identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A4CD19FF800D14FE2CFA5C7F4BFBFD.text	03A4CD19FF800D14FE2CFA5C7F4BFBFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson 1990	<div><p>Penaincisalia aurulenta</p> <p>(Figures 1A, 2)</p> <p>The dorsal colour is Burnt Orange without iridescence (Figure 1A). The scales are tile- or shovel-shaped with a toothed anterior margin. The length/width ratio of tile-shaped scales is 3/ 1 (120/ 40 mm). The shovel-shaped scales are shorter and wider (length/width52/1, 80/ 40 mm). The dentation of the tile-shaped scales is deeper (Figure 2A). We could not detect any qualitative difference between the microstructures of the two types. The longitudinal ridges are parallel and low, with flutes. The space (5length of the microcells) between the ridges is approximately 1 mm. Cross ribs are straight, their intervals are slightly irregular and less than 0.5 mm. The microcells are oblong or rectangular and widely open (Figure 2B, C). The nanostructures are irregularly fragmented and sparse or lost with the trabeculae, and the reverse surface of the scale can be clearly seen at higher magnification (Figure 2D).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4CD19FF800D14FE2CFA5C7F4BFBFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bálint, Zsolt;Vértesy, Zofia;Biró, László P.	Bálint, Zsolt, Vértesy, Zofia, Biró, László P. (2005): Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations. Journal of Natural History 39 (31): 2935-2952, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500140629, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500140629
03A4CD19FF830D15FDD7FB977A47FB08.text	03A4CD19FF830D15FDD7FB977A47FB08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penaincisalia perezi Balint 2001	<div><p>Penaincisalia perezi</p> <p>(Figures 1B, 3)</p> <p>The dorsal colour is vivid Magenta Orange with Ecclesiastic Purple iridescence (Figure 1B). The scales are tile- or shovel-shaped with a uniformly toothed anterior margin. The length/width ratio of the tile-shaped scales is 3/1 (150/ 50 mm); the shovelshaped scales are shorter, the length/width ratio is 2/1 (100/ 50 mm). The dentation of the tile-shaped scales is more pronounced while the dentation of the shovel-shaped scales is far less prominent (Figure 3A). We found three types of scale microstructures, which suggest a transformation series (see Discussion):</p> <p>1. The longitudinal ridges are low, showing flutes on the longitudinal ridges, the cross ribs are straight. The space between the cross ribs is approximately 0.5 mm; but highly variable, there are larger and smaller ratios. The widely open microcells are rectangular with fragmented nanostructures, the trabeculae and the lower scale membrane can be clearly seen (Figure 2B).</p> <p>2. The longitudinal ridges are moderate with flutes, which with curved cross ribs form rectangular-shaped deeper-laying microcells. Spaces between cross ribs are approximately 0.5 mm, and regular. The microcell openings are circular and pepper-pot nanostructures can be seen through the microcell openings (Figure 3C).</p> <p>3. The longitudinal ridges with flutes are high and the cross ribs are v-shaped and form rectangular, very narrow, almost completely closed microcells with a single circular opening at the bottom. The spaces between the cross ribs are less than 0.1 mm; their sequence is regular. Pepper-pot nanostructures can be seen beneath the openings (Figure 3D).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4CD19FF830D15FDD7FB977A47FB08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bálint, Zsolt;Vértesy, Zofia;Biró, László P.	Bálint, Zsolt, Vértesy, Zofia, Biró, László P. (2005): Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations. Journal of Natural History 39 (31): 2935-2952, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500140629, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500140629
03A4CD19FF820D1AFE20FADC78A8FB6A.text	03A4CD19FF820D1AFE20FADC78A8FB6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penaincisalia culminicola (Staudinger 1894)	<div><p>Penaincisalia culminicola</p> <p>(Figures 1C, 4)</p> <p>The dorsal colour is iridescent Lobelia Blue (Figure 1C). The scales are uniformly tileshaped with moderately toothed apical margins, with length/width ratio 3/2 (90/ 60 mm) (Figure 4A). We could detect two kinds of scale microstructures.</p> <p>1. The longitudinal ridges with flutes are low and they merge with straight cross ribs having widely open rectangular microcells. The spaces between cross ribs are 0.5 and 1 mm, and irregular. In the microcells are irregular pepper-pot-like layers, and the trabeculae and the scale membrane can be clearly seen (Figure 4B), but there are some areas which show more regularity (Figure 4C).</p> <p>2. The longitudinal ridges are high, showing flutes, and they merge with closely set vshaped cross ribs forming rectangular, narrow and almost completely closed microcells. The space between the cross ribs is less than 0.3 mm; their intervals are slightly irregular. Almost every microcell has a single circular nanoscaled opening at the base. Beneath the opening, pepper-pot nanostructures can be clearly seen (Figure 4D).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4CD19FF820D1AFE20FADC78A8FB6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bálint, Zsolt;Vértesy, Zofia;Biró, László P.	Bálint, Zsolt, Vértesy, Zofia, Biró, László P. (2005): Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations. Journal of Natural History 39 (31): 2935-2952, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500140629, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500140629
03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A.text	03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thecloxurina loxurina (Felder and Felder 1865)	<div><p>Thecloxurina loxurina</p> <p>(Figures 1D, 5)</p> <p>The dorsal colour is iridescent Lyons Blue (Figure 1D). The scales are tile- or shovelshaped with slight anterior dentation (Figure 5A) or are not dentate (Figure 5B). The dentate tile-shaped scales are long with a length/width ratio of 3/1 (150/ 50 mm); the shovelshaped scales are wider with a length/width ratio of 5/3 (100/ 60 mm). The non-dentate scales are intermediate with a length/width ratio of 2/1 (120/ 60 mm). The slightly toothed scales possess moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes. They merge with curved cross ribs with rectangular shaped microcells. The space between the cross ribs is approximately 0.5 mm, but slightly irregular. The microcells are widely open, nanostructured material fragments and the trabeculae, plus the reverse surface of the scale, can be clearly seen (Figure 5C). There are identically microstructured scales with pepper-pot nanostructures (Figure 5D). The square-ended and non-dentate scales possess high longitudinal ridges with very closely set v-shaped cross ribs (Figure 5E). They form rectangular, but very narrow and almost completely closed, microcells. The spaces between the cross ribs are less than 0.3 mm wide; their sequence is regular. The microcells have a single circular nanostructure opening below their base. Pepper-pot nanostructures can be seen beneath the openings (Figure 5F).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bálint, Zsolt;Vértesy, Zofia;Biró, László P.	Bálint, Zsolt, Vértesy, Zofia, Biró, László P. (2005): Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations. Journal of Natural History 39 (31): 2935-2952, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500140629, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500140629
03A4CD19FF8C0D18FE3EFAD27F7AFA16.text	03A4CD19FF8C0D18FE3EFAD27F7AFA16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thecloxurina atymna (Hewitson 1870)	<div><p>Thecloxurina atymna</p> <p>(Figures 1E, F, 6)</p> <p>The dorsal colours are Pansil Violet and Burnt Orange (Figure 1E, F). The scales are tile- or shovel-shaped (Figure 6A). The tile-shaped scales are long with a length/width ratio of 3.5/1 (140/ 40 mm). The tile-shaped scales are deeply dentate. The less dentate shovelshaped scales are intermediate with a length/width ratio of 3/1 (90/ 60 mm). The microstructures of the scales are identical: the parallel longitudinal ridges are low, showing flutes, and form, with straight cross ribs, rectangular microcells (Figure 6B). The ridges and the ribs are strong, and sometimes with highly irregular interval sequences; the microcells are either open, or partly to completely closed (Figure 6C–F). Pepper-pot-like nanostructure fragments can be seen deeply within, but there are also entirely empty regions. The violet structural colour of the basal and median area of the wing dorsa is produced by the pepper-pot nanostructures still intact in particular areas (Figure 6G, H).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4CD19FF8C0D18FE3EFAD27F7AFA16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bálint, Zsolt;Vértesy, Zofia;Biró, László P.	Bálint, Zsolt, Vértesy, Zofia, Biró, László P. (2005): Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations. Journal of Natural History 39 (31): 2935-2952, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500140629, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500140629
