taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636588/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636588	Figure 1. Adult types of Aricoris described from Uruguay. A, Hamearis gauchoana, holotype female in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). B, Hamearis montana, lectotype male in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). C, H.montana, female paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). D, Hamearis arenarum, lectotype male in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). E, H.arenarum, female paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). Scale bar: 1 cm.	Figure 1. Adult types of Aricoris described from Uruguay. A, Hamearis gauchoana, holotype female in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). B, Hamearis montana, lectotype male in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). C, H.montana, female paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). D, Hamearis arenarum, lectotype male in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). E, H.arenarum, female paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). Scale bar: 1 cm.	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636590/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636590	Figure 2. Adults of Aricoris arenarum. (A) In copula in Castillos, Uruguay, showing the female (left) and male (right); note cryptic coloration on the ground. (B–F) Male (B–D) and female (E, F) genitalia of A. arenarum. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. D, eighth sternite in ventral view. E, ventral view. F, papilla analis. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.	Figure 2. Adults of Aricoris arenarum. (A) In copula in Castillos, Uruguay, showing the female (left) and male (right); note cryptic coloration on the ground. (B–F) Male (B–D) and female (E, F) genitalia of A. arenarum. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. D, eighth sternite in ventral view. E, ventral view. F, papilla analis. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636592/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636592	Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Aricoris arenarum egg. A, lateral view. B, hexagonal cells of the exochorion with aeropyles (Ac) in the rib intersections. C, micropylar area (Mp).	Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Aricoris arenarum egg. A, lateral view. B, hexagonal cells of the exochorion with aeropyles (Ac) in the rib intersections. C, micropylar area (Mp).	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636594/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636594	Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the first (A–E) and second (F–J) instars of Aricoris arenarum. A, lateral view. B, lateral setae on mesothorax. C, dorsal seta and PCO on mesothorax. D, opening of TNO (arrow). E, proleg of segment A4 in lateroventral view. F, lateral view; note reduce setae on metathorax (arrow). G, head in laterofrontal view. H, dorsal setae in lateral view; note reduced setae on metathorax (arrow). I, dendritic setae and PCOs on mesothorax. J, opening of TNO (arrow).	Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the first (A–E) and second (F–J) instars of Aricoris arenarum. A, lateral view. B, lateral setae on mesothorax. C, dorsal seta and PCO on mesothorax. D, opening of TNO (arrow). E, proleg of segment A4 in lateroventral view. F, lateral view; note reduce setae on metathorax (arrow). G, head in laterofrontal view. H, dorsal setae in lateral view; note reduced setae on metathorax (arrow). I, dendritic setae and PCOs on mesothorax. J, opening of TNO (arrow).	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636596/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636596	Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of the last instar (A–H) and pupa (I–L) of Aricoris arenarum. A, head and thorax in lateral view. B, head in laterofrontal view. C, long dorsal setae on mesothorax. D, vibratory papillae. E, detail of spiniform elevations (arrow) on cephalodorsal area. F, dendritic setae and PCOs on segment A2. G, opening of TNO (arrow). H, prothoracic spiracle. I, dorsal view of metathorax. J, cluster of dendritic setae and PCOs above spiracle (sp) on segment A5. K, detail of dendritic setae and PCOs. L, detail of cremaster crochet.	Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of the last instar (A–H) and pupa (I–L) of Aricoris arenarum. A, head and thorax in lateral view. B, head in laterofrontal view. C, long dorsal setae on mesothorax. D, vibratory papillae. E, detail of spiniform elevations (arrow) on cephalodorsal area. F, dendritic setae and PCOs on segment A2. G, opening of TNO (arrow). H, prothoracic spiracle. I, dorsal view of metathorax. J, cluster of dendritic setae and PCOs above spiracle (sp) on segment A5. K, detail of dendritic setae and PCOs. L, detail of cremaster crochet.	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636598/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636598	Figure 6. Life cycle of Aricoris arenarum tended by‘black morphs’ of Camponotus punctulatus ants on Geoffroea decorticans (Fabaceae), showing both free-living and social parasitic phases. A, female at post-alighting phase. B, eggs close to anttended treehoppers (dashed ellipse). C, eggs (white arrows) and first instar caterpillars (black arrows) close to scale insets, both tended by ant workers. D, first instar caterpillar (black arrow) close to ant-tended treehoppers. E, sequence of worker drinking honeydew from treehopper (top panel, white arrow) and first instar requesting trophallaxis from ant (bottom panel, white arrow); note the typical larval posture and long prothoracic setae. F, last instar caterpillar tended by ants inside brood chamber. G, penultimate instar (black arrow indicates the everted larval TNO) and pupa inside the ant nest (white arrow). Scale bars: 5 mm in A, B, C, D, F, G; 2 mm in E.	Figure 6. Life cycle of Aricoris arenarum tended by‘black morphs’ of Camponotus punctulatus ants on Geoffroea decorticans (Fabaceae), showing both free-living and social parasitic phases. A, female at post-alighting phase. B, eggs close to anttended treehoppers (dashed ellipse). C, eggs (white arrows) and first instar caterpillars (black arrows) close to scale insets, both tended by ant workers. D, first instar caterpillar (black arrow) close to ant-tended treehoppers. E, sequence of worker drinking honeydew from treehopper (top panel, white arrow) and first instar requesting trophallaxis from ant (bottom panel, white arrow); note the typical larval posture and long prothoracic setae. F, last instar caterpillar tended by ants inside brood chamber. G, penultimate instar (black arrow indicates the everted larval TNO) and pupa inside the ant nest (white arrow). Scale bars: 5 mm in A, B, C, D, F, G; 2 mm in E.	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636600/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636600	Figure 7. Map of South America (top left) and detail of topographic map of Río de la Plata basin (red rectangle) showing the geographical distribution of Aricoris arenarum (red circles), type locality in Uruguay (yellow star) and overview of studied vegetation habitats (black circles). A, mountain Chaco in Volcán, Jujuy, Argentina. B, mountain Chaco in Capilla del Monte, Córdoba, Argentina. C, dry Espinal in El Carancho, La Pampa, Argentina. D, Pampean grassland in Castillos, Uruguay. E, coastal sand grasslands in Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. F, grassland–Atlantic forest mosaic in Vacaria, RS, Brazil. G, natural grasslands in Mbopicua, Paraguari, Paraguay. Dashed white line delimits the Peripampasic Orogenic Arc (modified from Ferretti et al., 2012), and black dashed line indicates the life cycle study sites (A, B, D, respectively).	Figure 7. Map of South America (top left) and detail of topographic map of Río de la Plata basin (red rectangle) showing the geographical distribution of Aricoris arenarum (red circles), type locality in Uruguay (yellow star) and overview of studied vegetation habitats (black circles). A, mountain Chaco in Volcán, Jujuy, Argentina. B, mountain Chaco in Capilla del Monte, Córdoba, Argentina. C, dry Espinal in El Carancho, La Pampa, Argentina. D, Pampean grassland in Castillos, Uruguay. E, coastal sand grasslands in Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. F, grassland–Atlantic forest mosaic in Vacaria, RS, Brazil. G, natural grasslands in Mbopicua, Paraguari, Paraguay. Dashed white line delimits the Peripampasic Orogenic Arc (modified from Ferretti et al., 2012), and black dashed line indicates the life cycle study sites (A, B, D, respectively).	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
03A587A3FF87FFD9DC6D50C26B975D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5636602/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636602	Figure 8. Comparative phylogenetic position, geographical distribution and life cycles of two ‘cuckoo’ butterflies: ‘Hormiguera Chopí’ Aricoris arenarum (orange lines) and ‘Kuro-shijimi’ Niphanda fusca (blue lines), respectively. A, phylogeny of Riodinidae and Lycaenidae based on the study by Espeland et al. (2018), showing estimated dated origins of myrmecophily (black dots), social parasitic lineages (yellow dots) according to Fiedler (2012) and an unconfirmed case (yellow dot with question mark). Orange, A. arenarum; blue, N. fusca. B, world map indicating continental records of social parasitism in butterflies. C–F, A. arenarum life cycle sequence, illustrating: C, female oviposition close to ant–hemipteran association (dashed ellipse); D, first instar feeding on hemipteran honeydew (dashed ellipse); E, third instar with reduced setae on metathorax (yellow arrow) feeding on ant regurgitation (dashed ellipse); F, last instar inside ant nest. G–J, N.fusca life cycle sequence, depicting: G, sequence of female oviposition (dashed ellipse); H, first instar feeding on hemipteran honeydew (dashed ellipse); I, third instar with reduced setae on metathorax (yellow arrow) feeding on ant regurgitation (dashed ellipse); J, last instar inside ant nest.	Figure 8. Comparative phylogenetic position, geographical distribution and life cycles of two ‘cuckoo’ butterflies: ‘Hormiguera Chopí’ Aricoris arenarum (orange lines) and ‘Kuro-shijimi’ Niphanda fusca (blue lines), respectively. A, phylogeny of Riodinidae and Lycaenidae based on the study by Espeland et al. (2018), showing estimated dated origins of myrmecophily (black dots), social parasitic lineages (yellow dots) according to Fiedler (2012) and an unconfirmed case (yellow dot with question mark). Orange, A. arenarum; blue, N. fusca. B, world map indicating continental records of social parasitism in butterflies. C–F, A. arenarum life cycle sequence, illustrating: C, female oviposition close to ant–hemipteran association (dashed ellipse); D, first instar feeding on hemipteran honeydew (dashed ellipse); E, third instar with reduced setae on metathorax (yellow arrow) feeding on ant regurgitation (dashed ellipse); F, last instar inside ant nest. G–J, N.fusca life cycle sequence, depicting: G, sequence of female oviposition (dashed ellipse); H, first instar feeding on hemipteran honeydew (dashed ellipse); I, third instar with reduced setae on metathorax (yellow arrow) feeding on ant regurgitation (dashed ellipse); J, last instar inside ant nest.	2020-12-25	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger		Zenodo	biologists	Kaminski, Lucas A.;Volkmann, Luis;Callaghan, Curtis J.;Devries, Philip J.;Vila, Roger			
