taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A587B4D05843629BBFFE7EFD14437B.taxon	description	785) Grisebach (1843: 207) ≡ Provancheria B. Boivin (1966: 644). Lectotype (designated by Ikonnikov 1973): Dichodon dubius (Bastard 1812: 24) Ikonnikov (1973: 141) [synonym of D. viscidus (M. Bieb.) Holub (1974: 273)]. Description: — Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, glabrous or often glandular hairy in the upper parts. Roots slender, sometimes rhizomatous, or rooting at nodes. Stems erect or decumbent. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, mostly succulent. The lowest bracts herbaceous, then gradually decreasing to 2 ‒ 5 mm, without scarious margins. Inflorescence few- to many-flowered, in terminal or sometimes axillary cymes. Pedicels erect or reflexed in fruit. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, distinct, inner sepals with wide scarious margins, the outer ones without or with narrow scarious margins. Petals 5 (‒ 8) white, slightly to deeply notched. Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5). Stamens 5 ‒ 10. Capsule oblongoid to cylindrical, opening by teeth twice as many as styles, as long as or slightly exceeding the sepals, teeth reclined, patent or circinately revolute. Seeds many, greyish yellow, verrucate. 2 n = 36, 38.	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05843619BBFFA53FDD84819.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — IRAN. Tehran: North Tehran, Touchal mountains, 3700 m, 15 July 2016, Z. Arabi 47422 (holotype TUH-SZ 47422!, isotype M!).	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05843619BBFFA53FDD84819.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Dichodon alborzensis is closely related to D. persicus and D. cerastoides. These two latter species form separate small patches, while D. alborzensis plants are annual or biennial herbs growing as widely scattered individuals, not occurring in clumps. Moreover, D. alborzensis differs from D. cerastoides by the absence of sterile shoots and shallowly incised petals which are equal or slightly exceeding the sepals.	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05843619BBFFA53FDD84819.taxon	description	Description: — Annual or biennial plants, glabrous throughout. Taproots slender with fibrous-like lateral roots attached. Stems with rosette of basal leaves, lower internodes short. Leaves succulent, basal ones spatulate, cauline ones lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal, 3 - flowered (rarely 1 - flowered), lax. Styles 3 (4). Bracts similar to leaves, without scarious margins. Pedicels long and deflexed when fruiting. Petals 5, white, slightly longer than sepals, shallowly notched. Stamens 5 or 10. Capsules cylindrical, with 6 (‒ 8) circinate teeth. Seeds many, ovate, 0.80 ‒ 0.95 mm, verrucate on surface.	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05843619BBFFA53FDD84819.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — “ alborzensis ” came from Alborz, a mountain range in North Iran where the new species has been discovered at three locations. Taxonomic notes: — The type specimen of Dichodon alborzensis was collected in the Touchal Mountains in North Tehran. Two other populations of this taxon were found at Azadbar and Damavand at about 4200 m a. s. l. (Fig. 4). In the Damavand area, we recognized three populations of Dichodon representing three species, i. e. D. cerastoides, D. kotschyi and D. alborzensis. The annual / biennial plants from higher elevations of Damavand were morphologically different from the annual ones observed at the lower elevation previously determined as Cerastium schischkinii Grossheim (1950: 9). Our detailed examination of C. schischkinii confirms major differences between it and D. alborzensis. The specimens distributed in Azadbar and Damavand by earlier workers (cited in Möschl 1988) have been determined as C. viscidus in Flora Iranica (Möschl 1988) which is inconsistent with the result of the present study. Conservation status: — Few populations (each with less than 100 individuals, two patches in Demavand, and one in each Azadbar and Touchal) of Dichodon alborzensis were found in meadows close to wet soils in field. We assessed D. alborzensis as endangered (EN) (IUCN 2017) because the Alborz Mountains are a popular tourist area close to Iran’s capital (Tehran) and is often visited by local people on weekends. In addition, the annual precipitation in this area has decreased significantly in the last few years and the area available for wet meadows is shrinking drastically. Paratypes: — IRAN. Mazandaran: Polour, Damavand mountain, southern slopes, 4200 m, 29 July 2015, Arabi 47424 (TUH!); Mazandaran: Alborz mountain range, Azadbar, 2500 m, 17 July 2016, Arabi 47420 (TUH!). New record for Iran: — Dichodon kotschyi was found for the first time in Iran. A description of the species based on the Iranian population follows:	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05A43609BBFFF63FE684801.taxon	description	1867: 715) Mouterde (1966: 477) (Fig. 1 A – B). Type (lectotype, designated here): — ANTILIBANON [SYRIA]: circa Zebdaine prope Damascum, in madidis as fontes supra Bludan, alt. 5000 ’, 14 June 1855, Kotschy 128 [G!, isolectotypes: BM, BM 000595327! (https: // plants. jstor. org / stable / history / 10.5555 / al. ap. specimen. bm 000595327), MPU, MPU 013768! (https: // plants. jstor. org / stable / 10.5555 / al. ap. specimen. mpu 013768), K, K 000723534! (http: // apps. kew. org / herbcat / getImage. do? imageBarcode = K 000723534, as C. anomalum Schrank (1795: 73)].	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05A43609BBFFF63FE684801.taxon	materials_examined	Type (lectotype, designated here): — AZERBAJDZHAN [Azerbaijan]: Republica Autonoma Nachitschevan, distr. Schachbuz, in trajecto Bitschenach, ca. 2500 m, in pascuis, 16 June 1947, Grossheim, Iljinskaia & Kirpitcznikov s. n. (LE!, barcode LE 01042957).	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
03A587B4D05A43609BBFFF63FE684801.taxon	description	Description: — Annual plants, erect, covered with glandular hairs in upper parts. Taproots slender. Stems single, sometimes branched from the base dichotomously, lacking the aggregation of basal leaves. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, light green, non-succulent. Inflorescences 3 to many-flowered, axillary inflorescences sometimes present. Bracts similar to the leaves, without scarious margins. Pedicels usually short, the lowest ones 1.5 – 2.5 times longer than sepals, the others equal to or shorter than sepals, congested to some extent, and erect. Petals white, slightly exceeding sepals, not deeply notched. Styles 3 (4). Stamens 10. Sepals lanceolate, with wide scarious margins, glandular, purpletinged. Capsules cylindrical, mostly as long as sepals with short horizontally reclined or patent teeth. Seeds many, ovate, greyish yellow, 0.7 – 0.8 mm diam., verrucate on surface. Typification of Cerastium kotschyi: — Four sheets numbered with “ 128 ” and collected by Kotschy “ prope Bludan ”, as reporetd in the protologue, were found at BM, G-BOIS, K and MPU. These specimens are syntypes (Art. 9.5 of ICN), and as a consequence, a lectotypification is necessary (Art. 9.1 of ICN). G-BOIS specimen is here designated as the lectotype, the other ones at BM, K, and MPU are isolectotypes. Typification of Cerastium schischkinii: — The citation of the type in the protologue (Grossheim 1950: 10) runs as follows: “ Azerbajdzhan, respublica autonoma Nachitschevan, distr. Schachbuz, in trajecto Bitschenach ca. 2500 m, in pascuis 16 VI 1947, fl., fr., A. Grossheim, I. Iljinskaja et M. Kirpitcznikov. In Herb. Inst. Bot. nom. ac. V. L. Komarovii Ac. Sc. URSS in Leningrad conservatur ”. No specimen, however, with the label in perfect agreement with the protologue was found in the collections of LE. Deposited in LE there are 6 sheets labelled as: “ Azerbaijan, Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, Shakhbuz District, slopes of Batabat-dag Mt. above Bichenakh pass, 2350 – 2450 m a. s. l., alpine pastures, Grossheim, Iljinskaja, Kirpicznikov ” (originally in Russian) are available in LE, 5 of them with the same collection date as in the protologue (16 June 1947), and one sheet without any date. All the specimens are determined by Grossheim as “ Cerastium schischkinii sp. nova ” in August 1948 and tagged as “ Specimen authenticum ” with a handwritten note “ Cotypus! ” by Grossheim. In addition, two sheets labelled as “ Azerbaijan, Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, Bichenakh village, ca. 1800 m a. s. l., forest limits, wet depression, 28 V 1947, Grossheim, Iljinskaja, Kirpicznikov ” are deposited in the herbarium LE. These are also determined by Grossheim as “ Cerastium schischkinii sp. nova ” in August 1948, and one of them is tagged as “ Specimen authenticum ” with the handwritten “ Typus! ” by Grossheim. We consider all the cited specimens as original material of the name, and choose the lectotype from among the ones collected on 16 June 1947, as their labels agree with the protologue in more detail (locality, date, habitat). Taxonomic notes: — Dichodon kotschyi can be distinguished from D. viscidus by its non-succulent, linear to narrowly linear leaves, single to dichotomous stems, petals as long as sepals or slightly longer than sepals, and capsules mostly as long as sepals with patent capsule teeth. These characters and distribution of the specimens in lower elevation of Damavand correspond well with Grossheim’s description of Cerastium schischkinii, but the result of the phylogenetic analysis together with morphological evidence confirm C. schischkinii as a synonym of D. kotschyi. Conservation status: — Dichodon kotschyi has a wide distribution range starting from high altitudes (> 2500 m) western from Syria, Turkey, Caucasus region and northwest to north Iran. Similar to D. alborzensis it is restricted to wet meadows that are subjected to lower precipitation leading to reduced individuals and populations of this species. In Iran we found about 100 individuals of this species in each locality in Prov. E Azerbaijan and Prov. Tehran, each locality with several patches (ca. 20 individuals in each patch). This species can be classified as the category Near Threatened (NT) according to the IUCN system (IUCN 2017). Selected specimens: — IRAN. Prov. East Azerbaijan: Tabriz, Almalou Gul, 2450 m, N 46.631944 E 37.664722, 16 August 2016, Arabi 47419 (TUH); Prov. Tehran: North Tehran, Mt. Damavand, southern slopes, 3450 m, 02 July 2016, Arabi 47423 (TUH).	en	Arabi, Zahra, Ghahremaninejad, Farrokh, Rabeler, Richard K., Sokolova, Irina, Heubl, Günther, Zarre, Shahin (2018): On the taxonomic status of the genus Dichodon (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Alsineae): morphological and molecular evidence reassessed. Phytotaxa 360 (3): 220-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.3.3
