); Kendari-Kolaka, 23 May 2008, A.R. Kertonegoro ARK 253 (BO); Mt. Sophura, Wutamole District, 12 May 2008 D. Girmansyah Deden 859 (BO, K); Mt. Pondunaah, Wutamole District, 13 May 2008, D. Girmansyah Deden 880 (BO, K); Mt. Lasumowo, Mowewe District, 24 May 2008, D. Girmansyah Deden 1037 (BO, K); Bite forest, Lalingato, Tirawuta Subdistrict, Kolaka, 17 July 2008; A. Hidayat AH 3677 (BO, K); Bite forest, Lalingato, Tirawuta District, Kolaka, 17 July 2008; Arief Hidayat AH 3678 (BO, K); North Kolaka, Rante Angin, Tinukari Village, 7 Aug. 2009. A. Hidayat et al. 4186 (BO); North Kolaka, Rante Angin, Tinukari Village, 10 Aug. 2009. A. Hidayat et al. 4285 (BO); Wawatobi-Lasolo road divide, 12 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 151 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, 17 Mar. 2006, H. Wiriadinata et al. 12976 (BO). North Kolaka, Rante Angin, Tinukari Village, 20 Dec. 2009. E.A. Widjaja &amp; Agus Suyadi EAW 8919 (BO); North Kolaka, Rante Angin, Tinukari Village, 29 June 2010. E.A. Widjaja &amp; Agus Suyadi EAW 9058 (BO); North Kolaka, Rante Angin, Tinukari Village, 20 Dec. 2009. E.A. Widjaja et al. EAW 9721 (BO); Mt. Pondunaa, Watuwila, 12 May 2008, A.R. Kartonegoro ARK 231 (BO).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFEBFFFDF1B6CBD375CDFAFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFEEFFFDF1B6CB4F70F1F7CA.text	03A73A58FFEEFFFDF1B6CB4F70F1F7CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia balgooyi D. C. Thomas & Ardi	<div><p>2. Begonia balgooyi D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi in Thomas et al. (2018: 162) (Figures 1 &amp; 3)</p> <p>Sect. Petermannia</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Kolaka District, Mangolo Forest Reserve, 68 m, 3 February 2017, W.H. Ardi 133 (holotype BO!; isotypes KRB!, SING!).</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi. Known from only three localities: Mangolo Nature Recreation Park, Mt. Watuwila, and the Matarombeo mountain range.</p> <p>Habitat:— On steep slopes or river embankments in lowland and upland rainforest, in dense shade, on limestone soils, at ca. 50–1200 m elevation.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Endangered EN B1ab(iii),B2ab(iii) (see Thomas et al., 2008).</p> <p>Notes: ─ Begonia balgooyi is distinct in Begonia section Petermannia on account of its palmately compound leaves, and it can easily be differentiated from the other two palmately compound-leaved species in the section from Sulawesi: Begonia insueta D.C. Thomas &amp; Ardi [2011: 230] is a much more robust plant and has characteristic fruits with much longer pedicels (to 19 mm long) and unequal wings; B. rachmatii Tebbitt (2005: 101) has many-flowered cymoseracemose male inflorescences composed of multiple monochasial partial inflorescences, 15–30 stamens per male flower, and subsessile fruits (pedicels 1–2 mm), while B. balgooyi has male inflorescences comprised of single fewflowered monochasia, male flowers with 46–50 stamens, and longer fruit pedicels (to 9 mm long) (Thomas et al. 2018). In its growth habit and inflorescence morphology, Begonia balgooyi is closest to the simple-leaved Begonia flacca.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: ─ INDONESIA. Southeast Sulawesi: Tawanga, B. Watuwila, ca. 1200 m, 24 Mar. 1929, Kjellberg 1010 (BO); N of Linomoyo, Mt. Matarombeo, Anoa forest, 86 m, 15 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 157 (BO, KRB, SING).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFEEFFFDF1B6CB4F70F1F7CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFEDFFFEF1B6CE97744BF8D0.text	03A73A58FFEDFFFEF1B6CE97744BF8D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia flacca Irmscher 1953	<div><p>3. Begonia flacca Irmscher (1953: 486) (Figures 1 &amp; 4)</p> <p>Sect. Petermannia</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Kendari, Peninsula SE of Kendari, 1874, O. Beccari CB4501A (lectotype FI [scan!], designated here).</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi (Danau Biru, Kendari, Tamborasi, Tanjung Peropa, Uluiwoi and Wawonii Island).</p> <p>Habitat:— Vertical limestone cliffs, limestone boulders, cave mouths in coastal areas and steep slopes in lowland forests, at 0–60 m elevation.</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia flacca was previously only known from a few specimens. The recently collected material from Kolaka, Tanjung Peropa and Wawonii Island indicates that it is relatively widespread in lowland forests on limestone in Southeast Sulawesi.</p> <p>Begonia flacca is a morphologically highly variable species. At least three populations were observed and differentiated during field work in Southeast Sulawesi. These populations show considerable variation in leaf morphology and indumentum characters. The first population was observed in Tanjung Peropa. The individuals in this population tend to have hairier stems and petioles compared to the other two populations from Kolaka and Wawonii. Other differences are related to leaf shape. The Tanjung Peropa population has elliptic leaves that have dentate to bisserate margins and are adaxially sparsely bristly between the veins. The Kolaka population is morphologically more variable than the populations in Tanjung Peropa and Wawonii. Generally the individuals in the Kolaka population are glabrous, the leaves are ovate to elliptic with entire to biserrate to slightly lobed (up to 25% of the lamina width) margins. Individuals within this population show different colour forms; some plants show reddish-brownish stems and leaves indicating a high anthocyan content. Moreover the shape of the ovary and wings are also variable, with considerable variation observed within the populations. The ovary can be obovoid, ellipsoid or cylindrical, and the wings rounded to cuneate at the base and truncate to slightly convex at the apex. Only a single individual was collected on Wawonii Island. It has ovate leaves with shallowly lobed margins. However, although some morphological differences were noticed, none seem complex enough to warrant formal taxonomic separation. All collections have the same characteristic inflorescence structure: single female flowers, frequently paired with a single male flower, and basal to the main male inflorescences, which are composed of one to three monochasial partial inflorescences.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Vunerable (VuD2). This species’ distribution includes lowland forest habitats in the karst area of North Kolaka (Tamborasi, Danau Biru and Gua Marmer), Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve and Wawonii Island. Healthy populations of Begonia flacca were observed in the legally protected area of Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve. Collections from Kolaka were from shaded road embankments where the species was locally common, but it will likely also occur deeper in the karst area as a collection has been made from Mount Watuwila (Deden 717 [BO]). Given the patchy and relatively small distribution (EOO: 5489 km 2; AOO: 28 km 2), and the poor state and pressures of lowland rain forest habitats on Sulawesi (Cannon et al. 2007), a Vunerable (VuD2) status seems warranted.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Kendari, Peninsula SE of Kendari, 1874, O, Beccari CB 4501 (FI); Kendari, 12 Apr. 1929, G.K. Kjellberg 1289 (S); Uluiwoi District, Cave Marmer, 28 Mar. 2006, Deden 717 (BO); South Konawe, Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve, Moramo Waterfall, 1 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 118 (BO, KRB, SING); South Konawe, Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve, Moramo Waterfall, 1 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 120 (BO, KRB, SING); South Konawe, Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve, Moramo Waterfall, 1 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 121 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Tamborasi, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 137 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Tamborasi, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H.Ardi WI 138 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Tamborasi, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 139 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Tamborasi, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 140 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Danau Biru, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 141 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Danau Biru, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 142 (BO, KRB, SING); North Kolaka, Danau Biru, 4 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 143 (BO, KRB, SING); Wawonii Island, Tekonea village, 24 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 182 (BO, KRB, SING).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFEDFFFEF1B6CE97744BF8D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFEDFFF0F1B6C95770EEF7E9.text	03A73A58FFEDFFF0F1B6C95770EEF7E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia incudiformicarpa Ardi & D. C. Thomas 2018	<div><p>4. Begonia incudiformicarpa Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas, spec. nov. (Figures 1 &amp; 5)</p> <p>Sect. Jackia</p> <p>This species resembles Begonia andersonii Kiew &amp; Sang (2007: 204), but differs from this species by its larger stipules (7–11 × 4–7 mm), longer petiole s (7–17 cm), broadly ovate to elliptic leaves with a crenate margin, larger tepals of the male flowers (outer tepals: 8–10 × 7–11; inner tepals: 7.5–9 × 2.5–4 mm) and female flowers (outer tepals: 5–7.5 × 5–9 mm; inner tepals: 4–6 × 1.5–4 mm). Begonia andersonii has stipules that are ca. 2 × 5 mm, the petioles are 2–10 cm long, the leaves are elliptic and have dentate margins, the outer male flower tepals are 6 × 4–6 mm, the inner male flower tepals are 4 × 1.2–2 mm, the outer female flower tepals are 3 × 3 mm, and the inner female flower tepals are 2 × 1 mm.</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Buton Island, Kakenauwe Village, 8 February 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 147 (holotype BO!; isotypes KRB!, SING!).</p> <p>Perennial, lithophytic, monoecious herb, up to ca. 10 cm tall. Stem rhizomatous, up to 10 cm long, internodes ca. 1–3 mm long. Leaves alternate; stipules persistent, triangular–ovate, 7–11 × 4–7 mm, asymmetric, margin entire and sparsely hairy, apex acute, midrib abaxially prominent, apex narrowed into bristle projecting up to 11 mm, hairy; petioles 7–17 cm long, terete, reddish, densely hairy, hairs up to 3 mm long; lamina basifixed, 4.5–12 × 4–8.8 cm, elliptic, asymmetric, coriaceous, margin crenate, ciliate and with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, base rounded, lobes overlapping, apex rounded to obtuse, adaxially reddish–greenish or brownish–greenish, slightly prominent between veins, glabrous, abaxially red with green veins, hairy on the veins only; venation palmate, primary veins 7–9, actinodromus, secondary veins craspedodromus. Inflorescences: bisexual, protandrous, axillary, dichasial cymes, branching up to 2-times; peduncle 7.5–14.7 cm long, sparsely hairy to glabrescent; bracts anisophyllus, larger oblong 2.5–6 × 2–4 mm, smaller 1–3 × 1–1.5 mm, persistent; bracteoles minute, up to 4 × 1.5 mm, oblong, persistent. Male flowers: pedicels 5–13 mm long, glabrous, white tinged pink; tepals 4, 2 outer tepals suborbicular to orbicular, 9–10.5 × 7–11 mm, white tinged pink, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when open, margin entire, apex rounded, outer surface glabrous, 2 inner tepals elliptic, ca. 7–9 × 2.5–5 mm, base truncate, margin entire, apex obtuse, white; androecium yellow, symmetric, globose, on a ca. 1 mm long column; stamens ca. 61–65, free filaments up to ca. 0.5 mm long, fused at the base, anthers up to ca. 0.8–1 mm long, dehiscing through laterally positioned slits&gt; 1 / 2 as long as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicel 6–11 mm long, glabrous, reddish; tepals 3, 2 outer broadly ovate 5–9 × 5–8 mm, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when open, margin entire, apex rounded, one inner tepal 4–6 × 1.5–4 mm, ovate to elliptic; ovary (excluding wings) 4.5–5 × 3.5–4 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, green, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae entire, wings 3, subequal, reddish to red, base rounded or subcuneate, apex subtruncate, cuneate or convex-concave, widest point 4–8 mm (at the middle to subapically), style ca. 3 mm long, basally fused, 3– branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange.</p> <p>Fruits: pedicels 9–17 mm long, recurved; seed-bearing part ovoid to ellipsoid, 5–7 × 4–6 mm (excluding the wing), wing shape as for ovary, widest point 5.5–6 mm (middle to subapically). Seeds barrel-shaped, ca. 0.3 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Buton Island, where it can be found in several localities (Kakenauwe Forest Reserve, Labuan Tobelo and Kabungka).</p> <p>Habitat:— Limestone cliffs and coralline limestone rocks, in partial to dense shade; collected in a coconut plantation at the border of the Kaukenawe forest reserve, with Piper spec. and Ficus spec., at ca. 5–180 m elevation.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Endangered EN B2ab(iii). The type specimens were collected from a coconut plantation, close to the border of Kakenauwe Forest Reserve, where the species is locally common. Further exploration might reveal that the distribution of the species extends into this protected area. Furthermore, it has a fairly wide distribution in central and north Buton in legally protected areas. However since the species has a small EOO (305 km 2) and AOO (12 km 2), is only known from a few collections, and some threats and antropogenic disturbances were observed (agriculture including coconut and cashew nut plantation), we consider the IUCN (2012) category of Endangered (EN) to be appropriate.</p> <p>Etymology:— The specific epithet is a compound derived from “incudiformis” (Latin—anvilshaped) and “carpus” (Latin—fruit). It refers to the shape of the fruits which have wings with a pointed end. In side view, the fruit shape resembles the shape of an anvil.</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia incudiformicarpa was first collected by Kjelberg from Kaboengka (Kabungka), Buton, in 1929, and subsequently by Mark Coode from Labuan Tobelo, North Buton, in 1989. Both collections have flowers and fruits, but since fruits were not preserved in alcohol, the placentation type remained uncertain. Placentation types have to been shown to be highly homoplasious in Asian Begonia (Thomas et al. 2011), but remain, in combination with various other flower and fruit characters as well as the presence or absence of tubers and rhizomes, a crucial character in sectional delimitation (Thomas et al. 2011, Moonlight et al. 2018). The recent collection shows that B. incudiformicarpa belongs to Begonia section Jackia, as it exhibits typical characters of the section: a rhizomatous stem, protandrous inflorescences, a stamen column, and three-locular ovaries with entire placentae.</p> <p>The presence of species of section Jackia on Buton, as well as Wawonii and the Sulawesi mainland (see B. iskandariana Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas, and B. tumburanoensis D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi below) represents a substantial eastwards extension of the known range of this section (China: Guangxi, Jiangxi; Indonesia: Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak; Vietnam; see Moonlight et al. [2018]).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Buton Island, North Buton, Labuan Tobelo, 12 Nov. 1983, M.J.E. Coode 6206 (BO, E, K, L); Indonesia, Buton Island, North Buton, Jismil Camp, Labuan Tobelo, upriver from Coode 6206, 13 Nov. 1983, M.J.E. Coode s.n. (L); Buton, Kaboengka, 15 Feb. 1929, G.K. Kjellberg 250 (S).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFEDFFF0F1B6C95770EEF7E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFE0FFF5F1B6CEA872DAFBBE.text	03A73A58FFE0FFF5F1B6CEA872DAFBBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia iskandariana Ardi & D. C. Thomas 2018	<div><p>5. Begonia iskandariana Ardi &amp; D.C. Thomas, spec. nov. (Figure 1 &amp; 6)</p> <p>Sect. Jackia</p> <p>The inflorescence and habit of B. iskandariana most closely resembles that of B. incudiformicarpa from Buton Island, but it has a sparse indumentum on the petioles (vs densely hairy); smaller stipules (4–7 × 4.5–5 mm) with shorter appendage (up to 3 mm long) (vs 7–11 × 4–7 mm, appendage 7–11 mm long); inflorescences with small and deciduous bracts ca. 1 × 0.5 mm (vs bracts 2.5–6 × 2–4 mm, persistent); larger female flower tepals (outer 10–11 × 9.5–11 mm and inner 8.5–10 × 3.5–4 mm vs outer 5–7.5 × 5–9 mm and inner 4–6 × 1.5–4 mm), and the fruit wings are not pointed.</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA, Southeast Sulawesi: Wawonii Island, 23 February 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 184, (holotype BO!; isotypes KRB!, SING!).</p> <p>Perennial, lithophytic, monoecious herb, up to 15 cm tall. Stem rhizomatous, up to 4 cm long, internodes strongly compressed, ca. 1–3 mm long. Leaves alternate; stipules persistent, ovate, 4–7 × 4.5–5 mm, asymmetric, midrib abaxially prominent, apex narrowed into a bristle projecting up to 3 mm, hairy; petiole s 4–16.5 cm long, greenish to reddish, terete, sparsely hairy, hairs ca. 1 mm long, denser and woolly on the young petioles; lamina basifixed, 4.5–10 × 3.5–9 cm, suborbicular to broadly ovate, coriaceous, margin crenate to subentire and ciliate, with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, base cordate and lobes overlapping, apex rounded to obtuse, adaxially green, flat, glabrous, abaxially pale green with sparse hairs on the veins only; venation palmate, primary veins 6–8, actinodromus, secondary veins craspedodromus. Inflorescences: bisexual, protandrous, axillary, dichasial cymes, branching 2-times; peduncle s 2.5 –10 cm long, glabrous; bracts ca. 1 × 0.5 mm, elliptic, persistent. Male flowers: pedicel 5–13 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4, unequal, white tinged pink, 2 outer tepals 7.5–11.5 × 7–10.5 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, glabrous, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when open, margin entire, apex rounded, outer surface glabrous; inner tepals 5.5–10 × 3.5–6 mm, obovate, margin entire, base cuneate, apex rounded to slightly emarginate; androecium yellow, symmetric, globose, on a ca. 1 mm long column; stamens ca. 42, free filaments up to ca. 0.5 mm long, fused at the base, anthers up to ca. 0.5–0.8 mm long, dehiscing through laterally positioned slits&gt; ½ as long as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicels 11–13.5 mm long; tepals 3, unequal, pale pink, 2 outer tepals 10–11 × 9.5–11 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when open, margin entire, apex obtuse, one inner tepal ca. 8.5–10 × 3.5–4 mm, elliptic, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded; ovary (excluding wings) 5.5–6.5 × 5–5.5 mm, ellipsoid, reddish, glabrous, wings 3, subequal, base rounded, apex rounded to subtruncate, widest point (at the middle of the ovary or subapically) up to 6 mm, style ca. 2–2.5 mm long, basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruits: peduncles of infructescence 5.5–12.5 cm; pedicels 10–15 mm long, recurved; seed-bearing part globoid, 4.5–7 × 4–6.5 mm (excluding the wings), wings 3, subequal, shape as in ovary, widest point (at the middle or subapically) up to 7 mm. Seeds barrel-shaped, 0.2–0.3 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi (Wawonii Island and Kendari).</p> <p>Habitat:— Limestone cliffs and stalactites at cave entrances at ca. 0–200 m elevation.</p> <p>Etymology:— The specific epithet is selected to honour and commemorate the former Chairman of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia —LIPI), Prof. Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain (1959–2017).</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia iskandariana is morphologically similar to B. incudiformicarpa from Buton (see diagnosis above) and B. tumburanoensis from Wawonii Island. A morphological comparison of B. iskandariana and these two species is presented in Table 1.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii).This species is only known from a few collections in Southeast Sulawesi (on the mainland near Kendari and on Wawonii island), and the recent expedition could find only two small populations in forest remnants sourrounded by plantations (coconut, cacao and cashew nut). Furthermore, the known localities and the forests on the island are not gazetted as protected areas. In combination with very small EOO (ca. 0.3 km 2) and AOO, this warrants a Critically Endangered (Cr) status (IUCN 2012).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Kendari, 1874, O. Beccari HB4499 (FI); Kendari, 28 Feb. 1929, G.K. Kjellberg 558 (S); Kendari, 9 Apr. 1920, G.K. Kjellberg 1218 (S); Wawonii island, Labeau cave, 24 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 185 (BO, KRB, SING).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFE0FFF5F1B6CEA872DAFBBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFE6FFF7F1B6CA8572F0FD6D.text	03A73A58FFE6FFF7F1B6CA8572F0FD6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia johntania Ardi & D. C. Thomas 2018	<div><p>6. Begonia johntania Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas, spec. nov. (Figures 1 &amp; 7)</p> <p>Sect. Petermannia</p> <p>Begonia johntania is similar in habit and leaf shape to B. capituliformis Irmscher (1913: 354), but differs in having longer petioles (3–12 cm vs 3–5 cm), denticulate leaf margins (vs broadly dentate), adaxially glabrous leaves (vs sparsely bristly between or on the veins), paniculate-cymose male inflorescences (vs capituliform) and fruits on hanging, 2–2.8 cm long pedicels (vs fruit not pendulous, pedicels 5–8 mm long).</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, North Konawe, Linomoyo transmigration village, 16 February 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 163 (holotype BO!; isotypes KRB!, SING!).</p> <p>Perennial, monoecious herb, erect or appressed to substrate at the base and distally erect, to ca. 50 cm tall. Stem branched; internodes 3–12 cm long, brownish-reddish, covered with dense indumentum of bristly hairs up to ca. 1.5 mm long. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous, 8–15 × 4–6.5 mm, ovate to oblong, with an abaxially slightly prominent midrib, apex narrowed into bristle projecting up to 3 mm, concolourous with the stem, translucent at the margin, abaxially hairy; petioles 6–13 cm long, adaxially shallowly channelled, concolourous with the stem, hairy; lamina 10– 18 × 6–10 cm, asymmetric, ovate to elliptic, base cordate and lobes not or just slightly overlapping, apex acuminate, margin denticulate, adaxial surface green, with red veins, glabrous, abaxial pale green, hairy; venation palmate-pinnate, primary veins 6–7, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. Inflorescences protogynous, internodes between female and male partial inflorescence strongly compressed; female inflorescences 2-flowered, peduncles ca. 1 mm long; male inflorescences compressed paniculate-cymose with 3 − 5 monochasial partial inflorescences, each with up to 7 flowers, bracts caduceus, not observed. Male flowers: pedicels 14–18 mm long, reddish, hairy; tepals 2, white, 6–9 × 5–7 mm, ovate, base slightly cordate, apex rounded, outer surface hairy with red trichomes; androecium of ca. 30–32 stamens, yellow, filaments up to ca. 0.5 mm long, slightly fused at the very base, anthers up to ca. 1 mm long, oblong to narrowly obovate, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits that are ca. ½ as long as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm long, reddish, hairy; tepals 5, white tinged pink, unequal, one smaller 6–7 × 3–4 mm, the four larger 8–10 × 5–6 mm, ovate to elliptic, outer surface hairy; ovary (excluding wings) 11–13 × 4–4.5 mm, ellipsoid, pale green, hairy with red trichomes, locules 3, placentation axile, placentae bilamellate, wings 3, equal, pale green, base rounded to cuneate, apex subtruncate to truncate, up to 7 mm at widest point (apically or subapically); style ca. 3.5 mm long, basally fused, 3–branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruits: peduncles ca. 2 mm long; pedicels 2–2.8 cm long, pendulous; seed-bearing part ellipsoid, 13–20 × 4.5–7 mm (excluding the wings), hairy, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wings shape as for ovary, up to 8 mm at the widest point (apically or subapically). Seeds barrel-shaped, ca. 0.2 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi (known only from the type locality).</p> <p>Habitat:— Lowland forest, on slopes at the side of a small stream with Cyrtandra spec., aroids and ferns.</p> <p>Etymology:— The specific epithet is in honour of Mr. Tan Jiew Hoe, a patron of botanical exploration and plant taxonomy and generous supporter of the Begonia of Sulawesi project.</p> <p>Notes:— The compressed paniculate-cymose male inflorescence is a rare character among Sulawesi Begonia. Prima facie, this inflorescence looks similar to the inflorescences of Begonia capituliform is from Northern Sulawesi. However, Begonia johntania has less compressed paniculate-cymose inflorescences with short internodes, while B. capituliformis has dense and strongly compressed subumbellate (capitulum-like) male inflorescences. Another difference is the length of the female flower pedicels and fruit pedicels: in B. johntania the fruits are pendulous on up to 2.8 cm long flower and fruit pedicels, while in B. capituliformis the female flower and fruit pedicels are much shorter (5–8 mm long) and the flowers and fruits are not pendulous.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Data Deficient (DD). This species is only known from a single locality; a forest remnant in close proximity to a village. The forests in the wider area are very poorly collected. Consequently, we assess this species as Data Deficient (IUCN 2012).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFE6FFF7F1B6CA8572F0FD6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFE4FFF6F1B6CCB47286FD6C.text	03A73A58FFE4FFF6F1B6CCB47286FD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia matarombeoensis D. C. Thomas & Ardi	<div><p>7. Begonia matarombeoensis D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi in Thomas et al. (2018: 166) (Figures 1 &amp; 8)</p> <p>Sect. Petermannia</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: N of Linomoyo, Matarombeo, 14 February 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 154 (holotype BO!; isotypes KRB!, SING!).</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Matarombeo. Locally common.</p> <p>Habitat:— Rock walls at the base of limestone cliffs and limestone boulders, in dense to light shade, at ca. 2–200 m elevation.</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia matarombeoensis can be easily differentiated from the rest of the species in section Petermannia by its basally thickened stem with shortened internodes, the complexly branching (paniculate-cymose) and many-flowered male inflorescences, the relatively long peduncles of the female inflorescences (up to 4.2 cm long), and the recurved pedicels of the fruits (Thomas et al. 2018). Begonia matarombeoensis occupies a similar niche as B. siccacaudata Doorenboos (2000: 400) which grows on coralline limestone cliffs and limestone boulders in Southwest Sulawesi.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Endangered EN B1ab(iii),B2ab(iii) (Thomas et al. 2018).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: N of Linomoyo, Matarombeo, Anoa forest camp, 30 m, 14 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 155 (BO, KRB, SING); Matarombeo, Telaga biru, ca. 14 km west of Mataraki bridge, 115 m, 19 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 172 (BO, KRB, SING); Matarombeo, ca. 20 km west of Mataraki bridge, 194 m, 19 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 178 (BO, KRB, SING).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFE4FFF6F1B6CCB47286FD6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFE5FFE9F1B6CCB375B3F8FC.text	03A73A58FFE5FFE9F1B6CCB375B3F8FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia mekonggensis Girm. & Wiriad.	<div><p>8. Begonia mekonggensis Girm. &amp; Wiriad. in Girmansyah et al. (2009: 36) (Figures 1 &amp; 9)</p> <p>Sect. Petermannia</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: North Kolaka Regency, Ranteangin District, Tinukari Village, Gunung Mekongga, 18 March 2006, D. Girmansyah 579 (holotype BO!; isotypes E!, K!, L, US).</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, so far only known from three localities (Gunung Mekongga, Mangkutana-Pendolo divide and Rantepao-Palopo divide).</p> <p>Habitat:— Secondary forest, at ca. 700–800 m altitude.</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia mekonggensis is one of several putatively dioecious species which are found in Sulawesi: B. guttapila D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi in Thomas et al. (2009: 234), B. rantemarioensis D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi in Thomas et al. (2011: 240), B. sanguineopilosa D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi in Thomas et al. (2011: 243), and B. torajana D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi in Thomas et al. (2011: 246). A comparison of the salient features of Begonia mekonggensis with allied species is shown in Table 2.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Endangered EN B2ab(iii). Begonia mekongensis is known from only a few localities including lowland rainforest in the Mangkutana-Pendolo devide and upland rainforest on Gunung Mekongga, which lie about 180 km apart. The collections from Mangkutana-Pendolo are from the periphery of a legally protected area, the Faruhumpena Forest Reserve. The small EOO (7,168 km 2) and AOO (28 km 2) in combination with only few collection localities warrant an Endangered (EN) status.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: North Kolaka, Ranteangin District, Tinukari Village, 03 Aug. 2009, Agus Rinai et al. AR 012 (BO); North Kolaka, Ranteangin District, Tinukari Village, 07 Aug. 2009, A. Hidayat et al. AH 4187 (BO); North Kolaka, 19 Mar. 2006, H. Wiriadinata et al. 588 (BO); North Kolaka, Ranteangin District, Tinukari Village, 29 June 2011, E.A. Widjaja EAW 9693 (BO).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFE5FFE9F1B6CCB375B3F8FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFFAFFEBF1B6C94373D4FE70.text	03A73A58FFFAFFEBF1B6C94373D4FE70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia ozotothrix D. C. Thomas	<div><p>9. Begonia ozotothrix D.C.Thomas in Thomas et al. (2009: 105) (Figures 1 &amp; 10) Sect. Petermannia Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi: Tojo Una-una District, close to Watusongo Village, Mt. Katopas, on wet rock wall at riverbank, 01º09’17.90” S, 121º89’40.50” E, 615 m, 7 May 2008, D.C. Thomas &amp; W.H. Ardi 08-67 (holotype E!; isotypes BO!,</p> <p>CEB!).</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi. Relatively widespread on Sulawesi with collections and observations from Central Sulawesi (Mt. Katopas and Mt. Lumut), South Sulawesi (Enrekang District, Bantimurung National Park), and Southeast Sulawesi (Sikori village, Bombana District).</p> <p>Habitat:— Forest floor, the base of limestone boulders, and wet rock walls or limestone cliffs in lowland to upland primary to strongly disturbed rainforest at ca. 200–800 m elevation.</p> <p>Notes:— Begonia ozotothrix is a very distinct species in Begonia sect. Petermannia due to its indumentum of branched trichomes on stems and petioles (see Thomas et al. 2009a; Ardi &amp; Thomas, 2015). It was originally described based on specimens collected from Mt. Lumut and Mt. Katopasa (Balingara mountain range) in Central Sulawesi (Thomas et al. 2009a). Since then, it has been collected and observed in lowland limestone forest habitats in South Sulawesi (Bantimurung National Park, see Thomas et al. 2011; Massenrempulu Enrekang Botanic Gardens, Bone Karst), and Southeast Sulawesi (Bombana District), indicating that it is widespread on Sulawesi.</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment: — Least Concern (LC). Begonia ozotothrix is endemic to Sulawesi but relatively widespread on the island (EOO: 62,257 km 2) occurring in primary to strongly disturbed lowland to upland limestone forest habitats. Its range includes the legally protected Bantimurung National Park in South Sulawesi. Consequently, it should be considered Least Concern (LC).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Bombana Regency, Rakadua, Sikori village, 28 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 188 (BO; KRB; SING); Bombana Regency, Rakadua, Sikori Village, 28 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi, WI 189 (BO; KRB; SING).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFFAFFEBF1B6C94373D4FE70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFF8FFEAF1B6CFB7721CF7C7.text	03A73A58FFF8FFEAF1B6CFB7721CF7C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia tumburanoensis D. C. Thomas & Ardi 2018	<div><p>10. Begonia tumburanoensis D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi, spec. nov. (Figures 1 &amp; 11)</p> <p>Sect. Jackia</p> <p>Similar to Begonia coriacea Hasskarl (1844: 192) but differs by its compressed internodes (up to 3 mm vs 5–15 mm), smaller leaves (4.5–10 × 4.4–9.9 cm) with crenate margin (vs 16–24 × 3–23 cm, margin dentate), male flowers with an androecium of ca. 59–61 stamens (vs 44–46 stamens); female flowers with three tepals (vs four tepals), and ovary wings that are pointed at the widest point (vs. rounded).</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: Wawonii Island, Tumburano waterfall, 23 February 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 179 (holotype BO!; isotypes KRB!, SING!).</p> <p>Perennial, lithophytic, monoecious herb, up to 25 cm tall. Stem rhizomatous, up to 8 cm long, internodes compressed, up to 3 mm long. Stipules persistent, ovate, 5.5–11 × 5–7.5 mm, asymmetric, with abaxially prominent midrib, apex narrowed into bristle projecting up to 3 mm, hairy. Leaves: alternate; petiole s 5.5 –21.5 cm long, reddish to brownish, terete, hairy, hairs ca. 1 mm long; lamina peltate, 4.5–10 × 4.4–9.9 cm, suborbicular to broadly ovate, coriaceous, margin crenate, ciliate and with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, apex obtuse, adaxially green, flat, glabrous, abaxially pale green with sparse hairs on veins only; venation palmate, primary veins 6–8, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. Inflorescences protandrous, bisexual, axillary, dichasial cymes branching two times; peduncles 2.5–12 cm long, glabrous; bracts ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, elliptic, persistent. Male flower s pedicels 5–12 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4, unequal, white tinged pink, two outer tepals 7–11.5 × 7.5–10 mm, obovate to broadly ovate, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when flowers open, margin entire, apex obtuse, outer surface glabrous, inner tepals 4.5–9.5 × 3–4.5 mm, obovate, apex rounded to slightly emarginate; androecium yellow, symmetric, globose, on a ca. 1 mm long column; stamens ca. 59–61, filaments up to ca. 0.5 mm long, anthers up to ca. 1 mm long, dehiscing through laterally positioned slits more than half the anthers length. Female flowers pedicels 8–11 mm long; tepals 3, unequal, white tinged pink, 2 outer tepals 6.5–7 × 6.5–8 mm, broadly ovate, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when open, margin entire, apex obtuse, one inner tepal ca. 4.5–5 × 2.5–3 mm, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded; ovary (excluded wings) 3–4 × 4–4.5 mm, subgloboid, reddish, glabrous, wings 3, subequal, base rounded, apex concave–convex to subtruncate, widest point (apically or subapically) up to 3.5 mm; style ca. 2.5 mm long, basally fused, 3–branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruits: peduncles of infructescence 8–12 cmlong; pedicels 8–14 mm long, slightly recurved; seed-bearing part globoid, 4–4.5 × 4–5 cm (excluding wings), wings 3, subequal, shape as for ovary, widest point (at the apex or subapically) up to 7 mm. Seeds barrel-shaped, ca. 0.2 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution:— Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi (Wawonii Island and Tanjung Peropa).</p> <p>Habitat:— Moist vertical limestone rock or in forest on steep slopes of waterfall embankment, with Cyrtandra, aroids and ferns at 200 m elevation.</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet refers to the locality where the species was discovered and collected: Tumburano Waterfall, Wawonii island.</p> <p>Notes:— Peltate leaves are a common character in section Jackia and there are at least 11 Malesian species known to have peltate leaves (see Brown 1882, Jansson 1963, Kiew 2005, Girmansyah 2009, Kiew &amp; Sang 2009, Hughes et al. 2015a). Among these, Begonia coriacea from Sumatra, Java and Bali is morphologically similar to B. tumburanoensis, but it can be differentiated by a suite of characters (see diagnosis above). Begonia karangputihensis M.Hughes (2015:17) shows some similarities in having peltate leaves. However, apart from that, the two species are morphologically dissimilar, and longer petioles (up to 21.5 cm), suborbicular to broadly ovate leaves with a crenate margin and hairy on the abaxial venation, smaller and persistent bracts (3 × 1.5 mm), shorter peduncles (2.5–12 mm) and female flower pedicels (8–11 mm) separate Begonia tumburanoensis from B. karangputihensis, which has shorter petioles (up to 15 cm), broadly ovate to elliptic leaves with dentate margin, which are abaxially glabrous, larger and caducous bracts (5 × 4 mm), longer peduncles (12.5–17 mm) and female flower pedicels (10–15 mm long).</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment:— Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii). Begonia tumburanoensis is known from only two locations (Tumburano Waterfall and Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve) and only small population sizes were observed. The type locality is a popular tourist destination on Wawonii Island. The forest around the waterfall has no legal status as protected area and potential threats were observed (tourism, as well as coconut and cacao plantations) in the area. Wawonii is very poorly explored, and this species it likely to have a wider range on the island as well as in the Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve. However, even if this is the case, the extend of suitable karst habitats is still very limited, and its EOO and AOO would still fall well in the range for a Critically Endangered status.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: South Konawe, Tanjung Peropa Forest Reserve, 1 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 124 (BO, KRB).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFF8FFEAF1B6CFB7721CF7C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
03A73A58FFFEFFECF1B6CEA870C5FD50.text	03A73A58FFFEFFECF1B6CEA870C5FD50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia watuwilensis Girmansyah 2009	<div><p>11. Begonia watuwilensis Girmansyah (2009: 70) (Figures 1 &amp; 12)</p> <p>Sect. Petermannia</p> <p>Type:— INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: North Kolaka Regency, Uluiwoi District, Sanggona Village, Mt. Watuwila, 14 May 2008, D. Girmansyah 914 (holotype BO!; isotypes E!, K!, L, US).</p> <p>Habitat:— Primary lowland and upland rainforest, on limestone rock or steep slopes on limestone soils, in light to dense shade, at ca. 100–1200 m elevation.</p> <p>Distribution: — Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi (only known from Gunung Watuwila and Matarombeo).</p> <p>Notes: — Begonia watuwilensis has protandrous inflorescences, which separates it from the vast majority of species in the large section Petermannia (see Moonlight et al. 2018; Thomas et al. 2018).</p> <p>Provisional IUCN conservation assessment: — Endangered EN B1ab(iii),B2ab(iii) (Thomas et al. 2018).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — INDONESIA. Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi: North Kolaka, 17 Mar. 2006, H.Wiriadinata et al. Deden 574 (BO); North Kolaka, Ranteangin subdistrict, Tinukari village, 04 Aug. 2009. A.Hidayat et al. AH 4149 (BO); North Kolaka, Ranteangin subdistrict, Tinukari village, 17 Dec. 2009, E.A. Widjaja &amp; Agus Suyadi EAW 8881 (BO); Matarombeo, close to Mataraki bridge, 117 m, 18 Feb. 2017, W.H Ardi WI 169 (BO, KRB, SING); Matarombeo, Telaga biru, ca. 14 km west of Mataraki bridge, 115 m, 19 Feb. 2017, W.H. Ardi WI 171 (BO, KRB, SING); Matarombeo, ca. 20 km W of Mataraki bridge, 194 m, 19 Feb. 2017, W.H Ardi WI 177 (BO, KRB, SING); cultivated at Bali Botanic Garden from material collected on Mt. Watuwila, 4 Apr. 2009, D.C Thomas &amp; W.H. Ardi DCT 09-55 (BO, E).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A73A58FFFEFFECF1B6CEA870C5FD50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Chikmawati, Tatik;Witono, Joko R.;Thomas, Daniel C.	Ardi, Wisnu H., Chikmawati, Tatik, Witono, Joko R., Thomas, Daniel C. (2018): A synopsis of Begonia (Begoniaceae) of Southeastern Sulawesi including four new species. Phytotaxa 381 (1): 27-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.7
