taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A290346C2C4E64FEB7F999FDEDFBA6.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2C4E64FEB7F999FDEDFBA6.taxon	materials_examined	LECTOTYPE (DESIGNATED HERE). — [Italy, Sicily:] “ Flora Nebrodensis, Echinops siculus mihi / [Echinops] ruthenicus Gss., non MB. In regione nemorosa montium Madoniarum 600 - 1000 m, solo calc. ”, 18. VII. 1874, P. Gabriel Strobl s. n. (lecto-, W [W 0022366]!, Fig. 1; isolecto-, JE [JE 00009438 digital photo!]; isolecto-, ADMONT [digital photo!]). FURTHER ORIGINAL MATERIAL (SYNTYPES) TRACED. — Echinops siculus mihi / [Echinops] ruthenicus Guss., aber nicht MB. Bei Castelbuono am Fuss der Nebroden. VII. 1873, P. G. Strobl s. n. (WU [WU 0103727]!; ADMONT [digital photo!]); E. ruthenicus, In sylvaticis montosis, Piana dei Greci [Piana degli Albanesi], VII., Plantae Siculae s. n., Todaro (W [W 0078544]!); Flora Sicula Exsiccata n. 1225 (WU [WU 0095633]!; ADMONT [digital photo!]); Echinops siculus P. G. Strobl. Italia (media) austral. in nemoribus et collibus apricis circa Vico in Gargano sol. calcar. 15. VI. 1874, Porta et Rigo s. n. ex Itinere I italico (P [P 03745561], W [W 1889 - 0099501]!; WU [WU 0103726!]); Echinops siculus mihi. Gargano. a Porta [...] Strobl s. n. (ADMONT [digital photo!]); E. siculus Strobl. Italia austral. Apulia. Gargano, in sylvis circa Vico et Giovanni Rotondo, sol. calcar. 1 - 2000 ft, 15. VI. 1875, Porta et Rigo 186 ex Itinere II italico (P [P 03745560, P 03745562, P 03745563, digital photo!]; W [W 1889 - 0058885, W 1889 - 0058886, W 1889 - 0154815]!; WU [WU 0095635]!; JE [JE 00009440, digital photo!]). IONIAN MATERIAL SEEN. — Corfu. In Insula Corcyra [Corfù] prope Varypatades l [oco] d [icto] Magioru, VI. 1912, B. Tunta, as E. albidus, Plantae exsic. Florae Hellenicae 1595 (WU [WU 0095636]); ibidem, l. d. Kyperi, VI. 1912, B. Tunta, as E. albidus, Plantae exsic. Florae Hellenicae 1596 (WU [WU 0095637]); Santa, Sinies, Corfu, Greece, 39.754323 19.910913, 387 m, 4. VIII. 2016, M. Nikolouzou s. n., as Echinops; erroneously registered as E. sphaerocephalus subsp. albidus by W. Gutermann in 2016 (WU [WU 0088904]). SELECTED MATERIAL USED FOR COMPARISON. — Italia. Abruzzo: Valle dell’Orta, presso Musellaro (Bolognano, Pescara), 19. IX. 2009, F. Conti & D. Tinti s. n. (APP [APP 59348]); Lecceta di Torino di Sangro, presso il centro visite, 18. VI. 2009, F. Conti & A. Manzi s. n. (APP [APP 41304]); Basilicata: Savoia di Lucania, V. del Tuorno, 40 ° 34 ’ 52 ” N, 15 ° 32 ’ 15 ” E, 500 m, margine boschivo, 7. VI. 2013, F. Conti & F. Bartolucci s. n. (APP [APP 52410]); Calabria: Torre Ruggiero, 400 - 600 m, s. d., Zwierlein s. n., as E. ritro (WU [WU 0103729, WU 0103730]); Prov. Cosenza, S. Donato, in pascuis nemorosis, calc., 500 - 600 m, 5. VIII. 1989, G. Rigo, Iter Ital. quartum no. 602, as E. siculus (W [W 1898 - 0008636]; WU [WU 0095632]); [Sicily:] In sylvaticis / sylvis arenosis in montosis Ficuzza, VII. 1878, M. Lo Jacono s. n., as E. ritro (WU [WU 0103728, WU 0095631]); in sylvaticis montosis Palermo, VI. 1901, H. Ross, Herb. Sic. no. 348 as E. ritro (WU [WU 0095638, WU 0095639]); Madonie, Mongerrati, 18. VI. 2010, Domina, Scafidi, Schimmenti & Dillenberger s. n. (APP [APP 43256]).	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2C4E64FEB7F999FDEDFBA6.taxon	discussion	REMARKS ON THE LECTOTYPE Strobl described E. siculus providing a detailed description, and quoting the following type localities (Strobl 1882): “ An steinigen, buschigen Abhängen der Kastanien- und Eichenregion der Nebroden von 600 bis 1100 m, ziemlich häufig: Ob Castelbuono gegen den Bosco, besonders beim Abbeveratojo di Monticelli, um Ferro, Gonato!, Castelbuono, Polizzi, Collesano (Guss. Syn. et Herb.!), San Guglielmo (Mina in Guss.) S. Add. et Hb. Mina!). Fehlt in Bert. Fl. Ital. und DC. Prodr. Findet sich auch an einigen anderen Waldorten Siziliens und am Gargano in Apulien (Porta & Rigo!). ” We were able to trace several herbarium specimens housed in ADMONT, JE, P, W and WU which can be considered original material (Art. 9.4 of the ICN; Turland et al. 2018). These herbarium specimens are complete, well conserved and agree with the protologue and with the current application of the name. The specimen W 0022366 is selected here as lectotype for E. siculus.	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2C4E64FEB7F999FDEDFBA6.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Echinops siculus can be recognized by the slightly bluish colour of capitula (that are more dark-coloured in E. ritro and usually paler in E. sphaerocephalus and E. albidus). Plants of E. siculus lack glandular hairs on involucral bracts, a feature shared with E. albidus. However, in the latter as well as in E. sphaerocephalus the leaves are adaxially densely covered by short glandular hairs which are at least 0.2 mm (up to 0.6 mm) long, while these hairs are extremely short (up to 0.1 mm) and very sparse or even absent in E. siculus. Furthermore from E. ritro (with leaves eglandular, adaxially loosely arachnoidtomentose, becoming glabrescent) the plants differ by its less deeply divided leaves. Echinops siculus was considered endemic to Italy (Peruzzi et al. 2014) where it is known from Emilia-Romagna and Toscana to Calabria and Sicily, in Marche it is doubtfully present (Bartolucci et al. 2018). Kožuharov (1976) included it as synonym in E. ritro subsp. ritro, while Greuter (2003, 2006) separated it as “ doubtful subspecies ” within E. ritro. However, we could clearly identify three gatherings deposited as “ E. sphaerocephalus subsp. albidus ” in WU and originating from Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece) as E. siculus. The identification is based on comprehensive examination of morphological features following the relevant literature (Pignatti 1982) as well as comparison with the original material of this species (at ADMONT, JE, W and WU) and additional exsiccata (APP, WU).	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2A4E66FE92FBB8FEA7FC06.taxon	description	(Figs 2, 3)	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2A4E66FE92FBB8FEA7FC06.taxon	materials_examined	LECTOTYPE [DESIGNATED HERE]. — Hymettus, s. d., Spruner, s. n. (as E. sphaerocephalus) (lecto-, G-BOIS [G 00765089, digital photo!, Fig. 2]; isolecto-, G-BOIS [G 00765089 a, digital photo!, Fig. 3]). FURTHER ORIGINAL MATERIAL (SYNTYPES) TRACED. — “ Thebas Spruner, ex Flora Graeca (as E. ruthenicus) ” (G-BOIS [G 00765088 digital photo!, G 00765088 a digital photo!]). IONIAN MATERIAL SEEN. — Corfu. Ins. Kerkyra: mons Pantokrator, ad cacumen, alt. 850 - 910 m, in saxosis calc., 27. VII. 1982, O. Georgiou 145 (UPA [UPA 13187, UPA 13188, UPA 13189]); mons Pantokrator, in declivibus orientalibus supra pagum Nisaki, alt. 300 - 500 m; in saxosis calc., 28. VII. 1982, O. Georgiou 236 (UPA [UPA 13190, UPA 13191]); ad ruinas pagi Palio Chorio, 27. VII. 1982, O. Georgiou 239 (UPA [UPA 13192]). SELECTED MATERIAL USED FOR COMPARISON. — Greece. Vodena Macedoniae [i. e. Edessa] circa Gavaliotissa, 12. VII. 1862, Th. Orphanides 83 (WU [WU 0095629]); in monte Corydalo Atticae, 28. VII. 1849, Th. Orphanides 351 (P [P 03744458]; WU [WU 0095630, WU 0103716]); Attica, in collibus saxosis prope Athenas, in colle Ardetto, 13. VII. 1893, Th. Heldreich, Herb. Graec. Norm. no. 1255 (P [P 03744445, P 03744446]; WU [WU 0103722, WU 0103723]); Attica, ad radices montis Hymetti [type region!], 6. VII. 1888, E. Halácsy s. n. (WU [WU 0103717]); Isthmus Corinthiacus: in aridis Acrocorinthi, 9. VII. 1888: E. Halácsy s. n. (WU [WU 0103719]); Attica in collibus saxosis prope Eleusis, VII. 1910, B. Tuntas 866 (WU [WU 103718]); Flora thessala, in mt. Olympo prope Miluna, 13. VIII. 1913, B. Tuntas 1825 (WU [WU 0103720]); Thracia occidentalis: in collibus inter Didimotichon et Souflion, 19. IX. 1957, K. H. Rechinger 15779 (W [W 1960 - 0006046]); Insula Euboea centralis: in saxosis calc. supra pagum Steni, 350 - 500 m, 27. VI. 1958, K. H. Rechinger 19204 (W [W 1959 - 0002832]); Epirus, in saxosis calcareis montis Mitzikeli, 5 km a Perama orientem versus prope Joannina, 18. VII. 1958, K. H. Rechinger 21602 (W [W 1960 - 0006051]); West-Thraziern, Nomarchia Evros, Umgebung von Esimi (Essimi, Aisymi), 20 km NNE Alexandroupolis, 1 - 11. VII. 1963, K. Bauer 245 (W [W 1965 - 0004596]); Macedonia orientalis: in declivibus maritimis ad sinum Orphani ab ostiis fluvii Strymon c. 10 km occidentem versus, 21. VII. 1970, K. H. Rechinger 38643 (W [W 1981 - 0011000]); Ioannina, sopra il lago, sulla strada per Tricala, 4. VIII. 2009, F. Conti & D. Uzunov s. n. (APP [APP 56785]); Monastero di Kipinas, presso Kallarites, Pindo sud, 19. VII. 2018, F. Conti & V. Giacanelli s. n. (APP [APP 60532]). Albania. Umgebung von Shkodra, steinige Abhänge beim Kiri-Fluss nächst dem Dorf Tepe, 26. VII. 1916, E. Janchen s. n., as E. albidus (WU [WU 0095628]); Weideplätze bei Brutti, c. 250 m, 17. VIII. 1917, H. Zerny s. n. (W [W 1958 - 24342]); presso la Piana di Argirocastro, 10. VII. 2012, F. Conti s. n. (APP [APP 49072]); Nemercka presso Kaluth, 11. VII. 2012, F. Conti & M. Manilla s. n. (APP [APP 48839]). Bulgaria. Ad pedem montis Dschendem tepe pr [ope] u [rbem] Philippopolim [i. e. Plovdiv], VI. 1890, Th. Pichler s. n., as E. albidus (WU [WU 0095627]); in sterilibus ad Stanimaka [i. e. Asenowgrad], VII. 1894, V. Stříbrnýs s. n. (P [P 03744442, P 03744443, P 03745770]; WU [WU 0103724]); tra Haskovo e Kardzhali, 25 ° 22.207 ’ N, 41 ° 48.842 ’ E, 300 m, 12. VIII. 2009, F. Conti & D. Uzunov s. n. (APP [APP 60622]); Rodopi occidentali, Goce Delčev, 23 ° 57.036 ’ N, 41 ° 33.964 ’ E, 658 m, 12. VIII. 2009, F. Conti & D. Uzunov s. n. (APP [APP 60549]).	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2A4E66FE92FBB8FEA7FC06.taxon	discussion	REMARKS ON THE LECTOTYPE Boissier & Spruner described E. albidus providing a detailed description, in Boissier (1846) and quoting the following type localities: “ Hab. in Hymetto Atticae et prope Thebas Spruner (sub. Ech. ruthenico,) ” We were able to trace two herbarium specimens housed in G-BOIS, which can be considered original material (Art. 9.4 of the ICN; Turland et al. 2018). These herbarium specimens are complete, well conserved and agree with the protologue and with the current application of the name. There are two sheets with identical labels: G 00765089 and G 00765089 a. The specimen G 00765089 is selected here as lectotype for E. albidus.	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C2A4E66FE92FBB8FEA7FC06.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Echinops albidus was quoted for the Balkan Peninsula and for SE Italy according to Kožuharov (1976, as E. sphaerocephalus subsp. albidus). In Italy, it is indicated as doubtful for Abruzzo and Campania though still recorded in Basilicata (Conti et al. 2018; Bartolucci et al. 2018). Thorough search did not reveal any records of the species from the reported localities in the Majella mountains (Tammaro 1986). As these are the only findings published for Abruzzo, the species has been excluded from this region (Conti et al. 2019). Similarly the occurrence in Basilicata and Campania is not supported by any specimens in FI, APP and in HLUC herbaria, thus, at the given point, it is to be excluded from Italy at all. From the Ionian Islands, the species was first reported by Georgiou (1988, as E. sphaerocephalus subsp. albidus). Ac- cording to relevant literature (Kožuharov 1976), it is said to differ from typical E. sphaerocephalus by its smaller capitula (with involucres less than 18 (- 20) mm long) and accordingly smaller synflorescences, and by its glabrous involucral bracts. However, based on comparison with collections present in WU (from Greece, Albania, Bulgaria) this has to be corrected: with exception of young synflorescences, the material shows involucre lengths between (16 -) 18 - 22 (- 25) mm, and usually at least some of the (outer) phyllaries are furnished, so often sparse, with minute glandular papillae (of only c. 0.05 - 0.1 mm) or subsessile glandular hairs at the tips (seen also in material from the type region). In the Ionian collections measurements of involucre length slightly exceed this with 19 - 25 (- 27) mm and are more or less congruent with those of C European E. sphaerocephalus. The latter differs from the Ionian (Corfu) plants by glandular hairs of the phyllaries up to 0.2 mm long, and present in abundance abaxially on the apical part of outer and middle phyllaries. In E. albidus, leaves are more deeply divided and spines are longer than in typical E. sphaerocephalus. We think that given the characteristic combination of features it is adequate to consider this taxon at the species level.	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C284E68FF5FFC1BFD8CFD85.taxon	materials_examined	LECTOTYPE [DESIGNATED HERE]. — s. loc., s. d., s. n., Neumayer / Visiani, Flora Dalmatica. [Montenegro / Herzegovina:] In m [ont] e Orjen [mountain range N of Herceg Novi], Neumayer (lecto-, PAD [PAD, digital photo!], Fig. 4). DALMATIAN MATERIAL COMPARED. — Croatia. Locus unicus, steiniger Eichenwald bei Ragusa: Cibaca im Brenotale, 12 m, 29. VIII. 1911, R. Berger s. n. (W [W 1927 - 0005326]), Brenotal bei Ragusa, 6 m, 29. VIII. 1911, R. Berger s. n. (W [W 1919 - 0016192]); Čibača prope Dubrovnik (Ragusa), 5. X. 1925, V. Loschnigg s. n. (W [W 1929 - 0011984]). ALBANIAN MATERIAL SEEN. — Albania. presso la costa tra Dermi e Saranda, pendii aridi e rupestri, 10. VII. 2012, F. Conti s. n. (APP [APP 49070, APP 49071]); presso Porto Palermo, bordo strada, 27 m, 40 ° 04 ’ 08 ” N, 19 ° 47 ’ 22 ” E, 24. VI. 2015, F. Conti, A. Stinca & R. Pennesi s. n. (APP [APP 56391]). IONIAN MATERIAL SEEN. — Corfu. Paleokastrítsa, Klosterberg von Kímisis bis Theotókou, M: 34 S CJ 8892, 10 - 50 m, ruderalisierte Lichtungen im Hartlaubwald, steinige Wegböschungen, 25. IV. 1989, W. Gutermann 23633 (Herb. Gutermann). Lefkada. Ghialós Paralía WNW unter Atháni, nördlicher Abschnitt des Strandes, UTM: 34 S DH 6180, 0 - 40 m, Kiesschuttflur, 14. VII. 1996, E. Hörandl et al. 7765 (Herb. Gutermann). Ithaca. Bucht von Péra Pighádhi NE unter der Arethusa-Quelle [Arethoúsa Kríni], 2 km WNW Akr. Moúnta, UTM: 34 S DH 7742, 0 - 3 m, strandnahe, sehr lückige Felsfluren, 6. VII. 1994, A. Lindhof 257 (WU [WU 0103731], Herb. Gutermann [5 capitula]).	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
03A290346C284E68FF5FFC1BFD8CFD85.taxon	discussion	REMARKS ON THE LECTOTYPE Echinops neumayeri was described by Visiani (1847) “ in Dalmatia, unde absque loci speciali indicatione, sed probabiliter ex Narenta communicavit Fr. Neumayer ”. In PAD, where the main collection of Visiani is stored (Stafleu & Cowan 1986) we traced a specimen with two labels: the first one without locality, collector Neumayer. The second label shows: Visiani, Flora Dalmatica [printed], in m [ont] e Orjen, Neumayer. Even though this localization is not congruent with the protologue, the tab. Xter of Visiani’s Flora Dalmatica obviously was drawn from the mounted plant and the specimen perfectly fits the description. It can be assumed that the second label giving the locality (positioned in SE Dalmatia) was added to the specimen only after publication of the Flora Dalmatica. We thus here designate the above discussed voucher as lectotype for E. neumayeri. Until recently E. spinosissimus was known from Greece only from the Aegean region, i. e. from Kithira (S of Peloponnesus), Crete, the Cyclades and East Aegean Islands (Strid 2016); all these records were assigned to either subsp. spinosissimus or subsp. bithynicus (Dimopoulos et al. 2013), or to frequent intermediates between them (Strid 2016). Additional records of the species from the Ionian Islands and the nearby mainland were accepted under the binominal heading only (Dimopoulos et al. 2016) though the latter record was published as subsp. neumayeri (Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2012 a). The Ionian plants have likewise been relegated to that taxon (cf. Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2012 b; Flora Ionica Working Group 2016) based on collections from Corfu, Lefkada, Ithaca, and field observations from Cephalonia. Recently, it was recorded also west of the Adriatic Sea, in Puglia (Wagensommer & Medagli 2014), where, according to the photograph given by the authors, the plants show bluish corollas as the Albanian ones, while the Ionian plants are white-flowering as those known from Dalmatia, the type region. We think that this population needs further study. It was recorded from Albania (Meyer 2011) though erroneously as the specimens collected by F. K. Meyer have been revised and assigned to E. sphaerocephalus (Barina 2017, Barina et al. 2018). When revised by us, these specimens turned out to belong to E. albidus. Nevertheless, our own collections from Albania quoted above do confirm the occurrence of E. spinosissimus subsp. neumayeri in this country. The taxonomy of the E. spinosissimus aggregate is linked with uncertainties that make a safe discrimination between the subspecies as currently defined dissatisfying. Only the complex of South Mediterranean plants (represented in Europe by subsp. spinosus Greuter) are set apart by eglandular leaves with very narrow, linear-lanceolate segments and by the bristles subtending the capitula distinctly longer than the outer phyllaries. As already noted by Meikle (1985) and Strid (2016) there are frequent intermediates between subsp. bithynicus and subsp. spinosissimus as presently defined, following “ Flora Europaea ” (Kožuharov 1976). The variation of discriminating features still is insufficiently studied. The Ionian plants are consistent with material from Dalmatia (where the original material for this taxon was gathered: Visiani 1847: 25). They correspond to the definition of subsp. neumayeri in “ Flora Europaea ”, we thus provisionally adopt this name for the material quoted above pending further comparative studies with plants of the E Mediterranean. The nomenclatural situation is also somewhat confusing. Echinops spinosissimus was founded on plants said to originate from Crete (obviously relying on Tournefort), but were characterised by leaves being tomentose on both sides (Turra 1765). The latter feature points to subsp. spinosus (see above) not known from Crete, where subsp. bithynicus as well as subsp. spinosissimus (sensu “ Flora Europaea ”) are indicated. Typification of the name E. spinosissimus is needed, but with careful consideration of nomenclatural complications linked to the still unsolved taxonomy of the complex.	en	Conti, Fabio, Reich, Dieter, Gutermann, Walter (2020): Notes on the genus Echinops L. (Asteraceae) in SE Europe. Adansonia 42 (3): 95-104, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a3
