identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A2A358FFD5FFFA39A9EFC4FA0C43CC.text	03A2A358FFD5FFFA39A9EFC4FA0C43CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to instars and adults of Kermesidae species of Israel</p><p>1. Wings or wing-buds present; mouthparts absent.............................................................. 2</p><p>- Wings and wing-buds absent; mouthparts well-developed...................................................... 4</p><p>2. Wings fully-developed; five pairs of simple eyes..................................................... adult male</p><p>- Wings present as wing-buds; simple eyes absent............................................................. 3</p><p>3. Wing-buds not extending past metacoxa; antennae 7–8 segmented; legs 3 segmented......................... prepupa</p><p>- Wing-buds extending past metacoxa; antennae 10–11 segmented; legs fully- developed........................... pupa</p><p>4. Antennae 7 segmented; dorsum with abundant tubular ducts......................................... 2nd -instar male</p><p>- Antennae with 6 or fewer segments; dorsum with few or no tubular ducts......................................... 5</p><p>5. Venter lacking a submarginal band of tubular ducts.............................................. 1st -instar nymph</p><p>- Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts............................................................. 6</p><p>6. Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts 1–2 ducts wide....................................2nd -instar female</p><p>- Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts 4–25 ducts wide................................................ 7</p><p>7. Multilocular disc-pores absent ventrally from abdominal segments.................................. 3rd -instar female</p><p>- Multilocular disc-pores present ventrally on abdominal segments....................................... adult female</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD5FFFA39A9EFC4FA0C43CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFD5FFFA39A9E817FA0B4107.text	03A2A358FFD5FFFA39A9E817FA0B4107.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel</p><p>1. Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts 2–4 ducts wide............. Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer (Fig.41)</p><p>- Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts 10–30 ducts wide............................................... 2</p><p>2. Legs fully-developed; dorsum with seta-pore clusters......................................................... 3</p><p>- Legs reduced to 3 segments or absent; dorsum without seta-pore clusters..........................................5</p><p>3. Dorsum with tubular ducts; anal lobes quadrate shaped, each with more than 5 setae.... Kermes greeni Bodenheimer (Fig.9)</p><p>- Dorsum without tubular ducts; anal lobes rectangular shaped, each with fewer than 5 setae........................... 4</p><p>4. Dorsal median circular spots present*....................................... Kermes nahalali Bodenheimer (Fig.25)</p><p>- Dorsal median spots absent.............................................. Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky (Fig.33)</p><p>5. Antennae reduced to 1 segment; legs absent.................................. Kermes echinatus Balachowsky (Fig.1)</p><p>- Antennae 3–6 segmented; legs reduced to 3 segments with claw.. Kermes hermonensis Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov, sp. nov. (Fig.17)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD5FFFA39A9E817FA0B4107	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFD5FFFB39A9EA15FA0B4654.text	03A2A358FFD5FFFB39A9EA15FA0B4654.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel</p><p>1. Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts 1–2 ducts wide............................. N. balachowskii (Fig. 42)</p><p>- Venter with a submarginal band of tubular ducts 5–10 ducts wide............................................... 2</p><p>2. Antennae 6 segmented; legs fully-developed; sclerotized anal lobes present....................................... 3</p><p>- Antennae less than 6 segmented; legs reduced to 3 or fewer segments; sclerotized anal lobes absent.................. 5</p><p>3. Dorsum without seta-pore clusters; each anal lobe with more than 3 setae........................... K. greeni (Fig. 10)</p><p>- Dorsum with seta-pore clusters; each anal lobe with fewer than 3 setae........................................... 4</p><p>4. Spatulate ventral setae present anterior to tentorium; dorsum with hair-like setae................... K. spatulatus (Fig. 33)</p><p>- Spatulate ventral setae absent anterior to tentorium; dorsum without hair-like setae.................. K. nahalali (Fig. 26)</p><p>5. Legs 1 segmented without claw.......................................................... K. echinatus (Fig. 2)</p><p>- Legs 3 segmented with distinct claw.................................................... K. hermonensis (Fig. 18)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD5FFFB39A9EA15FA0B4654	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9EC6EFA0B4467.text	03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9EC6EFA0B4467.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel</p><p>1. Venter with quinquelocular pores on abdominal segments; legs fully-developed.................................... 2</p><p>- Venter without quinquelocular pores on abdominal segments; legs only 1–3 segmented.............................. 4</p><p>2. Marginal setae spatulate; with ten quinquelocular pores anterior to tentorium..................... K. spatulatus (Fig. 35)</p><p>- Marginal setae non-spatulate; with fewer than ten quinquelocular pores anterior to tentorium.......................... 3</p><p>3. Six quinquelocular pores present anterior to tentorium; with four longitudinal rows of quinquelocular pores on abdominal seg- ments............................................................................... K. nahalali (Fig. 27)</p><p>- Two quinquelocular pores present anterior to tentorium; with two longitudinal rows of quinquelocular pores on abdominal seg- ments................................................................................. K. greeni (Fig. 11)</p><p>4. Antennae 30–50 µm long; legs1 segmented without a claw..................................... K. echinatus (Fig. 3)</p><p>- Antennae 60–110 µm long; legs 3 segmented with a claw...................................................... 5</p><p>5 Dorsal conical setae present; venter with bilocular pores.................................... K. hermonensis (Fig. 19)</p><p>- Dorsal conical setae absent; venter without bilocular pores................................. N. balachowskii (Fig. 43)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9EC6EFA0B4467	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9EE7DFA0B43B2.text	03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9EE7DFA0B43B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel</p><p>1. Quinquelocular and trilocular pores absent medially to each scape........................... N. balachowskii (Fig. 44)</p><p>- Quinquelocular or trilocular pores present medially to each scape............................................... 2</p><p>2. Dorsum with spatulate setae............................................................................. 3</p><p>- Dorsum with conical or pointed setae...................................................................... 4</p><p>3. Dorsum with spatulate setae of two sizes.................................................. K. spatulatus (Fig. 36)</p><p>- Dorsum with spatulate setae of one size...................................................... K. greeni (Fig. 12)</p><p>4. Marginal setae pointed; three quinquelocular pores present laterad to each prothoracic spiracle........ K. nahalali (Fig. 28)</p><p>- Marginal setae conical; fewer than three quinquelocular pores present laterad to each prothoracic spiracle............... 5</p><p>5. Two quinquelocular pores present laterad to each prothoracic spiracle......................... K. hermonensis (Fig. 20)</p><p>- One quinquelocular pore present laterad to each prothoracic spiracle............................. K. echinatus (Fig. 4)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9EE7DFA0B43B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9E809FA0B410F.text	03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9E809FA0B410F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel</p><p>1. Dorsum with a longitudinal medial depression............................................................... 2</p><p>- Dorsum without a longitudinal medial depression............................................................ 3</p><p>2. Dorsum black in colour........................................................... K. spatulatus (Plate 5, fig. d)</p><p>- Dorsum grey in colour............................................................. K. nahalali (Plate 4, fig. d)</p><p>3. Dorsum spherical................................................................... K. greeni (Plate 2, fig. e)</p><p>- Dorsum hemi-spherical................................................................................. 4</p><p>4. Dorsal derm not sclerotized...................................................... K. hermonensis (Plate 3, fig. e)</p><p>- Dorsal derm sclerotized................................................................................. 5</p><p>5. Dorsum red with transverse black lines.............................................. K. echinatus (Plate 1, fig. e)</p><p>- Dorsum brown with dark and light areas.......................................... N. balachowskii (Plate 6, fig. d)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD4FFFB39A9E809FA0B410F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFD4FFF439A9EBD5FA0B47BC.text	03A2A358FFD4FFF439A9EBD5FA0B47BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel</p><p>1. Body 0.8–1.1 mm long; 0.2–0.3 mm wide at metathorax.................................... N. balachowskii (Fig.45)</p><p>- Body 1.5–2.0 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm wide at metathorax.......................................................2</p><p>2. Metasternal setae present............................................................................... 3</p><p>- Metasternal setae absent................................................................................ 5</p><p>3. Metasternum with more than 25 setae; with two dorsopleural setae on abdominal segments II–VII..... K. nahalali (Fig. 29)</p><p>- Metasternum with 20–25 setae; with more than two dorsopleural setae on abdominal segments II– VII.................. 4</p><p>4. Eight dorsopleural setae present on abdominal segment I..................................... K. spatulatus (Fig. 37)</p><p>- Four dorsopleural setae present on abdominal segment I......................................... K. greeni (Fig. 13)</p><p>5. Dorsum of metathorax with a group of three setae on each side.............................. K. hermonensis (Fig. 21)</p><p>- Dorsum of metathorax without a group of three setae on each side............................... K. echinatus (Fig. 5)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFD4FFF439A9EBD5FA0B47BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9E9E2FDE541B0.text	03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9E9E2FDE541B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermes Boitard 1828	<div><p>Kermes Boitard, 1828</p><p>Type species. Coccus variegatus Gmelin (= Kermes roboris Fourcroy), subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903.</p><p>Introduction. The genus Kermes is the type genus of the family Kermesidae . Some of the synonyms for this genus include Kermococcus Silvestri and Talla von Heyden (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985). This is the only genus that is found in all regions of the world where Kermesidae species are recorded: the Nearctic region with 16 species, the Oriental and Palaearctic regions both with 23 species, the latter including the six described in this study from Israel (Ben-Dov et al., 2013).</p><p>All Kermes species share the following traits in the adult female: presence of (i) a submarginal band of tubular ducts on venter; (ii) multilocular pores ventrally on the abdominal segments, and (iii) a three-segmented labium with 14 setose setae. Our study suggests that the many species currently included in Kermes have a very varied morphology making a generic diagnosis difficult, indicating that further work needs to be done, particularly those described from post-reproductive females.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9E9E2FDE541B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9EDE9FA0B45E5.text	03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9EDE9FA0B45E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae	<div><p>Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel</p><p>1. Anal lobes present..................................................................................... 2</p><p>- Anal lobes absent..................................................................................... 3</p><p>2. Quinquelocular pores in four longitudinal rows on dorsum of abdominal segments.................... K. greeni (Fig. 16)</p><p>- Quinquelocular pores in two longitudinal rows on dorsum of abdominal segments.................. K. nahalali (Fig. 32)</p><p>3. Dorsal setae conical....................................................................................4</p><p>- Dorsal setae hair-like................................................................................... 5</p><p>4. Quinquelocular pores present on venter of head and abdomen............................... K. hermonensis (Fig. 24)</p><p>- Quinquelocular pores absent from venter of head and abdomen................................. K. echinatus (Fig. 8)</p><p>5. Quinquelocular pores in six longitudinal rows on venter on abdominal segments; quinquelocular pores in circum-anal ring present............................................................................. K. spatulatus (Fig. 40)</p><p>- Quinquelocular pores in two longitudinal rows on ventral abdominal segments; quinquelocular pores in circum-anal ring absent........................................................................... N. balachowskii (Fig. 48)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9EDE9FA0B45E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9EFF8FEE543DD.text	03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9EFF8FEE543DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermesidae Signoret 1875	<div><p>Kermesidae Signoret, 1875</p><p>Introduction. The scale insect family Kermesidae is composed of about one hundred species in ten genera (Ben- Dov et al., 2013). The family placement of Kermesidae has changed throughout the years and have been placed in Kermitidae (Maskell, 1884), Kermidae (Ferris, 1937), Kerminae (Balachowsky, 1948) and Kermococcidae (Balachowsky, 1930). The family has also been combined with the eriococcids (Ferris, 1957), pseudococcids (Balachowsky, 1942) and dactylopiids + eriococcids + micrococcids + beesoniids (Hoy, 1963). Miller et al. (2005) noted several characters that separated the genera of Kermesidae based on adult female morphology, including: (i) anal ring with or without pores; (ii) pores of two types, those with five loculi and those with eight to ten loculi; (iii) tubular ducts arranged in a submarginal band on venter; (iv) absence of microtubular ducts; (v) presence of simple disk pores, and (vi) legs variously reduced with indistinct segmentation. Several exceptions to this diagnosis occur and it is very likely that some of the genera are incorrectly placed within the Kermesidae (authors' observations; Miller et al., 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFDBFFF439A9EFF8FEE543DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFDBFFEB39A9EA43FB7E4463.text	03A2A358FFDBFFEB39A9EA43FB7E4463.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermes echinatus Balachowsky	<div><p>Kermes echinatus Balachowsky</p><p>(Figs. 1–8; Plate 1, figs. a–i)</p><p>Kermes echinatus Balachowsky, 1953: 181 This species was originally described from first-instar nymphs collected at Nahalal forest, Israel, on Quercus coccifera L.</p><p>Material examined. Type material studied. Syntypes: 2 first-instar nymphs, Nahalal Forest, Israel, Q. coccifera 10.v.1950, Bytinski-Salz (ICVI C:3691, MNHN 1065-8). Other material studied. All non-type material collected off Q. calliprinos in Israel by M. Spodek, unless otherwise indicated. Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 19.vi.2011 (MC:530/ 2 adult ♀, USNM), 26.vi.2011 (C:4999/ 1 adult ♀, MC:549/ 3 adult ♀, MNHN), 3.vi.2012 (MC:711/ 3 adult ♀, BMNH); Eilon, 19.vi.2011 (MC:532/ 3 adult ♀, MC:533/ 4 adult ♀), 22.vi.2011 (MC:541/ 1 adult ♀, MC:542/ 2 adult ♀), 26.vi.2011 (C:4998/ 1 adult ♀, MC:548/ 4 adult ♀), 3.vi.2012 (MC:692/ 2 adult ♀); Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 17.vi.2010 (MC:261/ 1 adult ♀), 15.vi.2012 (MC:699/ 2 adult ♀), 17.vi.2011 (MC:528/ 1 adult ♀), 8.vi.2012 (MC:695/ 1 adult ♀), 22.vi.2012 (MC:709/ 4 adult ♀); Hanita, 6.vi.2010 (MC:227/ 1 adult ♀); Nebi Hazuri, 6.vii.2011 (MC:556/ 3 adult ♀); Eilon, 23.v.2011 (MC:508/2 third-instar ♀, MC:510/3 thirdinstar ♀), 12.vi.2011 (MC:531/1 third-instar ♀), 19.vi.2011 (MC:533/1 third-instar ♀, MC:544/4 third-instar ♀), 6.vii.2011 (MC:554/1 third-instar ♀), 3.vi.2012 (MC:691/3 third-instar ♀); Masada, 4.vii.2010 (MC:283/1 thirdinstar ♀); Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 17.vi.2010 (MC:257/1 third-instar ♀), 3.vi.2011 (MC:519/5 third-instar ♀), 10.vi.2011 (MC:521/7 third-instar ♀), 17.vi.2011 (MC:540/2 third-instar ♀), 1.vi.2012 (MC:675/3 third-instar ♀), 8.vi.2012 (MC:694/3 third-instar ♀); Nebi Hazuri, 6.vii.2011 (MC:555/7 third-instar ♀, MC:556/1 third-instar ♀); Eilon, 6.vi.2010 (MC:252/1 second-instar ♀), 17.v.2011 (MC:498/3 second-instar ♀), 23.v.2011 (MC:508/4 second-instar ♀), 1.vi.2011 (MC:512/4 second-instar ♀), 17.vi.2011 (MC:499/1 second-instar ♀), Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 17.vi.2010 (MC:258/1 second-instar ♀), 15.v.2011 (MC:498/2 second-instar ♀), 27.v.2011 (MC:518/2 second-instar ♀); Nebi Hazuri, 12.vi.2011 (MC:522/2 second-instar ♀), 19.vi.2011 (MC:537/3 secondinstar ♀), 26.vi.2011 (MC:545/1 second-instar ♀); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 15.vii.2010 (MC:289/6 firstinstars, USNM), 26.vi.2011 (MC:559/1 first-instar); Eilon, 26.ix.2010 (MC:306/8 first-instars, MNHN), 21.iv.2011 (MC:486/14 first-instars, BMNH), 17.v.2011 (MC:499/2 first-instars), 1.vii.2011 (MC:550/15 first-instars), 22.vii.2012 (MC:718/13 first-instars); Hanita, 6.vi.2010 (MC:247/4 first-instars), 13.iii.2011 (MC:457/7 firstinstars); Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 22.viii.2010 (MC:293/6 first-instars), 8.viii.2011 (MC:562/23 first-instars), 1.vii.2012 (MC:717/9 first-instars); Nebi Hazuri, 17.viii.2000, Y. Ben-Dov (C:3409/1 first-instar), 4.vii.2010 (C:4818/1 first-instar), 6.vii.2011 (C:5003/1 first-instar), 17.vii.2011 (MC:561/13 first-instars); Neve Zuf, 10.vii.2000 (C:4752/1 first-instar), 18.vii.2003 (C:4751/1 first-instar), Y. Ben-Dov; Ramah, 12.vii.2001 (MC:56/6 first-instars); Timrat, 21.vii.2011 (MC:563/12 first-instars), 25.iii.2012 (MC:651/3 first-instars); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 21.vi.2012 (C:5169/ 1 adult ♂, MC:733/ 4 adult ♂); Nahal Dolev, 1.vi.2012 (MC: 676/ 1 adult ♂), 9.vi.2012 (MC:732/ 7 adult ♂); Nebi Hazuri, 6.vii.2012 (MC:734/ 1 adult ♂); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 19.vi.2011 (MC:535/ 1 pupa), 3.vi.2012 (MC:673/ 7 pupae); Eilon, 23.v.2011 (MC:505/ 1 pupa), 1.vi.2011 (MC:513/ 2 pupae), 19.vi.2011 (MC:538/ 3 pupae); Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 10.vi.2011 (MC: 521/ 1 pupa), Nebi Hazuri, 19.vi.2011 (MC:536/ 1 pupa), 6.vii.2011 (MC:557/ 2 pupae). Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 1.vi.2011 (MC:511/1 prepupa), 12.vi.2011 (MC:524/2 prepupae), 19.vi.2011 (MC:535/1 prepupa), Eilon, 23.v.2011 (MC:505/2 prepupae), 1.vi.2011 (MC:513/6 prepupae), 12.vi.2011 (MC:523/1 prepupa), 19.vi.2011 (MC:538/1 prepupa); Hanita, 24.v.2012 (MC:660/1 prepupa); Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 10.vi.2011 (MC: 521/1 prepupa); Nebi Hazuri, 19.vi.2011 (MC:536/1 prepupa); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 23.v.2011 (MC:507/3 second-instar ♂), 1.vi.2011 (MC:511/10 second-instar ♂), 3.vi.2012 (MC:671/ 1 second-instar ♂); Eilon, 23.v.2011 (MC:505/ 2 second-instar ♂), (MC:508/16 second-instar ♂), 1.vi.2011 (MC:512/9 second-instar ♂), (MC:513/6 second-instar ♂), 3.vi.2012 (MC:689/2 second-instar ♂); Hanita, 7.v.2012 (MC:277/3 second-instar ♂), 24.v.2012 (MC:659/2 second-instar ♂); Nahal Dolev Nature Reserve, 27.v.2011 (MC:509/14 second-instar ♂), 3.vi.2011 (MC:516/7 second-instar ♂), 10.vi.2011 (MC:521/5 second-instar ♂), 17.vi.2011 (MC:539/2 second-instar ♂), 1.vi.2012 (MC:677/6 second-instar ♂), 8.vi.2012 (MC:688/5 second-instar ♂); Nebi Hazuri, 19.vi.2011 (MC:536/4 secondinstar ♂); Timrat, 24.v.2012 (MC:656/9 second-instar).</p><p>Adult female (Fig. 1). General appearance. Pre-reproductive adult female (Plate 1, fig. c). Body oval to round and slightly convex; 2.5–3.2 mm long, 2.0–3.0 mm wide; dorsum brownish-grey with 4 or 5 black longitudinal lines and 6–9 black transverse lines formed of dots and lines; venter red. Gravid female (Plate 1, fig. d). Body highly convex; 2.9–4.4 mm long, 2.7–5.1 mm wide, 3.2–4.8 mm high; dorsum and venter brownishreddish-grey; dorsum with black, longitudinal and transverse lines. Post-reproductive female (Plate 1, fig. e). Body hemispherical and moderately convex, 3.0– 4.5 mm long, 3.0– 5.1 mm wide, 2.0–3.0 mm high; body sclerotized; dorsum red with 6–9 transverse black lines represented as reticulated folds.</p><p>Mounted young adult female. Body oval to circular; 2.0–3.0 mm long, 2.0– 2.8 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 12–13 µm long, 10–11 µm wide at base; arranged in a single row of 30–38 on each side, extending from cephalic apex to posterior end of body. Dorsal submarginal setae short and spinose; each 7–9 µm long, in a complete line of 28–33 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae conical, each 10–13 µm long, 7–10 wide at base, similar in shape and size to marginal setae, with 14–22 setae randomly placed on dorsum. Bilocular pores oval, each 3 µm long, 2 µm wide; present throughout. Tubular ducts of Type 2, each with outer ductule 12–17 µm long, inner ductule 10–15 µm long and with a sclerotized cup 5 µm diameter; present throughout dorsum.</p><p>FIGURE 1.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 20–25 µm diameter, anterolateral to each scape, near body margin. Legs absent. Antennae 1 segmented, 26–35 µm long, 20–31 µm wide, each bearing 5–8 fleshy setae; each scape surrounded by a group of 40–45 multilocular pores, each pore 7–8 µm diameter with 10 loculi. Tentorium 235–250 µm long, 212–225 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 160–175 µm long, 110–135 µm wide; labial setae as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs of setose setae 5–8 µm long; medial segment with a pair of setose setae 12–20 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs of setose setae 10–12 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size; each peritreme 50–68 µm long, 30–37 µm wide, in a group of 15–22 loculate pores laterad to each spiracle, each 8 µm diameter with 10 loculi; also with 2 pores with 6 loculi laterad to each anterior peritreme, each 6 µm diameter. Tubular ducts of Type 2, each with outer ductule 10–16 µm long, sclerotized cup 4–5 µm diameter and inner ductule 11–15 µm long, present in a complete, submarginal band 8–11 ducts wide and also sparsely distributed throughout rest of venter. Multilocular pores, each 10 µm diameter with 10–12 loculi, in transverse bands 2 to 3 pores wide on each abdominal segment, totaling 114–120 pores on each segment; also with a group of 52–56 pores just posterior to vulva. Bilocular pores, each 3 µm long and 2 µm wide, interspersed between tubular ducts in submarginal band. Microtubular ducts with circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; interspersed between multilocular pores on abdomen. Ventral setae of three types: (i) setose setae: with about 12 just anterior to tentorium between antennae, each 7–12 µm long; about 8 in median and submedian areas of thorax; and 6-8 setae present in a row on each abdominal segment, each 20–25 µm long; also 1 pair present just anterior to anal ring, each 10–12 µm long; 1 pair present posteriorly to anal ring, each 10–12 µm long; and a pair of apical setae, 33–35 µm long; (ii) conical setae: a pair present on venter slightly above posterior margin, each 10–12 µm long and wide; and (iii) tack-like setae, each 5 µm long, with about 11 on each side mesad to each complete submarginal band of tubular ducts. Microspines, each 1 or 2 µm long, in groups of 3–5 in 3–8 rows on each abdominal segment. Anal ring ventral, forming a complete sclerotized circle, 42–60 µm diameter; pores absent, but with 6 setae, each 25–40 µm long.</p><p>Comments. The adult female of K. echinatus, K. vermilio, a Mediterranean species not present in Israel (Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov, 2012), and K. hermonensis sp. n. described below, all share the following features: (i) legs reduced or absent; (ii) Type 2 tubular ducts present on both venter and dorsum; (iii) dorsum without seta-pore clusters; (iv) anal ring ventral; (v) conical setae on margin and dorsum; and (vi) multilocular pores surrounding each antennal scape. These species differ in the structure of the anal ring: K. echinatus has three pairs of setae, without pores; K. hermonensis has three pairs of setae with pores and K. vermilio has pores without setae. They also differ in the number of antennal and leg segments: Kermes hermonensis has three, four, five or six-segmented antennae (segmentation obscure in other two species) and legs reduced to three segments, whereas the two other species have one-segmented antennae and lack legs.</p><p>Third-instar female (Fig. 2; Plate 1, fig. b). General appearance. Body broadly oval to round, slightly convex, 1.3–1.5 mm long, 1.0– 1.5 mm wide; dorsum orange-red-brown, venter red; dorsum covered with a thin layer of wax, composed of 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, median row with 10 plates, mediolateral rows with 9–11 plates and marginal rows with 7–12 plates. Wax plates largest medially.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.8–1.4 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae conical, 10 µm long, 10 µm wide at base, in a complete single line of 30–34 on each side. Dorsal submarginal seta short and spinose, each 5 µm long, in a complete single line of 29–33 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae conical, each about 8 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, distinctly thinner than marginal conical setae; in 4 longitudinal medial and submedial rows, each row with 8 setae. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; scattered on entire dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 13–15 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 13–15 µm long, scattered on dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, 10 µm diameter, placed laterally to each scape, near body margin. Antennae 1 segmented, 25 µm long; with 7 fleshy setae on apical tip. Legs reduced to stumps, each 15–28 µm long; prothoracic pair always present, sometimes with 2 setae; other legs sometimes absent. Tentorium 112–180 µm long, 90–150 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 130–142 µm long, 70–98 µm wide; basal segment with 2 pairs of setose setae 5–8 µm long; medial segment with a pair of setose setae 12–20 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs of setose setae 10–12 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme about 25 Μm long and about 18 Μm wide, each sclerosis about 50 µm long; each mesothoracic spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores, and each metathoracic spiracle with 1 pore, each 3 µm diameter, placed anterolaterally, Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 13–15 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 13–15 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band about 5 ducts wide. Bilocular pores oval to circular, each about 3 Μm wide; dispersed among submarginal tubular ducts. Ventral setae of three types: (i) setose setae: with 6–8 setae anterior to tentorium, each about 18 µm long; 6–8 setae in a transverse row on each abdominal segment, each about 10 µm long; 4 setae posterior to anal ring, each 10 µm long, and 4 setae just anterior to anal ring: 2 setae about 13 µm long and 2 setae about 8 µm long; (ii) tack-like setae, each 5 µm long, present medial to each spiracle; also about 10 in a complete submarginal row; and (iii) conical setae, each 8 µm long and 8 µm wide at base, with 2 near margin on posterior apex of body. Microspines each about 2 µm long, present over entire body in groups of 1–8, but arranged in 2–7 transverse rows on abdominal segments. Anal ring ventral, about 35 µm in diameter, circular with posterior gap, each half with 3 spinose setae about 28 µm long; without pores.</p><p>Comments. The third-instar female of K. echinatus is very similar to those of K. hermonensis and K. vermilio (a species not found in Israel), all three sharing the following traits (characters for K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus in brackets): (i) marginal setae conical (non-conical or spinose) (ii) leg segmentation reduced (fullydeveloped); (iii) anal ring ventral (dorsal); and (iv) sclerotized anal lobes absent (present). The third-instar female of K. echinatus is distinguished from K. hermonensis in having (characters for K. hermonensis in brackets) onesegmented antennae (five or six-segmented), and one-segmented legs without a claw (three-segmented legs with a claw); and can be distinguished from K. vermilio in having (characters for K. vermilio in brackets) one-segmented antennae (three-segmented) and dorsal tubular ducts (absent).</p><p>Second-instar female (Fig. 3; Plate 1, fig. a). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.7–1.45 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; dorsum and venter orange-red; dorsum covered with a thin layer of wax, composed of 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, each plate about 0.2 mm long and 0.1 mm wide; median row with 10 plates, mediolateral rows with 9–11 plates and marginal rows with 7–12 plates. Wax plates largest medially.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.2–0.9 mm long, 0.4–0.7 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 10–13 µm long, 5–8 µm wide at base, in a complete single row of 30–33 on each side. Dorsal submarginal setae absent.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae conical, each about 8 µm long and about 5 µm wide at base, shorter than marginal setae, placed in submedial longitudinal rows, extending from cephalic apex to mid-abdomen, with 5 setae in each row. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in 4 longitudinal rows, each submarginal row complete, with about 7 pores, and each median row with about 6 pores extending from level of labium to level of anal ring.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, 15 µm wide, placed laterally to each scape near body margin. Antennae 1 segmented, 30–50 µm long, 10–20 µm wide; with 3 setae on basal part of each antenna, each 5 µm long, plus 6 setae on apex, each 10–13 µm long. Legs reduced to 1 segment, 25–40 µm long; with 3 short setae on basal part of each leg. Tentorium 125–130 µm long, 112–125 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 100 µm long, 50–85 µm wide; labial setae: basal segment with 2 pairs of setose setae about 5 µm long; median segment with a pair of setose setae 17–35 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs of setose setae 8 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 7–13 Μm wide and sclerosis 28–32 µm long; each spiracle with 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores, 3 µm diameter, placed anterolaterally. Tubular ducts of Type 2, each with an inner ductule 10–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long; arranged in a complete marginal band about 3 ducts wide and also sparsely over entire venter. Bilocular pores oval, each 7 µm long, 5 µm wide, in a line among the submarginal band of tubular ducts. Setae of three types: (i) conical setae, each 7 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, similar in shape to marginal setae, with 2 submarginally on anterior apex of body; (ii) setose setae: with 6 medially, just anterior to level of tentorium, each 38 µm long; also in medial and submedial longitudinal rows of 6 setae on abdominal segments, setae in medial rows about 15 µm long and those in submedial rows about 7 µm long; also with 4 setae placed anterior to anal ring: 2 about 15 µm long and 2 about 45 µm long; also 2 setae posterior to anal ring, each about 17 µm long; and posterior to anal ring: 2 setose setae about 50 µm long, and 2 conical setae, similar to marginal setae, each about 10 µm long, 5 µm wide at base; and (iii) tack-like setae, each 10 µm long, with about 15 setae on each side in a complete submarginal row. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, arranged in groups of 1 or 2 in 4 or 5 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 27–30 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae 20–28 µm long and 4–7 pores.</p><p>Comments. Among the Palaearctic species, the only other described second-instar females are of K. bytinskii (Sternlicht, 1969), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . Of the Israeli species, K. echinatus most closely resembles K. hermonensis but is also similar to K. vermilio (not found in Israel) in having conical marginal setae and reduced antennae and leg segments. However, K. echinatus has one-segmented antennae and one-segmented legs whereas K. hermonensis has 5- or 6-segmented antennae and 3-segmented legs; and K. echinatus lacks the membranous frontal lobes of K. vermilio . In addition, tubular ducts are present on both the venter and dorsum in K. echinatus and K. hermonensis, whereas they are only found on the venter in K. vermilio; and K. echinatus has two longitudinal rows of conical setae on the dorsum while K. vermilio has one transverse row of setae on dorsum. Other Kermes spp. in Israel have different marginal setae: K. nahalali and K. greeni have robust setose setae and K. spatulatus have spatulate setae. These three species, K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus, also have six-segmented antennae and well-developed legs, as in the Nearctic species K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus, Nanokermes iselini and Olliffiella secunda (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) .</p><p>First-instar nymph (Fig. 4). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.37–0.44 mm long, 0.14–0.2 mm wide; dorsum and venter red; settled first-instar nymph with a fringe of curly, white-wax filaments.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.45–0.49 mm long, 0.2–0.25 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae conical and slightly curved apically, in 1 to 2 rows; 1 complete row of larger setae, each seta 10–13 Μm long, 5 Μm wide at base, with 17–22 on each side; plus second row of smaller setae, each lying between larger setae, extending from mesothorax to anal lobe, each seta 5–8 Μm long, 3–5 Μm wide at base, with 13–16 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous, inter-segmental lines observable. Dorsal setae setose, with 8 setae in submedian longitudinal rows on thorax, each 6–8 Μm long. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 1 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, with about 7 in each submarginal row on abdomen.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, close to margin, each 10–12 Μm wide. Antennae 6 segmented; total length 102–110 Μm; segment III longer than other segments; setal distribution as follows: scape and pedicel, each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 2 setose setae; apical segment with 2 fleshy setae and 5 setose setae. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 25–30, trochanter + femur 68–70, tibia 33–38, tarsus 45–50, claw 15–20; total leg length 187–200 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; setae present on all leg segments; tarsal digitules knobbed apically, each 25–30 Μm long, extending beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 15–20 Μm long; each claw with a single denticle near tip. Tentorium 73–76 Μm long, 63–75 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 75–83 Μm long, 45–47 Μm wide; labial setae as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs of setose setae 5–8 Μm long; median segment with 1 pair of setose setae on dorsal surface 12–13 Μm long; apical segment with 4 pairs of setose setae 16–20 Μm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 3–5 Μm wide; each with apodeme crescent-shaped, 13– 15 Μm long; each spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore, 5 Μm diameter, placed anterolaterally. Trilocular pores, each about 3 Μm wide, distributed as follows: a pair between scapes just anterior to tentorium; 1 mesad to each coxa; also pairs submedially on abdominal segments V–VII. Bilocular pores oval, each 3 Μm long, 2 Μm wide; with 1 pore present between margin and each spiracle. Ventral setae of two types: (i) conical setae: a pair on anterior apex of head, each 14–16 Μm long and 5 Μm wide at base; and (ii) setose setae: 6 inter-antennal setae in a longitudinal line medially between scapes, each 38–45 Μm long; also 1 seta, 10–11 Μm long, mesad to each coxa and associated with a trilocular pore; abdominal segments with medial, submedial and submarginal lines of setae, with 1 setae per line per segment; setae in medial and submedial rows each 10–15 Μm long, and submarginal setae each 5–6 Μm long. Also with a pair anterior to anal ring 15–18 Μm long, and a pair latero-posteriorly to anal ring 15–20 Μm long. Microspines, each about 3 Μm long, arranged in 3 or 4 groups in 2 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and sparsely on thorax. Anal ring ventral, composed of 2 semi-circles, diameter 20–25 Μm, each half with 4–6 pores and 3 spinose setae, each 13–18 Μm long. Anal lobes slightly developed; apical margin of each lobe with 1 spinose seta, 10–13 Μm long, 2 or 3 Μm wide, and 1 very long, flagellate seta, 220–275 Μm long.</p><p>Comments. Kermes echinatus was first described by Balachowsky (1953) based on the first-instar nymph from Israel. Balachowsky suggested that this species was similar to K. vermilio, a Mediterranean and European species, not known from Israel. The first-instar nymphs of both species are bright red and possess conical marginal and dorsal setae. The morphological characters that distinguish them were discussed in Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov (2012). The first-instar nymph of K. hermonensis, described as new in this paper, is also red and possesses dorsal and marginal conical setae similar to those on K. echinatus and K. vermilio . However, K. echinatus can be distinguished from the two other species by the presence of only one quinquelocular pore associated with each spiracle and the absence of dorsal bilocular pores. Kermes hermonensis has two quinquelocular pores associated with the prothoracic spiracles, usually with one pore larger than the other, whilst K. vermilio has usually one, rarely two, locular-pores, each with 5–8 loculi associated with each spiracle and several dorsal bilocular pores (Balachowsky, 1950; Pellizzari et al., 2012).</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 5; Plate 1, fig. i). General appearance Newly emerged males alate, elongate and widest across mesothorax; body red, 1.5–2.0 mm long from head apex to apical tip of penial sheath; fore-wings 1.2–1.5 mm long, 0.45–0.75 mm wide; radial wing vein red; with 5 pairs of simple eyes; body with rather few setae fleshy setae (fs) few and hard to separate from hs; pores absent apart from in glandular pouches; hamulohalteres present; abdomen slender, glandular pouches present, extruding white, waxy caudal filaments, 1.0– 1.5 mm long; penial sheath longer than broad.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Total length 1.5–2.0 mm long, width across mesothorax 0.4–0.5 mm.</p><p>Head. Broadly oval in dorsal view; distinctly separated from thorax by a cervical groove or constriction. Length from head apex to pronotal ridge (prnr) 275–300 µm long; width across genae 275–315 µm. Median crest not reticulated. Postoccipital ridge (por) heavily sclerotized, with anterior arm longer than posterior arm. Midcranial ridge (mcr) with well-developed lateral branches to each antenna; dorsal arm absent. Ocular sclerites (ocs) sclerotized, not reticulated, with 5 pairs of simple eyes and one pair of ocelli (o); dorsal (dse) and ventral simple eyes (vse) largest, each 45–50 µm diameter; 3 pairs of lateral simple eyes (lse), each 35 µm in diameter; ocellus 13–18 µm diameter. Dorsal head setae (dhs) in a longitudinal row on either side of median crest, with 4 or 5 hs in each row. Ventral head setae (vhs) in a transverse row anterior to ventral simple eyes, total 8–10 hs. Genae (g) unsclerotized, not reticulated and without setae. Preoral ridge (pror) well-developed. Anterior tentorial pits and head pores absent. Antennae: filiform, 10 segmented, length 1000–1050 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length about 1:0.58). Scape (scp) 43–50 µm long, 55–63 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hair-like setae (hs). Pedicel (ped) 50–63 µm long, 40–50 µm wide, with 5–8 hs. Flagellar segments III–X 93 –165 µm long, 20–25 µm wide; segment III longest, segments becoming shorter towards the apex; approximate number of setae per segment (note: fs and hs hard to differentiate): III–VII 15–23 fs; VIII 11–15 fs; IX 14–16 fs + 1 antennal bristles (ab); X 10–14 fs + 2–4 ab +4 capitate setae (cs), each cs 30–40 µm long.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax: pronotal ridge (prnr) sclerotized but not fused medially. Pronotal sclerites (prn) present; without lateral or medial pronotal setae. Proepisternum + cercival sclerite (pepcv) well-developed and connected anteriorly to the postocular ridge (pocr). Sternum (stn1) membranous with a transverse sternal ridge; median ridge absent. Sternal, prosternal and anteprosternal setae absent.</p><p>Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) rectangular with a median groove, 70–75 µm long, 150–165 µm wide; not reticulated; with lateral prescutal ridges (pscr) and with a posterior prescutal suture. Scutum (sct) sclerotized, median membranous area 60–65 µm long, with lateral sclerotized margins, without setae. Prescutal and scutal setae absent. Prealare (pra) and triangular plate (tp) present. Scutellum (scl) 60–65 µm long, 145–150 µm wide; without a foramen but with strong scutellar ridges (sclr); marginal fold of notum (rd) present posteriorly; with 2 hs, each 12–15 µm long. Basisternum (stn2) 158–200 µm long, 250–270 µm wide; without a median ridge, but marginal ridge (mr) well developed with a strong precoxal ridge (pcr2); basisternal setae absent. Furca (f) well-developed and sclerotized, arms divergent and extending about halfway to marginal ridge (mr) anteriorly. Lateropleurite (lpl) wide, with a strong extension from marginal ridge anteriorly. Mesopostnotum (pn2) not reticulated; with a welldeveloped postnatal apophysis (pna). Mesepisternum (eps2) not reticulated; sub-episternal ridge (ser) well developed. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp2): peritreme 10–15 µm wide, without loculate pores. Tegula (teg) distinct, with 3–5 hs tegular setae (tegs).</p><p>Metathorax: metapostnotum, metatergal setae and dorso-spiracular setae not detected. Ventrally with a pair of transverse sclerotized precoxal ridges (pcr3) not connected to pleural ridge (plr3). Sternal apophyses (stn3a) present. Metathoracic spiracles (sp3): peritreme 10–15 µm wide; without loculate pores. Microspines 1–2 µm long, singly or in groups up to three, in about 10 transverse rows on venter. Metapleural ridges (plr3) well developed, extending anteriorly to hamulohalteres. Metepimeron (epm3) sclerotised, but without setae. Metasternal setae absent.</p><p>Wings: hyaline, 1200–1500 µm long, 450–475 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.38; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.7); alar lobe (al) well-developed; alar setae absent. Hamulohalteres (h) 113–125 µm wide, 28–40 µm long, with a single apical hamulus, 55–65 µm long.</p><p>Legs: metathoracic legs longest, 763–836 µm long; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs 768–810 µm long. Coxa: I: 88–100; II: 107–110; III: 110–115 µm long, with 12–15 hs. Trochanter: I: 50–52; II: 50–63; III: 60–63 µm long, with about 8 hs; each trochanter with 3 oval sensory pores in a triangle on each surface. Femur: I: 225–230; II: 205–213; III: 210–218 µm long, with 27–30 hs. Tibia: I: 275–287; II: 275–280; III: 280–300 µm long, with 53– 56 hs; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs) 20–25 µm long. Tarsi 2-segmented; tarsus I ring-like, tarsus 2 (tar2): I: 100– 113; II: 100–110; III: 100–110 µm long, with 20–30 hs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) setose and knobbed apically, not extending beyond claw, each about 40 µm long. Claw (cl) with a denticle: I: 25–28; II: 26–28; III: 25–30 µm long; claw digitules (cdt) knobbed apically, not extending beyond claw, each about 30 µm long.</p><p>Abdomen: Tergites and pleural areas not sclerotized; sternites (as) sclerotized on segments IV–VIII; caudal extension of segment VII absent. Loculate pores absent on segments I–VII. Dorsopleural setae (adps) (each side) 20–25 µm long: segments I–VII: 2 hs, segment VIII: 3 hs, one 75–80 µm long and two 25–30 µm long; ventropleural setae (avps) (on each side) 15 µm long, on each side, on segments IV–VII: 1 hs; dorsal setae (ads) (total), 10 µm long, segments I–VII: 2 hs, segment VIII: 4 hs, 40 µm long; and ventral setae (avs), (total), 20–25 µm long, segments II–III: 2 setae, segment IV–VII: 4 setae. Caudal extension on segment VIII rounded. Glandular pouch (gp) present on segment VIII, deep, each pouch with 2 long, robust setae (gls) 150–155 µm long; each pouch with 9–18 pores, each 3 µm diameter with 3–5 loculi. Microspines 1–2 µm long, singly or in groups of up to 3 in about 10 transverse rows on each abdominal segment on venter. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) sclerotized, 170–180 µm long, greatest width 110–120 µm. Anal opening not detected. Basal rod (bra) sclerotized, 40–50 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) elongate 100–120 µm long, not extending beyond penial sheath. Genital capsule with a total of 8 hs (gts) dorsally and 16–20 hs (gts) ventrally; apex of ps with a cluster of about 10 small, circular sensilla.</p><p>Comments. Of the Israeli species, the adult male of K. echinatus is most similar to those of K. hermonensis — both are red in life, with reddish wing veins, and lack metasteranal setae, which are present in most other species (e.g., Allokermes kingii (Hamon et al., 1976), K. greeni, K. nahalali, K. quercus (Koteja &amp; Zak-Ogaza, 1972), K. spatulatus and N. balachowskii). For differences with other species, see key.</p><p>Fourth-instar male (pupa) (Fig. 6; Plate 1, fig. h). General appearance. Develops within a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test secreted by second-instar male; body red and elongate oval when removed from test; 1.2–1.5 mm long, 0.4–0.6 mm wide; derm membranous with distinct inter-segmental lines on dorsum and venter; anterior wingbuds extending laterally past coxa of metathoracic legs; posterior wing-buds very short; penial lobe triangular.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.3–1.5 mm long. 0.5–0.6 mm wide; head 225–250 µm long, 375–400 µm wide, slightly demarcated from thorax; thorax and abdomen not clearly demarcated. Margin. Wing-buds: fore-wings 485–550 µm long and 165–200 µm wide; hind-wings: length ratio to mesothoracic wings 1:10. Setae fine and blunt, in marginal and submarginal rows, each with 7 setae segmentally arranged, extending from abdominal segments I–VII each 12–15 µm long.</p><p>Dorsum. Eyes absent. Ocular sclerite reticulated, 45–50 µm long, 150–158 µm wide, extending transversely from body margin to mid-body; also present on venter. Setae setose, each 5 µm long, distributed as follows: in rows of 6 on head apex and also in complete submedial longitudinal rows, each row with about 6 setae. Anal lobes rounded, membranous, each with 1 setose seta on apex, 55–95 Μm long. Median penial lobe triangular, extending past anal lobes, slightly sclerotized, each 95–105 Μm long, 95–115 Μm wide; with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 15– 20 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Ocular sclerite as dorsum. Antennae 10 segmented, total length 575–675 µm, width 50–65 µm; setae absent. Spiracles subequal in size; each peritreme 20–25 µm long, 10–15 µm wide; each sclerosis 30–40 µm long; pores absent. Legs well-developed; subequal in size, measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg; coxa 75–100, trochanter + femur 155–200, tibia 140–175, tarsus 90–110; total length 455–505 Μm; each coxa with 2 short setae, each 5 µm long; distal end of tarsus with short pointed, triangular claw, 5 µm long. Ventral setae setose; interantennal setae in 2 rows of 3, each 5 Μm long; also in medial, submedial and submarginal rows on abdominal segments II–VII, each 15–25 Μm long, each row with 6 setae segmentally arranged. Microspines, each about 3 Μm long, arranged in groups of 3 or 4 in 9 or 10 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax.</p><p>Comments. The pupae of K. echinatus are most similar to those of K. hermonensis and both are red in life, but those of K. echinatus differ in lacking quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle. The pupae of other Israeli species are differently coloured, e.g. K. greeni is orange, and K. nahalali and K. spatulatus are greyish-brown. The pupae of the Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) also lack spiracular pores but their colour was not recorded.</p><p>Third-instar male (prepupa) (Fig. 7; Plate 1, fig. g). General appearance. Develops within a white, waxy test secreted by second-instar male; body red and broadly oval when removed from test, 1–2 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; derm membranous, with distinct inter-segmental lines on both dorsum and venter; anterior wing-buds well developed; posterior wing-buds absent.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.1–1.38 mm long, 0.5–0.6 mm wide; separation between head, thorax and abdomen not clearly demarcated. Margin. Anterior wing-buds each 250–325 µm long, 140–165 µm wide, extending to about level with metathoracic coxa. Setae fine and blunt, each 12–15 µm long, in a complete marginal row of 15–20 on each side; and in a submarginal row on abdominal segments I–VII, similar in size and shape to marginal setae.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae setose, each 5–8 µm long, with 3 pairs on head apex; also with complete submedial longitudinal rows, segmentally arranged, each with about 10 setae. Anal lobes rounded and membranous, each with 2 setae on apex, one 35–40 Μm long and other 16–20 Μm long. Median penial lobe broadly rounded 95–110 Μm long, 50–75 Μm wide; with a total of 8 setose setae, each 5–10 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 7 or 8 segmented, 250–290 µm long, 65–80 µm wide; apical segment rounded; setae absent. Spiracles subequal in size; each peritreme 15–20 µm long, 10–15 µm wide, with sclerosis 30–35 µm long; each spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 Μm diameter. Legs present as 3-segmented lobes, subequal in size; total length of metathoracic leg, 175–250 Μm, width 60–75 Μm; claw and setae absent. Ventral setae setose, 8–10 Μm long; with 3 pairs of setae between scapes; abdomen with medial, submedial and submarginal longitudinal lines of setae, each line with 6 setae, segmentally arranged. Microspines, each about 3 Μm long, arranged in groups of 3 or 4 in 9 or 10 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax.</p><p>Comments. The prepupa of K. echinatus is most similar to those of K. hermonensis: both are red in life and both have two quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle. Other Israeli prepupae are differently coloured, e.g. K. greeni orange, and K. nahalali and K. spatulatus greyish- brown; and all three species lack spiracular pores. The prepupa of N. balachowskii is brown and has one quinquelocular pore anterior to each spiracle. The prepupae of the Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) lack spiracular pores but their colour in life was not recorded.</p><p>Second-instar male (Fig. 8; Plate 1, fig. f). General appearance. Secretes a white, waxy test, 1.5–1.8 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide; when removed from test, body red, broadly oval, 0.7–1.45 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; derm membranous, inter-segmental lines observable on both venter and dorsum.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval; 0.9–1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 10 µm long and 8 µm wide at base, in a complete single row of 30–34 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae of two types: (i) conical setae in a submedial longitudinal row of 4 setae on head and each thoracic segment, each about 7 µm long and about 5 µm wide at base, shorter than marginal setae; and (ii) tack-like setae in a medial longitudinal row of 6–8 setae, extending from mid-thorax to anal ring, each 8 µm long. Microtubular ducts, each with a circular opening about 5 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; numerous, scattered between tubular ducts over entire dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 8–10 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–14 µm long, abundant throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, 15–20 µm diameter, placed laterally to each scape, near body margin. Antennae 7 segmented, total length 155–185 µm; segment III longer than other segments; scape and pedicel each with 2 thin setose setae; segment III without setae; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; VI with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, and apical segment with 3 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Frontal lobes membranous, one mesad to each scape, each 45–80 Μm long, 35–75 Μm wide, not always visible. Legs well-developed; subequal in size, measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 50–75; trochanter + femur 110–125; tibia 50–60; tarsus 70–85 and claw 20–25; total length 300–325 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 25–30 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 Μm long, extending beyond apex of claw; each claw with a denticle. Tentorium 113–125 µm long, 100–125 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 90–110 µm long and 85–90 µm wide; labial setae: basal segment with 2 pairs of setose setae about 5 µm long, median segment with 1 pair of setose setae 17–35 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs of setose setae 8 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 10–13 Μm wide, with sclerosis 28–35 µm long; with 4 quinquelocular pores extending in a transverse row, from peritreme to margin of body, each 4 µm diameter. Tubular ducts of Type 2, each with outer ductule 10–14 Μm long, a sclerotized cup about 5 Μm in diameter and inner ductule 8–10 Μm long, in a complete submarginal band 1 or 2 ducts wide. Bilocular pores circular, 2 µm diameter, with 10–12 pores on each side of body, in a complete submarginal line. Ventral setae of three types: (i) conical setae, similar in shape and size to marginal setae, with a pair on anterior apex of body, each 10 µm long and 5 µm wide at base; also 2 about 15 µm long and 5 µm wide at base, posterior to anal ring; (ii) setose setae: with 5 pairs medially, just anterior to tentorium, each 42–63 Μm long; with 4 medial to each coxa, with two 13–15 µm long and two 25–40 µm long; also in medial and submedai rows on abdominal segments II–VII, setae in medial rows each about 28 µm long, setae in submedial rows each about 10 µm long; also anterior to anal ring, with 4 setae, two about 25 µm long and two about 13 µm long; plus 2 setae posterior to anal ring, each about 25 µm long; and (iii) tack-like setae, each 5 µm, long in a complete submarginal row of 10–15. Microspines, each about 3 µm long; in groups of 1 or 2 in 6–8 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 30–35 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae, 32–43 µm long, and 9–12 pores.</p><p>Comments. Among the Palaearctic Kermes species, second-instar males have only been described for K. bytinskii (a junior synonym to K. nahalali and redescribed in this study), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012), plus the four other species from Israel, K. greeni, K. hermonensis, K. spatulatus and N. balachowskii . All bar K. hermonensis and K. vermilio clearly differ from K. echinatus because their marginal setae are robustly setose (conical in K. echinatus and K. vermilio). The secondinstar males of the Nearctic K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum have long, setose marginal setae, tubular ducts on the dorsum and quinquelocular pores scattered on both the dorsum and venter (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985).</p><p>The second-instar males of K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio are similar in possessing conical marginal setae and a pair of membranous frontal lobes between the antennal scapes. These lobes were first described by Williams (1985) on several Eriococcidae species and later were recognized by Marotta &amp; Tranfaglia (1999) and Pellizzari et al., (2012) on K. vermilio . These authors also found them in second-instar and prepupal males and in the second- and third-instar females. The function of the frontal lobes has not been established, but it might indicate a close relationship between Eriococcidae and Kermesidae (Marotta &amp; Tranfaglia, 1999) . Apart from these three species, frontal lobes are unknown in the Kermesidae .</p><p>The second-instar males of K. echinatus differs from those of K. hermonensis and K. vermilio as follows (characters of K. hermonensis and K. vermilio in brackets): (i) ventral quinquelocular pores absent anterior to tentorium (present); (ii) each prothoracic spiracle with four quinquelocular pores (eight and two); and (iii) ventral abdominal quinquelocular pores absent (present in four longitudinal rows ventrally on abdominal).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFDBFFEB39A9EA43FB7E4463	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFC4FFCD39A9EE7BFDE94019.text	03A2A358FFC4FFCD39A9EE7BFDE94019.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermes greeni Bodenheimer	<div><p>Kermes greeni Bodenheimer</p><p>(Figs. 9–16, Plate 2, figs. a–i)</p><p>Kermes greeni Bodenheimer, 1931: 241</p><p>Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky, 1953: 186; synonymized by Spodek et al., 2012: 67–75 This species was originally described from adult females collected at Nahalal forest, Israel, on Quercus coccifera L. The junior synonym, K. palestiniensis, was described from first-instar nymphs collected at Ras-El Nakurah [=current name Rosh Hanikra], Israel, on Q. coccifera.</p><p>Material examined. Type material studied. Lectotype adult ♀ of K. greeni, off Q. coccifera, Israel, Nahalal, 2.ii.1926, F.S. Bodenheimer (ICVI). Paralectotypes 7 adult ♀ (6 slides in ICVI, 1 slide in BMNH), same data as lectotype. Also: 5 first-instar nymphs in 2 of the paralectotype adult ♀, Israel: Nahalal, K. greeni, 2.ii.1926, F.S. Bodenheimer. Also: Syntype 3 first-instar nymphs K. palestiniensis Ras-el Nakurah [=current name Rosh Hanikra], Q. coccifera, 12.vii.1950, S. Neumark (MNHN /1 slide). Other material studied. All non-type material collected in Israel, off Q. calliprinos by M. Spodek, unless otherwise indicated. Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 6.v.2012 (MC:652/ 1 adult ♀); Eilon, 13.iii.2011 (MC:459/ 1 adult ♀), Y. Ben-Dov (C:4765/ 1 adult ♀); Hanita, 5.vi.2001, Z. Tamari (C:4701/ 1 adult ♀), 6.vi.2010 (MC:247/ 1 adult ♀), 8.v.2011, Y. Ben-Dov (C:4997/ 2 adult ♀, BMNH), 8.v.2011 (MC:493/ 1 adult ♀), 17.v.2011, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5011/ 2 adult ♀, MNHN), 7.v.2012 (MC:668/ 9 adult ♀); Timrat, 24.vi.2011 (MC:567/ 8 adult ♀), 31.vii.2011 (MC:568/ 2 adult ♀, USNM), 22.iv.2012, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5096/ 2 adult ♀), 7.v.2012, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5099/ 2 adult ♀), 7.v.2012 (MC:759/ 11 adult ♀); Eilon, 11.iv.2011 (MC:483/2 third-instar ♀), 21.iv.2011 (MC:491/1 third-instar ♀); Hanita, 21.iv.2011 (MC:485/6 third-instar♀), 8.v.2011 (MC:492/6 third-instar♀, MC:493/7 third-instar ♀), 7.v.2012 (MC:667/4 third-instar ♀); Timrat, 25.ii.2012 (MC:645/7 third-instar ♀), 22.iv.2012 (MC:647/1 third-instar ♀), 7.v.2012 (MC:653/4 third-instar ♀, MC:761/1 third-instar ♀), 18.iv.2013 (MC:841/3 third-instar ♀); Eilon, 11.iv.2011 (MC:482/10 second-instar ♀); Hanita, 13.iii.2011 (MC:442/1 second-instar ♀), 21.iv.2011 (MC:484/13 second-instar ♀), 24.v.2012 (MC:278/1 second-instar ♀); Timrat, 25.iii.2012 (MC:645/1 second-instar ♀), 22.iv.2012 (MC:647/9 second-instar ♀), 18.iv.2013 (MC:841/2 second-instar ♀); Eilon, 13.iii.2011 (MC:459/1 first-instar); Gesher Alkosh, 16.vii.2001 (MC:269/1 first-instar); Hanita, 9.vi.2010 (MC:247/1 first-instar), 24.i.2011 (MC:405/4 first-instars, BMNH), 3.vi.2011 (MC:520/175 first-instars), 3.vi.2012 (MC:706/38 first-instars); Timrat, 31.vii.2011 (MC:568/3 firstinstars, MNHN), 30.v.2012 (MC:705/3 first-instars, USNM), 10.xii.2012 (MC:766/3 first-instars); Eilon, 23.iv.2013 (MC:859/ 1 adult ♂); Hanita, 4.v.2012 (MC:838/ 2 adult ♂), 26.iv.2013 (MC:860/ 4 adult ♂); Timrat, 28.iv.2013 (MC:861/ 3 adult ♂); Eilon, 22.iv.2013 (MC:856/ 2 pupae); Hanita, 24.v.2012 (MC:279/ 3 pupae), 1.v.2012 (MC:816/ 3 pupae), 25.iv.2013 (MC:866/ 2 pupae); Eilon, 15.iv.2013 (MC:857/6 prepupae); Hanita, 16.iv.2013 (MC:858/4 prepupae); Eilon, 11.iv.2011 (MC:482/2 second-instar ♂), 10.iv.2013 (MC:855/2 secondinstar ♂); Hanita, 24.v.2012 (MC:278/2 second-instar ♂), 10.iv.2013 (MC:845/4 second-instar ♂).</p><p>Adult female (Fig. 9). General appearance. Pre-reproductive adult female (Plate 2, fig. c). Body oval to round, 2.5–3.7 mm long, 1.9–3.0 mm wide; dorsum with red and black areas and with a transverse red area medially; dorsum convex and smooth. Gravid female (Plate 2, fig. d). Body spherical, 4.2–5.9 mm long, 2.9–5.0 mm wide, 3.8–4.3 mm high; body dark red to black and uniform in colour. Post-reproductive female (Plate 2, fig. e). Body spherical and derm smooth and sclerotized; body 4.2–5.9 mm long, 2.9–5.0 mm wide, 3.8–4.3 mm high, and orange to tan coloured.</p><p>Mounted young adult female. Oval to circular, 2.5–3.0 mm long, 1.8–2.5 wide. Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each about 5 Μm long, arranged in a single row of 15–22 on each side. Stigmatic setae not differentiated.</p><p>Dorsum. Bilocular pores oval, each about 3 Μm long, 2 Μm wide, abundant throughout dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2, each with inner ductule 7–17 Μm long, inner cup 5–8 Μm wide and outer ductule 12–15 Μm long, sparse, much less frequent than bilocular pores. Seta-pore clusters: setae 17–25 um long, each with a cluster of 4– 14 pores, each 8 Μm wide with 3–5 loculi, in 10–13 clusters on each side, extending in a single complete submarginal row. Anal ring dorsal, circular, diameter 75–100 Μm, setae and pores absent. Anal lobes probably represented by two quadrate, sclerotized areas posterior to anal ring, each 50–75 Μm long, 63–75 Μm wide, each with 13–16 setose setae 30–43 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 4, 5 or 6 segmented; when 4-segmented, segments I–III appear fused; in 5- segmented antennae, segments II and III appear fused; each antenna 105–110 Μm long; setal distribution as follows: scape with 2 setose setae; pedicel with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 2 fleshy setae; apical segment with 4 setose setae and 1 fleshy seta. Legs well-developed; tibia and tarsus occasionally fused, measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 30–35, trochanter + femur 70–75, tibia 37– 50, tarsus 40–48, claw blunt, 10–18 Μm long; total length 212–250; each trochanter with 2 oval, sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 25–38 Μm long, knobbed apically and extending beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 22–25 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules. Denticle absent. Tentorium 250–287 Μm long, 237–250 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 162–212 Μm long, 125–162 Μm wide; labial setae all setose: basal segment with 2 pairs 3–5 Μm long, median segment with 1 pair 7–8 Μm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs 10–13 Μm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 62–87 Μm long and 45–55 Μm wide. Multilocular pores of variable sizes distributed as follows: (i) a group of 35–65 surrounding each spiracle, each 5–7 Μm in diameter with 5–6 loculi; (ii) in 6–8 clusters of 30–60 pores on abdominal segments III–VII, each 7–8 Μm in diameter with 9–11 loculi; (iii) with 12–24 on each abdominal segment, not in clusters, each 7 Μm in diameter with 5 or 6 loculi,; (iv) in submedial groups of 64–104 posterior to vulva, each 7–8 Μm in diameter with 5 or 6 loculi; and (v) a medial group of 52–60 pores, posterior to vulva, 6 Μm diameter with 4–7 loculi. Tubular ducts of Type 1, with inner ductule 7–17 Μm long, cup 5 Μm wide, and outer ductule 22–30 Μm long, in a dense complete submarginal band about 10 ducts wide. Setae setose: each abdominal segment with a line of about 8–10 setae, submedially, each 23–25 Μm long, plus 8–10 medially, each 10–12 Μm long; also with a group of 40–48 setae posterior to vulva, each 10–13 Μm long. Microspines, each about 2 or 3 Μm long, arranged in groups of 3 or 4 in about 8 rows on each abdominal segment.</p><p>Comments. The adult female of K. greeni shares the following characters with those of K. nahalali and K. spatulatus: (i) fully-developed legs; (ii) six-segmented antennae; (iii) seta-pore clusters located submarginally on dorsum; (iv) anal ring dorsal; (v) anal ring without setae or pores; (vi) anal lobes sclerotized on dorsum; and (vii) two types of tubular ducts, one on venter and other on dorsum. The above characters are also present in adult females of the Oriental species K. flavus Liu (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995), K. miyasakii (Hu, 1986), K. orientalis (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995) and K. taishanensis (Hu, 1986) . The segmentation of the legs and antennae varies between the non-Israeli species; legs are reduced to three-segments in K. quercus (Borchsenius, 1960), K. roboris (Saakyan-Baranova &amp; Muzafarov, 1972), K. sylvestris (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), and K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), while K. nudus and K. rimarum have fully-developed legs (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) as in K. greeni . The Nearctic A. kingii also has fully-developed legs (Hamon et al., 1976). The number of antennal segment ranges from four to six for the above mentioned species, mostly with indistinct segmentation. Adult female K. greeni can be distinguished from other Kermes species by the presence of quadrate-shaped anal lobes on the dorsum, each lobe with more than five setose setae. The anal lobes of K. spatulatus and K. nahalali are narrower compared to K. greeni, with fewer than five setae. The adult females of K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii do not have anal lobes.</p><p>Third-instar female (Fig. 10; Plate 2, fig. b). General appearance. Body round, slightly convex, 1.2–1.7 mm long, 1.0– 1.5 mm wide, 0.8–1.2 mm high; dorsum with orange and brown areas, with a medial, transverse orange area and 4 transverse brown rows.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Oval to round, 1.0– 1.8 mm long, 0.6–1.6 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each 10 µm long and 5 µm wide, in a single complete line of 20– 26 on each side. Dorsal submarginal setae robust, in two rows, larger and longer than marginal setae: outer row a single complete line of 20–25 setae on each side, each 25 µm long, each seta frequently associated with 1–3 quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter; inner line of 15–18 setae, similar to submarginal setae, but shorter, each about 16 µm long.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae: setose setae in submedial longitudinal rows of about 5 setae, each 8 µm long; also spinose setae, similar to submarginal setae but short, in a group of 3–6 near anterior apex of body. Bilocular pores oval to circular, each 3 µm long and 2 µm wide; abundant on dorsum. Anal ring dorsal, horseshoe shaped, with anterior gap; about 40 µm diameter; setae and pores absent. Anal lobes sclerotized circular areas, each 60 µm long and 50 µm wide, with 12–15 setose setae each 60 µm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 10 µm wide, lateral to each scape near body margin. Antennae 6 segmented, 125 µm long; segment III longer than other segments; scape with 2 setose setae; pedicel with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; apical segment with 4 setose setae and 1 fleshy seta. Legs well-developed; measurements (in µm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 37–50, trochanter + femur 65–74, tibia 70–75, tarsus 32–48, claw 13–20; total length 220–250 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval, sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 20–37 Μm long, knobbed apically, slightly extending beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; claws without a claw. Tentorium 150–175 µm long, 163–180 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 110–125 µm long, 83–100 µm wide; with setose setae as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs, each 5–8 µm long; medial segment with 1 pair about 13 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs 10 µm long. Spiracles: mesothoracic spiracles smaller than metathoracic spiracles; each mesothoracic peritreme 20 Μm long, 13 Μm wide, with sclerosis 30 µm long; each metathoracic peritreme 28 Μm long, 20 Μm wide, with sclerosis 30 µm long. Tubular ducts of two types: Type 1, with inner ductule 10–13 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–13 µm long, arranged in a complete dense submarginal band about 5 or 6 ducts wide; Type 2, with inner ductule 10–13 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 15–18 µm long, arranged in a complete submedial band 1 or 2 ducts wide and scattered medially on thorax. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter: with 2 pores anterior to tentorium; 2–4 pores anterolateral to each spiracle; 1 pore medial to each coxa; and with 1 medial and 1 submedial pore on each abdominal segment. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: 12 anterior to tentorium, each 25 µm long; 3 or 4 anterior to each coxa, each 10–23 µm long; and in medial and submedial longitudinal rows on abdominal segments II–VII, each 10–23 µm long; and (ii) tack-like setae, each 8 µm long, in a submarginal row on abdominal segments II–VII. Microspines, each 2 µm long, in groups of 1–5 in transverse rows over entire body.</p><p>Comments. The third-instar female of K. greeni is very similar to those of K. nahalali and K. spatulatus . All three species share (characters for K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii in brackets): (i) short and spinose marginal setae (conical) (ii) fully-developed legs (leg segmentation reduced); (iii) anal ring dorsal (ventral); and (iv) sclerotized anal lobes on dorsum (absent). The third-instar female of K. greeni is distinguished from K. nahalali and K. spatulatus by the absence of seta-pore clusters on the dorsum and the presence of more than three setae on each anal lobe. Kermes vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012), a Palaearctic species for which the third-instar female has been described, differs from K. greeni in having (characters of K. vermilio in brackets) sixsegmented antennae (one-segmented antennae) and fully-developed legs (one-segmented). Among the Nearctic Kermes, the third-instar of only K. sylvestris has been described and illustrated (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) and appears to be similar to those of K. greeni in having a ventral submarginal band of tubular ducts, and sparse quinquelocular pores on body margin and venter but K. greeni has two types of ventral tubular ducts, whereas K. sylvestris venter has only one type; also K. greeni has fully-developed legs (total length 220–250 Μm) compared to the much shorter legs (124–160 Μm long) on K. sylvestris .</p><p>Second-instar female (Fig. 11; Plate 2, fig. a). General appearance Body oval and flat, 0.6–1.3 mm long, 0.3–0.9 mm wide; dorsum and venter bright orange, body flat with fringe of narrow whitish marginal wax filaments and dorsum covered in a thin layer of white wax.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.6–1.5 mm long and 0.4–1.0 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae robust and spinose of two sizes: larger each about 60 µm long, in a single complete line of 17–24 on each side; and smaller setae, in a line of 11–16 on each side, lying between larger marginal setae, each about 25 µm long.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae tack-like, each about 3 µm long, in submedian longitudinal rows of about 10 setae. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, in 4 complete longitudinal rows, each row with about 25 pores.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 18 µm wide, laterad to each scape near body margin. Antennae 6 segmented, length 108–130 µm; segment III longer than other segments; scape with 2 setose setae; pedicel with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; apical segment with 3 fleshy setae and 3 setose setae. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 40–45, trochanter + femur 87–100, tibia 45–50, tarsus 70–75, claw, 20–25; total length 263–295 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 32–38 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 17–23 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; claws with a small denticle. Tentorium 105–115 µm long, 105–110 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 85–98 µm long, 40–63 µm wide; all setae setose as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs about 8 µm long, median segment with 1 pair about 15 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs each about 18 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 8–10 Μm wide; each sclerosis 20–28 µm long. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 6–10 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 9–17 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band about 1 or 2 ducts wide. Quinquelocular pores, with 5 pores anterolateral to each metathoracic spiracle and 1 anterolateral to each mesothoracic spiracle, each 3 µm diameter; also 1 pore medial to each coxa, 5 µm diameter; and 2 pores submedially on each abdominal segment, each 5 µm diameter. Ventral setae of three types: (i) robust spinose setae similar to marginal setae; with 2 pairs anterior to each scape, each about 60 µm long; and 3 shorter setae, similar to submarginal setae, anterior to each scape, each about 25 µm long; (ii) setose setae: with 6 medially just anterior to tentorium, each about 48 µm long; with 2 setae medial to each coxa, one about 20 µm long and other about 10 µm long; and in medial and submedial lines on abdominal segments II–VII, each medial seta about 30 µm long and each submedial seta about 10 µm long. Also, 1 pair just anterior to anal ring about 53 µm long, plus a pair posterior to anal ring about 10 µm long; and (iii) tack-like setae, each about 5 µm long, submarginally on abdominal segments II–VII. Microspines, each about 2 µm long, in groups of 2–5 in 5–6 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 37–40 µm, circular with anterior gap, each half with 3 spinose setae 65–68 µm long, and about 20–25 pores. Anal lobes very well-developed; each inner margin with a spinose seta about 20 µm long and, on apex of each lobe, a spinose seta about 25 µm long and a flagellate seta 145– 162 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Among the Palaearctic species, in addition to those described here, second-instar females are known for K. bytinskii (Sternlicht, 1969), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . The second-instar female of K. greeni most closely resembles those of K. nahalali in having robust spinose marginal setae and well-defined anal lobes, but differs in that K. greeni has four longitudinal lines of quinquelocular pores ventrally on the abdominal segments, while K. nahalali has only two lines of pores. This instar of K. greeni also lacks the marginal spatulate setae found in K. spatulatus . Also the second-instar female of K. greeni lack the membranous frontal lobes found in K. vermilio . Tubular ducts are present on both the venter and dorsum in K. echinatus and K. hermonensis, but are found only on the venter in K. greeni . Kermes greeni also has six-segmented antennae and well-developed legs, as on the Nearctic species K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus, K. rimarum (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985). The second-instar female K. greeni differ from these Nearctic species in the number of quinquelocular pores on the venter: two on head; one medial to each coxa, and two on each abdominal segment II–VII on venter ( K. cockerelli has18; four to six; four; K. concinnulus has 30; six; six, and K. rimarum has 14; two to three; four respectively).</p><p>First-instar nymph (Fig. 12). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.5–0.52 mm long, 0.21–0.23 mm wide. Dorsum and venter orange.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.5–0.55 mm long, 0.2–0.25 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each about 5 Μm long, in a single row of 6–10 on each side, not including anal lobe setae, extending from about prothorax to anal lobes, with anterior-most pair distinctly longest, 7–8 Μm long.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous, with inter-segmental lines. Setae of 2 types: (i) spatulate setae, each 7–8 Μm long and 4–5 Μm wide, in submarginal and submedian rows: submarginal rows with 18–20 on each side, extending along entire margin, plus 1 slightly larger seta on each anal lobe, 9–10 Μm long and 4–5 Μm wide; and each submedian row with 6 or 7 setae extending from head to abdominal segment I inclusive; and (ii) setose setae in submedian rows on abdominal segments II–VII, each 2–3 Μm long. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 1 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; with about 24 in submarginal longitudinal rows on abdomen.</p><p>Venter. Eyes each 10–12 Μm wide, close to margin. Antennae 6 segmented, length 100–105 Μm; segment III longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, and apical segment with 2 fleshy setae and 6 setose setae. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 17–20; trochanter + femur 57–70; tibia 28–35; tarsus 45–50 and claw 15–20; total length 175–192 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 27–31 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–23 Μm long, extending slightly beyond apex of claw; each claw with a denticle. Tentorium 73–76 Μm long, 63–75 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 77– 80 Μm long, 40–50 Μm wide; basal segment with 2 pairs of setae, each 7–8 Μm long; median segment with 1 pair each 8–10 Μm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs, each 11–18 Μm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 2 or 3 Μm wide, each crescent-shaped sclerosis 11–13 Μm long; each with loculate pores anterolaterally: prothoracic spiracle with 2 pores, 1 quinquelocular and other with 6 loculi, both 3–4 Μm diameter; and each mesothoracic spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore, 3–4 Μm diameter. Also with 2 slightly larger quinquelocular pores just anterior to tentorium, each 5–6 Μm wide, and 1 pore medially to each coxa, 4–5 Μm wide. Trilocular pores, each 4–5 Μm wide, present submedially on abdominal segments III–V. Ventral setae of two types: (i) spatulate setae: 2 setae on anterior apex of body, similar to those on dorsum but smaller, each 3–6 Μm long, 2–3 Μm wide; and (ii) setose setae: with 3 pairs medially between antennae and tentorium, each 15-20 Μm long; 1 seta medial to each coxa, 12–15 Μm long,; and in medial, submedial and submarginal lines on abdominal segments II– VII, 1 seta per line per segment; each medial and submedial seta 5–8 Μm long, and each submarginal setae, 2–3 Μm long. Also a pair anterior to anal ring 10–12 Μm long, plus a pair posterior to anal ring, each 20–23 Μm long. Bilocular pores, oval, each 3 Μm long, 2 Μm wide, with 1 pore between margin and each spiracle. Microspines, each about 1 Μm long, arranged in 2–4 transverse rows medially and submedially on each abdominal segment. Anal ring ventral, diameter 18–20 Μm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 4 or 5 pores and 3 spinose setae 12–15 Μm long. Anal lobes slightly developed; each lobe with 4 setae: a spatulate seta dorsally 9–10 Μm long and 4–5 Μm wide, and apical margin with 2 thick setae, each 8–12 Μm long, plus and 1 long, setose apical seta 130–175 Μm long.</p><p>Comments. Kermes greeni was described from post-reproductive females by Bodenheimer (1931) and K. palestiniensis was described based on first-instar nymphs from Israel by Balachowsky (1953). Kermes palestiniensis was recently synonymized with K. greeni Bodenheimer (Spodek et al., 2012a). The present redescription includes several features not described by Balachowsky (1953), i.e. presence of: (i) dorsal microtubular ducts; (ii) setae located dorso-medially on abdominal segments; (iii) a six-loculate pore associated with each metathoracic spiracle; (iv) a claw denticle; (v) bilocular pores submarginally level with each spiracle, and (vi) anal ring open at both posterior and anterior ends (Spodek et al., 2012a).</p><p>Kermes greeni has spatulate marginal and dorsal setae as on the first-instar nymphs of the Palaearctic K. bacciformis (Leonardi, 1920), K. mutsurensis (Kuwana, 1931), K. nakagawae (Kuwana, 1931), K. nigronotatus (Hu, 1986), K. orientalis (Liu &amp; Shi, 1997), K. quercus (Linnaeus, 1758), K. taishanensis (Hu, 1986), K. vastus (Kuwana, 1931), K. viridis (Borchsenius, 1960) and K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970) . Of the species from Israel, K. spatulatus also has spatulate setae, but K. greeni can be distinguished by the presence of two loculate pores associated with each prothoracic spiracle, one quinquelocular and the other with six loculi, whereas K. spatulatus only has one quinquelocular pore. In addition, K. greeni has two longitudinal rows of dorsal microtubular ducts whereas K spatulatus has four rows.</p><p>The first-instar nymph of K. quercus (Balachowsky, 1950; Borchsenius, 1960; Podsiadlo, 2005), a Mediterranean and European species not present in Israel, has similar morphological traits to K. greeni . Both species possess dorsal spatulate setae (termed tubercle-like setae by Podsiadlo, 2005). However, there are several differences (characters of K. quercus in brackets): (i) absence of spinose setae dorsally on head, thorax and abdomen (present); (ii) trilocular pores present ventrally on abdomen segments (no pores); (iii) two pores associated with each prothoracic spiracle, one with five loculi and one with six-loculi (also has two pores, but one with either three, four or five-loculi and the other with seven-loculi) and (iv) quinquelocular pores on venter of head (absent).</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 13; Plate 2, fig. h). As for K. echinatus except for: General appearance. Newly emerged males orange, body 1.2–1.5 mm long; wing 1.2–1.5 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; caudal filaments 1.0– 1.5 mm long.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Total length 1.2–1.5 mm long, width at mesothorax 0.3–0.5 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 225–250 µm; width across genae 225–250 µm. Dorsal (dse) and ventral simple eyes (vse) each 35–40 µm diameter; lateral simple eyes (lse) smaller, each 20–30 µm diameter; ocellus 15–20 µm diameter. Dorsal head setae (dhs) in rows of 8–10 hs setae. Ventral head setae (vhs) in a row totalling 8–12 hs. Antennae: length 745–780 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length about 2:1). Scape (scp) 50–60 µm long, 45–50 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hs. Pedicel (ped) 55–65 µm long, 35–45 µm wide, with 4–6 hs. Flagellar segments III–X each 45–160 µm long, 20–25 µm wide, segment III longest, with segments becoming shorter towards apex; approximate number of setae per segment: III–VIII: 8–15 fs; IX 7 or 8 fs + 1 ab; X 7 or 8 fs + 4 ab + 4 cs, each cs 50–55 µm long.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax: as for K. echinatus but sternum (stn1) with faint radial striations and 1 hs prosternal setae (stn1s) on each side. Anteprosternal (astn1s) and antemesospiracular setae (am2s) absent.</p><p>Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) 60–65 µm long, 150–165 µm wide. Scutum (sct): membranous area medially quadrate, 70–75 µm long; scutum with 2 hs on each side lateral to membranous area, each 12–15 µm long. Prealare (pra) and triangular plate (tp) present. Scutellum (scl) 68–100 µm long, 150–165 µm wide; with 1 pair hs, each 12– 15 µm long. Basisternum (stn2) 158–175 µm long, 230–270 µm wide; basisternal setae absent. Tegula (teg) with 3 hair-like tegular setae (tegs). Metathorax: Metathoracic spiracles (sp3): peritreme 30–35 µm wide; without loculate pores. Metasternum (stn3) with a total of 20–25 hs setae: 7–10 anterior metasternal setae (amss); 10 or 11 posterior metasternal setae (pmss) and 3 or 4 postmetaspiracular (eps3s), each 20–30 µm long.</p><p>Wings: 1100–1200 µm long, 450–500 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.4; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.9); Hamulohalteres (h) 15–20 µm wide, 100–110 µm long: hamulus 30–45 µm long. Legs: metathoracic legs longest, 724–847 µm long; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs 665–763 µm long. Coxa: I: 75–80; II: 75–80; III: 80–100 µm long, with 8–12. Trochanter: I 45 –50; II 40 –53; III 50 –55 µm long, with 4 or 5 hs; each trochanter with 3 oval sensory pores in a triangle on each side. Femur: I 200–250; II 185–200; III 200–220 µm long, with 20–25 hs. Tibia: I 240–260; II 250–260; III 250–265 µm long, with 32–38 hs; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs) 20–25 µm long. Tarsi 2-segmented; tarsus 2 (tar2): I 70 –75; II 75 –80; III 75 –85 µm long, with 13–15 hs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) about 35 µm long. Claw (cl): I 25–28; II 25–26; III 25–30 µm long, with denticle; claw digitules (cdt) about 20 µm long.</p><p>Abdomen. Tergites and pleural areas unsclerotized; sternites (as) I–VII lightly sclerotized, segment VIII strongly sclerotized. Abdominal dorsal setae (ads) (totals): segments I–VII: 2 hs, 10 µm long; VIII: 6 hs, 40 µm long; pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (adps) (on each side): I–VII: 3 hs, 20–25 µm long, VIII: 3 hs: one 75–80 µm long and two 25–30 µm long; ventropleural setae (avps) (on each side) IV–VII: 1 hs, 15 µm long; abdominal ventral setae (avs) (totals) II–IV: 10–16 hs, V–VIII: 6–8 hs, 20–25 µm long. Glandular pouch setae (gls) 142–150 µm long; each pouch with 8–10 pores, each 3 µm diameter with 3–5 loculi. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) 160–180 µm long, greatest width 90–110 µm. Basal rod (bra) 40–50 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) 100–125 µm long. Genital capsule with 8 hs (gts), on venter; setae absent from dorsum.</p><p>Comments. The adult male of K. greeni is very similar to those of K. nahalali and K. spatulatus, but can be distinguished by the presence of four dorsopleural setae on abdominal segment I ( K. spatulatus has eight and K. nahalali has one). These three species and N. balachowskii have metasternal setae whereas K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and the Nearctic species, E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993), lack metasternal setae.</p><p>Fourth-instar male (pupa) (Fig. 14; Plate 2, fig. g). Develops within a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test secreted by second-instar male; very similar to that of K. echinatus but differing as follows. General appearance. Body 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; dorsum and venter orange.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.3–1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.6 mm wide; head, 225–235 µm long, 425–450 µm wide.</p><p>Margin. Wing-buds: fore-wings 500–550 µm long, 175–185 µm wide; hind-wings: length ratio to mesothoracic wings 1:10. Setae as on K echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Ocular sclerite 50–60 µm long, 150–185 µm wide. Setae fine and blunt, in two rows of 6 on head apex and also in submedial longitudinal rows. Anal lobes with 1 setose seta on apical tip of each lobe, 55–95 Μm long. Median penial lobe triangular, each 90–95 Μm long, 100–105 Μm wide; with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 15– 20 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Ocular sclerite as on dorsum. Antennae length 525–650 µm, 45–55 µm wide; with 4 or 5 fleshy setae on apical segment, each about 5 µm long. Spiracles: each peritreme 20–35 µm long and 15–20 µm wide. Legs measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg; coxa 75–90, trochanter + femur 150–1950, tibia 135–160, tarsus 60– 110; total length 465–505 Μm. Ventral setae: 4 pairs of inter-antennal setae; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The pupa of K. greeni is orange in life, while K. echinatus and K. hermonensis are red and N. balachowskii, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus are greyish-brown. The pupa of K. greeni lack quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle as also found on Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993), but their colour in life has not been recorded. Both K. greeni and K. spatulatus have sclerotized anal lobes, while the other pupae have membranous lobes.</p><p>Third-instar male (prepupa) (Fig. 15; Plate 2, fig. f). As for K echinatus apart from: General appearance. Body broadly oval, 0.97–1.5 mm long, 0.4–0.7 mm wide; dorsum and venter orange.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.0– 1.7 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm.</p><p>Margin. Anterior wing-buds each 300–450 µm long, 100–150 µm wide. Setae fine and blunt, in marginal and submarginal rows with 14–20 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae fine and blunt, with 4 pairs on head apex; submedial rows as on K. echinatus . Anal lobes rounded and slightly sclerotized; each with 2 setose setae on apex, one seta 60–75 Μm long and other 13–15 Μm long. Median penial lobe 60–65 Μm long, 110–115 Μm wide, with 8 setose setae, each 5–10 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Antennae 7 or 8 segmented, 250–270 µm long, 65–80 µm wide. Spiracles: each peritreme 18–20 µm long, 10–15 µm wide, with sclerosis 20–25 µm long; without quinquelocular pores. Legs: length of metathoracic leg, 225–250 Μm long, 53–60 Μm wide. Ventral setae fine and blunt, 10–20 Μm long, with 4 pairs between scapes; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The prepupa of K. greeni is orange in life, unlike K. echinatus and K. hermonensis which are red and N. balachowskii, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus which are greyish-brown. The colour of the two Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) have not been recorded. Like those of K. nahalali, K. spatulatus, A. kingii and E. gillettei, the prepupa of K. greeni lacks quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle, whereas one or two pores are present on K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii .</p><p>Second-instar male (Fig. 16; Plate 2, fig. e). General appearance. Secretes a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test, 1.5–1.8 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. Body orange, broadly oval when removed from test, 0.8–1.45 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; derm membranous with inter-segmental lines on dorsum and venter.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.9–1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.9 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae robust and setose, each 50 µm long, in a single complete row of 24–30 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Microtubular ducts, each with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, numerous, scattered between tubular ducts over entire dorsum, less abundant than tubular ducts. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 8–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long, abundant throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 20 µm diameter. Antennae 7 segmented; total length 150–175 µm; segment III longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III without setae; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; VI with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta and apical segment with 3 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Frontal lobes absent. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 35–50; trochanter + femur 88–100; tibia 50–60; tarsus 75–90 and claw 20–30; total leg length 230–315 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 25–30 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 Μm long, extending beyond apex of claw; each claw with a single denticle. Tentorium 105– 115 µm long, 88–100 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 75–100 µm long and 55–65 µm wide; labial setae all setose, as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs about 15 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 13–20 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs, each 15–22 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 10–13 Μm wide and each sclerosis 25–35 µm long; each spiracle with 4 or 5 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 µm diameter. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with outer ductule 5–15 Μm long, a sclerotized cup about 5 Μm in diameter and inner ductule 10–15 Μm long, dispersed in a complete submarginal band 1 or 2 ducts wide. Bilocular pores circular, each 2 µm diameter; with 10–12 pores in a single complete submarginal band. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm, with 2 pairs among setae anterior to tentorium; and 4 pores in a line across each abdominal segment. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: with 5 pairs medially just anterior to tentorium, each 60–88 µm long; 2 medial to each coxa, each 25–38 µm long; also a pair medially on abdominal segments II–VII, each about 60 µm long, plus submedial rows of shorter setae, each about 35 µm long; and (ii) tack-like setae, each 10 µm long, in a submarginal row of 10–15 setae extending from antennae to anal ring, and with a pair anterior to anal ring. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, arranged in groups of 3–5 in 4–8 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and on thorax. Anal ring ventral, total diameter 33–40 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae 40–50 µm long, and 8–12 pores. Anal lobes well developed; each inner margin with 2 spinose setae 15–25 µm long; plus 2 flagellate setae on apex, a shorter seta 50–70 µm long, and a longer seta 100–200 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Of the species described in Israel, the second-instar male of K. greeni most closely resembles that of K. nahalali because of the presence of distinct anal lobes and spinose marginal setae. The other species in Israel and two from the Palaearctic (i.e. K. echinatus, K. hermonensis, K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012), K. spatulatus, K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) and N. balachowskii) appear to lack anal lobes. Kermes greeni can be distinguished also from the other species in Israel by the presence of quinquelocular pores in four longitudinal lines ventrally on abdominal segments; K. echinatus lacks abdominal pores, K. nahalali and N. balachowskii have only two lines, and K. spatulatus has six lines. Kermes hermonensis also has four lines of pores, similar to K. greeni however the marginal setae are conical in K. hermonensis and robust setose in K. greeni . The second-instar males of the Nearctic K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum also have robust setose marginal setae but have quinquelocular pores scattered on both the dorsum and venter (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), whereas K. greeni has quinquelocular pores only on the venter.</p><p>Kermes hermonensis Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov sp. nov . (Figs. 17–24; Plate 3, figs. a–j)</p><p>The type series of this species is restricted to material collected from Mt. Hermon, Israel, off Quercus look. Etymology. The species epithet is derived from Mount Hermon Nature Reserve from where this species was first collected.</p><p>Material examined. Type material studied. Most type material is deposited in ICVI, with 1 paratype adult ♀ and 1 slide of first-instar nymphs (non-type) at BMNH, MNHN and USNM depositories. Holotype adult ♀ 20.vi.2012 (C:5180:5). Paratypes 30 adult ♀, 20.vi.2012 (C:5180/2 on each slide/15 slides), 13 third-instar ♀, 24.v.2012 (C:5309/2 slides), 34 third-instar ♀, 20.v.2013 (C:5310/3 slides), 20 second-instar ♀ (C:5307/2 slides), 3 second-instar ♀, 2.v.2013 (C:5308/1 slide), 11 second-instar ♂, 20.v.2013 (C:5311/2 slides), 6 second-instar ♂, 20.vi.2012 (C:5312/1 slide); 14 prepupae, 20.v.2013 (C:5313/2 slides); 10 pupae, 26.v.2013 (C:5314/1 slide); 3 adult ♂, 20.vi.2012 (C:5315/3 slides); 13 first-instars, 21.viii.2011 (C:5305/1 slide), 32 first-instars, 4.xi.2012 (C:5306/2 slides). Other material studied. All non-type material collected off Q. look in Israel by M. Spodek, unless otherwise indicated. Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 20.vi.2012 (C:5107/ 44 adult ♀), 20.vi.2012 (MC:712/ 7 adult ♀, MC:744/ 4 adult ♀), 4.xi.2012 (MC:755/ 1 adult ♀); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 24.v.2012 (MC:681/11 third-instar ♀); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 7.v.2012 (MC:664/11 second-instar ♀), 24.v.2012 (MC:682/2 secondinstar ♀), 20.vi.2012 (MC:742/4 second-instar ♀, MC:743/4 second-instar ♀); Mezar, Q. ithaburensis, 4.xi.2012 (MC:756/27 first-instars), 24.v.2012 (MC:680/8 first-instars), 20.vi.2012 (MC:713/23 first-instars, MC:741/5 firstinstars); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 29.v.2013 (MC:830/ 7 adult ♂); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 20.vi.2012 (MC:836/ 2 pupae); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 20.v.2013 (MC:874/14 prepupae); Mezar, Q. ithaburensis, 10.iii.2013 (MC:821/2 second-instar ♂); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 7.v.2012 (MC:665/1 second-instar ♂), 24.v.2012 (MC:681/4 second-instar ♂), 20.vi.2012 (MC:742/10 second-instar ♂), 2.v.2013 (MC:865/8 secondinstar ♂).</p><p>Adult female (Fig. 17). General appearance. Pre-reproductive adult female (Plate 3, fig. c). Body oval, 2.5–3.2 mm long, 2.0–3.0 mm wide; dorsum and venter red with a thick layer of wax covering dorsum; body soft and slightly convex. Gravid female and post-reproductive female (Plate 3, fig. f). Body highly convex, 3.0–5.0 mm long, 3.0–5.0 mm wide, 3.2–5.0 mm high; with a thick layer of white wax enclosing entire body; body not sclerotized.</p><p>Mounted young adult female. Body oval, 2.0–3.0 mm long, 2.0– 2.8 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 10–13 µm long, 10–11 µm wide at base, arranged in a single complete row of 27–33 on each side. Dorsal submarginal setae spinose, each 7–9 µm long, in a complete single line of 27– 33 setae on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae conical, each 10–13 µm long and 7–10 wide at base, similar in shape to marginal setae, randomly distributed on dorsum, total 14–22 setae. Bilocular pores oval, each 3 µm long, 2 µm wide, present throughout dorsum; more abundant than tubular ducts. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with outer ductule 12–17 µm long, inner ductule 10–15 µm long and with a sclerotized cup 8 µm diameter, sparse throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 20 µm diameter, anterolateral to each scape. Legs reduced to 3 segments, sometimes appearing to be 1 or 2 segmented; 80–140 µm long; claw 18–23 µm long, usually with a denticle but this not always visible; tarsal digitules 20–25 µm long; claw digitules absent. Antennae 3 to 6 segmented, segments III–V often appearing fused; total length 75–100 µm, scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; apical segment with 4 setose setae and 2 fleshy setae; each scape surrounded by a group of 40–45 multilocular pores, each pore 7–8 µm diameter with 10 loculi. Tentorium 250–275 µm long, 220–250 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 170–180 µm long, 120–135 µm wide; labial setae as follows: all setae setose, basal segment with 2 pairs 8–10 µm long; medial segment with 1 pair 15–20 µm long; apical segment with 4 pairs 10–15 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size; each peritreme 75–90 µm long, 55–60 µm wide, each sclerosis 60–65 µm long; loculate pores with 3, 7 and 10 loculi, each 8 µm wide, in a group of 55–67 surrounding each spiracle. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with outer ductule 10–16 µm long, inner cup 4 or 5 µm wide and inner ductule 11–15 µm long, present in a single, dense submarginal band 15–20 ducts wide and also sparsely throughout rest of venter. Bilocular pores, each 3 µm long and 2 µm wide, sparse, interspersed between tubular ducts in submarginal band. Multilocular pores, each 10 µm diameter with 10–12 loculi, arranged in 2–4 transverse rows of 114–120 pores on each abdominal segment; also with a group of 52–56 pores just posterior to vulva. Microtubular ducts with circular opening about 4 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, interspersed between multilocular pores on abdominal segments; total pores on each segment 110–150. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: 4 pairs of setae just anterior to tentorium, each 35–50 µm long; about 10 setae in a line from antennae to anal ring mesad to each submarginal band of tubular ducts, each 15–20 µm long; with 6–10 setae in a transverse row on each abdominal segment, each 13–30 µm long. Also with a pair just anterior to anal ring, each 10–12 µm long, and 3–4 pairs posterior to anal ring, each 10–20 µm long; and (ii) conical setae: a pair similar in shape to marginal setae and 10–12 µm long and 10 µm wide, close to posterior margin. Microspines, each 1 or 2 µm long, in groups of 3–5 in 3–8 rows on each abdominal segment and in rows on thorax. Anal ring ventral, forming a complete sclerotized circle 60–65 µm diameter, with 6–8 pores and 3 pairs of setae, each 50–75 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Even though the derm of K. hermonensis produces a thick, waxy ovisac that covers its' membranous body during oviposition (Plate 6, figs. e–f), we assign K. hermonensis sp. n. to the family Kermesidae because its microscopic characters match other species of this family. The derm of most post-reproductive female Kermesidae is sclerotized and lacks a waxy ovisac but two species of Nidularia, N. japonica and N. pulvinata, produce a waxy ovisac posterior to female's body.</p><p>Adult female K. hermonensis share several traits with K. echinatus and K. vermilio (a Mediterranean species, not found in Israel): (i) legs reduced or absent; (ii) same type of tubular duct on both venter and dorsum; (iii) setapore clusters absent from dorsum; (iv) anal ring ventral; (v) conical setae on both margin and dorsum; and (vi) presence of multilocular pores surrounding each scape. These species differ in the structure of the anal ring: K. echinatus has three pairs of setae without pores; K. hermonensis has three pairs of setae with pores, while K. vermilio has pores without setae. Kermes hermonensis also differs from K. echinatus and K. vermilio in the number of antennae and leg segments: K. hermonensis has three, four, five or six-segmented antennae and three-segmented legs, while the two other species have one-segmented antennae and no legs. Of the Nearctic species, K. hermonensis can be distinguished from Allokermes spp. by the absence of pit or tooth-shaped pores on middorsum. Nanokermes species, also from North America, have two types of tubular ducts while K. hermonensis only has one type. Olliffiella species have eight-shaped pores on mid-dorsum (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), absent in K. hermonensis .</p><p>Third-instar female (Fig. 18; Plate 3, fig. b). General appearance. Body oval to round, slightly convex, 1.3– 1.8 mm long, 1.0– 1.2 mm wide; dorsum red with tufts of white wax and venter red.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 1.4–2.0 mm long. 1.0– 1.5 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 15 µm long. 5 µm wide at the base, in a single complete line of 37–40 on each side. Dorsal submarginal setae short and spinose, each 5 µm long, 2 µm wide, in a single complete line of 20–25 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae conical, each 10 µm long, 5 µm wide, distinctly narrower than marginal conical setae, in longitudinal medial and submedial rows, each row with 9–11 setae. Tubular ducts of Type 2, inner ductule 20–25 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 20–25 µm long, scattered on dorsum. Bilocular pores and microducts absent.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 2 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 95–100 µm long, segmentation indistinct, probably with six segments; scape pronounced and wide at base; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; apical segment with 4 setose setae and 4 fleshy setae. Leg segmentation indistinct, probably reduced to 3 segments; total length 110–125 µm; tarsal digitules each 80–85 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending beyond the apex of the claw; claw distinct, 25 µm long; claw denticle not visible; claw digitules, knobbed apically, each 35–40 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules. Tentorium 175–200 µm long, 150–175 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 160–175 µm long, 100–110 µm wide; all setae setose, as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs about 3 µm long, median segment with 1 pair about 30 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs, each about 15 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size; each peritreme 40 Μm long, 25 Μm wide; each sclerosis 38–50 µm long; each spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores, 5 µm diameter, placed anterolaterally. Tubular ducts of Type 2, inner ductule 20–25 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 20–25 µm long, arranged in a dense complete submarginal band 8–10 ducts wide; ducts also scattered over entire venter. Bilocular pores oval to circular, each 3 Μm wide, dispersed among the submarginal tubular ducts from head apex to anal ring. Ventral setae of three types: (i) setose setae: with 2 pairs anterior to tentorium, each 13 µm long; and 6–8 setae in transverse row across each abdominal segment, each about 25 µm long; also with 2 pairs just anterior to anal ring, each 13 µm long; (ii) conical setae: with 2 pairs of short setae posterior to anal ring, each 15 µm long, 5 µm wide, plus 2 longer setae, each 95 µm long; also 2 setae on most posterior apex of body, each 10–15 µm long, 10 µm wide; and (iii) tack-like setae, each 5 µm long, with about 10 setae in a complete submarginal row. Microspines, each 2 µm long, in groups of 1–8 present over entire body. Anal ring ventral, circular, 50 µm diameter, with a posterior gap; each half circle with 2 or 3 pores and 3 spinose setae about 40 µm long.</p><p>Comments. The third-instar female of K. hermonensis is very similar to those of K. echinatus and K. vermilio (a species not found in Israel) (characters for the other Israeli species, K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus, in brackets): (i) marginal setae conical (non-conical) (ii) leg segmentation reduced (legs fully developed); (iii) anal ring ventral (dorsal) and (iv) sclerotized anal lobes absent (present). The third-instar female K. hermonensis are distinguished from K. echinatus in having (characters for K. echinatus in brackets): five or six-segmented antennae (one-segmented); and three-segmented legs with a claw (one segmented, without a claw); it can be distinguished from K. vermilio in having (characters for K. vermilio in brackets): four-segmented antennae (three-segmented) and dorsal tubular ducts present (absent).</p><p>Second-instar female (Fig. 19; Plate 3, fig. a). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.7– 1.45 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; dorsum and venter pink to reddish; dorsal surface covered with a thin layer of wax, composed of 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, each plate about 0.2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide; median row with 10 plates, submedial rows with 9–11 plates, and marginal rows with 7–12 plates. Wax plates largest medially. Dorsum also covered with thin, stringy, wax filaments.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.97–1.5 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 10–15 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, in a single complete row of 30–33 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous. Setae conical, each about 8 µm long, about 5 µm wide at base, shorter than marginal setae, in submedial longitudinal rows, extending from cephalic apex to mid-abdomen, with 5 setae in each row. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, in 4 longitudinal rows, each submarginal row with about 7 pores, from head to level of anal ring, and each median row with about 6 pores, from level of labium to level of anal ring. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 10–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long, sparse throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 15 µm wide, lateral to each scape. Antennae 3 to 6 segmented, several segments often appearing fused; total length 75–110 µm; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae, segment III with 1 setose seta, IV with 1 fleshy seta, V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, and V1 with 2 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Legs reduced to 3 segments, coxa and trochanter plus femur, tibia and tarsus fused; legs subequal in size, each 78–100 µm long; claw 10 µm long; claw denticle absent; tarsal digitules about 20 µm long, knobbed apically and extending beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 15–20 µm long, shorter than tarsal digitules. Tentorium 125–150 µm long, 113–125 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 125–138 µm long, 63–75 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs about 10 µm long, median segment with 1 pair about 15 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs 15 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 18–20 Μm long, 13–15 Μm wide, each sclerosis 25–33 µm long; each spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores, 5 µm diameter, anterolaterally. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 10–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band 3 or 4 ducts wide and dispersed singly over entire venter. Bilocular pores circular, each 2 µm long and 2 µm wide, dispersed among tubular ducts in submarginal band. Ventral setae of three types: (i) conical setae, each 15 µm long and 5 µm wide at base, similar to marginal setae, with 2 on anterior apex of body; (ii) setose setae: 3 pairs medially just anterior to tentorium, each 25–38 µm long; also 4 setae on abdominal segments II–VIII, medial setae about 15 µm long, and submedial setae about 10 µm long. Also with 2 pairs anterior to anal ring, each about 5 µm long; 2 setae posterior to anal ring, each about 20 µm long, and 2 long setae, each 30–75 µm long and 2 conical setae, similar to marginal setae, about 13 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, on posterior apex of body; and (iii) tack-like setae, in a submarginal row from abdominal segment III to anal ring, each 5 µm long, totaling 6 setae on each side. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, arranged in groups of 1 or 2 in 4 or 5 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 27–35 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae, each 20–30 µm long, and 4–7 pores.</p><p>Comments. Among the Palaearctic species, the only other described second-instar females are of K. bytinskii (Sternlicht, 1969), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . Those of K. hermonensis most closely resembles K. echinatus and K. vermilio (not found in Israel) in having conical marginal setae and reduced antennal and leg segments, but can be distinguished from K. echinatus in having (characters for K. echinatus in brackets): five or six-segmented antennae (one-segmented), and threesegmented legs (one-segmented); and from K. vermilio in lacking membranous frontal lobes between the scapes. Also, K. echinatus and K. hermonensis have tubular ducts (Type 2) present on both the venter and dorsum in whereas they are only on the venter in K. vermilio . Kermes echinatus also has two longitudinal rows of dorsal conical setae whereas K. vermilio has a transverse row of dorsal setae. Other Kermes spp. in Israel have differentlyshaped marginal setae: K. nahalali and K. greeni (robust setose), and K. spatulatus (spatulate). These latter three species also have six-segmented antennae and well-developed legs, as on the Nearctic A. galliformis, K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus, K. rimarum (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) . The second-instar female of K. hermonensis is distinct from E. gillettei in having a ventral anal ring (dorsal in E. gillettei) and in having tubular ducts on both dorsum and venter (absent in E. gillettei); and it differs from A. galliformis, K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum in lacking quinquelocular pores on abdominal segments (present).</p><p>First-instar nymph (Fig. 20). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.5–0.7 mm long, 0.2– 0.3 mm wide; dorsum and venter red.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.6–0.8 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae conical and slightly curved apically, in 1 to 2 rows; 1 row complete, with 21–24 on each side, each setae 10–13 Μm long, 5 Μm wide at base; second row with smaller conical setae, each setae 7–10 Μm long, 3–5 Μm wide at base, with 12–14 on each side, located between larger setae and extending from mesothorax to anal lobe.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous with inter-segmental lines. Setae setose, with 4 pairs in each submedian line on head and thorax, each 5–7 Μm long. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 1 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in submarginal longitudinal rows on abdomen and thorax, each row with 8 pores.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 10–12 Μm wide, close to body margin. Antennae 6 segmented, length 113–130 Μm; segments III and VI longest; setal distribution as follows: scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 setose seta and 1 fleshy seta; apical segment with 2 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 25–38, trochanter + femur 80–88, tibia 45–50, tarsus 50–63, claw 22–25; total leg length 190–200 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 40–45 Μm long and knobbed apically, extending beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 18–20 Μm long; each claw with a single denticle near tip. Tentorium 83–88 Μm long, 86–88 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 85–90 Μm long, 50–63 Μm wide; labial setae setose as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs 5–8 Μm long, median segment with 1 pair on dorsal surface, each 12–15 Μm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs, each 16–20 Μm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 3–5 Μm wide; each with apodeme crescent shaped, 20–25 Μm long; each prothoracic spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, one 3 Μm diameter and one 5 Μm diameter, each mesothoracic spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore anterolaterally, 3 Μm diameter. Trilocular pores, each about 5 Μm wide, distributed as follows: 1 pore medial to each scape, just anterior to tentorium; 1 mesad to each coxa; and pairs submedially on abdominal segments V–VI. Bilocular pores oval, each 3 Μm long and 2 Μm wide, present near body margin from lateral to prothoracic spiracle to abdominal segment VI, with 5 on each side. Ventral setae of two types: (i) conical setae: a pair on anterior apex of head, each 11–13 Μm long, 5 Μm wide at base; and (ii) setose setae:, with 3 pairs in longitudinal lines medially between scapes, each 25–30 Μm long; also a seta mesad to each coxa, associated with trilocular pores, each 10–13 Μm long; and with 6 setae across each abdominal segment, medial and submedial setae each 10–18 Μm long, and submarginal setae 5–6 Μm long. Also with a pair anterior to anal ring 18–23 Μm long, and a pair latero-posterior to anal ring 20–25 Μm long. Microspines, each about 3 Μm long, arranged in groups of 3 or 4 in 2 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and sparsely on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 20–25 Μm; composed of 2 semicircles, each half with 3 spinose setae, each 13–18 Μm long; pores absent. Anal lobes small; apical margin of each with 1 spinose seta, 10–15 Μm long, 3–5 Μm wide, and 1 very long flagellate seta, 220–275 Μm long.</p><p>Comments. The first-instar nymph of K. hermonensis is most similar to those of K. echinatus and K. vermilio . All three species are red in life and possess dorsal and marginal conical setae. However, K. hermonensis has two quinquelocular pores associated with the prothoracic spiracles, usually with one pore larger in diameter than the other, whereas K. echinatus has only one quinquelocular pore associated with each spiracle and K. vermilio has usually one pore, rarely two, but each with 5–8 loculi (Balachowsky, 1950; Pellizzari et al., 2012). The first-instar of K. hermonensis also lacks the dorsal bilocular pores dorsum, present on K. vermilio .</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 21; Plate 3, fig. h). As for K echinatus except: General appearance. Body 1.46–1.8 mm long, widest across mesothorax 0.44–0.45; wings about 2/3rds body length; radial wing vein red; white waxy caudal filaments 1.0– 1.3 mm long.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Total length 1.5–2.0 mm long, width across mesothorax 0.5–0.6 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 225–275 µm long; width across genae 260–275 µm. Dorsal (dse) and ventral simple eyes (vse), each 45–50 µm diameter; lateral simple eyes smaller (lse), each 35 µm diameter; ocellus 18–20 µm diameter. Dorsal head setae (dhs) in a row of 6-8 hs setae. Ventral head setae (vhs) in a transverse row of 6–8 hs. Antennae: 1150–1200 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length about 1:0.65). Scape (scp) 50–62 µm long, 55–63 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hs. Pedicel (ped) 50–63 µm long, 40–50 µm wide, with 5–8 hs. Flagellar segments III–X each 125–163 µm long, 20–25 µm wide; segment III longest, segments becoming shorter towards apex; approximate number of setae per segment (note: fs and hs hard to differentiate): III–V 3–8 fs; VI– VIII 12–19 fs; IX 13–15 fs + 1 ab; X 9–11 fs+ 4 ab + 4 cs, each cs 63–65 µm.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax: as for K. echinatus .</p><p>Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) 75–80 µm long, 160–175 µm wide. Scutum (sct): membranous area medially 50–70 µm long. Prescutal and scutal setae absent. Scutellum (scl) 80–85 µm long, 165–175 µm wide; with 2 pairs of hs (scls), each 13–15 µm long. Basisternum (stn2) 175–200 µm long, 250–270 µm wide; basisternal setae absent. Tegula (teg) with 3–5 hs (tegs). Mesothoracic spiracles (sp2): peritreme 15–20 µm wide; without loculate pores.</p><p>Metathorax: Metathoracic spiracles (sp3): peritreme 15–20 µm wide; without loculate pores. Metasternal setae absent.</p><p>Wings: 1200–1250 µm long, 450–475 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.37; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:1.68). Hamulohalteres (h) 113–125 µm long, 32–40 µm wide; hamulus, 55–65 µm long. Legs: metathoracic legs longest, 851–921 µm long; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs 789–827 µm long. Coxa: I 90 – 113; II 100–107; III 115–125 µm long, with 12–20 hs. Trochanter: I 50 –70; II 50 –65; III 75 –80 µm long, with about 5 or 6 hs; each trochanter with 3 oval sensory pores in a triangle on each surface. Femur: I 235–250; II 220– 225; III 240–250 µm long, with 25–37 hs. Tibia: I 275–287; II 275–285; III 270–300 µm long, with 36–45 hs; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs) 25–28 µm long. Tarsi 2-segmented; tarsus 2 (tar2): I 113–115; II 100–105; III 108– 118 µm long, with 20–25 hs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) each about 50 µm long. Claw (cl): I 18–25; II 25–30; III 30–33 µm long; claw digitules (cdt) each about 35 µm long; claw denticle present.</p><p>Abdomen. Tergites and pleural areas unsclerotized; sternites (as) lightly sclerotized on segments III–VIII. Abdominal dorsal setae (ads) (totals): segments I–VII 2 hs, 10 µm long; VIII 2 hs, 40 µm long; pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (adps) (on each side): I 3 hs and II–VII 2 hs, 10 µm long, VIII 3 hs, one 80–85 µm long and two 50–55 µm long; ventropleural setae (avps) (on each side) II–VIII 2 or 3 hs, 15 µm long; abdominal ventral setae (avs) (totals) II–III 2 hs, IV–VII 4 hs 20–25 µm long. Glandular pouch setae (gls), 110–117 µm long; each pouch with 9–18 pores, each 3 µm diameter with 3–5 loculi. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) 180–200 µm long, greatest width 110–120 µm. Basal rod (bra) 60–75 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) 130–140 µm long. Genital capsule with 4 hs (gts) dorsally and 16 hs (gts) ventrally.</p><p>Comments. Of the Israeli species, the adult male of K. hermonensis is most similar to that of K. echinatus — both are red in life with reddish wing veins and both lack metasternal setae. Metasternal setae are present on all other known males (Hamon et al., 1976; Koteja &amp; Zak-Ogaza, 1972; Hu, 1986; Liu et al., 1997).</p><p>Fourth-instar male (pupa) (Fig. 22; Plate 3, fig. g). Develops within a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test secreted by second-instar male; very similar to that of K. echinatus but differing as follows. General appearance. Body 1.5–1.7 mm long, 0.6–0.7 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.5–1.8 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide; head 225–250 µm long, 400–425 µm wide.</p><p>Margin. Wing-buds: fore-wings 485–650 µm long, 200–250 µm wide, length ratio to mesothoracic wings 1:10. Setae as on K echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Eyes absent. O cular sclerite reticulated, 50–75 µm long, 150–158 µm wide. Setae setose, with 4 pairs on head apex, each 20 µm long; also in submedial longitudinal rows. Anal lobes rounded, membranous, each with a long setose seta 75 Μm long on apex. Median penial lobe triangular, 100–130 Μm long, 100–125 Μm wide, with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 25–30 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Ocular sclerite as on dorsum. Antennae 10 segmented; total length 575–675 µm, width 50–65 µm; setae absent. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 20–25 µm long, 10–15 µm wide; each sclerosis 30–40 µm long; each spiracle with 2–4 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 µm diameter. Legs well-developed, subequal in size; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 100–125, trochanter + femur 200–250, tibia 175–200, tarsus 105–115; total length 580–690 Μm. Ventral setae setose and each 10 Μm long, with 4 pairs of inter-antennal setae; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines arranged as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The pupa of K. hermonensis and K. echinatus are both red in life. Those of K. hermonensis differ from those of K. echinatus in having two quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle (absent on K. echinatus). The other Israeli species are: K. greeni orange and N. balachowskii, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus greyish brown. In addition, all other Israeli species lack spiracular pores. The pupae of the Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) also lack spiracular pores; their colours in life were not recorded.</p><p>Third-instar male (prepupa) (Fig. 23; Plate 5, fig. h). As for K echinatus apart from: General appearance. Body 1.5–1.8 mm long, 0.7–0.8 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.5–1.9 mm long, 0.7–0.9 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Anterior wing-buds each 380–435 µm long, 185–200 µm wide; posterior wing-buds absent. Marginal setae fine and blunt setae, each 15–20 µm long, in a single complete marginal row of 15–20 on each side; submarginal setae absent.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae setose, each 10–15 µm long, with 3 pairs on head apex and in complete submedial longitudinal rows of about 10 setae. Anal lobes rounded apically and membranous, each with 2 setae on apex, a long setose seta 40–50 Μm long, and a shorter spinose seta 20–25 Μm long. Median penial lobe broadly rounded, 75–80 Μm long, 125–135 Μm wide, with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 20–25 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 7 or 8 segmented, tapering apically and 250–300 µm long, 75–80 µm wide; apical segment with 5 fleshy setae, each about 5 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size; each peritreme 20–25 µm long, 20–25 µm wide, with sclerosis 35–40 µm long; each spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 µm diameter. Legs 3 segmented lobes, subequal in size; total length of metathoracic leg, 250–300 Μm, width 70–75 Μm; claw and setae absent. Ventral setae setose, each 10–15 Μm long, with 4 pairs between scapes; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines, arranged as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The prepupae of both K. hermonensis and K. echinatus are red in life and both have two quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle but K. hermonensis has two pairs of dorsal setae on abdominal segment VIII and three pairs of setae on the penial lobe, whereas K. echinatus has no dorsal abdominal setae on segment VIII and four pairs of setae on the penial lobe. Of the other prepupae in Israel, K. greeni is orange, and K. nahalali and K. spatulatus are greyish-brown and all three have spiraclular pores, whilst that of N. balachowskii is brown and has one quinquelocular pore anterior to each spiracle. The prepupa of the Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) lack spiracular pores; their colour in life was not recorded.</p><p>Second-instar male (Fig. 24; Plate 3, fig. e). General appearance. Secretes a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test, 1.8–2.0 mm long, 0.6–1.0 mm wide; body red and broadly oval when removed from test, 0.7–1.45 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; derm membranous with inter-segmental lines on both dorsum and venter.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.95–1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae conical, each 15 µm long, 10 µm wide at base, in a single complete row of 30–34 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae of two types: (i) conical setae, in submedial longitudinal lines of 5 setae extending from head apex to abdominal segment I, each seta 10 µm long, 7 µm wide at base, shorter than marginal setae; and (ii) tacklike setae, each 7 µm long, in medial longitudinal rows, extending from prothorax to anal ring, with 6–8 setae each row. Microtubular ducts, each with a circular opening about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, numerous, scattered between tubular ducts over entire dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 8–10 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–14 µm long, abundant throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 20–25 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 7 segmented; total length 163–217 µm; segments III and VII longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III without setae; IV with 1 setose seta; V with 1 fleshy seta; VI with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta and apical segment with 4 setose setae and 2 fleshy setae. Frontal lobes membranous, each 38–100 Μm long, 43–75 Μm wide; not always visible. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 60–100; trochanter + femur 135–150; tibia 55–85; tarsus 85–100 and claw 25–30; total length 330–410 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 28–40 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 25–35 Μm long, extending beyond claw apex; each claw with a denticle. Tentorium 113–125 µm long, 100–130 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 100–125 µm long, 68–80 µm wide; labial setae setose as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs about 13 µm long; median segment with 1 pair 20 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs, each 8 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 10–15 Μm wide, with sclerosis 25–38 µm long; each spiracle with 5–8 quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter, in a band from spiracle to margin of body. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with outer ductule 10–14 Μm long, sclerotized cup about 5 Μm in diameter and inner ductule 8–10 Μm long, scattered in a complete submarginal band 1 or 2 ducts wide. Bilocular pores circular, in a complete submarginal band of 10–12 on each side. Quinquelocular pores, with 2 pairs of pores among setose setae anterior to tentorium, each 5 µm wide; also pairs medially and submedially on each abdominal segment, each 3 µm wide. Ventral setae of four types: (i) setose setae: with 6 pairs medially, just anterior to tentorium, each 30–50 µm long; 4 setae mesad to each coxa, two 8–15 µm long and two 25–40 µm long; also abdominal segments II–VII each with a pair of setae 38 µm long medially, and a pair about 13 µm long submedially. Also with 2 pairs anterior to anal ring, each 10 µm long, and a pair posteriorly, each about 33 µm long; (ii) tack-like setae, in a complete submarginal row of 10–15, each 10 µm long; (iii) a pair of spinose setae, about 100 µm long, near posterior margin; and (iv) a pair of conical setae, similar to marginal setae, about 18 µm long, 7 µm wide posterior to anal ring, on body margin. Microspines, each about 3 µm long; arranged in groups of 3–5 in 6–9 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 30–40 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae, each 32–45 µm long, and with 18–20 pores.</p><p>Comments. Other known Palaearctic second-instar male Kermes are those of K. bytinskii (here made a junior synonym to K. nahalali and redescribed in this study), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . Those of K. greeni, K. hermonensis, K. spatulatus and N. balachowskii are described here. All but K. echinatus and K. vermilio clearly differ from K. hermonensis in having long robust setose marginal setae, whereas those of K. hermonensis are conical and spinose.</p><p>Second-instar male K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio have a pair of membranous, frontal lobes. The second-instar male of K. hermonensis differs from K. echinatus and K. vermilio as follows (characters of K. echinatus and K. vermilio in brackets): (i) presence of quinquelocular pores on venter, anterior to tentorium (absent); (ii) 5–8 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band (four in K. echinatus and two in K. vermilio); and (iii) quinquelocular pores present in abdominal segments II–VII (absent).</p><p>Of the known Nearctic second-instar males, K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum have long setose marginal setae, and the tubular ducts and quinquelocular pores are scattered on both the dorsum and venter (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985); K. hermonensis has conical marginal setae, and, although it does have tubular ducts scattered on the dorsum, they are restricted to a narrow marginal band on the venter; in addition, the quinquelocular pores on K. hermonensis are only present on the venter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFC4FFCD39A9EE7BFDE94019	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FFE1FFBC39A9ED8BFF644591.text	03A2A358FFE1FFBC39A9ED8BFF644591.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermes nahalali Bodenheimer	<div><p>Kermes nahalali Bodenheimer</p><p>(Figs. 25–32; Plate 4, figs. a–i)</p><p>Kermes nahalali Bodenheimer, 1931: 241</p><p>Kermes bytinskii Sternlicht, 1969: 253 n. syn.</p><p>This species was originally described from adult females collected in Nahalal forest, Israel, on Quercus coccifera L. The junior synonym, K. bytinskii, was described from adult females collected at Tivon, Israel, on Q. ithaburensis.</p><p>Material examined. Type material studied. Lectotype: K. nahalali adult ♀ (here designated, ICVI) and 4 adult ♀. Paralectotypes: Israel, Nahalal, off Q. coccifera in v.1920 by F.S. Bodenheimer. Also paratype: K. bytinskii Sternlicht, adult ♀, Tivon, Israel, Q. ithaburensis,. iii.1957, M. Sternlicht (BMNH, 1969-627); Paratype: K. bytinskii 5 first-instar nymphs, Tivon, Q. ithaburensis, iii.1957, M. Sternlicht (BMNH, 1969-627/1 slide). Other material studied. All non-type material collected in Israel, off Q. ithaburensis by M. Spodek, unless otherwise indicated. Alon Hagalil, 25.iv.2010 (MC:170/ 2 adult ♀); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 25.iv.2010 (MC:171/ 4 adult ♀, BMNH), 27.ii.2011 (MC:422/ 3 adult ♀, MNHN), 13.iii.2011 (MC:423/ 6 adult ♀), 14.ii.2012 (MC:610/ 4 adult ♀, USMN), 4.iii.2012, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5083/ 1 adult ♀), 24.iii.2012 (MC:642/ 4 adult ♀); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 19.ii.2012 (MC:625/ 1 adult ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 20.ii.1968, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5249/ 1 adult ♀), 6.ii.2011 (MC:414/ 1 adult ♀), 21.ii.2010 (MC:119/ 1 adult ♀), 27.ii.2011 (MC:428/ 5 adult ♀), 14.ii.2012 (MC:609/ 2 adult ♀), 29.ii.2012, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5081/ 1 adult ♀); Tivon, 15.vi.1955, M. Sternlicht (C:5049/ 1 adult ♀); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 11.i.2012 (MC:597/2 third-instar ♀, MC:599/3 third-instar ♀), 14.ii.2012 (MC:609/4 third-instar ♀, MC:610/2 third-instar ♀), 3.i.2013 (MC:805/5 third-instar ♀), 13.i.2013 (MC:784/2 third-instar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 11.i.2011 (MC:386/6 third-instar ♀, MC:387/2 third-instar ♀), 6.ii.2011 (MC:414/3 third-instar ♀), 14.ii.2011 (MC:609/4 third-instar ♀), 27.ii.2011 (MC:430/6 third-instar ♀, MC:428/4 third-instar ♀); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 14.ii.2012 (MC:634/1 second-instar ♀), 14.10.2012 (MC:735/10 second-instar ♀), 18.xi.2012 (MC:751/4 second-instar ♀); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 15.i.2012 (MC:605/2 second-instar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 11.i.2011 (MC:386/1 second-instar ♀, MC:387/2 second-instar ♀), 14.ii.2012 (MC:623/7 second-instar ♀); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 6.ii.2011 (MC:412/2 second-instar ♀); Alon Hagalil, 8.iv.2010 (MC:150/12 first-instars, BMNH), 23.iv.2010 (MC:190/20 first-instars, MNHN); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 1.iv.2010 (MC:148/25 first-instars, USMN), 25.iv.2010 (MC:171/2 first-instars), 17.x.2010 (MC:320/2 first-instars, MC:322/8 first-instars, MC:323/1 first-instar, MC:325/2 first-instars, MC:333/1 first-instar), 7.xi.2010 (MC:349/1 first-instar), 21.iv.2011 (MC:494/83 first-instars), 16.iv.2012 (MC:649/20 first-instars); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 12.v.2000, Z. Tamari (MC:3411/3 first-instar), 6.vi.2010 (MC:294/5 first-instars), 29.viii.2010 (MC:300/4 first-instars), 10.x.2010 (MC:326/6 first-instars, MC:327/7 first-instar, MC:328/1 first-instar, MC:329/ 3 first-instars, MC:331/5 first-instars), 7.xi.2010 (MC:357/3 first-instars, MC:361/4 first-instars); Neve Yaar, 16.v.2001, Y. Ben-Dov (C:4755/8 first-instars); Timrat, 25.iv.2012 (MC:650/13 first-instars); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 10.x.2012 (MC:313/10 first-instars); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 10.ii.2013 (MC:823/ 2 adult ♂), 17.ii.2013 (MC:839/ 7 adult ♂); Horshat Tal Reserve, 17.ii.2013 (MC:862/ 1 adult ♂); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 15.i.2012 (MC:603/ 5 pupae); Hanita, 1.v.2012 (MC:816/ 5 pupae); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 3.i.2013 (MC:805/5 prepupae); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 15.i.2012 (MC:603/2 prepupae), 17.ii.2012 (MC:616/3 prepupae); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 11.i.2012 (MC:599/1 second-instar ♂), 18.xi.2012 (MC:751/2 secondinstar ♂); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 15.i.2012 (MC:604/4 second-instar ♂), 19.i.2012 (MC:604/1 second-instar ♂), 17.ii.2012 (MC:616/7 second-instar ♂); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 11.i.2011 (MC:386/1 second-instar ♂), 14.ii.2012 (MC:623/2 second-instar ♂); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 3.vi.2012 (MC:707/2 second-instar ♂).</p><p>Adult female (Fig. 25). General appearance. Pre-reproductive adult female (Plate 4, fig. c). Body oval to round, 2.0– 3.7 mm long, 2.0–4.0 mm wide, 1.5–3.1 mm high; dorsum and venter orange to brown, with 6–8 medial dark, circular spots. Gravid female and post-reproductive female (Plate 4, fig. d). Body 3.5–5.0 mm long 3.5– 5.0 mm wide, and 3.8–5.0 mm high; grey, occasionally orange, spherical, derm sclerotized with a deep black, longitudinal depression dividing body into 2 parts, depression composed of 6–8 circular dark spots, each about 0.3 mm in diameter; also with 6–8 transverse rows of 13–15 small dark spots, each about 0.1 mm in diameter.</p><p>Mounted young adult female. Body oval to round, 1.5–3.5 mm long, 1.4–3.0 mm wide. Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each 10 Μm long, in a single complete row of 15–21 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Dorsal median spots circular, each 125–475 Μm diameter, composed of a central circular depression 13–50 Μm diameter, surrounded with polygonal areas, each 10–20 Μm long, 5–15 Μm wide; with 6–8 spots in a longitudinal, medial row. Dark-rimmed areas each 13–25 Μm long and 15–20 Μm wide, on dorsum in about 8 curved rows of 5–15 areas, extending from anal opening to anterior apex of body. Bilocular pores oval, each 5 Μm long, 3 Μm wide, abundant throughout dorsum. Microtubular ducts, each with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, dispersed over entire dorsum. Seta-pore clusters with a cluster of 1–5 quinquelocular pores, each 5 Μm wide, and a seta 15 um long, in 10–15 clusters on each side, extending in a single complete submarginal row. Anal ring dorsal, 75–85 Μm diameter, circular with anterior gap; without setae or pores. Anal lobes with 2 sclerotized areas posterior to anal ring, probably referable to anal lobes, each 38–40 Μm long, 18–37 Μm wide, with 5 setose setae 22–47 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 5 or 6 segmented; when 5 segmented, segment II and III appearing fused; 102– 137 Μm long; segment III longest; setal distribution as follows: scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with a setose seta; IV with a fleshy seta; V with 2 fleshy setae; and apical segment with 4 setose setae and 1 fleshy seta. Legs well-developed, tibia and tarsus occasionally fused; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 30–50, trochanter + femur 45–62, tibia 38–62, tarsus 38–62, claw slightly pointed 17–20 µm long; total length 212–250 µm; each trochanter with 2 oval, sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 40–45 µm long, knobbed apically and extending beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 µm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; denticle absent. Tentorium 360–375 Μm long, 200–270 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 175–210 Μm long, 125–150 Μm wide; labial setae setose. as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs about 5 Μm long; median segment with a pair about 15 Μm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs about 17 Μm long. Mesothoracic spiracles clearly smaller than metathoracic spiracles; peritreme of mesothoracic spiracles 50– 100 Μm long, 38–50 Μm wide; peritreme of metathoracic spiracles 87–150 Μm long, 75–90 Μm wide. Tubular ducts of 2 types: Type 1 with an inner ductule 12–15 µm long, inner cup 10 µm wide and outer ductule 20–25 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band about 20–30 ducts wide; and Type 2 with inner ductule 12 µm long, inner cup 12 µm wide and outer ductule 12 µm long, a few medially between legs and spiracles. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 Μm diameter: with about 20 pores surrounding both spiracles; also with 6–8 on each abdominal segment, plus 50–100 pores posterior to vulva. Multilocular pores, each 10 Μm diameter with 9–11 loculi: with 6– 10 anterior to each metathoracic spiracle; plus 6–8 clusters of 15–30 pores on each abdominal segment anterior to vulva, each pore 7 Μm diameter. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: with 6–10 setae on each abdominal segment, each 5 Μm long; and 35–50 setae posterior to vulva, each 23 Μm long; and (ii) tack-like setae, each 3 Μm long, in groups of 7–10 setae between each leg. Microspines, each 3 Μm long, arranged in groups of 3 or 4 in about 8 rows on each abdominal segment and dispersed on thorax.</p><p>Comments. Kermes bytinskii is here synonymized with K. nahalali because, according to Bodenheimer (1931), the post-reproductive female of K. nahalali has "five to six brown spots present in a median, longitudinal furrow...and the body is kidney or heart-shaped" (translated from German). These traits, which Bodenheimer described and illustrated, can be seen on the paratype adult female of K. bytinksii and on fresh material that we recovered from the type locality of both species.</p><p>Although Sternlicht (1969) described the third-instar and adult females of K. bytinskii and suggested that these stages had the same structure, his descriptions and illustration of the former are here considered to represent a young adult female. The present redescriptions are based on fresh specimens plus type material of the adult females of K. bytinskii and K. nahalali (see Material examined).</p><p>The adult female K. nahalali shares the following characters with K. greeni and K. spatulatus: (i) fullydeveloped legs; (ii) six-segmented antennae; (iii) seta-pore clusters located submarginally on dorsum; (iv) anal ring dorsal; (v) anal ring without setae or pores; (vi) dorsal anal lobes sclerotized, and (vii) two types of tubular ducts on venter. These characters are also present on the adult female of several Oriental Kermes species: K. flavus (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995), K. miyasakii (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995), K. orientalis (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995) and K. taishanensis (Hu, 1986) . The adult female of K. nahalali can be distinguished from K. greeni in having (characters of K. greeni in brackets): (i) narrow anal lobes with up to five setae on each lobe (wide, quadrate lobes with 10–15 setae on each lobe); (ii) two types of tubular ducts ventrally and none dorsally (Type 2 on dorsum and Type 1 on venter); (iii) presence of darkrimmed areas on the dorsum (absent); (iv) presence of tack-like setae near each coxa (absent); (v) presence of microducts on dorsum (absent); and (vi) spiracles of different-sizes (spiracles subequal). The adult female of K. nahalali can be distinguished from K. spatulatus in having (characters of K. spatulatus in brackets): (i) dorsal median spots (absent); (ii) dorsal reticulated areas absent (present); and (iii) lack of multilocular pores posterior to each leg (present).</p><p>Third-instar female (Fig. 26; Plate 4, fig. b). General appearance. Body convex, 1.3–2.8 mm long, 1.3–2.2 mm wide, 0.8–1.5 mm high; dorsum grey to brown, with 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, median wax plates largest.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 1.4–3.0 mm long, 1.2–1.8 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each 13 µm long, 2 µm wide, in a single complete line of 28–30 on each side. Dorsal submarginal setae short and spinose, each 8 µm long, 3 µm wide, in a single complete line of 23–25 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Seta-pore clusters restricted to a single complete submarginal band of 18–20 clusters on each side, each cluster with 1–5 quinquelocular pores, each pore 5 Μm wide and each seta 12–15 um long. Bilocular pores oval to circular, each 4 µm long and 3 µm wide; abundant over dorsum. Anal ring dorsal, horseshoe-shaped with anterior gap, 40–42 µm wide; setae and pores absent. Anal lobes represented by sclerotized areas, each about 50 µm long, 30 µm wide, each with 3 or 4 setose setae 38–50 µm long. Also with a pair of setose setae, posterior to anal lobes, 10–13 µm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 15 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 6 segmented, 95–100 µm long; segments II and III appearing fused; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 2 fleshy setae; and apical segment with 4 setose setae and 1 fleshy seta. Legs welldeveloped; measurements (in µm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 30–50, trochanter + femur 60–80, tibia 50–75, tarsus 60–70, claw 15–18; total length 220–290 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 21–25 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending slightly beyond claw apex; claw digitules, knobbed apically, each 10– 15 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; claw denticle absent. Tentorium 225–250 µm long, 180–200 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 137–155 µm long, 115–150 µm wide; labial setae setose, basal segment with 2 pairs 5 Μm long; medial segment with 1 pair about 15 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs about 19 µm long. Spiracles peritreme of mesothoracic spiracles smaller than those of metathoracic spiracles; mesothoracic peritremes 30–35 Μm long, 20–25 Μm wide; metathoracic peritreme 40–45 Μm long, 25–30 Μm wide; scleroses of both spiracles 40–60 µm long. Tubular ducts of two types: Type 1 with inner ductule 11–14 µm long, inner cup about 9 µm wide and outer ductule 18–20 µm long, arranged in a broad complete submarginal band, 8–10 ducts wide; Type 2 ducts with inner ductule 10–12 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–12 µm long, arranged in a submedial band 3–6 ducts wide from cephalic apex to most anterior abdominal segment. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter; with 3–8 pores anterolateral to each spiracle; and 4–8 pores medially and submedially on each abdominal segment. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: in groups of 3–5 posterior to each coxa, each 5–10 µm long; also in a transverse row of 10–12 on each abdominal segment, each 10– 13 µm long; and (ii) tack-like setae, each 3 µm long, with 1 seta submarginally on each abdominal segment II–VII. Microspines, each 2 µm long, in groups of 1–4 in transverse rows over entire body.</p><p>Comments. Of the Israeli species, the third-instar female of K. nahalali is very similar to those of K. greeni and K. spatulatus, all sharing the following traits (characters for K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii in brackets): (i) marginal setae short and spinose (obviously conical); (ii) legs fully-developed (leg segmentation reduced); (iii) anal ring dorsal (ventral); and (iv) anal lobes sclerotized on dorsum (absent). The third-instar female of K. nahalali can be distinguished from those of K. greeni and K. spatulatus as follows: K. nahalali has up to three setae on each anal lobe, K. greeni has about fifteen setae on each lobe, and K. spatulatus has no anal lobe setae. K. nahalali also has a complete submarginal line of seta-pores while K. spatulatus has seta-pore clusters only on the head and thorax and they are absent in K. greeni . Of the species found outside Israel, third-instar nymphs have only been described for K. vermilio, from which K. nahalali differs in having (character-states of K. vermilio in brackets): six-segmented antennae (one-segmented antennae), and legs fully-developed (one-segmented). Among the Nearctic Kermes, only the third instar of K. sylvestris has been described and illustrated (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), and is similar to K. nahalali in having a ventral submarginal band of tubular ducts and a submarginal line of seta-pore clusters on the dorsum but differs in having (characters for K. sylvestris in brackets): (i) a sclerotized anal lobe (absent); (ii) fully-developed legs (reduced); (iii) bilocular pores on dorsum (absent), and (iv) two types of tubular ducts on venter (one type).</p><p>Second-instar female (Fig. 27; Plate 4, fig. a). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.6–1.0 mm long, 0.3–0.6 mm wide; dorsum and venter white, dorsal surface covered with a thin layer of wax, composed of 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, each plate about 0.2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, median row with 10– 11 plates, submedian row with 9–11 plates and marginal rows with about 9–12 plates. Wax plates largest medially.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.9–1.3 mm long, 0.54–0.75 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae robust and spinose, each about 25 µm long, 8 µm wide at base, with 20–26 on each side extending around entire margin; also with a submarginal band of 13–15 shorter robust spinose setae, each about 20 µm long and 5 µm wide at base, on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae setose, each 5 µm long, about 10 in submedial lines. Microtubular ducts each with a circular opening about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, in 8 compete longitudinal rows, each row with about 20 pores. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 15–18 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 15–19 µm long, scattered over entire dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 15 µm wide, lateral to each scape. Antennae 6 segmented, length 150 µm; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae, segment III with 1 setose seta, IV with 1 fleshy seta, V with 2 fleshy setae, and VI with 4 fleshy setae and 1 setose seta. Legs well-developed; measurement (in Μm) of metathoracic legs; coxa 30– 45, trochanter + femur 88–12, tibia 45–50, tarsus 50–75, claw 20–25; total length 233–320 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 30–42 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 28–30 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; each claw with a single denticle near tip. Tentorium 132–150 µm long, 120–125 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 110–125 µm long, 85–110 µm wide; labial setae setose, as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs about 3 µm long, median segment with 1 pair about 25 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs about 18 µm long. Spiracles: each mesothoracic peritreme 10–15 Μm wide, sclerosis 18–25 µm long; each metathoracic peritreme larger, 15–20 Μm wide, each sclerosis 25– 30 µm long. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 15–18 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 15–19 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band about 3–5 ducts wide. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter; with 6 pores anterior to tentorium; 1 pore anteriorlaterally to each mesothoracic spiracle and 5 or 6 pores anterior to each metathoracic spiracle; and each abdominal segment with a transverse band of 4 pores in medial and submedial lines. Ventral setae of three types: (i) robust spinose setae, similar to marginal setae, with 6 anterior to scape, each about 25 µm long; (ii) setose setae: with 3 pairs medially just anterior to tentorium, each about 35 µm long; single setae medial to each coxa about 10 µm long; and with medial and submedial rows on abdominal segments II–VIII, medial setae each about 12 µm long and submedial setae each about 8 µm long. Also, with a pair of setose setae just anterior to anal ring about 12 µm long; and (iii) tack-like setae; each about 5 µm long, in a submarginal row from metathorax to anal ring, with about 9 setae on each side. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, in groups of 2–5 in 5–8 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 37–40 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae 50–75 µm long, and about 25 pores. Anal lobes very well-developed, each with 1 spinose seta on inner margin, about 25 µm long, plus another on apex, about 20 µm long, and also with a long flagellate seta 68–88 µm long on apex.</p><p>Comments. The second-instar female of K. bytinskii, now a junior synonym of K. nahalali, was first described by Sternlicht (1969). No material from this description was available for examination and therefore the present redescription is based on fresh specimens and includes several features not originally described, such as the presence of: (i) dorsal microtubular ducts; (ii) a pair of sensory pores on trochanter; (iii) a claw denticle; (iv) microspines on venter of abdominal segments; (v) longitudinal rows of setose seta on dorsum; (vi) only one type of tubular duct, and not two types of ducts as suggested by Sternlicht, (1969), and (vii) quinquelocular pores at the base of each scape and in peristigmatic areas.</p><p>Second-instar female K. nahalali are very similar to those of K. greeni in having spinose marginal setae and well-defined anal lobes. However, K. nahalali has four quinquelocular pores on the venter of each abdominal segment whereas K. greeni has only two. Also, the second-instar female of K. nahalali does not have frontal lobes as in K. vermilio . Tubular ducts are present on both the dorsum and venter in K. nahalali (as in K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012)) . Kermes nahalali also has six- segmented antennae and welldeveloped legs, as on several Nearctic species, including K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and Nanokermes iselini and Olliffiella secunda (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), in contrast to those of K. vermilio, which has one-segmented legs (Pellizzari et al., 2012) and K. quercus which has three-segmented legs (Podsiadlo, 2012).</p><p>First-instar nymph (Fig. 28). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly with distinct anal lobes, 0.38–0.46 mm long, 0.18–0.2 mm wide; dorsum and venter grey.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.44–0.49 mm long, 0.18–0.20 mm wide.</p><p>Marginal setae more or less in 2 rows: setae in more marginal row robust spinose, in a complete row of 19–21 setae on each side, each 10–15 µm long; and with smaller, less robust setae in a second incomplete row of 9–11 smaller setae on each side, extending posteriorly from mesothorax, each 5–8 Μm long.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous, with inter-segmental lines. Setae setose, each about 11 µm long; in submedial longitudinal rows of 10 setae. Microtubular ducts, with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in longitudinal submarginal rows of about 9 pores, and medial rows of about 6 pores, from abdominal segment I to level of anal ring.</p><p>Venter. Eyes each 12 µm wide, present close to margin. Antennae 6 segmented; length 100–110 µm; segment III longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 2 fleshy setae, and apical segment with 1 fleshy seta and 4 setose setae. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 25–37, trochanter + femur 75–85, tibia 35–40, tarsus 50–60, claw 15–23 µm long; total length 221–232 µm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; setae present on each leg segment; tarsal digitules 27–33 µm long, knobbed apically, extending slightly beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 17–25 µm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; each claw with a single denticle near tip. Tentorium 88–100 µm long, 70–75 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 75–90 µm long, 37–47 µm wide, with 14 setose labial setae: basal segment with 2 pairs 5–10 µm long, median segment with a pair 10–13 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs 12–17 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 3–5 Μm wide, and sclerosis 15–20 µm long; with 3 quinquelocular pores anterolateral to each prothoracic spiracle and 1 pore anterolateral to each mesothoracic spiracle, each 2 Μm wide. Trilocular or quinquelocular pores, each 2 µm diameter; with a pair just anterior to tentorium; 1 pore medially to each coxa; and 2 pores present submedially on abdominal segments II–VI. Ventral setae of three types: (i) robust spinose setae, similar to marginal setae, 3 pairs anterior to scapes, each 12–18 µm long; (ii) setose setae: with 3 pairs medially between scapes, each 22–25 µm long; 1 seta medial to each coxa, 10–11 µm long; and with a seta medially and submedially on each abdominal segment II–VII, each 7–8 Μm long; and (iii) tack-like setae, each 5–6 Μm long, in a submarginal line on abdominal segments II–VII. Bilocular pores oval, each 3 µm long, 2 µm wide; 1 pore present between margin and each spiracle. Microspines, each 1 µm long, arranged in 2 transverse rows medially and submedially on each abdominal segment. Anal ring ventral, total diameter 17–20 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with about 6 pores and 3 spinose setae, each 35–37 µm long. Anal lobes well-developed, each inner margin with 2 setae, similar to marginal setae, each 15–19 µm long, plus a long flagellate, apical seta 157–200 µm long.</p><p>Comments. The first-instar nymph of K. bytinskii was first described by Sternlicht (1969). One paratype slide (see Material examined) was available but the specimens are in poor condition. Therefore, the present redescription is based primarily on fresh specimens and includes several new features, such as the presence of: (i) dorsal microtubular ducts; (ii) microspines on venter of abdominal segments; and (iii) one bilocular pore between each spiracle and body margin.</p><p>The first-instar nymph of K. nahalali differs from those of the other Israeli species in having well-developed anal lobes (poorly developed on the other Israeli species). The marginal setae in K. nahalali are spinose and slightly curved apically, resembling those found in the first-instar of N. balachowskii . However, K. nahalali has a marginal and submarginal row of setae, whereas N. balachowskii only has a single marginal row. Sternlicht (1969) suggested that the first-instar nymph of K. bytinskii resembled K. ilicis (Linnaeus), a Mediterranean and European species not found in Israel, although he did note several differences between the two species. We also consider these two species to be very similar. We studied the redescriptions of K. ilicis by Balachowsky (1950) and Borchsenius (1960), and have examined slide-mounted material of K. ilicis (see Material examined) and we found several characters of K. ilicis not previously mentioned, such as presence of: (i) dorsal setose setae; (ii) dorsal microtubular ducts; (iii) microspines on venter of abdominal segments; and (iv) only one bilocular pore between each spiracle and body margin. The first-instar nymphs of these two species also share the same type of marginal setae, the same distribution of ventral tri- and quinquelocular pores and both have well-developed anal lobes. They differ in the number of quinquelocular pores associated with each anterior spiracle: K. nahalali has three compared to two in K. ilicis . Despite this great similarity, apparently they can be separated at the female post-reproductive stage, as this stage in K. ilicis is described as spherical in shape, with a red-brown to brown-black dorsum and sixsegmented antennae and fully-developed legs (Leonardi, 1920; Borchsenius, 1960) (Plate 7, fig. b), whereas the post-reproductive female of K. nahalali is grey, sometimes orange-brown, and the body is heart-shaped, with a medial depression. It too has six-segmented antennae and fully-developed legs (Sternlicht, 1969; present study) (Plate 4, figs. d–e). Thus, the colour and shape of the post-reproductive female may be useful in distinguishing between K. ilicis and K. nahalali . Future studies of K. ilicis may suggest other traits to separate these two species.</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 29; Plate 4, fig. i). As for K. echinatus except: General appearance. Newly emerged males brown; body 2.0– 2.5 mm long, width across mesothorax 0.5–0.6 mm wide; wings 1.2–1.5 mm long and 0.45–0.75 mm wide; waxy caudal filaments 1.0– 1.5 mm long.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Total length 2.0– 2.5 mm long, width across mesothorax 0.5–0.8 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 330–340 µm long; width across genae 290–300 µm. Dorsal (dse) and ventral simple eyes (vse), each 38–40 µm diameter; lateral simple eyes smaller (lse), each 22–25 µm diameter; ocellus 16–18 µm diameter. Dorsal head setae (dhs) in rows on either side of median crest, each with 4–6 hs setae. Ventral head setae (vhs) in a transverse band of a total 10–12 hs. Antennae: 783–1000 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length about 1:0.4). Scape (scp) 43–50 µm long, 34–40 µm wide, with 2–4 hs. Pedicel (ped) 50–63 µm long, 40–50 µm wide, with 4–6 hs. Flagellar segments III–X each 52–136 µm long and 20–25 µm wide; segment III longest, with segments becoming shorter towards apex; approximate number of setae per segment: III–VII 15–23 fs VIII–X 10– 16 fs; VIII 1 ab and X 2 ab + 4 cs, each cs 35–40 µm long.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax: as for K. echinatus but sternum (stn1) with faint radial striations and 1 hs prosternal setae (stn1s) on each side. Anteprosternal (astn1s) and antemesospiracular setae (am2s) absent.</p><p>Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) 75–80 µm long, 180–200 µm wide. Scutum (sct): median membranous area 60–65 µm long, without setae but with 2 pairs of hair-like setae laterad to membranous area, each 12–15 µm long. Scutellum (scl) 80–90 µm long, 150–200 µm wide, without setae. Basisternum (stn2) 158–200 µm long, 250–270 µm wide; basisternal setae absent. Tegula (teg) with 5 or 6 hs tegular setae (tegs). Mesothoracic spiracles (sp2): peritreme 10–15 µm wide, without loculate pores.</p><p>Metathorax: Metathoracic spiracles (sp3): peritreme 10–15 µm wide. Metasternum (stn3) with a total of 34–40 hs setae: 8–12 anterior metasternal setae (amss); 10–18 posterior metasternal setae (pmss) and 3–9 postmetaspiracular setae (eps3s), each 20–25 µm long.</p><p>Wings: 1200–1500 µm long, 450–475 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.37; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.55). Hamulohalteres (h) 150–152 µm long and 50–55 µm wide; hamulus, 55–65 µm long.</p><p>Legs: metathoracic legs longest, 724–847 µm long; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs 768–810 µm long. Coxa: I 60 –65; II 80 –85; III 94 –98 µm long, with 2–13 hs. Trochanter: I 50 –55; II 50 –63; III: 60–63 µm long, with 2–7 hs; each trochanter with 3 oval sensory pores in a triangle on each surface. Femur: I 232–235; II 205–213; III 244–250 µm long, with 22–35 hs. Tibia: I 296–300; II 293–300; III 294–300 µm long, with 29–43 hs; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs) 20–25 µm long. Tarsi 2-segmented; tarsus 2 (tar2): I 100–113; II 105–110; III 100–110 µm long, with 9–18 hs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) not extending beyond claw, each about 40 µm long. Claw (cl) with denticle: I 27–29; II 26–28; III 30–34 µm long; claw digitules (cdt) not extending beyond claw, each about 30 µm long.</p><p>Abdomen. Sternites (as) lightly sclerotized on segments V–VIII; tergites and pleural areas unsclerotized; Abdominal dorsal setae (ads) (totals): segments I–VII 2 hs, 10 µm long; VIII 2 hs, 40 µm long; pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (adps) (on each side): I–VII 2 hs, 20–25 µm long, VIII 3 hs, one 85–90 µm long plus others 25– 30 µm long; ventropleural setae (avps) (on each side) IV–VII 1 hs, 15 µm long; abdominal ventral setae (avs) (totals) II–III 12–20 hs, IV 8 hs, V–VIII 4 hs 20–25 µm long. Glandular pouch (setae (gls) 142–145 µm long; each pouch with 10–12 pores, each 3 µm diameter with 3–5 loculi. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) 170–190 µm long, greatest width 110–120 µm. Basal rod (bra) 40–50 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) 100–120 µm long. Genital capsule with a pair of hair-like setae on dorsum and 4 or 5 pairs of hair-like setae (gts) ventrally.</p><p>Comments. The adult male of K. bytinskii, now a junior synonym of K. nahalali, was first described by Sternlicht (1969) from Israel. No male type material of K. bytinskii is available and therefore the present redescription is based on fresh specimens and includes several features not originally noted: (i) absence of pores on anterior and posterior metasternal regions (several were recorded by Sternlicht, 1969); (ii) abdominal tergites not sclerotized, only sternites are sclerotized; and (iii) presence of microspines on venter of abdominal segments and metathorax.</p><p>The adult male of K. nahalali is very similar to those of K. greeni and K. spatulatus, but can be distinguished by having only one dorsopleural seta on abdominal segment I ( K. spatulatus has eight and K. greeni has four). These three species plus N. balachowskii have metasternal setae, while K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and E. gillettei, a North American species (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) do not. Kermes nahalali has more than 25 metasternal setae, and more than two dorso-pleural setae on abdominal segments II–VII. Another Palaearctic species not present in Israel, K. quercus (Koteja &amp; Zak-Ogaza, 1972), also has 28–40 metasternal setae but can be distinguished from K. nahalali by the more abundant ventral head setae (28–42) and dorsal head setae (13–23) ( K. nahalali has 10–12 and 4–6 setae respectively).</p><p>Fourth-instar male (pupa) (Fig. 30; Plate 4, fig. h). Develops within a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test secreted by second-instar male; very similar to that of K. echinatus but differing as follows. General appearance. Body brown and elongate oval when removed from test, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.3–1.5 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm wide; head 225–135 µm long, 425–450 µm wide.</p><p>Margin. Wing-buds: fore-wings 550–600 µm long, 200–210 µm wide; hind-wings length ratio to mesothoracic wings 1:10. Setae fine and blunt, each 25 µm long, arranged as on K echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Eyes absent. O cular sclerite reticulated, 45–50 µm long, 140–158 µm wide. Setae setose, each 5 µm long, distributed as follows: 4 pairs on head apex, and in submedial longitudinal rows, each row with about 6 setae. Anal lobes slightly developed, rounded and membranous; each with 1 setose seta 65–95 Μm long on apex. Median penial lobe triangular, 95–115 Μm long, 95–115 Μm wide; with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 13–20 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Ocular sclerite reticulated as on dorsum. Antennae 10 segmented, length 475–500 µm, width 30–45 µm; setae absent. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 25–30 µm long and 20–30 µm wide; each sclerosis 35–40 µm long; without associated pores. Legs well-developed, subequal in size; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 75–90, trochanter + femur 170–185, tibia 155–165, tarsus 100–110, total length 515–540 Μm; each coxa with 2 short setae, each 5 µm long; claw 5 µm long. Ventral setae setose, with 4 pairs of interantennal setae each 5 Μm long, and abdominal seta arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines, as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The pupa of K. nahalali is greyish-brown in life, similar to those of N. balachowskii and K. spatulatus (other Israeli kermesids: K. echinatus and K. hermonensis red, and K. greeni orange). As with all other Israeli pupae (bar K. hermonensis) those of K. nahalali lack quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle, and has membranous lobes, similar to other kermesid pupa apart from K. greeni and K. spatulatus, which have sclerotized anal lobes.</p><p>Third-instar male (prepupa) (Fig 31; Plate 4, fig. g). General appearance. As for K echinatus apart from: General appearance. Body brown and oval when removed from test, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.25–1.75 mm long, 0.54–0.9 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Anterior wing-buds 355–450 µm long, 135–200 µm wide. Setae fine and blunt, each 12–15 µm long, in 2 rows as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Setae setose, each 5–8 µm long, with 4 pairs on head apex, and with submedial longitudinal rows as on K. echinatus . Anal lobes 50–80 Μm long, 90–110 Μm wide, each with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 5–10 Μm long; also with 2 pairs of similar setae just anterior to median penial lobe, each 5–10 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 7 or 8 segmented, tapering apically, 250–275 µm long, 70–80 µm wide; with a short fleshy seta on segments V and VI and 5 on apical segment, each about 5 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 20–25 µm long, 10–15 µm wide, each sclerosis 30–40 µm long; without pores associated with spiracles. Legs: length of metathoracic leg, 190–260 Μm, width 70–75 Μm; claw and setae absent. Ventral setae setose, each 8–10 Μm long; with 4 pairs between scapes; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines, as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The prepupa of K. nahalali is greyish-brown in life, similar to those of N. balachowskii and K. spatulatus (other Israeli prepupae: K. echinatus and K. hermonensis red and K. greeni orange). The prepupae of K. nahalali lack quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle, as also in K. greeni, K. spatulatus and the Nearctic A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) . Kermesid prepupae that have one or two quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle are K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii .</p><p>Second-instar male (Fig. 32; Plate 4, fig. f). General appearance. Secretes a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test, 1.5–1.9 mm long, 0.6–0.9 mm wide; body brown, broadly oval when removed from test, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; derm membranous, with inter-segmental lines.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 1.5–2.0 mm long, 0.6–1.0 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae robust and setose, more or less in complete double rows, marginal setae in a row of 23–30 on each side, each 25 µm long, and in a submarginal row of 20–25 on each side, each 15 µm long.</p><p>Dorsum. Microtubular ducts, with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, numerous, scattered between tubular ducts over entire dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with inner ductule 5–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long, abundant throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 25 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 7 segmented, length 175–200 µm; segment III longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, VI with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, and apical segment with 4 fleshy setae and 3 setose setae. Frontal lobes absent. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 40–60; trochanter + femur 125–150; tibia 70–80; tarsus 95–100 and claw 25–30; total length 300–350 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 30–35 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–30 Μm long, extending beyond apex of claw; each claw with a single denticle. Tentorium 135–200 µm long, 100–125 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 110–125 µm long, 60–85 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs about 10 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 20–28 µm long, and apical segments with 4 pairs 15–22 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 10–13 Μm wide, each sclerosis 25–30 µm long; each with 6–8 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 µm diameter. Tubular ducts of Type 2, with outer ductule 5–15 Μm long, a sclerotized cup about 5 Μm in diameter and inner ductule 10–15 Μm long, in a complete submarginal band 1 or 2 ducts wide. Bilocular pores circular, each 2 µm diameter, with 10–12 pores on each side, in a single complete submarginal band. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm wide; with 4 pairs between setae anterior to tentorium, and with a pair submedially on each abdominal segment. Ventral setae of three types: (i) robust setose, similar to marginal setae, with 3 pairs anterior to scapes, each about 30 µm long; (ii) setose setae: with 3 pairs of setae just anterior to tentorium, each about 40 µm long; 3 setae mesad to each coxa, each 25–50 µm long; and medially and submedially on abdominal segments II–VII, each about 45 µm long medially, and about 10 µm long submedially. Also with 2 pairs anterior to anal ring, each 20–25 µm long; (iii) tacklike setae, each 5 µm long, in a complete submarginal row of about 10–15 setae on each side. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, in groups of 3–5 in 9 or 10 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 35–40 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae, 43–50 µm long, and 18–20 pores. Anal lobes developed; each inner margin with a spinose seta, 15–20 µm long at base, and another 13–15 µm long on apex; also a long flagellate setae, 100–200 µm long, on apex.</p><p>Comments. The second-instar male nymph of K. bytinskii was first described by Sternlicht (1969). No material was available and therefore the present redescription is based on fresh specimens and includes several new features, such as the presence of: (i) antennae seven-segmented; (ii) one type of tubular duct on dorsum and venter (not two types of ducts as suggested by Sternlicht, 1969); (iii) simple dorsal pores; (iv) a pair of sensory pores on trochanter; (v) a denticle on the claw; (vi) microspines ventrally on abdominal segments; (vii) bilocular pores interspersed ventrally among the submarginal band of tubular ducts; and (viii) four pairs of quinquelocular pores at the base of each scape.</p><p>Of the species described in Israel, the second-instar male of K. nahalali most closely resembles K. greeni because of the presence of anal lobes and pointed marginal setae. The other Israeli species ( K. spatulatus, K. hermonensis, K. echinatus and N. balachowskii) lack obvious anal lobes. Of the other Palaearctic species, K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) also lack anal lobes. Of the Israeli species, Kermes nahalali can be distinguished from all bar N. balachowskii by the presence of quinquelocular pores in two longitudinal rows on venter of abdominal segments, but K. nahalali has eight loculate pores associated with each anterior spiracle and N. balachowskii has three. In addition, K. nahalali has four pairs of quinquelocular pores anterior to the tentorium, whilst these are absent in N. balachowskii . The Nearctic K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum have long, setose marginal setae, and quinquelocular pores scattered on both the dorsum and venter (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), whereas K. nahalali lacks quinquelocular pores on the dorsum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FFE1FFBC39A9ED8BFF644591	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FF93FFB239A9EE2FFAEF4612.text	03A2A358FF93FFB239A9EE2FFAEF4612.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky	<div><p>Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky</p><p>(Figs. 33–40; Plate 5, figs. a–j)</p><p>Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky, 1953: 184</p><p>This species was originally described from first-instar nymphs collected from Daphna Oaks, Israel, on Q. ithaburensis.</p><p>Material examined. Type material studied. Syntypes: 3 first-instar nymphs, Daphne Oaks (=Horshat Tal Nature Reserve), Israel, Q. ithaburensis, 12.v.1952, H. Bytinski-Salz (ICVI C:3693, MNHN 1058-5).</p><p>Other material studied. All non-type material collected off Q. ithaburensis in Israel by M. Spodek, unless otherwise indicated. Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 24.iii.2012 (MC:641/ 5 adult ♀, BMNH), 10.v.2012 (MC:757/ 8 adult ♀, MNHN); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, v.1958, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5250/ 1 adult ♀), 10.vi.1964, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5251/ 1 adult ♀), 26.iv.1967, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5252/ 1 adult ♀); M. Sternlicht; 18.iv.2010 (MC:155/ 1 adult ♀), 3.iv.2011 (MC:475/ 9 adult ♀, USMN), 8.iv.2012 (MC:644/ 4 adult ♀); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 20.vi.2012 (MC:738/ 2 adult ♀); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 4.iii.2012 (MC:630/1 third-instar ♀), 13.iii.2012 (MC:628/1 thirdinstar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 20.iii.2011 (MC:465/1 third-instar ♀), 3.iv.2011 (MC:475/2 third-instar ♀), 21.iv.2011 (MC:489/3 third-instar ♀), 8.iv.2012 (MC:644/5 third-instar ♀); Mezar, 10.iii.2013 (MC:830/1 thirdinstar ♀); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, 7.v.2012 (MC:655/4 third-instar ♀), 24.v.2012 (MC:703/2 third-instar ♀), 20.vi.2012 (MC:739/1 third-instar ♀), 20.v.2013 (MC:878/4 third-instar ♀); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 8.ii.2012 (MC:608/3 second-instar ♀), 4.iii.2012 (MC:629/4 second-instar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 11.i.2011 (MC:381/8 second-instar ♀), 6.ii.2011 (MC:413/5 second-instar ♀), 14.ii.2011 (MC:615/8 second-instar ♀), 27.ii.2011 (MC:429/9 second-instar ♀), 20.iii.2011 (MC:464/10 second-instar ♀), 21.iv.2011 (MC:488/3 secondinstar ♀), 8.iv.2012 (MC:648/1 second-instar ♀), 13.i.2013 (MC:785/6 second-instar ♀); Mezar, 10.iii.2013 (MC:829/1 second-instar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 12.v.2000, Z. Tamari (C:4750/1 first-instar); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 2. v.2010 (MC:180/15 first-instars, BMNH), 3.vi.2010 (MC:270/12 first-instars, USNM), 13.v.2010 (MC:496/78 first-instars), 29.viii.2010 (MC:301/1 first-instar), 6.v.2011 (MC:722/38 first-instars, MNHN); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, Q. look, 21.viii.2011 (MC:572/4 first-instars), 25.vi.2012 (MC:760/20 firstinstars); Horshat Tal Reserve, 3.iv.2012, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5230/ 5 adult ♂), 2.iv.2013 (MC:842/ 5 adult ♂), 27.iii.2012 (MC:817/ 1 adult ♂); Mezar, 27.iii.2013 (MC:826/ 1 adult ♂); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, Q. look, 24.v.2012 (MC:824/ 1 adult ♂), 28.v.2012 (MC:828/ 1 adult ♂); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 27.ii.2012 (MC:817/ 1 pupa), 19.iii.2013 (MC: 835/ 8 pupae); Mezar, 17.iii.2013 (MC:827/ 1 pupa); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, Q. look, 7.v.2012 (MC:272/ 3 pupae), 24.v.2012 (MC:701/ 1 pupa); Bet-Dagan-Volcani Center, 27.2.2012 (MC:627/1 prepupa); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 20.iii.2013 (MC:834/3 prepupae); Mezar, 10.iii.2013 (MC:825/2 prepupae); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, Q. look, 7.v.2012 (MC:272/9 prepupae); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 8.ii.2012 (MC:607/1 second-instar ♂), 27.ii.2012 (MC: 626/3 second-instar ♂), 24.iii.2012 (MC:637/1 second-instar ♂); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 12.iii.2012 (MC:631/3 second-instar ♂), 8.iv.2012 (MC:643/2 second-instar ♂), 14.ii.2013 (MC:807/4 second-instar ♂); Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve, Q. look, 21.viii.2011 (MC:580/2 secondinstar ♂), 7.v.2012 (MC:271/6 second-instar ♂), 24.v.2012 (MC:700/1 second-instar ♂).</p><p>Adult female (Fig. 33). General appearance. Pre-reproductive adult female (Plate 5, fig. c). Body oval to round, 2.0–4.0 mm long, 1.4–3.4 mm wide, 1.4–2.5 mm high; dorsum and venter dark grey to black, with 13–15 dark spots on dorsum in 8 longitudinal rows, extending from anal opening to anterior apex of body, each about 0.1 mm in diameter. Gravid and post-reproductive female (Plate 5, fig. d). Body spherical and sclerotized, 5.2–6.0 mm long, 4.9–5.6 mm wide and 3.0–5.0 mm high; body black. Some specimens from Mt. Hermon Nature Reserve with a deep, medial longitudinal groove and 4 transverse grooves on each half body, resulting in a bumpy derm (Plate 5, fig. e), whilst dorsum of those from Horshat Tal Nature Reserve are smooth and flat, with 1 deep medial longitudinal groove and 4 longitudinal rows of 13–15 depressions as on pre-reproductive specimens; specimens from both localities occasionally with entire body covered in a thin layer of white wax.</p><p>Mounted young adult female. Body oval to round; 2.5–4.0 mm long, 2.0– 3.4 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each 15 Μm long, in a single complete row of 40 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Dorsal reticulated areas somewhat oval, in about 8 longitudinal rows, each with 8–15 areas 25–60 Μm long and 20–40 Μm wide. Bilocular pores oval, each 8 Μm long and 5 Μm wide, abundant throughout dorsum. Microtubular ducts with circular opening, each about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, scattered over entire dorsum. Seta-pore clusters in 20–30 clusters on each side, extending in a single complete submarginal row, each cluster with 3–7 quinquelocular pores, 5 Μm wide seta and a seta about 20 um long. Anal ring dorsal, circular with anterior gap, without setae or pores, 100 Μm diameter. Anal lobes possibly represented by 2 sclerotized areas, each 50–87 Μm long, 25–40 Μm wide, posterior to anal ring, each with 4 setose setae: 3 setae 50–62 Μm and 1 shorter seta 20–30 Μm long; and with about 18 setae posterior to each anal lobe, each about 25 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 5 or 6 segmented; when 5 segmented, segment III and IV appearing fused; 150–175 Μm long; setal distribution as follows: scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; apical segment with 2 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Legs well-developed; tibia and tarsus occasionally fused; measurements (in µm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 50–75, trochanter + femur 70–75, tibia 40–50, tarsus 75–80, claw 15–17 µm long; total length 212–250 µm; each trochanter with 2 oval, sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules narrow, each 40–45 µm long, knobbed apically and extending beyond apex of claw; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 µm long, shorter than tarsal digitules. Claw denticle absent. Tentorium 350–375 Μm long, 250–275 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 200–250 Μm long, 125–170 Μm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs about 7 Μm long; median segment with 1 pair about 15 Μm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs about 10–17 Μm long. Mesothoracic spiracles smaller than metathoracic spiracles; each mesothoracic peritreme 112–130 Μm long, 62– 75 Μm wide; each metathoracic peritreme 150–180 Μm long, 75–80 Μm wide. Tubular ducts of two types: Type 1 with inner ductule 13–15 µm long, cup 10 µm wide and outer ductule 20–25 µm long, in a complete submarginal band 15–20 ducts wide. Type 2 with inner ductule 10–15 µm long, cup 8 µm wide and outer ductule 10–12 µm long, present on median areas of abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores, each 8 Μm diameter, with about 50 surrounding both anterior and posterior spiracles; also 12–14 pores across each abdominal segment, and 50–100 pores posterior to vulva. Trilocular pores, each 5 Μm diameter, with about 5 surrounding each anterior spiracle. Multilocular pores, each 8–10 Μm diameter with 9–10 loculi, in a group of 20–25 pores mesad to each spiracle; also in 3 or 4 clusters of 15–30 pores on abdominal segments II–VII. Ventral setae spinose, each 10 Μm long, in groups of 7–10 posterior to each leg; with 6–8 setae in transverse rows across each abdominal segment, each 20 Μm long; and in a group of 35–50 setae posterior to vulva, each 23 Μm long. Microspines, each 2–3 Μm long, arranged in groups of 2–5 in 10–12 rows on each abdominal segment and dispersed on thorax.</p><p>Comments. T he adult female of K. spatulatus shares the following characters with K. greeni, K. nahalali and the Oriental species K. flavus (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995), K. miyasakii (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995), K. orientalis (Liu &amp; Shi, 1995) and K. taishanensis (Hu, 1986): (i) legs fully developed; (ii) six-segmented antennae; (iii) seta-pore clusters located submarginally on dorsum; (iv) anal ring dorsal; (v) anal ring without setae or pores; (vi) sclerotized anal lobes on dorsum; and (vii) two types of tubular ducts on venter. However, the segmentation of the legs varies: legs reduced to three segments in K. quercus (Borchsenius, 1960), K. roboris (Saakyan-Baranova &amp; Muzafarov, 1972), K. sylvestris (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), and K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970); and legs fully developed in the Nearctic K. nudus and K. rimarum (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) . In addition, the antennae range from four to six segments, mostly with indistinct segmentation (six segmented in K. spatulatus). Adult female K. spatulatus can be distinguished from those of K. nahalali by the absence of the dorsal median spots; and from K. greeni in having narrow anal lobes with up to five setae on each lobe while K. greeni has wide, quadrate anal lobes with 10–15 setae on each lobe.</p><p>Third-instar female (Fig. 34; Plate 5, fig. b). General appearance. Body round and convex, 1.7–2.7 mm long, 1.0– 2.5 mm wide, 1.3–1.5 mm high; dorsum and venter brown to black.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body broadly oval, 1.8–3.0 mm long, 1.0– 2.5 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae short and spinose, each 10 µm long, 5 µm wide, in a complete, single line of 32–38 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Seta-pore clusters in 10–12 clusters in a submarginal band on anterior half of body; each cluster with 2–5 quinquelocular pores, each 5 Μm wide and a spinose seta 20–22 um long; posteriorly, submarginal band of setae continues from mid-thorax to anal lobe but without loculate pores. Other setae all setose, each 20 µm long, in 3 broad diagonal bands, each band between diagonal lines of dark-rimmed areas, 1 anteriorly, 1 medially approximately on thorax and another anteriorly on abdomen, each band with 16–20 setae. Bilocular pores oval to circular, each 3 µm long and 2 µm wide, abundant on dorsum. Dark-rimmed areas in 4 diagonal lines; each line with 5–10 areas 30–40 Μm long and 15–20 Μm wide. Anal ring dorsal, 45–50 µm diameter, circular with anterior gap; setae and pores absent. Anal lobes represented by sclerotized rectangular areas, each about 50 µm long, 30 µm wide, sometimes absent; without setae. Each lobe with about 7 setose setae surrounding it, 20 µm long; also with a longer setose setae posterior to each anal lobe, 50 µm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 20 µm diameter, laterally to each scape. Antennae 6 segmented, 125–150 µm long; segments II and III appearing fused; scape and pedicel, each with 2 setose setae, segment III with 1 setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta and VI with 4 setose setae and 2 fleshy setae. Legs well developed; measurements (in µm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 50–53, trochanter + femur 60–65, tibia 37–50, tarsus 67–75, claw 8–12; total length 210– 250 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side, each 5 Μm long and 3 Μm wide; tarsal digitules 21–25 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending slightly beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 10–18 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; claw denticle absent. Tentorium 165–200 µm long, 163–175 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 137–145 µm long, 90–115 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs 10 Μm long; medial segment with a pair 15 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs 13 µm long. Spiracular peritreme of mesothoracic spiracles smaller than those of metathorax; each mesothoracic peritreme 25–30 Μm long, 20–25 Μm wide, sclerosis 40–50 µm long; each metathoracic 35–40 Μm long, 25–30 Μm wide, sclerosis 40–55 µm long.</p><p>Tubular ducts of two types: Type 1 with inner ductule 12–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 20– 23 µm long, arranged in a complete, broad submarginal band 6–8 ducts wide; and Type 2, with inner ductule 10–13 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 15–18 µm long, arranged in a submedial band 1–2 ducts wide. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter; with 2 or 3 pores anterolateral to each mesothoracic spiracle and 8–10 pores anterolateral to each metathoracic spiracle; and with about 6 pores in a line across abdominal segments II– VII and in a group posteriorly. Ventral setae of three types: (i) setose setae in groups of 3–5 posterior to each leg, each 5–10 µm long; and in transverse rows of 6–8 on abdominal segments II–VI, each 10–13 µm long; (ii) spatulate setae: with a total of 10 anterior to scape, each 30 µm long, 8 µm wide; (iii) tack-like setae, each 5 µm long, with 1 on each abdominal segment II–VII. Microspines, each 2 µm long, in groups of 1–4 over entire body; in 10 transverse rows on abdominal segments.</p><p>Comments. Of the Israeli species, third-instar female K. spatulatus are very similar to those of K. greeni and K. nahalali . All three species share (character-states for K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii in brackets): (i) marginal setae short and spinose (conical); (ii) legs fully developed (leg segmentation reduced); (iii) anal ring dorsal (ventral), and (iv) sclerotized anal lobes present on dorsum (absent). The third-instar female of K. spatulatus is distinguished from those of K. greeni and K. nahalali by the absence of setae on the anal lobes ( K. greeni 10–15 setae and K. nahalali with three setae on each lobe). Kermes spatulatus also has an incomplete line of seta-pore clusters, restricted to anterior half of body, whereas the ring is complete on K. nahalali . Of the non-Israeli species, K. spatulatus differs from K. vermilio (character states for latter in brackets) in having six-segmented antennae (one-segmented antennae) and fully-developed legs (one-segmented). Among the Nearctic Kermes, only the third-instar female of K. sylvestris has been described and illustrated (Bullington &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) and it has a ventral submarginal band of tubular ducts, and the quinquelocular pores are sparse on venter, as on K. spatulatus, but the latter has seta-pore clusters on the dorsum and sclerotized anal lobes on the dorsum, both absent from K. sylvestris .</p><p>Second-instar female (Fig. 35; Plate 5, fig. a). General appearance. Body oval, 0.5–1.2 mm long, 0.3–0.6 mm wide; dorsum and venter orange; body with marginal fringe of whitish wax filaments.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.9–1.4 mm long, 0.4–0.6 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae spatulate, each about 38 µm long, in a single complete line of 30–34 on each side; also with about 5 shorter spatulate setae on each side, each about 23 µm long, from anterior margin to level of labium; tack-like setae, about 5 µm long, present submedially, with about 10 on each side submedially from level of labium to level anterior to anal ring.</p><p>Dorsum. Microtubular ducts, with a circular opening, each about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long, in longitudinal rows of about 26 pores. Setae setose, each about 5 µm long, in a submedial line of about 10 on each side on thorax and abdominal segments.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 15 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 6 segmented, length 150 µm; segments III and VI longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae, segment III with a setose seta, IV with a fleshy seta, V with a fleshy seta and a setose seta, VI with 4 setose setae and 2 fleshy setae. Legs well developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 37–50, trochanter + femur 100–105 Μm, tibia 50–58 Μm, tarsus 67–87, claw, 25–28 Μm; total length 280–328 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules each 30–42 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; claw denticle present. Tentorium 137–145 µm long, 95–112 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 100–107 µm long, 57–70 µm wide; labial setae setose, as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs 3 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 5 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs about 20 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme about 8–13 Μm wide, crescent-shaped sclerosis 20–25 µm long. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with inner ductule 6–10 µm long, cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 9–17 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band about 2 ducts wide. Quinquelocular pores, each 5 µm diameter: with 5 pores anterior to tentorium; 5 or 6 pores anterior to each metathoracic spiracle; 1 pore anterior to each mesothoracic spiracle; and abdominal segments II–VI each with 4 pores. Ventral setae of three types: (i) spatulate setae, similar to marginal setae, anterior to each scape, of two lengths: 6 setae 38 µm long, and 6 setae 10 µm long; (ii) setose setae: with 3 pairs medially anterior to tentorium, each 33 µm long; and segmentally arranged in medial and submedial rows abdominal segments II–VI, medial row setae each 18 µm long, and submedial setae each 10 µm long. Also with a pair just anterior to anal ring about 12 µm long, and a pair posterior to anal ring 38 µm long; (iii) tack-like setae, in a group of 3–5 setae between anterior and posterior spiracles, each 8 µm long, and also segmentally in a submarginal row on metathorax and abdominal segments II–VII. Microspines, each about 2 µm long, in groups of 4 or 5 in 5 or 6 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 37–40 µm, composed of 2 half circles, each half with 3 pointed setae, each 45–50 µm long, and 3 pores. Anal lobes well developed, membranous and somewhat rounded, each with a spatulate-like seta similar to marginal setae, 18 µm long, on inner margin, plus a long flagellate seta on apex, 125–150 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Among the Palaearctic species, the only other described second-instar females are those of K. bytinskii (Sternlicht, 1969), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . That of K. spatulatus is distinct with its spatulate marginal setae and absence of membranous frontal lobes (as in K. vermilio). Tubular ducts are present on both the venter and dorsum in K. echinatus and K. hermonensis, but are only found on the venter in K. spatulatus . Kermes spatulatus has sixsegmented antennae and well-developed legs, as on K. nahalali and K. greeni and several Nearctic species, such as K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus, N. iselini and O. secunda (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985), Kermes echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii have reduced antennal and leg segmentation.</p><p>First-instar nymph (Fig. 36). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.42–0.49 mm long, 0.14–0.19 mm wide; dorsum and venter orange.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.45–0.50 mm long, 0.17–0.20 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal spatulate setae in a single complete row of 20 each side, each 11–12 µm long, 3 µm wide at apex.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous with inter-segmental lines. Spatulate setae in 4 incomplete longitudinal rows, each submedian rows with 8 setae on metathorax and abdominal segments II–VII, each 14–15 µm long, 5–6 µm wide at apex; and each median row with about 6 setae on head and thorax, each 15–17 µm long, 4–5 µm wide at apex. Also with a spatulate seta on inner margin of each anal lobe, 12–17 µm long. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in 4 complete longitudinal rows, with 12–14 ducts in each row.</p><p>Venter. Eyes present close to margin, each 12 µm wide. Antennae 6 segmented, 100–110 µm long; segment III longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with a setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, and apical segment with 2 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Legs well developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 22–30, trochanter + femur 60–75, tibia 27–37, tarsus 50–55, claw 20–22; total length 195–209 µm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules each 27–32 µm long, knobbed apically, extending slightly beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 17–22 µm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; each claw with a single denticle near the tip. Tentorium 87–92 µm long, 62–80 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 75–82 µm long, 30–45 µm wide; with 14 setose setae: basal segment with 2 pairs, each 5–10 µm long, median segment with 1 pair on dorsal surface 8–9 µm long, and apical segment with 4 pairs, each 10–14 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme about 5 Μm wide sclerosis 15–20 µm long; each spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore anterolaterally, 5 µm diameter. Also with a pair of slightly larger quinquelocular pores just anterior to tentorium and 1 medially to each coxa, each 7 µm wide; plus a pair of pores submedially in abdominal segments II–VII. Ventral setae of three types: (i) spatulate setae: a pair anterior to each scape, each 15 um long and 3 µm wide at apex, similar to dorsal submarginal setae; (ii) setose setae: with 6 setae medially between scape and tentorium, each 12–20 µm long; a single setae medial to each coxa, each 10–11 µm long; a line of 4 setae across abdominal segments II–VII, setae in medial rows, each 10–15 µm long; setae in submedial rows each 5–10 µm long. Also with a pair anterior to anal ring, 10 µm long, and a pair latero-posterior to anal ring, each 15–25 µm long; (iii) tack-like setae, each 5–6 µm long, in marginal and submarginal rows, each marginal row complete, with 12–14 setae; and each submarginal row restricted to abdominal segments III–VII. Bilocular pores oval, with 1 pore present between margin and each spiracle, each 3 µm long and 2 µm wide. Microspines, each about 1 µm, arranged medially and submedially on each abdominal segment. Anal ring ventral, diameter 17–20 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with about 6 pores and 3 pointed setae, each 10–11 µm long. Anal lobes well-developed; apical margin of each lobe with 1 spinose seta, 8–10 µm long, and a long apical seta, 165–200 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Kermes spatulatus was described by Balachowsky (1953) based on first-instar nymphs collected in Israel. The present redescription includes several features not originally described, such as presence of: (i) dorsal microtubular ducts in four longitudinal rows; (ii) a complete submarginal row of setae on venter; (iii) a single bilocular pore located submarginally level with each spiracle on venter; (iv) a denticle near tip of each claw; (v) one setose seta mesad to each coxa; (vi) anal ring open both posteriorly and anteriorly; and (vii) microspines on abdominal segments on venter.</p><p>Balachowsky (1953) introduced K. spatulatus as a new species after comparing its first-instar nymph with those of K. bacciformis, a similar species known from the Mediterranean and European regions. He observed that the post-reproductive female of both species were spherical, with a dorsal longitudinal median depression, and black in colour (Plate 5, fig. d and Plate 7, fig. a). However, minor differences can be seen in the shape and size of the dorsal spatulate setae of the first-instar nymph. Balachowsky (1953) noted that the median spatulate setae of K. bacciformis are about half the length of those on K. spatulatus . Although type material of K. bacciformis was not available for this study, three specimens collected from Italy (see Material examined for details) were seen. We agree with Balachowsky (1953) and conclude that these species are very similar in the first-instar nymph and postreproductive stages. Perhaps additional studies on the morphology of other stages of K. bacciformis will show more obvious differences between the two. Both K. greeni and K. spatulatus possess spatulate setae on the margin and dorsum but their shape, size and distribution separate these two species.</p><p>The other Palaearctic species that possess spatulate setae are K. mutsurensis (Kuwana, 1931), K. nakagawae (Kuwana, 1931), K. nigronotatus (Hu, 1986), K. orientalis (Liu &amp; Shi, 1997), K. quercus (Linnaeus, 1758, Podsiadlo, 2005), K. taishanensis (Hu, 1986), K. vastus (Kuwana, 1931), K. viridis (Borchsenius, 1960) and K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970) . Kermes spatulatus differs from these species in having one quinquelocular pore associated with each anterior and posterior spiracle, while K. mutsurensis has two loculate pores within the atrium of each anterior spiracle plus two multilocular pores laterad to each anterior spiracle and lacks posterior spiracles pores; K. nakagawae has three multi-locular pores within the spiracle atrium of each anterior spiracle and lacks posterior spiracular pores; K. nigronotatus has one quinquelocular pore laterad to each anterior spiracle and lacks posterior spiracular pores; K. orientalis has two quinquelocular pores laterad to each anterior spiracle and lacks posterior spiracular pores; K. quercus has two pores associated with each anterior spiracle: one with 3–5-loculi and one with seven-loculi plus one 5–7 with loculi pore associated with each posterior spiracle; K. taishanensis has one quinquelocular pore laterad to only anterior spiracle, and lacks posterior spiracular pores; K. vastus has two multilocular pores within the atrium of each anterior spiracle and lacks posterior spiracular pores; K. williamsi has one pore with seven-loculi and sometimes a second quinquelocular pore associated with each anterior spiracle plus one quinquelocular pore associated with each posterior spiracle.</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 37; Plate 5, fig. j). As for K. echinatus apart from: General appearance. Newly emerged males brown; body 2.0– 2.5 mm; width across mesothorax 0.5–0.6 mm wide; wings 1.2–1.5 mm long, 0.45–0.75 mm wide; caudal filaments 1.0– 1.5 mm long.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body length 2.0– 2.5 mm long; width across mesothorax 0.5–0.7 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 250–300 µm; width across genae 275–300 µm. Dorsal simple eyes (dse) and ventral simple eyes (vse) both 45–50 µm diameter; lateral simple eyes (lse) smaller, each 20–30 µm diameter; each ocellus 20–25 µm diameter. Dorsal head setae (dhs): 8–10 hs on either side of median crest. Ventral head setae (vhs) total 8–10 hs. Antennae: length 950–1000 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length about 1:0.43). Scape (scp) 40–60 µm long, 44–50 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hs. Pedicel (ped) 70–75 µm long, 40–50 µm wide, with 6–10 hs. Flagellar segments III–X each 60–160 µm long, 30–35 µm wide; segment III longest, segments becoming shorter towards apex; approximate number of setae per segment: III–VI 13–20 fs; VII–X 8–15 fs; VIII 1 ab; IX 1 ab; X 4 ab + 4 cs.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax: as for K. echinatus but sternum (stn1) with faint radial striations and 3 hs prosternal setae (stn1s) on each side. Anteprosternal (astn1s) and antemesospiracular setae (am2s) absent.</p><p>Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) 50–75 µm long, 150–175 µm wide Scutum (sct) with median membranous area 60–65 µm long; with 1 hs on each side laterad to membranous area, 12–15 µm long. Scutellum (scl) 100–150 µm long, 200–210 µm wide, with 1 hs 13–15 µm long on each side. Basisternum (stn2) 150–180 µm long, 250–280 µm wide; basisternal setae absent. Tegula (teg) with 5 or 6 hs tegular setae (tegs). Mesothoracic spiracles (sp2): peritreme 30–35 µm wide.</p><p>Metathorax: Metathoracic spiracles (sp3): peritreme 30–35 µm wide. Metasternum (stn3) with a total of 20–25 hs setae: 7 or 8 anterior metasternal setae (amss); 15 or 16 posterior metasternal setae (pmss) and 3 or 4 postmetaspiracular setae (eps3s), each 20–30 µm long.</p><p>Wings: 1200–1500 µm long, 450–475 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.39; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.52). Hamulohalteres (h) 100–125 µm long, 35–40 µm wide; with a single apical hamulus, 65–85 µm long. Legs: metathoracic legs longest, length 724–847 µm; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs 716–843 µm long. Coxa: I 86 –100; II 100–110; III 100–115 µm long, with 10–14 hs. Trochanter: I 45 –50; II 40 –53; III 50 –55 µm long, with 6–8 hs; each trochanter with 3 pairs of oval sensory pores in a triangle on each surface. Femur: I 200–230; II 200–205; III 200–220 µm long, with 30–35 hs. Tibia: I 265–300; II 275–280; III 275–300 µm long, with 35–47 hs; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs) 23–25 µm long. Tarsi 2-segmented; tarsus 2 (tar2): I 95 –100; II 90 –110; III 100–110 µm long, with 15–25 hs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) about 35 µm long. Claw (cl): I 25–28; II 25–26; III 25–30 µm long, with denticle; claw digitules (cdt) about 30 µm long.</p><p>Abdomen. Sternites (as) sclerotized on segment VI–VIII; tergites and pleural areas unsclerotized. Abdominal dorsal setae (ads) (totals): segments I–VII 2 hs, 10 µm long; VIII 4 hs, 40 µm long; pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (adps) (on each side): I 8 hs and II–VII 4–5 hs, 10 µm long, VIII 3 hs, one 85–90 µm long and other 25–30 µm long; ventropleural setae (avps) (on each side) II–VIII 2 hs, 15 µm long; abdominal ventral setae (avs) (totals) II–V 12–20 hs, VI–VIII 6–10 hs, 20–25 µm long. Glandular pouch setae (gls), 142–150 µm long; each pouch with 10– 12 pores, each 3 µm diameter with 3–5 loculi. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) 180–200 µm long, greatest width 110–120 µm. Basal rod (bra) 40–50 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) 100–125 µm long Genital capsule without setae dorsally but with 6–8 hair-like setae (gts) ventrally.</p><p>Comments. The adult male of K. spatulatus is very similar to those of K. greeni and K. nahalali . The adult male is most similar to K. nahalali in life as both are grey. K. spatulatus differs from these two species in having eight dorsopleural setae on abdominal segment I, whereas K. greeni has four and K. nahalali that has one seta. Metasternal setae are present on K. spatulatus as on most other species, the only exceptions being Kermes echinatus and K. hermonensis, and the Nearctic species E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993), which lack metasternal setae.</p><p>Fourth-instar male (pupa) (Fig. 38; Plate 5, fig. i). Develops within a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test secreted by second-instar male; very similar to that of K. echinatus but differing as follows. General appearance. Body brown and elongate oval when removed from test, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.4–1.6 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm wide; head 235–250 µm long, 325–425 µm wide.</p><p>Margin. Wing-buds: fore-wings 580–600 µm long, 150–200 µm wide; hind-wings: length ratio to mesothoracic wings 1:10. Setae fine and blunt, each 25 µm long, arranged as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Eyes absent. Ocular sclerite reticulated, 40–60 µm long, 150–160 µm wide. Setae setose, each 5 µm long, in complete submedial rows of about 5 setae. Anal lobes rounded and slightly sclerotized; each with a seta 80–90 Μm long on apex. Median penial lobe triangular, 105–110 Μm long, 105–130 Μm wide; with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 15–20 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Ocular sclerite as on dorsum. Antennae 10 segmented, 450–550 µm long, 40–50 µm wide; apical segment with 4 or 5 fleshy setae, each about 5 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 25–30 µm long, 10–20 µm wide; each sclerosis 35–40 µm long; without pores. Legs well-developed, subequal in size; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg; coxa 65–75, trochanter + femur 170–200, tibia 140–165, tarsus 95–100; total length 455–505 Μm; each coxa with 2 short setae, each 5 µm long; claw 5 µm long. Ventral setae setose, with 5 pairs of inter-antennal setae, each 5 Μm long; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The pupa of K. spatulatus is greyish-brown in life, similar to those of N. balachowskii and K. nahalali ( K. echinatus and K. hermonensis red; K. greeni orange). The colours of the Nearctic pupae A. kingii and E. gillettei have not been recorded. As with most kermesid pupae, those of K. spatulatus lack quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle; the exception is K. hermonensis which has two pores. The pupae of both K. greeni and K. spatulatus have sclerotized anal lobes, unlike all other known kermesid pupae which have membranous lobes.</p><p>Third-instar male (prepupa) (Fig. 39; Plate 5, fig. h). As for K echinatus apart from: General appearance. Body brown and broadly oval when removed from test, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 1.2–1.7 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Anterior wing-buds each 370–425 µm long, 135–150 µm wide. Setae fine and blunt, each 12–20 µm long, arranged as on K. echinatus . Dorsum. Setae setose, each 5–8 µm long, with 7 pairs on head apex; also with complete submedial longitudinal rows of about 10 setae. Anal lobes rounded apically and membranous, each with a long setose seta 50–65 Μm long and a shorter setose seta 13–15 Μm long. Median penial lobe 60–65 Μm long, 110–115 Μm wide, broadly rounded, with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 5–10 Μm long; also, just anterior to median penial lobe, with 2 pairs of setose setae, each 5–10 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 7 or 8 segmented, tapering apically, 250–260 µm long, 75–80 µm wide; apical segment with 5 fleshy setae, each about 5 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 15–25 µm long, 10– 15 µm wide, each sclerosis 30–35 µm long; without pores. Legs length of metathoracic leg, 215–250 Μm long and 65–75 Μm wide. Ventral setae setose, each 8–10 Μm long; with 3 pairs between scapes and abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines, as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The prepupa of K. spatulatus is greyish-brown in life, similar to those of N. balachowskii and K. nahalali ( K. echinatus and K. hermonensis red; K. greeni orange). The colours of the Nearctic pupae A. kingii and E. gillettei have not been recorded. The prepupa of K. spatulatus lacks quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle, as in K. nahalali, K. greeni and the Nearctic species A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) . One or two pores are present near each spiracle in K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and N. balachowskii .</p><p>Second-instar male (Fig. 40; Plate 5, fig. g). General appearance. Secretes a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test 1.6–1.8 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. Body brown, broadly oval when removed from test, 1.0– 1.45 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; derm membranous with inter-segmental lines.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 1.5–1.8 mm long, 0.7–0.9 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae robust and setose, each 50 µm long, in a complete single row of 30–33 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae robust, each about 25 µm long, shorter than marginal setae, in complete submedial longitudinal rows, with 10 setae each row. Microtubular ducts with circular opening about 3 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; numerous, scattered between tubular ducts on entire dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with inner ductule 8–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long, abundant throughout dorsum.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 15–20 µm diameter, located laterally to each scape. Antennae 7 segmented; total length 175–200 µm; segment III longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III without setae; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta; VI with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta and apical segment with 3 fleshy setae and 4 setose setae. Frontal lobes absent. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 38–50; trochanter + femur 100–125; tibia 50–65; tarsus 80–85 and claw 23–30; total length 290–315 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side, each 5 Μm long and 3 Μm wide; tarsal digitules 35– 40 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 Μm long, extending beyond apex of claw; each claw with a single denticle. Tentorium 100–125 µm long, 110–125 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 100–125 µm long, 85–90 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs about 13 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 13–20 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs 15–22 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 10–13 Μm wide, sclerosis 35–40 µm long; each spiracle with 5 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 µm diameter. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with inner ductule 8–15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 10–15 µm long, dispersed in a complete submarginal band 1–2 ducts wide. Bilocular pores circular, each 2 µm diameter, with 10–12 pores on each side in a complete single submarginal band. Quinquelocular pores each 5 µm wide: with 5 pairs among setose setae anterior to tentorium; 6 pores in a line across each abdominal segment in medial, submedial and submarginal lines; plus a group of 8 pores laterad to anal ring. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose: with 10 medially just anterior to tentorium, each 60–88 µm long; 3 setae mesad to each coxa, each 25–38 µm long; and with medial and submedial rows on abdominal segments II– VII, medial setae each about 60 µm long, and submedial setae about 35 µm long. Also with 2 pairs of setae anterior to anal ring, each 20–25 µm long, and a pair of setose setae posterior to anal ring, each about 150 µm long; (ii) tack-like setae present in a complete submarginal row of about 10–15 setae on each side, each 10 µm long. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, in groups of 3–5 in 4–6 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 35–40 µm; composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 pointed setae, subequal in size, 20–35 µm long, and 8–12 pores.</p><p>Comments. The second-instar male of K. spatulatus is unique in having quinquelocular pores in six longitudinal rows on abdominal segments ventrally and laterad to anal ring. Pores are absent in K. echinatus and the number of longitudinal rows on the venter of abdominal segments varies in other species; N. balachowskii, K. nahalali (two rows) and K. greeni, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio (four rows) (Pellizzari et al., 2012). The Nearctic second-instar males of K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum also have setose marginal setae but have quinquelocular pores scattered on both the dorsum and venter (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985). The second-instar male K. spatulatus, and other Palaearctic species, have quinquelocular pores that are present only on the venter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FF93FFB239A9EE2FFAEF4612	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FF9DFFB239A9ECAEFC5B4358.text	03A2A358FF9DFFB239A9ECAEFC5B4358.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nidularia Targioni Tozzetti 1868	<div><p>Nidularia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868</p><p>Type species: Coccus pulvinatus Planchon (= Nidularia pulvinata (Planchon) . Subsequently designated by Signoret, 1875.</p><p>Introduction: Nidularia is a small genus composed of three species: N. balachowskii Bodenheimer, N. japonica Kuwana and the type species, N. pulvinata (Planchon) . The adult female of N. pulvinata was redescribed by Koteja (1980) and that of K. japonica by Liu et al., (1997). All three species are Palaearctic: N. pulvinata is found in Algeria, China, France, Italy, Portugal and Spain while N. japonica is known from China and Japan (Ben- Dov et al., 2013). In addition to being present in Israel, N. balachowskii has been reported from Turkey (Bodenheimer, 1941) and Iran (Bodenheimer, 1944). The main diagnostic character for separating adult female Nidularia from those of Kermes</p><p>is that Nidularia spp. have microtubular ducts on entire dorsum while Kermes spp. do not. Another difference is the presence of ventral, submarginal rows of both quinquelocular and bilocular pores within the submarginal band of tubular ducts in Nidularia . Most Kermes species lack these pores, although K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) are exceptions because they have a line of bilocular pores, but lack quinquelocular pores, within the submarginal band of tubular ducts on the venter. Nidularia spp. is distinguished from K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio by the lack of conical dorsal setae and the lack of tubular ducts on the dorsum (these traits present in the three above mentioned species).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FF9DFFB239A9ECAEFC5B4358	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
03A2A358FF9DFFA039A9E99DFB72444E.text	03A2A358FF9DFFA039A9E99DFB72444E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer	<div><p>Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer</p><p>(Figs. 41–48; Plate 6, figs. a–j)</p><p>Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer, 1941: 78 –80.</p><p>Material examined. Type material studied. Lectotype adult ♀ (ICVI), and paralectotype 1 adult ♀ (MNHN- 14802-4), 21 km at road from Mardin to Diyarbakir, Turkey, on branches and twigs of Quercus sp., 13.ii.1939, F.S. Bodenheimer. As Bodenheimer (1941) did not select a holotype, we regard the above-mentioned specimens as the original material studied by him as indicated on the slide labels. Other material studied. All non-type material collected off Q. ithaburensis in Israel by M. Spodek, unless otherwise indicated. Daphne Oaks (= current name Horshat Tal Nature Reserve), on Quercus sp., 1.v.1939, F.S. Bodenheimer, (C:4805/ 1 adult ♀). This was the first record of this species from Israel. Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 11.1.2011, (MC:385/ 4 adult ♀, BMNH); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 30.v.2010 (MC:228/ 1 adult ♀), 14.ii.2012 (MC:614/ 5 adult ♀, MNHN), 27.ii.2011 (MC:430/ 2 adult ♀), 13.iii. 2012, Y. Ben-Dov (C:5131/ 1 adult ♀); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 6.iii.2010 (MC:140/ 1 adult ♀), 10.x.2010, Y. Ben-Dov (C:4891/ 2 adult ♀), 10.x.2010 (MC:308/ 2 adult ♀, MC:309/ 3 adult ♀, MC:310/ 1 adult ♀, MC:311/ 1 adult ♀, MC: 315 adult ♀, MC:317/ 1 adult ♀), 7.xi.2010, Y. Ben-Dov (C:4912/ 10 adult ♀), 7.xi.2010 (MC:355/ 4 adult ♀), 11.i.2011, Y. Ben-Dov (C:4945/ 1 adult ♀), 11.i.2011 (MC:384/ 9 adult ♀), 6.ii.2011, Y. Ben- Dov (C:4970/ 1 adult ♀), 16.x.2011 (MC:587/ 6 adult ♀), 6.xi.2011, Y. Ben-Dov (C:4970/ 1 adult ♀), 3.vi.2012 (MC:690/ 1 adult ♀), 20.ix.2012 (MC:737/ 1 adult ♀), 20.v.2013 (MC:877/ 6 adult ♀); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 20.v.2012 (MC:662/4 third-instar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 27.ii.2011 (MC:431/1 third-instar ♀); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 5.v.2013 (MC:871/3 third-instar ♀), 20.v.2013 (MC:876/9 third-instar ♀); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 22.iv.2013 (MC:852/5 second-instar ♀), 2.v.2013 (MC:863/2 second-instar ♀); Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, 27.ii.2011 (MC:431/5 second-instar ♀); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 3.vi.2012 (MC:690/2 second-instar ♀), 5.viii.2012 (MC:725/1 second-instar ♀), 2.ix.2012 (MC:730/1 second-instar ♀, MC:731/1 second-instar ♀), 5.v.2013 (MC:871/1 second-instar ♀); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 13.iii.2012 (MC:635/12 first-instars, USNM), 15.iii.2012 (MC:636/40 first-instars, MNHN); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 6.iii.2010 (MC:140/15 first-instars, BMNH), 20.iii.2011 (MC:460/68 first-instars); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 8.v.2013 (MC:881/ 5 adult ♂); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 10.v.2013 (MC:870/ 5 adult ♂); Bet Dagan-Volcani Center, 6.vi.2012 (MC:686/ 1 pupa); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 4.vi.2012 (MC:685/ 1 pupa), 8.v.2013 (MC:869/ 4 pupae), 10.v.2013 (MC:883/ 4 pupae); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 22.iv.2013 (MC:854/2 prepupae); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 26.vi.2012 (MC:708/1 prepupa), 5.v.2013 (MC:868/2 prepupae), 8.v.2013 (MC:884/5 prepupae); Alonei Abba Nature Reserve, 22.iv.2013 (MC:853/1 second-instar ♂); Bet Dagan-Volcani, 6.vi.2012 (MC:683/2 second-instar ♂); Yehudiya Nature Reserve, 4.vi.2012 (MC:684/1 second-instar ♂), 2.ix.2012 (MC:726/1 second-instar ♂), 22.iv.2013 (MC:882/2 second-instar ♂), 2.v.2013 (MC:867/3 second-instar ♂). Additional non-type material of adult females from Turkey collected by M.B. Kaydan on Quercus sp. and deposited at the Yuzuncu Yil University: Van-Koçet Road (alt. 1625 m), 19.vii.2005, (#2056/ 1 adult ♀); Hakkari -Üzümcü Road (alt. 956 m) 15.ix.2005, (#2343/ 1 adult ♀); Van-Hakkari Road (alt. 1266 m), 16.ix.2005, (#2370/ 1 adult ♀); Hakkari-Doğan (alt. 1032 m), 22.v.2005, (#2688/ 1 adult ♀); Bitlis River (alt. 797 m), 23.vi.2006, (#3036/ 1 adult ♀); Bitlis-Kavakbaşı (alt. 1365), 30.v.2007, (#3419/ 1 adult ♀).</p><p>Adult female (Fig. 41). General appearance. Pre-reproductive adult female (Plate 6, fig. c). Body oval, soft and flat, 1.2–1.9 mm long, 0.6–0.9 mm wide; dorsum brownish and venter yellowish-white; dorsal surface covered with 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, each plate about 0.25 mm long, 0.3 mm wide; median row with 11 plates, mediolateral rows each with 9–11 plates and marginal rows with 7–9 plates. Wax plates largest medially. Gravid female and post-reproductive female (Plate 6, fig. d). Body oval, moderately convex and sclerotized, 2.75–3.75 mm long, 2.0–3.0 mm wide, 0.8–1.8 mm high; with 5 longitudinal rows of dark brown wax plates almost fused; with lighter brown wax in between rows of plates.</p><p>Mounted young adult female. Body oval, 0.8–3.0 mm long, 0.5–2.5 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae spinose, each 12–13 Μm long, in a single complete row of 30–36 on each side. Stigmatic spines absent.</p><p>Dorsum. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 1 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; present throughout dorsum. Other pore types and dorsal setae absent.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 5–7 Μm diameter, present anterolaterally to each scape. Antennae 1 segmented, 15–25 Μm long, 12–18 Μm wide; with 2–6 fleshy setae. Legs absent. Tentorium 113–155 Μm long, 113–125 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 100–125 Μm long, 50–63 Μm wide; labial setae setose, as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs 9–20 Μm long, median segment with 1 pair 11–13 Μm long, apical segment with 4 pairs each 9–12 Μm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 42–60 Μm long, 31–50 Μm wide, each sclerosis about 50 µm long. Quinquelocular pores each 5 Μm diameter: with 8–11 between mesothoracic spiracles and submarginal band of tubular ducts, and 10–13 in a broad band medially between metathoracic spiracles, plus 2–4 laterad to each metathoracic spiracle; also in a single, complete submarginal band of about 50–70 pores, band one pore wide. Bilocular pores each about 3 Μm wide, with 103–135 per side, dispersed within submarginal tubular duct band. Multilocular pores, each 7–8 Μm diameter with 9–10 loculi: in groups of 3 or 4 between each metathoracic and mesothoracic spiracles; in transverse bands across abdominal segments as follows; segment II with 12–24, III with 14–28, IV with 15–35, V with 18–25, VI with 12–19, VII with 2–3 on each side of vulva. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with outer ductule 12–18 Μm long, 5 Μm wide, a sclerotized cup about 5 Μm wide and inner ductule 22–30 Μm long; in a complete submarginal band 2–3 ducts wide, and sparsely medially in thorax. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: 3 or 4 pairs present in a group anterior to tentorium, each 7–13 Μm long; 2 setae, each 5–8 Μm long, medially to each spiracle; abdominal segments III–VI with transverse rows of 6–10 anterior to multilocular pores, each 7–8 Μm long. Also with 2 pairs anterior to anal ring, each 25–38 Μm long, and a pair postero–laterally to anal ring, 15–25 Μm long. Posterior margin with a pair of long apical setae, each 65–68 Μm long plus 2 pairs similar to marginal setae, each 15–22 Μm long; and (ii) tack-like setae, each 5–13 Μm long, 8 in a longitudinal submarginal row. Microspines, each 1 Μm long, present in 3–5 transverse rows on median and submedian areas of each abdominal segment; also scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral, diameter 27–35 Μm, composed of 2 semi–circles, each half with 10–12 pores and 3 spinose setae each 65–75 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Bodenheimer’s (1941) original description of N. balachowskii is incomplete, lacking such details as presence of: (i) dorsal microtubular ducts; (ii) 8–11 quinquelocular pores between mesothoracic spiracles and submarginal band of tubular ducts, and 10–13 quinquelocular pores between metathoracic spiracles; (iii) bilocular pores interspersed between tubular ducts on venter; (iv) microspines on abdominal segments on venter; and (v) presence of eyes.</p><p>The adult female of N. balachowskii shares with N. japonica and the type species, N. pulvinata, the following characters: (i) one-segmented antennae; (ii) legs absent; (iii) seta-pore clusters absent; (iv) anal ring ventral; and (v) anal ring setose, with pores. Nidularia balachowskii can be easily separated from N. pulvinata by the presence of quinquelocular pores lateral to each anterior spiracle and medial to each posterior one in N. balachowskii but lying within each peritreme in N. pulvinata). Nidularia balachowskii differs from N. japonica in the absence of tubular ducts dorsally (present on thorax and abdominal segments on venter of N. japonica). The adult female of N. balachowskii differs from K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus (characters of the latter in brackets): (i) onesegmented antennae (six-segmented antennae); (ii) legs absent (legs fully-developed); (iii) seta-pore clusters on venter absent (present); (iv) tubular ducts on both venter and dorsum of Type 2 (Type 1 and Type 2); (v) anal ring ventral (dorsal); and (vi) anal ring setose, with pores (absent).</p><p>However, along with N. balachowskii, two Israeli species, K. echinatus and K. hermonensis, and two Palaearctic species, K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012) and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012), share the following traits: (i) one-segmented antennae or with indistinct segmentation; (ii) seta-pore clusters absent; (iii) legs absent or reduced to three-segments; (iv) only Type 2 tubular ducts present on venter; (v) anal ring ventral; and (vi) anal ring setose and with pores.</p><p>Third-instar female (Fig. 42; Plate 6, fig. b). General appearance. Body oval, soft and flat, 0.5–0.8 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm wide; dorsum brownish and venter yellowish-white; dorsal surface covered with 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, median row with 11 plates, mediolateral rows with 9–11 plates and marginal rows with 7–9 plates. Wax plates largest medially.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval; 0.7–0.8 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae spinose, each 10 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, in a complete single line of 21–30 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae and tubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in 4 longitudinal rows, each with 9 pores.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 5 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 1 segmented, 25–30 µm long; with 2 fleshy setae on apical tip. Legs reduced to stumps that appear to be 1 segmented, each 15–20 µm long; occasionally with a round sclerotized area on apex. Tentorium 120–125 µm long, 87–95 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 62–80 µm long, 45–50 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 1 pair about 5 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 17–20 µm long and with 3 pairs of apical setae, each 8–13 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 13 Μm long, 8 Μm wide; crescent-shaped sclerosis 28–35 µm long; each spiracle with quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 3 µm diameter, each anterior spiracle with 2 pores and each posterior spiracle with 1 pore. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with inner ductule 5–8 µm long, inner cup about 5 µm wide and outer ductule 8–13 µm long, arranged in a complete submarginal band 2–3 ducts wide; ducts also scattered medially on head and thorax. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: with 3 pairs anterior to tentorium, each 8 µm long; abdominal segments II–VII with medial and submedial setae, each 10 µm. Also with a pair just anterior to anal ring, about 7 µm long, plus a pair posterior to anal ring 12 µm long; (ii) tack-like setae, each 3 µm long, with 2 medial to each coxa, and also submarginally in abdominal segments II–VII. Microspines, each 2 µm long, in groups of 1–8 over entire body but in 2–5 transverse rows on abdominal segments. Anal ring ventral, diameter 25 µm, circular with a posterior gap, each half with 3 spinose setae, each 25 µm long, and 5–8 pores. Anal lobes barely developed, each with 2 spinose setae on apex, one 10 µm long and other 12 µm long, each similar in shape to marginal setae, plus a long setose apical setae 48–50 µm long.</p><p>Comments. The third-instar female of N. balachowskii can be distinguished from those of Kermes species by its narrow submarginal band of ventral tubular ducts (only one to two ducts wide). All other third-instar nymphs of Kermes species that have been described have a wider submarginal band, five to ten ducts wide. Nidularia balachowskii also resembles K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio in having (characters of K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus in brackets): (i) leg segmentation reduced (legs fully developed); (ii) anal ring ventral (dorsal); (iii) tubular ducts of Type 2 on venter (Types 1 and Type 2 on venter); and (iv) sclerotized anal lobes absent (present).</p><p>Second-instar female (Fig. 35; Plate 6, fig. a). General appearance. Body oval, elongate, 0.5–0.8 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; dorsum greyish-white and venter yellow-brown; dorsal surface covered with a thin layer of wax, composed of 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, median row with about 10–11 plates, submedian rows with about 9–11 plates and marginal rows with 9–12 plates. Wax plates largest medially.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, elongate, 0.6–0.9 mm long, 0.2–0.5 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae spinose, each about 8 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, in a single complete line of 24–31 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae and tubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in 4 complete longitudinal rows, each row with about 25 pores.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, 10 µm diameter, laterally to each scape. Antennae segmentation indistinct, appears to be 3-segmented, each about 55 µm long; with 1 short seta on basal segment and a setose seta and 2 fleshy setae on apex. Legs reduced to 2 or 3 segments, segmentation indistinct; each leg 30–55 µm long; sometimes with claw on tip, about 3 µm long. Tentorium 70–100 µm long, 70–75 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 60–70 µm long, 40–50 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs about 5 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 17–25 µm long and apical segment with 4 pairs 8 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 20–25 Μm wide, each crescent-shaped sclerosis 30–50 µm long. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with an inner ductule 6–10 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 8–10 µm long, arranged in a submarginal band 1 or 2 ducts wide from cephalic apex to anal ring. Quinquelocular pores each 4 µm diameter; with 2 pores anterior to each anterior spiracle; 1 pore anterior to each posterior spiracle. Ventral setae of two types: (i) setose setae: 3 pairs of setae anterior to tentorium, each about 15 µm long; abdominal segments II–VII with setae in medial rows about 8 µm long, and in submedial rows about 5 µm long; 1 seta medial to each coxa 8 µm long. Also, 2 pairs just anterior to anal ring; and a pair posterior to anal ring about 10 µm long; (ii) tack-like setae, each 3 µm long, submarginally on abdominal segments II–VII. Microspines, each about 2 µm long, in groups of 1–8 in 5–8 rows on entire body. Anal ring ventral, diameter 35–45 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae about 30 µm long, and 8–12 pores. Anal lobes well-developed and somewhat rounded, with 2 spinose setae about 13 µm long, similar to marginal setae, with 1 on each inner margin and another on apex of each lobe, plus a long thin apical seta 50–65 µm long.</p><p>Comments. Among the Palaearctic species, the only other described second-instar females are those of K. bytinskii (Sternlicht, 1969), K. williamsi (Sternlicht, 1970), K. quercus (Podsiadlo, 2012), and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . That of N. balachowskii most closely resembles K. echinatus, K. hermonensis, K. quercus and K. vermilio in having reduced antennae and leg segments. However, N. balachowskii has three-segmented antennae and three-segmented legs, whereas K. echinatus has one-segmented antennae and one-segmented legs, K.</p><p>hermonensis has five or six-segmented antennae, K. quercus has six-segmented antennae and three-segmented legs and K. vermilio has three-segmented antennae and one-segmented legs. Also, second-instar female N. balachowskii (and K. vermilio) lack frontal lobes, and, like K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio, N. balachowskii, lacks quinquelocular pores ventrally on the abdomen. Other Israeli species, i.e. K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus, have six-segmented antennae and well-developed legs, as also found on several Nearctic species, including, K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and N. iselini and O. secunda (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985) .</p><p>First-instar nymph (Fig. 44). General appearance. Body oval, tapering posteriorly, 0.38–0.43 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide; dorsum and venter yellowish-grey.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.42–0.53 mm long, 0.2–0.34 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae sharply spinose, pointed apically and slightly curved, each 9–15 Μm long, in a complete single row of 26–33 on one side.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous with inter-segmental lines. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 1 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; in 4 incomplete longitudinal rows: submarginal lines on thorax and most abdominal segments, and medial lines restricted to abdomen Setae setose: with single setae submedially on each thoracic segment, each 5 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes each 12–15 Μm, near margin. Antennae 6 segmented, length 88–125 Μm; setal distribution as follows: scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III with 1 long setose seta; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 2 fleshy setae and 2 setose setae; apical segment with 2 fleshy setae and 5 setose setae. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic leg: coxa 25–30, trochanter + femur 63–80, tibia 25–38, tarsus 25–60, claw 13–23; total length 158–213; trochanter with 2 oval, sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 25–30 Μm long, knobbed apically, extending beyond claw apex; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 14–20 Μm long, shorter than tarsal digitules; each claw with a single denticle. Tentorium well-developed, 75–90 Μm long, 63–75 Μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 82–100 Μm long, 35–38 Μm wide; labial setae setose, as follows: basal segment with 2 pairs 10–15 Μm long, median segment with 1 pair on dorsal surface 10–20 Μm long, apical segment with 4 pairs 12–17 Μm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 3–5 Μm wide, each crescent-shaped sclerosis 15– 25 Μm long. Bilocular pores oval, each 2 Μm long and 1 Μm wide; with 1 pore present between margin and each spiracle. Quinquelocular pores, each 3 Μm diameter, with 1 pore just anterior to each spiracle and a pore medial to each coxa; plus 2 on each of abdominal segments IV, V, VI. Ventral setae of three types: (i) sharply spinose setae, similar to those on margin: with 1 pair near anterior margin, each 10–15 Μm; a line of 7 or 8 setae submarginally in metathorax and abdominal segments II–VII, similar to marginal setae but shorter, each about 7 Μm long; (ii) setose setae: 3 pairs between scapes, each 20–30 Μm long; 1 seta medial to each coxa 8–15 Μm long; also segmentally arranged medially and submedially on abdominal segments II–VII, each 10–17 Μm long. Plus a pair anterior to anal ring 12–15 Μm long, and another pair postero-lateral to anal ring 15–25 Μm long; and (iii) tack-like setae, each 5–6 Μm long, extending submarginally from metathorax to abdominal segment VII. Microspines, each about 1 Μm long, arranged in 2–4 transverse rows in median and submedian areas of each abdominal segment. Anal ring ventral, diameter 15–25 Μm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae 20–30 Μm long, and about 17 pores. Anal lobes well-developed; each lobe with 2 spinose setae on inner margin, each distinctly thicker than marginal setae and 12–15 Μm long, plus a long apical seta 77–125 Μm long.</p><p>Comments. There is no unique set of characters that distinguishes the first-instar nymphs of Nidularia from the Palaearctic Kermes examined in this study. Those of N. balachowskii can be distinguished from other Nidularia species by the sharply spinose, apically pointed and slightly curved marginal setae, each 9–15 Μm long; N. pulvinata has setose setae (Koteja, 1980) and N. japonica has setose setae, somewhat conical at their base (Kuwana, 1918; Liu et al., 1997).</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 45; Plate 6, fig. i). As for K. echinatus apart from: General appearance. Newly emerged males brown-black; body 0.8–1.0 mm long; width across mesothorax 0.2–0.3 mm wide; fore-wing 0.8–1.0 mm long, 0.35–0.45 mm wide; caudal filaments 0.5–1.0 mm long.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Total length 0.8–1.0 mm long, width across mesothorax 0.2–0.4 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 175–200 µm long; width across genae 200–215 µm. Dorsal and ventral simple eyes each 30–45 µm diameter; lateral simple eyes (lse) smaller, 15 µm diameter; ocellus 10–13 µm diameter. Dorsal head setae (dhs) 8–10 hs on either side of median crest. Ventral head setae (vhs) few, total 4–6 hs. Antennae: length 375–400 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length about 1:0.43). Scape (scp) 30–35 µm long, 35–40 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hs. Pedicel (ped) 50–55 µm long, 35–40 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hs. Flagellar segments III–X each 35–65 µm long and 20–22 µm wide; segment III longest, segments becoming shorter towards apex; approximate number of setae per segment: III–VIII 2–8 fs; IX–X 10–14 fs; X 2 ab + 4 cs.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax: as for K. echinatus but sternum (stn1) with faint radial striations and 1 hs prosternal setae (stn1s) on each side. Anteprosternal (astn1s) and antemesospiracular setae (am2s) absent.</p><p>Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) rectangular, 70–80 µm long, 100–125 µm wide. Scutum (sct): median membranous area 50–60 µm long; with 1 hs on each side, lateral to membranous area, 13–15 µm long. Scutellum (scl) 40–45 µm long, 125–130 µm wide; with 1 hs 13–15 µm long on each side. Basisternum (stn2) 125–130 µm long, 200–210 µm wide; basisternal setae absent. Tegula (teg) distinct, with 3–5 hair-like tegular setae (tegs).</p><p>Metathorax: Metathoracic spiracles (sp3): peritreme 15–18 µm wide. Metasternum (stn3) with a total of 20–25 hs setae: 7 or 8 anterior metasternal setae (amss); 15 or 16 posterior metasternal setae (pmss) and 3 or 4 postmetaspiracular setae (eps3s), each 20–30 µm long.</p><p>Wings: 870–1000 µm long and 350–400 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.4; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:1). Hamulohalteres (h) 25–35 µm long, 10–15 µm wide; with a single apical hamulus, 15–20 µm long. Legs: subequal in size, length 494–521 µm. Coxa: I 45 –50; II 50 –63; III 50 –60 µm long, with 7 or 8 hs. Trochanter + femur: I 155–162; II 158–163; III 158–164 µm long, with 6–8 hs; each trochanter with 3 oval sensory pores in a triangle on each surface. Tibia: I 140–150; II 140–150; III 120–150 µm long, with 8–10 hs; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs), 20–25 µm long. Tarsi 2-segmented; tarsus 2 (tar2): I 55 –65; II 58 –65; III 60 –75 µm long, with 8–10 hs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) about 38 µm long. Claw (cl) with denticle: I 25–28; II 25–28; III 28–30 µm long; claw digitules (cdt) about 25 µm long.</p><p>Abdomen. Tergites (at), sternites (as) and pleural areas unsclerotized. Abdominal dorsal setae (ads) (totals): I– VII 2 hs, 10 µm long; VIII 4 hs, 40 µm long; pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (adps) (on each side): I 8 hs and II– VII 4 or 5 hs, 10 µm long, VIII 3 hs, one 60–65 µm long and others 25–30 µm long; ventropleural setae (avps) (on each side) II–VII 3 or 4 hs, 15 µm long; abdominal ventral setae (avs) (totals) II–VII 10–14 hs, VIII 4 hs, 28–30 µm long. Glandular pouch setae (gls) 88–100 µm long; each pouch with 7–10 pores, each 3 µm diameter with 3–5 loculi. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) 120–130 µm long, greatest width 70–80 µm. Basal rod (bra) 30–35 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) 63–70 µm long. Genital capsule with 2 pairs of hs (gts) dorsally and 4 or 5 pairs hs (gts) ventrally</p><p>Comments. The major feature distinguishing the adult male of N. balachowskii from the other five Israeli and Nearctic species is body size. The adult male of N. balachowskii is only 0.8–1.1 mm long and 0.2–0.3 mm wide at metathorax whereas the other species are 1.5–2.0 mm long and 0.4–0.5 mm wide. Nidularia balachowskii can be distinguished from N. japonica by the absence of setae on the prosternum ( N. japonica has eight setae) and the presence of one pair of dorsal setae on the abdominal segments ( N. japonica has two pairs) (Liu et al., 1997).</p><p>Fourth-instar male (pupa) (Fig. 46; Plate 6, fig. h). Develops within a white, flocculent (wooly) wax test secreted by second-instar male. Morphologically very similar to that of K. echinatus but differing as follows. General appearance. Body brown, 0.9–1.0 mm long, 0.2–0.36 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 0.92–1.0 mm long, 0.34–4.0 mm wide; head 165–175 µm long, 250–275 µm wide.</p><p>Margin. Wing-buds: fore-wings 375–440 µm long, 100–140 µm wide; hind-wings: length ratio to mesothoracic wings 1:11. Setae fine and blunt, each 12–15 µm long, distributed as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Eyes absent. Ocular sclerite reticulated, 35–50 µm long, 75–90 µm wide. Setae setose, each 5 µm long, with 4 pairs on head apex; and in submedial longitudinal rows. Anal lobes rounded and membranous, each with a setose seta 55–95 Μm long on apex. Median penial lobe triangular, 95–105 Μm long, 95–115 Μm wide; with 3 pairs of setose setae, each 15–20 Μm long. Venter. Ocular sclerite as on dorsum. Antennae 10 segmented, total length 400–460 µm, width 25–35 µm; setae absent. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 18–20 µm long, 10–15 µm wide, each sclerosis 25–33 µm long; without pores. Legs well-developed, subequal in size, measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 50–75, trochanter + femur 125–150, tibia 100–110, tarsus 60–75; total length 335–410 Μm; each coxa with 2 short setae, each 5 µm long; incipient claw 5 µm long. Ventral setae setose: with 4 pairs of interantennal setae, each 5 Μm long; abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines, as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The pupa of N. balachowskii is greyish-brown in life, similar to those of K. nahalali and K. spatulatus but unlike other Israeli kermesids, K. greeni is orange and K. echinatus and K. hermonensis are red. As in all known kermesid pupae bar K. hermonensis, the pupa of N. balachowskii lacks quinquelocular pores anterior to each spiracle. Also N. balachowskii has membranous anal lobes, as in all described kermesid pupae apart from K. greeni and K. spatulatus, which have sclerotized anal lobes.</p><p>Third-instar male (prepupa) (Fig. 47; Plate 6, fig. g). As for K echinatus apart from: General appearance. Body brown and broadly oval when removed from test, 0.5–1.0 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body 0.5–1.0 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide; separation between head, thorax and abdomen not clearly demarcated. Margin. Anterior wing-buds each 250–300 µm long, 90–110 µm wide, extending to about level with metathoracic coxae. Setae fine and blunt, arranged as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Dorsum. Setae setose, each 5–10 µm long, with 4 pairs on head apex; and also with submedial longitudinal rows. Anal lobes rounded apically, with 2 setae on apex of each lobe, 1 long and setose, 50–60 Μm long, and other spinose, 10–15 Μm long. Median penial lobe 35–40 Μm long, 50–65 Μm wide, broadly rounded; with 6 setose setae, each 5–10 Μm long.</p><p>Venter. Eyes absent. Antennae 8, 9 or 10 segmented, tapering apically; length 250–290 µm, 65–80 µm wide; with 2 short fleshy setae, about 5 µm long, on scape and 1 on segments VIII, IX and X. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 18–20 µm long, 10–15 µm wide, each sclerosis 20–30 µm long; each spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore anterolaterally, 3 Μm diameter. Legs 3 segmented lobes, subequal in size; total length of metathoracic leg, 145–175 Μm and 60–75 Μm wide; claw absent; each coxa with 2 short setae about 5 Μm long. Ventral setae setose, each 8–10 Μm long; with 4 pairs between scapes, and abdominal setae arranged as on K. echinatus . Microspines arranged as on K. echinatus .</p><p>Comments. The prepupa of N. balachowskii is greyish-brown in life, similar to K. nahalali and K. spatulatus but unlike the other Israeli kermesids, K. greeni is orange and K. echinatus and K. hermonensis is red. The prepupa of N. balachowskii has a single quinquelocular pore anterior to each spiracle, while those of K. echinatus and K. hermonensis have two pores. The other Israeli kermesids ( K. greeni, K. nahalali and K. spatulatus) and the Nearctic species A. kingii (Hamon et al., 1976) and E. gillettei (Miller &amp; Miller, 1993) lack spiracular pores.</p><p>Second-instar male (Fig. 48; Plate 6, fig. f). General appearance. Secretes a white, wooly wax test, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, 0.4–0.8 mm wide; body yellow-brownish, broadly oval when removed from test, 0.7–1.45 mm long, 0.4– 0.8 mm wide; derm membranous, with inter-segmental lines.</p><p>Mounted specimen. Body oval, 0.7–1.8 mm long, 0.3–0.9 mm wide.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae robust and setose, each 18 µm long, in a complete single row of 26–30 on each side.</p><p>Dorsum. Microtubular ducts with a circular opening about 2 Μm diameter, inner ductule about 1 Μm long and outer ductule 0.5 Μm long; numerous, scattered over entire dorsum. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with inner ductule 10–15 µm long, cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 9–12 µm long, abundant throughout dorsum. Setae setose, each 10–15 µm long, in submedial longitudinal rows, each row with 5 setae.</p><p>Venter. Eyes circular, each 10 µm diameter, lateral to each scape. Antennae 7 segmented, length 100–125 µm; segments III and VII longest; scape and pedicel each with 2 setose setae; segment III without setae; IV with 1 fleshy seta; V with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, VI with 1 fleshy seta and 1 setose seta, and apical segment with 4 fleshy setae and 3 setose setae. Frontal lobes absent. Legs well-developed; measurements (in Μm) of metathoracic legs: coxa 35–50; trochanter + femur 100–105; tibia 40–50; tarsus 75–80 and claw 20–25; total length 250–275 Μm; trochanter with 2 oval sensory pores on each side; tarsal digitules 25–30 Μm long, knobbed apically; claw digitules knobbed apically, each 20–25 Μm long; each claw with a single denticle. Tentorium 90–100 µm long, 75–90 µm wide. Labium 3 segmented, triangular, 80–100 µm long, 45–50 µm wide; labial setae setose: basal segment with 2 pairs about 10 µm long, median segment with 1 pair 10 µm long and apical segment 4 pairs 15 µm long. Spiracles subequal in size, each peritreme 10–13 Μm wide, each sclerosis 25–30 µm long; each spiracle with 3 quinquelocular pores anterolaterally, each 5 µm diameter. Tubular ducts of Type 2 only, with inner ductule 10– 15 µm long, inner cup 5 µm wide and outer ductule 9–12 µm long, in a complete submarginal band 1 or 2 ducts wide. Bilocular pores circular, each 2 µm diameter, with 10–14 pores in a single complete submarginal line. Quinquelocular pores, each 3 µm wide, with 2 pairs between scapes; 1 pore medial to each coxa; also submedially on abdominal segments II–VII; and with 10–12 pores in a single complete submarginal line. Ventral setae of three types: (i) robust setose setae: with a pair similar to marginal setae on anterior margin between scapes, each about 14 µm long; (ii) setose setae: with 3 pairs medially just anterior to tentorium, each about 30 µm long; 3 mesad to each coxa, each 25–35 µm long; abdominal segments II–VII with medial rows, each about 15 µm long, and submedial rows, each about 10 µm long. Also with 2 pairs anterior to anal ring, each 10–20 µm long, and 2 pairs posterior to anal ring, one pair 8–10 µm long and other pair long and flagellate, each 80–85 µm long; (iii) tack-like setae in a submarginal row on abdominal segments II–VII, each 5 µm long. Microspines, each about 3 µm long, in groups of 3–5 in 6 or 7 transverse rows on each abdominal segment and on scattered on thorax. Anal ring ventral; diameter 25–30 µm, composed of 2 semi-circles, each half with 3 spinose setae, each 28–33 µm long, plus 10–16 pores.</p><p>Comments. The second-instar males of the other two Nidularia species, N. japonica and N. pulvinata, have not been described. Nidularia balachowskii lacks the anal lobes found on K. greeni and K. nahalali and has no frontal lobes, as found in Kermes echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) . In addition, what distinguishes N. balachowskii from other Israeli kermesids is the presence of three quinquelocular pores associated with each spiracle. All the other species have more or fewer than three pores: K. echinatus (4) K. greeni (five), K. hermonensis (eight), K. nahalali (eight), K. quercus (4–9) (Podsiadlo, 2012), K. spatulatus (five) and K. vermilio (two) (Pellizzari et al., 2012). The Nearctic second-instar males of K. cockerelli, K. concinnulus and K. rimarum differ in having long, setose marginal setae and, unlike N. balachowskii which only has quinquelocular pores on the venter, have them scattered on both the dorsum and venter (Baer &amp; Kosztarab, 1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2A358FF9DFFA039A9E99DFB72444E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Spodek, Malkie;Ben-Dov, Yair	Spodek, Malkie, Ben-Dov, Yair (2014): A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3781 (1): 1-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3781.1.1
