identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A587A70373C80FFF62CA825CD9135B.text	03A587A70373C80FFF62CA825CD9135B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia astroblema Melnitsky, Ivanov & Perkovsky 2025	<div><p>Plectrocnemia astroblema Melnitsky, Ivanov &amp; Perkovsky sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A4848301-5A57-46B3-A3ED-FDC32952B80E</p><p>(Figs 1, 2 A, B, 6 A, B)</p><p>Type material: Holotype. Male. SIZK K–32171, Rovno amber, late Eocene.</p><p>Description. Body length 4.7 mm; forewing length 5.7 mm. Head, legs, abdomen, wings and thorax light yellow, antennae light brown. Head and thorax with light hairs. Abdominal sternite V has long lateral processes, smoothly curved and directed posterolaterally.</p><p>Male genitalia. Posterior margin of segment IX with strong angular projection at the base of inferior appendages. Inferior appendages are wide and short on caudal view, with tooth-like dorsal projections directed inwards and covered with long dorsal bristles; the lateral view shows them as irregularly triangular. Superior appendages (preanal appendages, cerci) large, rounded. Segment X nonsclerotized, with 3 rounded caudal lobes. Ventral projections of segment X long, curved posterodorsad. Aedeagus robust with 2 pairs of long apical spines: the longer pair with strong subterminal bend, the shorter almost straight. Two additional thin spines are present at base of aedeagus.</p><p>Comparison. The new species resembles Plectrocnemia barbata Pictet, 1856 and Plectrocnemia synthesia Ivanov et Melnitsky, 2013 from Baltic amber. Large rounded superior appendages and less prominent sternum IX differ it from P. barbata . Larger superior appendages and aedeagal spine configuration are good distinguishing characters from Plectrocnemia synthesia Ivanov et Melnitsky, 2013 having three smaller spines at each side of the aedeagus.</p><p>Etymology. From the latinized Greek astroblema (astrobleme, impact structure) in the memory of asteroid Chicxulub falls that putatively changed the pre - Cenozoic life.</p><p>Distribution. Priabonian Rovno amber.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587A70373C80FFF62CA825CD9135B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Melnitsky, Stanislav I.;Ivanov, Vladimir D.;Perkovsky, Evgeny E.;Legalov, Andrei A.	Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
03A587A70372C808FF62CC095CC6104D.text	03A587A70372C808FF62CC095CC6104D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia posleotbora Melnitsky, Ivanov & Perkovsky 2025	<div><p>Plectrocnemia posleotbora Melnitsky, Ivanov &amp; Perkovsky sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 39EE4462-05EC-421D-BF50-C5792E89DF22</p><p>(Figs 2 C, D, 3, 6 C, D)</p><p>Type material: Holotype. Male. SIZK WZ–5, Rovno amber, late Eocene.</p><p>Description. Body length 4.3 mm; forewing length 5.7 mm. Head, abdomen, wings and thorax brown, legs light brown.</p><p>Male genitalia. Inferior appendages wide with spine-like projection of dorsal margin directed mediocaudad. Lateral view shows them to be irregularly triangular. Superior appendages are almost rectangular. Segment X weak, not sclerotized; its ventral projections are rather thin, with faint curvature on lateral view. Aedeagus with two sclerotized lateral peg-like projections having several small teeth at apex and two long dorsal teeth at base.</p><p>Comparison. The new species is similar to Plectrocnemia astroblema sp. nov. and differs from it in straight posterior margin of segment IX without angular projections and in solitary shorter apical club-like spines on each side of the aedeagus instead of paired longer spines in P. astroblema sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name posleotbora is indeclinable and must not agree in gender with its generic name; it derives from Russian and means “after natural selection”.</p><p>Distribution. Priabonian Rovno amber.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587A70372C808FF62CC095CC6104D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Melnitsky, Stanislav I.;Ivanov, Vladimir D.;Perkovsky, Evgeny E.;Legalov, Andrei A.	Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
03A587A70375C809FF62CD065D181555.text	03A587A70375C809FF62CD065D181555.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia idsukachevae Melnitsky, Ivanov & Perkovsky 2025	<div><p>Plectrocnemia idsukachevae Melnitsky, Ivanov &amp; Perkovsky sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 485BD28B-BD3C-44AC-B1B6-0F94C1644E9D</p><p>(Figs 4, 5, 6 E)</p><p>Type material: Holotype. Male. SIZK UA –28033, Rovno amber, late Eocene.</p><p>Description. Body length 4.1 mm; forewing length 5.1 mm. Head, antennae, wings and thorax brown, legs, abdomen light brown.</p><p>Male genitalia. Inferior appendages rounded on posterior view with dorsal subbasal projections. Superior appendages sclerotized and elongate, with rounded apices. Segment X with 2 soft lobes; ventral projections of this segment are visible as curved upwards. Small club-like projection with setose tip is visible right side of aedeagus. The aedeagal structures look deformed: soft aedeagus with apical notch and 2 thin lateral spines turned upwards and shifted to the right; two sclerotized rods make V-shaped construction with furrow-like profile supposedly served as ventral support for aedeagus, are seen turned to the left.</p><p>Comparison. This new species is related to Plectrocnemia nastigermania Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 from Rovno amber differing from it in shorter non-pointed superior appendages and in longer thick ventral projections of segment X.</p><p>Etymology. In honor of the 85th anniversary of paleoentomologist Irina Dmitrievna Sukacheva.</p><p>Distribution. Priabonian Rovno amber.</p><p>New findings of previously described species follow.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587A70375C809FF62CD065D181555	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Melnitsky, Stanislav I.;Ivanov, Vladimir D.;Perkovsky, Evgeny E.;Legalov, Andrei A.	Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
03A587A70374C80AFF62CCDD5B71159D.text	03A587A70374C80AFF62CCDD5B71159D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia aristovi Melnitsky et Ivanov 2023	<div><p>Plectrocnemia aristovi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2023 (previously known from Rovno amber)</p><p>New material: SIZK K-110; SIZK UA- 50086.</p><p>Abbreviations: X – 10 th segment, IX – 9 th sternite, aed – aedeagus, asa – apical sines of aedeagus, bsa – basal spines of aedeagus, ia – inferior appendages, pa – preanal appendages, vpX – ventral process of 10 th segment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587A70374C80AFF62CCDD5B71159D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Melnitsky, Stanislav I.;Ivanov, Vladimir D.;Perkovsky, Evgeny E.;Legalov, Andrei A.	Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
03A587A70376C80BFF62CB8D5C1612C0.text	03A587A70376C80BFF62CB8D5C1612C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia barbata (Pictet 1856)	<div><p>Plectrocnemia barbata (Pictet, 1856) (previously known from Baltic and Rovno amber)</p><p>New material: SIZK K-2792.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587A70376C80BFF62CB8D5C1612C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Melnitsky, Stanislav I.;Ivanov, Vladimir D.;Perkovsky, Evgeny E.;Legalov, Andrei A.	Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
03A587A70376C80BFF62CA665C25135A.text	03A587A70376C80BFF62CA665C25135A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia lata (Pictet 1856)	<div><p>Plectrocnemia lata (Pictet, 1856) (previously known from Baltic and Rovno amber)</p><p>New material: SIZK RSS- 7.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587A70376C80BFF62CA665C25135A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Melnitsky, Stanislav I.;Ivanov, Vladimir D.;Perkovsky, Evgeny E.;Legalov, Andrei A.	Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
03A587A70376C806FF62CAC35F5D141C.text	03A587A70376C806FF62CAC35F5D141C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plectrocnemia zolotuhini Melnitsky et Ivanov 2023	<div><p>Plectrocnemia zolotuhini Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2023 (previously known from Rovno amber)</p><p>New material: SIZK K-8732a.</p><p>Updated list of the Polycentropodidae known from Rovno amber is given below. Symbol † indicates fossil taxa (genus or species).</p><p>Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903</p><p>1. † Archaeoneureclipsis martynovi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016</p><p>2. † Electrocyrnus perpusillus Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010</p><p>3. Holocentropus † affinis (Pictet, 1856)</p><p>4. Holocentropus † atratus (Pictet, 1856)</p><p>5. Holocentropus † curvatus Ulmer, 1912</p><p>6. Holocentropus † flexiflagrum Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010</p><p>7. Holocentropus † incertus (Pictet, 1856)</p><p>8. Holocentropus † kobodok Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013</p><p>9. Holocentropus † totuttotam Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2024</p><p>10. Holocentropus † tutkaktut Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2021</p><p>11. Holocentropus † vetustus (Germar, 1813)</p><p>12. Holocentropus † vottakvot Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2024</p><p>13. Holocentropus † zhiltsovae Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013</p><p>14. Nyctiophylax † ispokonvekov Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2025</p><p>15. Nyctiophylax † terreusbos Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013</p><p>16. Nyctiophylax † totaktoetak Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2024</p><p>17. Nyctiophylax † varians Ulmer, 1912</p><p>18. Plectrocnemia † aristovi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2023</p><p>19. Plectrocnemia † astroblema Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2025</p><p>20. Plectrocnemia † barbata (Pictet, 1856)</p><p>21. Plectrocnemia † idsukachevae Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2025</p><p>22. Plectrocnemia † kirmikhia Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2021</p><p>23. Plectrocnemia † lata (Pictet, 1856)</p><p>24. Plectrocnemia † nastigermania Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013</p><p>25. Plectrocnemia † pluripotentia Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2024</p><p>26. Plectrocnemia † posleotbora Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2025</p><p>27. Plectrocnemia † stremglav Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2025</p><p>28. Plectrocnemia † ukrainica Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013</p><p>29. Plectrocnemia † zolotuhini Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2023</p><p>30. Polycentropus † grigorenkoi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016</p><p>Discussion</p><p>The recent findings prove the genus Plectrocnemia to be the most speciose among the caddis genera in Rovno amber, overriding the genus Holocentropus, other species-rich fossil genus from the Rovno Holocentropus having 2.5 times more species common with Baltic amber.</p><p>Findings made in the recent five years in Rovno amber quintupled the number of endemic species of Plectrocnemia . At least partly, this is due to the increase in the number of localities studied: five species of the genus are already known from localities other than Klesov, and four species are known only from them. The change in the number of Plectrocnemia species depending on the number of studied localities is also clearly visible in modern regional faunas: thus, in the thoroughly studied fauna of Michigan, four out of ten species are known from no more than five localities out of 443, and another three species from 14–17 localities (Houghton et al. 2017).</p><p>The total number of polycentropodid species known from Rovno amber has doubled over the past five years, including the number of Rovno amber endemic species of Nyctiophylax – tripled, Rovno amber endemic species of Holocentropus – doubled. As a result, the genus Plectrocnemia includes 23.5% of Rovno amber Trichoptera species (all Polycentropodidae – 59%), eight Plectrocnemia species from Klesov – 27.5% of all Klesov trichopterans (18 polycentropodid species – 58%), in Varash District Polycentropodidae constitute 75% of species (three from four), Plectrocnemia – 50% of species (this paper).</p><p>The striking level of dominance of polycentropodids (and in particular of the genus Plectrocnemia) in late Eocene European ambers and latest Eocene of Florissant (Ivanov et al. 2016), compared to any modern faunas, is evident even in the comparison with North American regional faunas (noticeably richer in Polycentropodidae, and particularly Plectrocnemia, than European ones). For example, in the Michigan fauna (Houghton et al. 2017), the genus Plectrocnemia accounts for only 3.4% of species (all Polycentropodidae combined, 28 species, makes 9.5%; by number of specimens in Michigan Plectrocnemia accounts for ca. 1.4%, and all Polycentropodidae for 5.5%. Comparison with the modern Benelux fauna (232 Trichoptera species) suggests the presence of only 13 polycentropodid species (5.6%), including three Plectrocnemia (1.3%) according to Tempelman et al. (2022). Similar calculations on the Russian fauna (643 species: Ivanov 2011) provides 5.4% of Polycentropodidae species. Apparent sympatry of the Rovno Polycentropodidae proven in the given publication was documented for the first time by the syninclusions of the species Plectrocnemia zolotuhini and P. aristovi, as well as of Plectrocnemia lata and Holocentropus atratus (Table 1).</p><p>Ulmer (1912) placed in Plectrocnemia barbata Pictet, 1856 a large series of specimens with strongly varying genital structures, from different collections (Ivanov &amp; Melnitsky 2013). This variation rises a question of the independence of these variations as separate species, hence the degree of domination of this and similarly variable species P. lata Pictet, 1856 is uncertain. Nonetheless, these variable species provide together more findings than any other amber Polycentropodidae . Apart of the presence of these species in the Rovno fauna, they were widespread across the Russo-Scandia including its south-west (south and southwest of modern Sweden) that was a source of Danish amber (Lyubarsky et al. 2024; Simutnik et al. 2025 and references therein). The amber piece NHMD 115294 (housed in the Natural History Museum of Denmark) with male of Plectrocnemia lata from Danish amber have been determined to species level by W. Wichard, and his determination did not meet any substantial objection.</p><p>In Bitterfeld amber, only endemic species were reported (Melnitsky et al. 2025 and references therein). The relative dominance of one or two Plectrocnemia species in extant regional faunas is not unusual: for example, in the Michigan fauna, 77% of specimens belong to two out of ten species (Houghton et al. 2017). Nonetheless the trend on maintaining of the high share of Polycentropodidae in fossil resins suggests the principal difference of faunal structure in the recent and Eocene aquatic biocenoses. Some chances for the better understanding palaeoecology at least commonest species gives the study of syninclusions (Perkovsky et al. 2010, 2012; Perkovsky &amp; Rasnitsyn 2013; Perkovsky 2017; this paper), e. g., most species of Orthocladius live in running waters.</p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>The authors are grateful to Oleg Bogelsky and Danylo Koval from Amber Galbin Group (both - Rivne, Ukraine), Mykola Khomych (Rivne, Ukraine) and Alex Kondratyuk (Berezne, Ukraine) for the help with obtaining some specimens and anonymous reviewers for improving the overall quality of the manuscript.</p><p>References</p><p>Chemyreva, V.G., Legalov, A.A. &amp; Perkovsky, E.E. (2024) A new genus of Ambositrinae (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) from Rovno amber and remarks on the Eocene distribution of the subfamily. Ecologica Montenegrina, 79, 104–112.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.79.9</p><p>Fedotova, Z.A., Vasilenko, D.V. &amp; Perkovsky, E.E. (2024) Vladimiretskia nathani gen. et sp. nov. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae: Porricondylinae, Asynaptini, Vladimiretskiana subtr. nov.) from Eocene Rovno amber with description of their eggs. Ecologica Montenegrina, 72, 146–157.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.72.14</p><p>Houghton, D.C., DeWalt, R.E., Pytel, A.J., Brandin, C.M., Rogers, S.E., Ruiter, D.E., Bright, E., Hudson, P.L. &amp; Armitage, B.J. (2018) Updated checklist of the Michigan (USA) caddisflies, with regional and habitat affinities. ZooKeys, 730, 57–74.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.730.21776</p><p>Ivanov, V.D. (2011) Caddis-flies of Russia: fauna and biodiversity. Proceedings, 13 th International Symposium on Trichoptera, Białowieża, Poland, June 22 –27, 2009. Zoosymposia, 5, 171–209.</p><p>Ivanov, V.D., Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Perkovsky, E.E. (2016) Caddisflies from Cenozoic resins of Europe. Paleontological Journal, 50 (5), 485–493.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030116050063</p><p>Lyubarsky, G.Yu., Vasilenko, D.V. &amp; Perkovsky, E.E. (2024) Ceratonotha, a new erotylid genus (Coleoptera, Erotylidae) from late Eocene amber. Zootaxa, 5458 (2), 275–285.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5458.2.6</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2010) New species of caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Rovno amber, Eocene of Ukraine. Paleontological Journal, 44 (3), 303–311.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103011003010X</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2013) Seven new species of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Rovno amber (Eocene of Ukraine). Paleontological Journal, 47 (3), 283–291.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030113030076</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2016 a) New species of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Paleogene resins of Europe. Paleontological Journal, 50 (1), 69–72.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103011601007X</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2016 b) New species of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Rovno amber. Zoosymposia, 10, 278–291.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.10.1.26</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2023 a) Plectrocnemia aristovi sp. nov., a new fossil species of Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Eocene Rovno amber. Palaeoentomology, 6 (2), 117–119. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.2.2.</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2023 b) Plectrocnemia zolotuhini sp. nov., a new fossil species of Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Eocene Rovno amber. Euroasian Entomological Journal, 22 (3), 162–164. https://doi.org/10.15298/euroasentj.22.03.08.</p><p>Melnitsky, S.I. &amp; Ivanov, V.D. (2024) Plectrocnemia votonokak sp. nov., a new fossil species of Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Eocene Baltic amber. 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Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Legalov, Andrei A. (2025): Three new species of Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Rovno amber. Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 90-100, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.4
