taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A4B7166758D05CFF5BFF3DA826B69F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MCP 54437, male, 30.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Cristal municipality, temporary pool in the floodplains of Rio Camaquã, Laguna dos Patos system, 31 ° 01 ’ 48 ” S 52 ° 00 ’ 32 ” W, L. E. K. Lanés & B. Klotzel, 28 October 2015. Paratypes. MCP 54438, 6 males 24.7 – 33.1 mm SL (1 C & S), 7 females (1 C & S), 26.4 – 33.1 mm SL, same data as holotype.	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166758D05CFF5BFF3DA826B69F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other species of the genus except A. adloffi, A. charrua, A. lourenciano, A. minuano, A. nachtigalli, A. nigrofasciatus, A. reicherti, A. pelotapes and A. pongondo by the presence of a pair of black blotches vertically arranged on the posterior portion of the caudal peduncle in females (vs. black blotches absent in the remaining species). Austrolebias cheffei is distinguished from the remaining species of the A. adloffi species group by presenting a yellowish green or yellowish blue dorsal fin with wide black bars extending from the base to the median region of the fins in males (vs. never a similar pattern); and, except from A. reicherti, by presenting anal fin blue with 3 – 6 incomplete, wide black transversal bars (each bar covering 3 – 6 rays), limited to basal and medial anal fin regions, which consist of transversal flank bars extensions (vs. never a similar pattern); from the other species of the A. adloffi species group, except A. nachtigalli, A. nigrofasciatus, A. pongondo, A. lourenciano, and A. reicherti, by the presence of a black blotch on the distal portion of the last anal and dorsal fin rays bordered anteriorly by a small light blue margin (vs. black blotch absent or inconspicuous in the last anal and dorsal fin rays). Austrolebias cheffei is also distinguished from all other species of the A. adloffi species group, except A. pelotapes, by having the urogenital papilla attached to the anal fin in males (vs. urogenital papilla free), and except from A. nigrofasciatus and A. reicherti by dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin in males (vs. dorsal-fin origin posterior to anal-fin origin). In addition, the following characters are useful for distinguishing A. cheffei from the other species of the A. adloffi species group: from A. adloffi by separated preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts (vs. united mandibular and preopercular series), and by higher head length in females (31.1 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 28.6 – 30.5 % SL). Autrolebias cheffei differs from A. charrua by separated preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts (united vs. mandibular and preopercular series), and by higher head length (31.1 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 26.5 – 30.5 % SL), and lower caudal fin rays in females (17 – 20 vs. 23 – 26). Autrolebias cheffei differs from A. lourenciano by the greater number of rays in the anal fin of males (25 – 27 vs. 21 – 24). It differs from A. minuano by separated preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts (vs. united mandibular and preopercular series), by higher head length (30.5 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 26.0 – 30.4 % SL) and lower head depth in males (100.0 – 109.3 % HL, vs 112.3 – 138.7 % HL), and by higher head length (31.1 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 27.7 – 30.1 % SL) and less caudal fin rays in females (17 – 20 vs. 21 – 25). Autrolebias cheffei differs from A. nachtigalli by the absence of golden to pink iridescence at the distal half of dorsal fin in males (vs. presence of golden to pink iridescence in distal half of dorsal fin), by presenting a dark bluish-gray caudal fin, without dots or spots in males (vs. light blue iridescence and faint, elongated blue spots), by a higher head length (30.5 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 26.1 – 29.0 % SL), lower head depth (100.0 – 109.3 % HL, vs. 113.7 – 132.1 % HL), a lower head width in males (58.4 – 65.8 % HL, vs. 66.6 – 71.4 % HL), higher head length (31.1 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 27.8 – 30.5 % SL), and less caudal fin rays in females (17 – 20 vs. 21 – 24). It differs from A. nigrofasciatus by a lower head depth in males (100.0 – 109.3 % HL, vs. 110.6 – 121.6 % HL), by the absence of blue iridescence on the distal half of anal fin (vs. presence of blue iridescence on the distal half of anal fin), by presenting a greenish blue caudal fin, without dots or spots in males (vs. elongated light blue spots), and by higher head length in females (31.1 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 27.8 – 30.8 % SL). It differs from A. reicherti by higher dorsal fin base length (36.0 – 42.6 % SL, vs. 34.2 – 34.9 % SL) in males and by higher body depth (36.8 – 42.3 % SL, vs. 29.5 – 36.1 % SL) in females. Autrolebias cheffei differs from A. pelotapes by separated preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts (vs. united mandibular and preopercular series), and by dorsal fin origin at vertical between pelvic fin origin and anus in females (vs. between base of 1 st and 2 nd rays of anal fin). Autrolebias cheffei differs from A. pongondo by a lower head depth in males (100.0 – 109.3 % HL, vs. 111.0 – 122.0 % HL), higher head length (31.1 – 33.5 % SL, vs. 27.5 – 30.8 % SL), lower head width (62.3 – 71.5 % HL, vs. 73.0 – 81.0 % HL), less caudal fin rays (17 – 20 vs. 22 – 23), and by dorsal fin origin at vertical between pelvic fin origin and anus in females (vs. between base of 1 st and 3 rd rays of anal fin). Austrolebias cheffei is distinguished from all other species or lineages of the A. adloffi species group by one unique nucleotide substitution along the cytb alignment: cytb. 309 (T> C) (Supporting file, Fig. S 2). It is distinguished from A. aff. minuano 1 by this and two other nucleotide substitutions: cytb. 319 (T> C) and cytb. 406 (G> A). In addition, it is distinguished from A. lourenciano by these three in addition to other six substitutions [cytb. 133 (C> A), cytb. 304 (C> T), cytb. 319 (T> C), cytb. 406 (G> A), cytb. 457 (G> T), cytb. 466 (A> G), cytb. 586 (A> G) and cytb. 595 (T> C)]. Genetic distance. From A. aff. minuano 1: 1.5 – 2.6 %; from A. lourenciano: 1.9 – 2.6 %; from A. aff. minuano 2: 2.9 – 3.8 %; from A. adloffi sensu lato: 3.1 – 3.4 %; from A. pongondo: 3.6 – 4.7 %; from A. pelotapes: 4.5 – 4.9 %; from A. bagual: 6.2 – 6.8 %; from A. nigrofasciatus: 7.5 – 9.4 %; from A. minuano sensu stricto: 10.4 – 11.2 %; from other species of the A. adloffi species group: 10.6 – 20.5 % (Appendix 2, Table 1 S). Range of intraspecific distances: 0.2 – 0.7 % (Appendix 2, Table 2 S).	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166758D05CFF5BFF3DA826B69F.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data summarized in Table 1. Largest male examined 33.1 mm SL, largest female 33.1 mm SL. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout to end of dorsal-fin base, straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to origin of anal fin base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Greatest body depth at dorsal fin origin in males, at pelvic fin base in females. Body deep and compressed. Eye positioned on lateral portion of head. Snout blunt and jaws short. Distal portion of dorsal fin rounded in both sexes. Dorsal-fin rays in males 22 – 24; in females 18 – 21. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical of urogenital papilla in males, at vertical of pelvic fin base or anus in females. Origin of dorsal fin at vertical through neural spines of 6 th and 7 th vertebrae in males, in females through neural spines of 9 th and 10 th vertebrae. Anal-fin rays in males 25 – 27, in females 21 – 24. Anal-fin tip rounded in males. In females, anal fin subtriangular with antero-median rays lengthened, distal portion thickened. Origin of anal fin at vertical through pleural ribs of 6 th and 7 th vertebrae in males, in females through pleural ribs of 9 th- 10 th vertebrae. Caudal fin rounded, 19 – 22 rays in males, 17 – 20 in females. Pectoral fin elliptical with 11 – 12 rays in males, 10 – 13 in females. Pectoralfin posterior tip reaching from 4 th to 6 th anal fin ray in males, from origin of urogenital papilla to 4 th anal fin ray in females. Pelvic fin rays 5. Pelvic-fin posterior tip from 3 rd to 4 th anal-fin ray in males, from 2 nd to 5 th anal fin ray in females. Pelvic-fin medial membrane about 10 – 50 % coalesced. Urogenital papilla cylindrical and short in males; urogenital papilla pocket-shaped in females. Urogenital papilla attached from base to 30 % of its length to anal fin in males. Scales cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except anteroventral surface of head. No scales on dorsal fin base, one irregular row of scales in anal fin base in males, in females scales absent in anal fin base, and 3 rows of scales on caudal-fin base. Frontal squamation F or G, sometimes irregularly arranged; E-scales slightly overlapping medially. Two supra-orbital scale, except one individual with one supra-orbital scale. Lateral line of trunk complete, with one neuromast per scale. Longitudinal series of scales 25 – 30; transverse series of scales 12 – 13; scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 – 16. Contact organs throughout antero-ventral part of flank in males. Rows of minute contact organs in the 2 – 4 uppermost pectoral-fin rays in males. No contact organ on pelvic, dorsal and caudal fin. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 16 – 22, parietal 2 – 4, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1, infraorbital 2 – 3 + 20 – 30, preorbital 2 – 3, otic 2 – 4, postotic 1 – 5, supratemporal 1, median opercular 1, ventral opercular 1 – 3, preopercular 18 – 26, mandibular 10 – 15, lateral mandibular 4 – 6, paramandibular 1. Two neuromasts on caudal-fin base. Six branchiostegal rays. Dermosphenotic ossification absent. Vomerine teeth absent. Urohyal deep. Total number of vertebrae 28. Gill rakers in first branchial arch 3 + 8 – 9. Basihyal subtriangular, width about 55 – 60 % of length; basihyal cartilage about 45 – 50 % of total basihyal length. Two or three teeth on second pharyngobranchial. Coloration in life. Males (Fig. 1): Ground colour of body light gray, yellowish in some specimens, with 5 – 9 dark gray to black transversal bars, that extend into the basis of dorsal and anal fins as blurred bars. Dorsum brownish gray. Urogenital papilla gray. Pectoral and ventral region whitish or yellowish. Opercular region blue. Iris brownish orange. Black vertical band crossing the eye. Supraorbital and suborbital bars black. Dorsal fin blue, with yellowish iridescent pigmentation and 3 – 6 wide, dark-gray to black vertical bars (each bar covers between 3 – 7 rays), which consist of transverse flank bars extensions, usually restricted to basal region, and sometimes reaching the middle region. Vertically elongated dark spot at distal portion of last dorsal fin rays, anteriorly delimited by a narrow whitish blue margin. Anal fin bluish with the same bars pattern as the dorsal fin. Presence of vertically elongated dark spot at distal portion of last anal fin rays, anteriorly delimited by a narrow whitish blue margin. Caudal fin blue, sometimes with horizontally whitish iridescent stripes along caudal fin rays; distal region hyaline. Pelvic fins blue. Pectoral fins hyaline with black margin. Females (Fig. 2): Ground colour of body light brownish gray with dark marks, highly variable in size, number and shape. Sometimes one or two black spots on anterocentral portion of flank. Pectoral and ventral region hyaline. Opercular region ochre or pale greenish blue. Caudal peduncle with two vertically arranged black spots (sometimes coalescing into a eight-shaped spot) on posterior portion. Opercular region pale blue. Iris light yellow. Dark gray vertical band crossing the eye. Unpaired fins hyaline, with faint gray marks or bars, mainly on basal portion of dorsal and anal fins. Pectoral fins hyaline. Geographic distribution. Austrolebias cheffei is endemic of temporary wetlands of the floodplains of lower course of the Rio Camaquã basin, Laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Fig. 3). Habitat notes. Austrolebias cheffei was recorded in wetlands in the lower portion of the Rio Camaquã (Fig. 4). The species inhabits small (less than 1 ha), shallow temporary wetlands (<60 cm deep), with high density of aquatic vegetation, exposed to sunlight, on the edge of the riparian forest of the Rio Camaquã, but it is also found in small pools within the riparian forest. Temporary wetlands with A. cheffei usually dry in late spring and early summer, between November and December, and flood again in early autumn, between April and May, however, there is some variation from year to year depending on the intensity of the annual precipitations. The species was recorded co-occurring with another two species of Rivulidae, Austrolebias aff. wolterstorffi (Ahl, 1924) and Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Regan, 1912).	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166758D05CFF5BFF3DA826B69F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is given in honour of Morevy Moreira Cheffe for his contribution to the knowledge of annual fish in southern Brazil, especially the A. adloffi species group. To him our gratitude and our acknowledgement. Conservation status. The species was found in small wetlands in a rural landscape matrix highly degraded by rice and soybean cultivation. The species occurs in lowland areas, which are widely used for agriculture and their populations are considered relictual. Several collection expeditions were carried out in the lower Rio Camaquã basin and A. cheffei was only recorded at its type locality. The very few wetlands still remaining in the region of the lower Rio Camaquã is probably due to the massive loss of this type of environment that was drained for irrigated rice crops, and more recently for soybean crops. It is probable that the species occurs in the Parque Estadual do Camaquã, about 25 km downstream from the type locality of A. cheffei, and collection efforts in the area are necessary to ascertain its occurrence in this conservation unit. The species has an occupation area of less than 1 ha, a low population density and suffers from the reduction in the quality of its habitat. Following the IUCN (2019), A. cheffei presents a reduced (AOO <10,000 m ²) and severely fragmented (a) area of occurrence and is experiencing continued decline (b) in the area of occupancy (ii) and in the quality of habitat (iii), and should be considered as a “ Critically Endangered ” species under the category CR B 2 ab (ii, iii). The species should be included in future lists of the endangered fauna from Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil.	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166753D05AFF5BF9A3AE64B41B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MCP 5440, male, 36.9 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, São Lourenço do Sul municipality, temporary pool in the floodplains of Arroio Pinto (tributary of Arroio São Lourenço), close to the BR- 116 highway, Laguna dos Patos system, 31 ° 20 ’ 50 ” S 52 ° 03 ’ 53 ” W, M. V. Volcan & Â. C. Gonçalves, 30 September 2013. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Lourenço do Sul municipality, Laguna dos Patos system: MCP 54441, 5 males 24.9 – 32.3 mm SL (2 C & S), 6 females (3 C & S), 26.2 – 32.6 mm SL, same data as holotype; MCP 54442, 6 males 25.1 – 33.0 mm SL, 6 females, 27.3 – 30.5 mm SL, same locality as holotype, M. V. Volcan & Â. C. Gonçalves, 3 September 2013. MCP 54439, 1 male, 40.2 mm SL, 1 female, 39.7 mm SL, same locality of holotype, M. V. Volcan, G. M. Wallwitz & J. T. Basi, 16 August 2018. MCP 54443, 1 male, 36.9 mm SL, 3 females (1 C & S) 32.7 – 36.1 mm SL, temporary pool in the floodplains of Arroio Pinto, close to BR- 116 highway, 31 ° 20 ’ 48 ” S 52 ° 03 ’ 48 ” W, M. V. Volcan & Â. C. Gonçalves, 3 September 2013.	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166753D05AFF5BF9A3AE64B41B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species differs from all the other species of the genus, except A. adloffi, A. charrua, A. cheffei, A. minuano, A. nachtigalli, A. nigrofasciatus, A. reicherti, A. pelotapes and A. pongondo by the presence of a pair of black blotches vertically arranged on the posterior portion of the caudal peduncle in females (vs. absence of black blotches in the remaining species). Austrolebias lourenciano is distinguished from all other species of the A. adloffi species group by presenting a gray or yellowish green dorsal fin with light yellow or light bluish bars forming small triangles, interspersed with small dark brownish row at dorsal fin base (vs. never a similar pattern); by greenish blue anal fin with light iridescent stripes, limited to basal region of anal fin, sometimes as an extension of the transverse bars of the body (vs. never a similar pattern); and from all species of the A. adloffi species group, except A. cheffei, A. pongondo, A. nachtigalli, A. nigrofasciatus and A. reicherti, by presence of a black blotch on the distal portion of last anal and dorsal fin rays bordered anteriorly by a small light blue margin (vs. black blotch either absent or inconspicuous in the last anal and dorsal fin rays). Additionally, A. lourenciano differs from A. adloffi by presenting posterior bars of body wider than interspace in males (vs. all bars narrower than interspace), greenish blue caudal fin, without dots, bars or spots on basal portion in males (vs. dark gray caudal fin, with light blue spots on basal portion), lower anal fin base length in males (38.1 – 43.8 % SL, vs. 44.3 – 49.5 % SL), by the position of dorsal fin origin in relation to the neural spines in males (8 th – 10 th, vs. 7 th – 8 th) and by lower counts of gill rakers in the first branchial arch (3 + 9 – 10, vs. 3 – 4 + 11). Austrolebias lourenciano differs from A. charrua by lower number of vertebrae (27 – 28, vs. 29 – 31) and by the presence of a basihyal cartilage with about 60 – 70 % of basihyal length (vs. 45 – 55 %). Autrolebias lourenciano differs from A. cheffei by the lower number of rays in the anal fin of males (21 – 24 vs. 25 – 27), by urogenital papilla not attached to anal fin in males (vs. urogenital papilla attached at base to 30 % of its length to anal fin) and by dorsal-fin origin posterior to anal-fin origin in males (vs. dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin). It differs from A. minuano by lower anal fin base length in males (38.1 – 43.8 % SL, vs. 44.9 – 53.6 % SL), lower head depth in females (95.7 – 105.3 % HL, vs. 106.1 – 124.2 % HL) and by lower number of teeth on second pharyngobranchial (1 – 3 vs. 4 – 7). Austrolebias lourenciano differs from A. nachtigalli by the absence of golden to pink iridescence at distal half of dorsal fin in males (vs. presence of golden to pink iridescence at distal half of dorsal fin), by dark bluish gray caudal fin, without dots or spots in males (vs. light blue iridescence and faint elongated blue spots), by lower head width in males (53.1 – 65.2 % HL, vs. 66.6 – 71.4 % HL) and by lower head depth in females (95.7 – 105.3 % HL, vs. 107.7 – 115.5 % HL). It differs from A. nigrofasciatus by dorsal-fin origin posterior to anal-fin origin in males (vs. dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin), by a greenish blue caudal fin, without dots or spots in males (vs. elongated light blue spots). It differs from A. reicherti by higher dorsal fin base length in males (35.7 – 41.8 % SL, vs. 34.2 – 34.9 % SL). Austrolebias lourenciano differs from A. pelotapes by having the urogenital papilla base free in males (vs. urogenital papilla attached by a thin membrane to the anterior margin of the anal fin), by lower caudal peduncle depth in males (12.8 – 15.0 % SL, vs. 15.1 – 17.3 % SL), by lower pre-pelvic length (45.2 – 53.2 % SL, vs. 53.9 – 60.7 % SL) and lower anal fin base length (25.8 – 29.9 % SL, vs. 30.4 – 36.1 % SL) in females; by basihyal cartilage with about 60 – 70 % of basihyal length (vs. 40 %), and by separated preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts (vs. united mandibular and preopercular series). The new species differs from A. pongondo by lower anal fin base length in males (38.1 – 43.8 % SL, vs. 43.9 – 48.0 % SL), lower head depth in females (58.6 – 71.3 % HL, vs. 73.0 – 81.0 % HL) and by basihyal cartilage with about 60 – 70 % of basihyal length (vs. 40 %). Austrolebias lourenciano is distinguished from all other species of the A. adloffi species group by one unique nucleotide substitution along the cytb alignment: cytb. 457 (T> G) (Fig. 2 S). It is distinguished from A. aff. minuano 1 and from its sister clade (which contains A. aff. minuano 1 and A. cheffei) by this and other two nucleotide substitutions: cytb. 133 (A> C) and cytb. 595 (C> T). Genetic distance. From A. aff. minuano 1: 1.7 – 2.9 %; from A. cheffei: 1.9 – 2.6 %; from A. aff. minuano 2: 3.1 – 4.0 %; from A. adloffi sensu lato: 3.3 – 3.8 %; from A. pelotapes: 3.6 – 4.5 %; from A. pongondo: 3.8 – 4.5 %; from A. bagual: 5.4 – 6.5 %; from A. nigrofasciatus: 6.9 – 9.2 %; from A. minuano sensu stricto: 9.6 – 10.6 %; and from other species of the A. adloffi species group: 9.8 – 18.8 % (Appendix 2, Table 1 S). Range of intraspecific distances: 0.2 – 1.0 % (Appendix 2, Table 2 S).	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166753D05AFF5BF9A3AE64B41B.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data summarized in Table 2. Largest male examined 40.2 mm SL, largest female 39.7 mm SL. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout to end of dorsal-fin base, straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to origin of anal fin base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Greatest body depth at anal fin origin in males, at dorsal fin origin in females. Body deep and compressed. Eye positioned on lateral portion of head. Snout blunt and jaws short. Distal portion of dorsal fin rounded in both sexes. Dorsal-fin rays in males 18 – 22; in females 16 – 19. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical through 2 nd to 4 th anal fin rays in males, at vertical of urogenital papilla in females. Origin of dorsal fin at vertical through neural spines of 8 th to 10 th vertebrae in males, through neural spines of 9 th to 12 th vertebrae in females. Anal-fin rays in males 21 – 25, in females 18 – 23. Anal-fin tip rounded in males. In females, anal fin sub-triangular with antero-median rays lengthened, distal portion thickened. Origin of anal fin at vertical through pleural ribs of 7 th to 9 th vertebrae in males, through pleural ribs of 8 th- 10 th vertebrae in females. Caudal fin rounded, 19 – 23 rays in both sexes. Pectoral fin elliptical with 11 – 12 rays in males and females. Pectoral-fin posterior tip reaching from 2 nd to 6 th anal fin ray in males, from origin of urogenital papilla to 2 nd anal fin ray in females. Pelvic fin rays 5 – 6. Pelvic-fin posterior tip from 2 nd to 4 th anal-fin ray in males, from urogenital papilla to 5 th anal fin ray in females. Pelvic-fin medial membrane ranging from slightly (about 10 %) to almost completely (about 80 %) coalesced. Urogenital papilla cylindrical and short in males, and pocket-shaped in females. Scales cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except for anteroventral surface of head. No scales on dorsal fin base, one irregular row of scales at anal fin base, and 2 – 3 rows of scales at caudal-fin base. Frontal squamation F, G or H patterned, sometimes irregularly arranged; E-scales slightly overlapping medially. One or two supra-orbital scales. Lateral line of trunk complete, with one neuromast per scale. Longitudinal series of scales 25 – 29; transverse series of scales 11 – 13; scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 – 16. Contact organs throughout antero-ventral part of flank in males. Row of minute contact organs in the 2 – 4 uppermost pectoral-fin rays in males. No contact organ on pelvic, dorsal and caudal fin. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 15 – 21, parietal 1 – 4, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1, infraorbital 2 – 3 + 24 – 31, preorbital 2 – 3, otic 2 – 3, postotic 2 – 5, supratemporal 1, median opercular 1, ventral opercular 2 – 4, preopercular 20 – 28, mandibular 10 – 15, lateral mandibular 3 – 9, paramandibular 1. Two neuromasts on caudal-fin base. Six branchiostegal rays. Dermosphenotic ossification absent. Vomerine teeth absent. Urohyal deep. Total number of vertebrae 27 – 28, precaudal vertebrae 12 – 13. Gill rakers in first branchial arch 3 + 8 – 10. Basihyal subtriangular, width about 55 – 65 % of length; basihyal cartilage about 60 – 70 % of total basihyal length. One to three teeth on second pharyngobranchial. Coloration in life. Males (Figs. 5 and 6): Ground colour of body light gray with lilac hues, mainly in the posterior region, and presence of 7 – 10 dark gray to black transversal bars. Pattern of transversal bars variable, ranging from presenting only well-defined bars (e. g., Fig. 5 a), to also presenting narrower bars between well-defined bars (Fig. 5 b). Some specimens exhibit an inverse ground colour pattern, with a darker background (dark gray) and vertical light bars mainly in the posterior region of body (Fig. 6 b). Urogenital papilla gray. Pectoral and ventral region whitish. Opercular region greenish blue. Iris orange yellow, with black vertical band crossing eye. Dorsal fin gray or yellowish green with light yellow or light bluish bars forming small triangles, interspersed with small dark brownish row in dorsal fin base; presence of a black blotch on the distal portion of last dorsal fin rays bordered anteriorly by a narrow light blue margin. Anal fin gray or bluish gray with some iridescence, limited to basal region of anal fin, sometimes as an extension of the transversal bars of the body; sometimes iridescence absent, with only a single light yellow or gray basal band on anal fin. Presence of a black blotch on distal portion of last anal fin rays, bordered anteriorly by a narrow light blue margin. Caudal fin greenish blue or bluish gray, without dots, spots, bands or any marks; distal region hyaline. Pelvic fins greenish blue. Pectoral fins hyaline, with black margin. Females (Fig. 7): Ground colour of body light brownish gray with dark markings, highly variable in size, number and shape. Sometimes two black spots on anterocentral portion of flank. Ventral region whitish. Opercular region ochre or pale greenish blue. Caudal peduncle with two vertically arranged black spots (sometimes coalesced into a eight-shaped spot) on posterior portion, absent in some specimens. Opercular region pale blue. Iris light yellow, with dark gray vertical band crossing the eye. Unpaired fins hyaline, with faint gray marks or bars, mainly on basal portion of dorsal and anal fins. Pectoral fins hyaline. Geographic distribution. Austrolebias lourenciano is only known from temporary wetlands of Arroio Pinto, Arroio São Lourenço basin, Laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Fig. 3) Habitat notes. Austrolebias lourenciano occurs in temporary wetlands with dense aquatic vegetation directly exposed to sunlight (Fig. 8). Temporary wetlands inhabited by A. lourenciano usually dry in late spring and early summer, between November and December and flood again in early autumn between April and May, however, there is some variation from year to year depending on the intensity of the annual precipitations. The pools range from 20 to 50 cm in depth and have a muddy substrate. The areas from where the species was recorded are located at the edge of the riparian forest of the Arroio Pinto. The species was recorded co-occurring with another species of Rivulidae, Austrolebias aff. gymnoventris, in samples taken in 2014, although the last species was no longer recorded in the area after a portion of the type locality was drained. Non-annual fish species recorded syntopically with the new species were Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns, 1842), Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868), Jenynsia lineata (Jenyns, 1842) and Cheirodon ibicuhiensis Eigenmann, 1915.	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
03A4B7166753D05AFF5BF9A3AE64B41B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from Portuguese adjective “ lourenciano ”, which is as the inhabitants from São Lourenço do Sul, a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, situated on the shores of the Laguna dos Patos, are known. The name lourenciano is a reference to the occurrence of the new species in this municipality. A name in apposition. Conservation status. The species was relatively abundant in its type locality. However, in 2015 a portion of the wetland was drained (Fig. 8), reducing the flooded area. After the partial drainage of the temporary pool, a visible reduction in the density of the species was observed in subsequent years. In the second location where the species was recorded, on the opposite bank of the Arroio Pinto, there are small, shallow pools scattered in a pastureland, where few specimens are usually found. Both locations are subject to grazing and trampling by cattle. The species currently has an occupation area of less than 1 ha, with a low population density and suffers from the reduction in the quality of its habitat. Moreover, if measures to conserve the area of occurrence of A. lourenciano are not taken, it is possible that the owner will carry out new interventions that will further reduce the distribution of the species. Thus, following the IUCN (2019), A. lourenciano presents a reduced (AOO <10,000 m ²) and severely fragmented (a) area of occurrence and is experiencing continued decline (b) in the area of occupancy (ii) and in the quality of habitat (iii). Austrolebias lourenciano should be considered a “ Critically Endangered ” species under the category CR B 2 ab (ii, iii), and as such, the species should be included in future lists of the endangered fauna from Brazil.	en	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Barbosa, Crislaine, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2021): Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965 (1): 87-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4
