identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A41512FFFA482CFEBF2BC242AF02E4.text	03A41512FFFA482CFEBF2BC242AF02E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carpomys Thomas 1895	<div><p>Genus Carpomys Thomas, 1895</p><p>Emended diagnosis.— The genus Carpomys comprises two extant, relatively small cloud rats and an extinct giant cloud rat, Ca. dakal n. sp. Carpomys is defined phylogenetically as including the most recent common ancestor of Ca. melanurus, Ca. phaeurus, Ca. dakal n. sp., and all of its descendants. Living members of Carpomys possess cranial traits and features of external appearance that were summarized by Musser and Heaney (1992) and Heaney et al. (2014).</p><p>The dentition of Carpomys is distinguished from all others by the combination of the following morphological features: upper and lower first molars have four rows of lophs; second and third upper molars have three rows of lophs; a welldeveloped anterior labial cusp is present in m2 and m3; and posterior cingula in all upper molars are laminar and elongate (Figs. 2A, 2B, 4A, and 4B). Carpomys has moderately hypsodont molars and chevronate molar lophs. In the M1, a well-developed and elongate posterior cingulum forms the fourth lamina, while in the m1 a bicuspid anterocentral forms the first loph (Thomas 1898; Musser and Heaney 1992). The posterior loph of the m3 of Carpomys usually has an irregular “W” outline formed by an additional cusplet between the hypoconid and entoconid (Figs. 5A and 5B).</p><p>Description and comparisons.— In Carpomys, the height of crowns is medium andtooth morphology is intermediate between the hypsodont (high-crowned) and more chevronate Crateromys and the lophodont (elongated and transverse) Phloeomys; Carpomys cuspsaretypicallyseparatedby deepclefts (Figs. 2–5). As described by Heaney et al. (2009, 2014), the largely fused and lamellate cusp patterns of Carpomys and Musseromys aresimilar, but certain dental traits differentiate the two. Musseromys teeth and body sizes are substantially smaller than those of Carpomys (Heaney et al. 2014) . In M3 (Figs. 2A, 4B, and 4C), Carpomys has a well-developed and elongate posterior cingulum that either is reduced or absent altogether in Musseromys . Carpomys has more chevronate lophs (Figs. 5A and 5B) compared to the more transversely oriented laminae of m1 (second and third lophs) and m3 (anterior loph) in Musseromys (Fig. 5C). The m3 cusplet found in Carpomys is absent in Musseromys and the m3 posterior lamina is transverse in Musseromys (Fig. 5C).</p><p>The Carpomys M1 anterocone is slightly arcuate and intermediate in curvature between the transverse anterocone of Phloeomys and the arcuate to chevronate anterocones of Batomys and Crateromys . In the M2 and M3, the third lamina is represented by a well-developed posterior cingulum, which is absent in Batomys and Crateromys, and absent in M3 of all Musseromys .The Carpomys m1 anteroconidiscomposedof two laminae, in contrast to the more typical triangular anteroconid in other phloeomyines. In Carpomys, the anteroconid of the m1 has a midline cusp that forms a ridge connecting the anterocentral and second lamina (anterolabial–anterolingual loph) when it is worn (Figs. 2B and 5A; Supplementary Data SD1G and I); in Crateromys, Batomys, and Musseromys, this ridge is not observed, even when the anteroconid is worn down. Carpomys has more arcuate laminae in m1 and m2 compared to Musseromys, but less strongly chevronate compared to Crateromys and Batomys (Fig. 5). The posterior cingulum is absent in the m3 of Carpomys, but present in about 25% of Cr. schadenbergi included in this study (listed in Table 3). Carpomys upper and lower second and third molars typically have greater occlusal widths than occlusal lengths, but the opposite is seen in Crateromys and Batomys (Tables 2 and 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A41512FFFA482CFEBF2BC242AF02E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ochoa, Janine;Mijares, Armand S. B.;Piper, Philip J.;Reyes, Marian C.;Heaney, Lawrence R.	Ochoa, Janine, Mijares, Armand S. B., Piper, Philip J., Reyes, Marian C., Heaney, Lawrence R. (2021): Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini). Journal of Mammalogy 102 (2): 1-22, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab023
03A41512FFFB482EFC6F2EDD44DE01A3.text	03A41512FFFB482EFC6F2EDD44DE01A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carpomys dakal Ochoa & Mijares & Piper & Reyes & Heaney 2021	<div><p>Carpomys dakal, new species</p><p>Figs. 3A, 3B, 4A, and 5A; Tables 1 and 2;</p><p>Supplementary Data SD1</p><p>Holotype.— PNM II-1977-J11A-16301, left dentary with incisor and m1–3; only a small portion of the dentary posterior to m3 is present (Figs. 3A and 3B). The m1–3 are lightly worn (Fig. 5A), indicating that the animal was a young adult at the time of death.</p><p>Type locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.82833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.72139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.82833/lat 17.72139)">Minori Cave</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.82833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.72139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.82833/lat 17.72139)">Barangay Quibal</a>, Peñablanca Municipality, Cagayan Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (Fig. 1), 200 m elevation, 17°43 ′ 17 ″ N, 121°49 ′ 42 ″ E, Chamber Dof Minori Cave, Square 27; derives from Holocene aceramic level 40–50 cm below cave surface.</p><p>Paratypes.— (n = 10; Supplementary Data SD1). Callao Cave: partial right dentary with m2 (PNM II-1977-J3-10196); partial left dentary with m1 (PNM II-1977-J3-10544); partial right maxillary with M2 (PNM II-1977-J3-11075/3); Minori Cave Chamber A: partial leftdentary with m1–2 (PNM II-1977- J11B-2986); Minori Cave Chamber D: partial left maxilla with M1–3 (PNM II-1977-J11A-15997); partial right maxilla with M1–2 (PNM II-1977-J11A-16447); partial left maxilla with M1–2 (PNM II-1977-J11A-16481); partial left maxilla with M1–2 (PNM II-1977-J11A-16825); partial right dentary with m2–3 (PNM II-1977-J11A-16951); Musang Cave: partial left dentary with m1–3 (PNM II-1976-M-101) .</p><p>Age of specimens.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Callao Cave</a> specimens 10544 and 10196 originated in a layer dated at least ca. 67,000 BP; specimen 11075 is from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Layer</a> 11 of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Callao Cave</a>, which is older than ca. 30,000 cal BP but younger than 52,000 BP; seven specimens from Minori Cave, including the holotype, are from aceramic Holocene levels (prior to the introduction of pottery on Luzon at 4,500 –4,000 cal BP); Musang Cave specimen 101 derives from aceramic-bearing level (Level I 3; Table 1).</p><p>Etymology.— The new species name comes from the languages of the Dupaningan Agta, Itawes, and Ibanag of NE Luzon, an adjective meaning “large” in all three languages (see Tharp and Natividad 1976; Greenhill et al. 2008; Robinson 2011); we use it as an adjective in the nominative singular neuter.</p><p>Distribution.— Known from three cave sites in the Callao Cave complex, Peñablanca Municipality, Cagayan Province (Fig. 1).</p><p>Diagnosis.— A member of the genus Carpomys as diagnosed by Musser and Heaney (1992) and as emended above (see Emended Diagnosis and Description and Comparisons); a giant species much larger than the two living species, Ca. melanurus and Ca. phaeurus (Table 2). The dentary is robust both absolutely and proportionately, with strongly marked inferior and superior masseteric ridges. Lower incisor is unusually wide, 2.3 mm at its midpoint. Upper toothrow length is 13.58 mm; lower toothrow length ranges from 13.25 to 13.46 mm. M1 length ranges from 4.49 to 5.49 mm; M1 width ranges from 3.42 to 4.41 mm. m1 length ranges from 5.93 to 6.57 mm; m1 width ranges from 3.37 to 4.53 mm (Table 2).</p><p>Description and comparisons.— A giant cloud rat, largest known member of Carpomys (Table 2; Fig. 6), easily distinguished from the two extant species by its much greater size. The dentary is both larger and proportionately more robust than in extant species, with strongly marked inferior and superior masseteric ridges. The mental foramen is moderately high relative to the apex of the masseteric ridges, situated close to the dorsal surface of the mandible and anterior to m1. The lower incisor, as represented on the holotype, is robust, orange-yellow on the anterior surface, 2.3 mm wide at its midpoint and 8.5 mm long from its tip to the point it meets the dentary bone along its medial edge. The dorsal wear surface extends fully to the beginning of the dentary bone slightly below the anteriormost projection of bone along the medial edge, and the tip lies slightly below the occlusal plane of the mandibular molars. The lower incisor of Ca. phaeurus also is orange-yellow on the anterior surface, but is both shorter and more slender, 1.0 mm wide at its midpoint and 5.0 mm (n = 2) from its tip to the anteriormost projection of bone along the medial edge. In this species, the dorsal wear surface extends from the tip about 90% of the way to the highest point of the dentary bone; the tip lies slightly below the occlusal plane of the mandibular molars, equivalent to Ca. dakal . The lower incisor of Ca. melanurus (n = 1) is 1.3 mm wide at the midpoint, and about 6.0 mm from its tip to the anteriormost projection of bone along the medial edge. Thus, the lower incisor of Ca. dakal is nearly twice the width of those of the two extant species.</p><p>Overall molar morphology follows that shown in Figs. 2A and 2B. Measurements of individual teeth are provided in Table 3. Molar dimensions of the two living Carpomys species comprise only 40–80% of corresponding measurements in Ca. dakal . Molar dimensions of Musseromys species are only 20–30% of the corresponding measurements in Ca. dakal . The variation in molar characters observed in Ca. dakal also is seen in Ca. melanurus and Ca. phaeurus; size is the main distinguishing character that differentiates the dental morphology of fossil species from the living species. Additional cusplets are often present in M1 and M2 of Carpomys (Fig. 4A; Supplementary Data SD1B and C): a labial cusplet between t3 and t6 of M1 and a smaller cusplet between t5 and t8 of M2, which are absent in other phloeomyine genera. The M1 cusplet is found in three out of five Ca. dakal specimens, compared to two out of five Ca. phaeurus specimens and none in three Ca. melanurus specimens. The M2 cusplet is present in one of five specimens of Ca. dakal and is absent in specimens of the two extant species.</p><p>Molar tooth dimensions of Ca. dakal are within the size range of the giant cloud rats Cr. schadenbergi and Cr. heaneyi, but compared to them, Ca. dakal has a more slender dentary (Fig. 3). The maxillary region is robust (Fig. 7); our fragmentary material implies that the palate is rather smooth with a raised ridge supporting the molar teeth, and a large posterior palatal foramen (ppf) adjacent to M2 (Fig. 7A), as seen in the two extant Carpomys species. No trace of the deep palatal grooves of Crateromys spp. is evident. It appears that the bony palate terminates about one-third of the way posterior to the anterior edge of M3, as in Ca. melanurus, rather than at the anterior edge of M3, as in Ca. phaeurus . The anterior root of the zygomatic arch appears to originate labial to M1 (Fig. 7B), similar to the extant species of Carpomys, and perhaps a bit further posterior than that of Cr. schadenbergi and Cr. ballik n. sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A41512FFFB482EFC6F2EDD44DE01A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ochoa, Janine;Mijares, Armand S. B.;Piper, Philip J.;Reyes, Marian C.;Heaney, Lawrence R.	Ochoa, Janine, Mijares, Armand S. B., Piper, Philip J., Reyes, Marian C., Heaney, Lawrence R. (2021): Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini). Journal of Mammalogy 102 (2): 1-22, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab023
03A41512FFFE4829FEA02ABD460A0024.text	03A41512FFFE4829FEA02ABD460A0024.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crateromys Thomas 1895	<div><p>Genus Crateromys Thomas, 1895</p><p>Crateromys is represented by one living species on Luzon ( Cr. schadenbergi) and two additional species in other parts of the oceanic Philippines: Cr. heaneyi from Panay Island, and (possibly) extinct Cr. paulus from Ilin Island (near Mindoro); as noted above, molecular data indicate that Cr. australis from Dinagat Island (near Mindanao) should not be placed as a member of this genus (Rowsey et al. 2018), and we do not include it in our treatment that follows. The cranial traits and features of external appearance of Crateromys species were described by Musser and Gordon (1981), Musser et al. (1985), Gonzales and Kennedy (1996), and Heaney et al. (2016a). Crateromys possesses high crowns, chevronate lower molar lophs, and strongly arched upper molar cusps that are separated by deep clefts and ridges (Figs. 4 and 5). As detailed above, this contrasts with the medium crown height and less strongly arched cusps of Carpomys . Crateromys dentition is most similar to that of Batomys, but the members of these two genera on Luzon differ dentally in several respects. Both Crateromys and Batomys have hypsodont molars, but Crateromys has higher crowns than Batomys . Upper molars of Crateromys generally are more angular, whereas Batomys cusps are more rounded in occlusal outline. The angular shape of cusps in Crateromys in part is due to deep clefts that separate lingual and medial cusps of upper molars. In anterocone of M1, t1 and t2 are separated by a deep cleft, and this pattern is repeated for t4/t5 and t7/t 8 in all upper molars (Fig. 2C). These deep indentations are absent or less developed in most upper molar lophs in Batomys, with the exception of the posterior lophs (t7 and t8) in M1 and M2. In the Crateromys M1 anterocone, t1 and t3 are typically oriented anteriorly, whereas these cusps are oriented posteriorly in Batomys, producing a concave occlusal outline. Asimilar pattern is observed in the anterior loph of M2, where t4 and t6 are oriented anteriorly in Crateromys and transversely in Batomys . The anterior and posterior lophs of M3 have a more complex occlusal outline in Crateromys, whereas these lophs have a simpler laminar outline in Batomys . In Crateromys, the anterior and posterior lophs of m3 are chevronate and a posterior cingulum is occasionally observed; in Batomys, the anterior loph is not arched and the posterior loph is laminar or oblong in outline. Our assignment of the following new species to Crateromys is based on its possessing this set of characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A41512FFFE4829FEA02ABD460A0024	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ochoa, Janine;Mijares, Armand S. B.;Piper, Philip J.;Reyes, Marian C.;Heaney, Lawrence R.	Ochoa, Janine, Mijares, Armand S. B., Piper, Philip J., Reyes, Marian C., Heaney, Lawrence R. (2021): Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini). Journal of Mammalogy 102 (2): 1-22, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab023
03A41512FFFE482BFEB42CFD44FA0244.text	03A41512FFFE482BFEB42CFD44FA0244.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crateromys ballik Ochoa & Mijares & Piper & Reyes & Heaney 2021	<div><p>Crateromys ballik, new species</p><p>Figs. 4D, 5D, 8, 9, and 10; Tables 1 and 3;</p><p>Supplementary Data SD2</p><p>Holotype.— PNM II-1977-I8-402 right dentary with m1–3; incisor and all posterior processes missing (Figs. 8A and 8B). The m1–3 are moderately worn (Fig. 5D), indicating that the animal was an adult at the time of death.</p><p>Type locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.82&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.6645" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.82/lat 17.6645)">Dalan Serkot Cave</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.82&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.6645" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.82/lat 17.6645)">Barangay San Roque</a>, Peñablanca Municipality, Cagayan Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (Fig. 1), 165 m elevation, 17°39 ′ 52.2 ″ N, 121°49 ′ 12 ″ E, Square 2, Layer 2 (aceramic layer, spit 24, approximately 1.2 m below surface).</p><p>Paratypes.— (n = 6; Supplementary Data SD2) Callao Cave: partial maxilla with left and right M1–3 (PNM II-1977-J3-10389; Fig. 10), partial right dentary with incisor fragment and m1–2 (PNM II-1977-J3-11075/2); Minori Cave: partial left dentary with m1–3 (PNM II-1977-J11A-17018), partial left dentary with m1–2 (PNM II-1977-J11A-16692), partial left dentary with m2–3 (PNM II-1977-J11A-896); Eme Cave: partial left dentary with m1–3 (PNM II-1977-G-292) .</p><p>Age of specimens.— The holotype comes from an aceramic layer (Layer 2) of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Dalan Serkot Cave</a>, dated to 7,254–6,995 cal BP (Table 1); specimen 10389 derives from the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Late Pleistocene</a> levels of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Callao Cave</a> at least ca. 66,700 BP; specimen 11075/2 comes from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Layer</a> 11 of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Callao</a> which is older than ca. 30,000 cal BP and less than 52,600 BP; specimen 292 derives from an aceramic layer in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Eme Cave</a> dated to 3,985–3,702 cal BP; specimens 17018 and 16692 come from aceramic <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.0/lat 4.5)">Holocene</a> levels of Minori Cave (prior to the introduction of pottery on Luzon at 4,500–4,000 cal BP); specimen 896 derives from aceramicbearing level from Minori.</p><p>Etymology.— The new species name comes from the Dupaningan Agta language of NE Luzon, an adjective meaning “small” (see Reid 1994; Robinson 2011); we use it as an adjective in the nominative singular neuter.</p><p>Distribution.— Known from four cave sites in the Callao Cave Complex, Peñablanca Municipality, Cagayan Province (Fig. 1), as noted above.</p><p>Diagnosis.— A relatively small cloud rat of the genus Crateromys as diagnosed and defined by Musser and Gordon (1981), Musser et al. (1985), and Musser and Heaney (1992), distinctly smaller and less robust in comparison to the only living congener on Luzon, Cr. schadenbergi (Table 3; Fig. 9). Incisive foramina (if) extend nearly (about 0.5 mm anterior) to the anterior margin of the M1 alveolus (Fig. 10). Palate is narrow, and palatal grooves end about parallel to t1 on M1 (Fig. 10). Dentary is moderately robust relative to molar dimensions (Fig. 9A). Lower incisors proportionately narrow, 1.8 mm at midpoint. Upper toothrow length is 11.45 mm; lower toothrow length ranges from 10.22 to 12.91 mm. M1 length is 4.17 mm; M1 width is 3.27 mm. m1 length ranges from 4.2 to 5.41 mm; m1 width ranges from 2.79 to 3.34 mm (Table 3). Labial cusps (t3 and t6) of M1 and M2 are less prominent relative to t2 and t5. M1 and M 2 t 6 is directly fused with t5, notches are absent between t5 and t6. M1 anteroconid is not connected to the anterolabial– anterolingual loph.</p><p>Description and comparisons.— Overall, Cr. ballik is a small member of the genus Crateromys, smaller than Cr. schadenbergi and Cr. heaneyi, similar in size but a bit smaller on average than Cr. paulus, and smaller than Ca. dakal (Tables 2 and 3; Fig. 9). The dentary of Cr. ballik is less robust relative to its molar dimensions compared to Cr. schadenbergi and Cr. heaneyi (Fig. 9A), and less robust in absolute terms than Cr. paulus . The mental foramen of the dentary is situated at or slightly above the apex of the superior and inferior masseteric ridges on Cr. ballik (Fig. 8A), whereas it is placed high above the apex in Cr. paulus, situated on the dorsal margin of the dentary and anterior to m1, and is much lower on Cr. schadenbergi and Cr. heaneyi (see also Musser and Gordon 1981; Gonzales and Kennedy 1996; Reyes et al. 2017).</p><p>The lower incisor, as represented by Callao Cave paratype specimen 11072/2, is robust, orange-yellow on the anterior surface. The tip is missing, but at a place estimated to have been the midpoint, it is 1.8 mm wide, and from the broken tip to the anteriormost projection of bone along the medial edge is 3.7 mm. The dorsal wear surface stops ca. 1 mm above the beginning of the dentary bone. It appears that the tip would have extended about to the level of the occlusal surface of the mandibular molars. The lower incisor of Cr. schadenbergi is a slightly paler version of orange-yellow on the anterior surface. At its midpoint, the incisor averages about 2.2 mm wide and about 8.7–10.7 mm long (n = 3) from the tip to the anteriormost projection of bone along the medial edge. The dorsal wear surface ends ca. 2.9 mm above the beginning of the dentary bone along the medial edge, and the tip extends to about the level slightly below the occlusal plane of the molars. The lower incisor of Cr. heaneyi is similar in color to Cr. schadenbergi . At its midpoint, the incisor averages about 2.5 mm wide, which is wider than the generally larger Cr. schadenbergi, but we suggest caution in interpreting this as the two specimens available to us were raised in captivity. Figure 4 in Musser and Gordon (1981) shows the lower incisor of Cr. paulus as having a dorsal wear surface that stops about 2 mm above the anteriormost projection of bone along the medial edge, with the tip ending somewhat below the occlusal plane of the molars.</p><p>On our single maxillary of Cr. ballik (Callao Cave specimen 10389; Fig. 10), the incisive foramina (if) extend posteriorly to about 0.5 mm anterior to the anterior margin of the M1 alveolus. In two Cr. heaneyi this distance is 1.8 mm and 3.3 mm, and in six Cr. schadenbergi, the range is 1.6 to 3.3 mm, averaging 2.7 mm. In Cr. ballik 10389, the palatal bridge is narrow and longitudinally scored by deep medial palatal grooves. This trait is also seen in Cr. schadenbergi and appears to be a shared character of Luzon Crateromys, but the grooves in Cr. ballik 10389 end about parallel to t1 (Fig. 10), whereas in Cr. schadenbergi, the grooves flare laterally and become shallow anterior to M1. On other Crateromys species, the palatal bridge is relatively wider and the medial palatal grooves (pg) are shallower and less conspicuous (Musser et al. 1985; Gonzales and Kennedy 1996). The anterior root of the zygomatic arch (za) appears to originate lateral to t3 on M1 (Fig. 10).</p><p>The molar morphology of Cr. ballik differs from Batomys species on Luzon based on the traits listed above for the genus Crateromys . In comparison to the fossil Batomys described below, Cr. ballik is significantly larger, has higher crowns, and has a more robust dentary (Figs. 8 and 9A). Overall molar morphology follows that shown in Figs. 2C and 2D, except as noted below. Measurements of individual teeth are provided in Table 3. Among Luzon cloud rats, Cr. ballik is intermediate in size between Cr. schadenbergi and B. cagayanensis n. sp. (Fig. 9). In comparison to Cr. schadenbergi, crown length and width of Cr. ballik are smaller (Table 3; Fig. 9). Apart from absolute size of the teeth and the dentary, Cr. ballik differs from Cr. schadenbergi in its m1 configuration: the anteroconid is not connected to the second loph in Cr. ballik including in specimens with heavily worn teeth (Fig. 5D; Supplementary Data SD2A–D), whereas this is connected in Cr. schadenbergi (Fig. 5E).</p><p>In comparison to Cr. heaneyi, crown length and width of Cr. ballik also are smaller (Fig. 9; Table 3). Instead, tooth measurements of Cr. ballik overlap with the range of measurements published for fossil Cr. paulus (Fig. 9; Reyes et al. 2017). M1 and M2 of Cr. ballik are differentiated from Cr. paulus (see figure 6 in Musser and Gordon 1981) and Cr. heaneyi (Fig. 4F) by less prominent labial cusps (t3 and t6). The t 6 in M1 and M2 of Cr. paulus and Cr. heaneyi is separated by a relatively deep notch from t5, and this notch is absent in Cr. ballik . On the m3, the hypoconid and entoconid loph is chevronate on Cr. ballik and Cr. schadenbergi (i.e., both of the Luzon Crateromys), whereas it is fused in a nearly transverse loph in Cr. paulus and in Cr. heaneyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A41512FFFE482BFEB42CFD44FA0244	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ochoa, Janine;Mijares, Armand S. B.;Piper, Philip J.;Reyes, Marian C.;Heaney, Lawrence R.	Ochoa, Janine, Mijares, Armand S. B., Piper, Philip J., Reyes, Marian C., Heaney, Lawrence R. (2021): Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini). Journal of Mammalogy 102 (2): 1-22, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab023
