taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A267726B38862DFC29F88F692CF908.taxon	description	(Figs 7 – 11)	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B38862DFC29F88F692CF908.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ZIHU 3916, male, site C (Table 1), Sarobetsu Marsh, Rishiri Rebun Sarobetsu National Park, Hokkaido, Japan (Fig. 1), 28 May 2005, soft parts mounted on 20 slides, carapace mounted on a microfossil slide. Allotype: ZIHU 3917, female, same site, Sarobetsu Marsh, 10 May 2005, soft parts mounted on 15 slides, carapaces mounted on a microfossil slide. Paratypes: ZIHU 3918, 3919, two males, same data as for allotype, mounted on slides; ZIHU 3920, 3921, two females, same data as for allotype, mounted on slides; ZIHU 3922, 3923, two males, same data as for allotype, mounted on stubs for SEM observation.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B38862DFC29F88F692CF908.taxon	description	Description of male. Carapace (Figs 7 A, B, D, 8 A – C) 1.24 – 1.27 mm long, 0.71 – 0.74 mm high (n = 4; 1.25 mm long, 0.71 mm high in holotype); moderately compressed in dorsal view, posterior end round, anterior end slightly beak shaped (Fig. 8 C); left valve overlapping right valve both anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsal margin straight in lateral view, sloping towards anterior end; greatest height exceeds half the length. Surface of valves with long, stiff, perpendicularly attached setae and covered with numerous tiny pits observable by SEM (Fig. 7 A, B). Antennule (Fig. 8 D) seven-segmented. First two podomeres fused, with two long dorsal setae and two long apicoventral setae. Third podomere quadrate, with apico-dorsal seta. Fourth podomere quadrate, with apico-dorsal seta. Fifth and sixth podomeres both quadrate, each with two long apico-dorsal setae. Seventh podomere with two long and one shorter apico-dorsal setae. Eighth podomere elongate and slender, with two long setae, one shorter seta, and aesthetasc ya. Antenna (Fig. 8 E) five-segmented. First podomere with one long, apico-ventral seta, one medium-long, anteroproximal, plumose seta, one long, antero-proximal seta, and one long latero-proximal seta. Second podomere with two apico-ventral setae, aesthetasc Y, and exopodite (Exo); exopodite consisting of one long and two short setae. Third podomere with two mid-apical male bristles (t 2 and t 3), one short apico-ventral and one apico-dorsal setae, and short mid-ventral seta. Fourth podomere with long G 1 and G 3, short G 2, and three apico-ventral setae. Fifth podomere with GM and shorter Gm, one apical seta, and aesthetasc y 3. Mandible (Fig. 9 A) consisting of coxal plate and four-segmented palp. Coxal plate with antero-lateral plumose seta and seven stout teeth, latter interspersed with several setae of various lengths. First podomere of palp with exopodal plate (Exo) and one long and one short inner-distal plumose setae, one long antero-distal seta, and alpha plumose seta. Second podomere of palp with beta seta and group of three setae. Third podomere of palp with three outer apical setae, one mid-apical gamma seta, and two medium-long and one short inner apical setae. Fourth podomere of palp with one distally plumed claw, two apical setae, and one shorter apical seta. Maxillula (Fig. 9 B) with elongate vibratory plate, three masticatory processes, and two-segmented palp. First podomere with two long, apical plumose setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 9 C, D) with palp, vibratory plate (Exo), one antero-proximal seta, one antero-apical seta, and one postero-apical seta. Vibratory plate with two filaments. Palp transformed into asymmetrical clasping organs; left clasping organ (Fig. 10 E) slender, curved, with two short distal setae; right clasping organ (Fig. 10 F) helmet-shaped, with two short distal setae. Masticatory process with numerous setae. Walking leg (Fig. 10 A) five-segmented. Terminal claw (h 2) long, with denticles covering about half the length. Cleaning leg (Fig. 10 B) five-segmented. Penultimate segment subdivided. First podomere with three setae. Fourth podomere with one apical seta. Fifth podomere with two long (h 2, h 3) and one shorter (h 1) setae. Uropodal ramus (Fig. 10 C) with anterior seta and welldeveloped posterior seta. Two terminal claws with tiny denticles. Hemipenis (Fig. 10 D) distally with three lobes. Medial lobe (h) longest among three, distally beak-shaped (Fig. 7 F). Outer lobe (a) narrow, shortest, usually angling away somewhat obliquely (Figs 7 E, 10 D). Inner lobe (b) overlapping to medial lobe. Peniferum, inner lobe, and medial lobe, altogether tapering distally. M process (M) well developed, proximally branched for three parts. The brusa complex (e) pointed and forked at proximally. Zenker’s organ (Fig. 11) with 5 + 2 internal rings of spines. Description of female. Carapace 1.15 – 1.20 mm long, 0.63 – 0.64 mm high (n = 3; 1.17 mm long, 0.63 mm high in allotype). Carapace slightly shorter and posteriorly lower and narrower than that of male. Antenna (Fig. 8 F) four-segmented. First and second podomeres similar to those of male. Third podomere with long G 1 and G 3, shorter G 2, one long and one short apicodorsal setae, one apico-ventral aesthetasc y 2, and two midventral setae. Fourth podomere with GM, shorter Gm, one apical seta, and aesthetasc y 3. Palp of Maxilliped (Fig. 9 E) simple, non-segmented, with three apical setae. The other parts of female similar to male.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B38862DFC29F88F692CF908.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In having three setae in the setal group on the second segment of the mandibular palp (Fig. 9 A), Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. belongs to the Ps. rostrata (Brady and Norman, 1889) species group (Meisch 1996). The soft parts of Ps. tenuirostris (Fig. 7 C) are similar in the morphology to those of Ps. rostrata, but the shape of the carapace is similar to that of Ps. sarsi (Hartwig, 1899) (Hartwig 1899; Meisch 2000). There are clear differences in the clasping organs and the hemipenis between Ps. tenuirostris and the latter two species. In Ps. tenuirostris, both the left and right male clasping organs are relatively long and slender (Fig. 10 E, F); the fingers of both organs are shorter than in Ps. rostrata and more slender than in Ps. sarsi. In all three species, the hemipenis comprises three distal lobes, but in Ps. tenuirostris the medial lobe (h) is longest, very narrow, and beak-shaped; the outer lobe (a) is shortest. In contrast, in Ps. rostrata, the medial lobe (h) is stout and longest, whereas the inner lobe (b) is shortest; in Ps. sarsi, the outer lobe (a) is well developed and longer than the stout medial lobe (h).	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B38862DFC29F88F692CF908.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new specific name is an adjective, derived from the combination of the Latin tenuis meaning “ thin ” or “ fine ” and rostris meaning “ of beak ”, referring to the fine, beak-like medial lobe on the distal end of each hemipenis.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B30862AFF6EF9716A1EF783.taxon	description	(Figs 12 – 16)	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B30862AFF6EF9716A1EF783.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZIHU 3909, 1 male, site E (Table 1, Fig. 1), 6 August 2005, dissected, soft parts mounted on 19 slides; ZIHU 3910, 1 female, same site, 6 August 2005, dissected, soft parts mounted on 18 slides; ZIHU 3911, 1 male, same site, 19 June 2007; mounted on stubs for SEM observation.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B30862AFF6EF9716A1EF783.taxon	description	Description of male. Carapace (Figs 12 A, B, 13 A, B) 0.57 mm long, 0.37 mm high (ZIHU 3909), 0.56 mm long, 0.39 mm high (ZIHU 3911). Dorsal margin of carapace more or less strongly arched. In dorsal view, left valve overlaps right valve at both ends. In frontal view, carapace distinctly asymmetrical; right valve overlaps left valve with conspicuous dorsal hump. Antero- and postero-ventral margins of right valve each with row of pustules; pustules situated on list formed by outer lamella of valve, rather than on selvage (Fig. 12 C, D). Antennule (Fig. 13 C) seven-segmented. First two podomeres fused, with two long apico-ventral setae and one mid-dorsal seta. Third podomere with one apico-dorsal seta and externo-ventral Rome organ. Fourth podomere quadrate, with one apico-ventral seta and one apico-dorsal seta. Fifth podomere quadrate, with two apico-ventral setae and one very long and one long apico-dorsal setae. Sixth podomere quadrate, with two apico-ventral setae and two very long apico-dorsal setae. Seventh podomere quadrate, with two very long apico-ventral setae and two very long and one medium-long apico-dorsal setae. Eighth podomere elongate, with one claw, two long and one short apical setae, and aesthetasc ya. Antenna (Fig. 13 D) five-segmented. Penultimate segment subdivided. First podomere with two proximal setae (not depicted in Fig. 13 D) and one long apico-ventral seta. Second podomere with one apico-ventral plumose seta and mid-ventral aesthetasc Y. Exopodite (Exo) situated on proximal part of second podomere; consisting one long and two short setae. Third podomere with one long and one shorter apico-ventral setae, two apico-dorsal setae, and two apical male bristles (t 2 and t 3); natatory setae (5 + 1) very long, extending beyond tips of terminal claws by ca 70 % of their total length. Fourth podomere with long G 1 and G 3, shorter G 2, long apical seta, and mid-ventral seta. Fifth podomere with slender GM, shorter Gm, mid-ventral setae, and aesthetasc y 3. Mandible (Fig. 14 A) consisting of coxal plate and 4 - segmented palp. Coxal plate with seven teeth and antero-lateral seta. First podomere of palp with external vibratory plate (Exo), one inner seta and two plumose setae, and simple alpha seta. Second podomere of palp with two outer apical setae. Setal group on second podomere with three long plumose setae, one inner seta, and one plumose beta seta. Third podomere of palp with three outer apical setae, three midapical setae, and smooth externo-distal gamma seta. Fourth podomere of palp apically with two setae, one short seta, and one plume-tipped claw. Maxillula (Fig. 14 B) with elongate vibratory plate, three masticatory processes, and two-segmented palp. Maxilliped (Fig. 14 D, E) with asymmetrical clasping organ, vibratory plate (Exo), one long-plumed and two short antero-proximal setae, one plumose antero-apical seta, and one short postero-apical seta. Finger of right clasping organ (Fig. 15 D) strongly developed, apically with one long process and one short, tooth-shaped process. Left finger (Fig. 15 E) hook-shaped, distal end of finger curved outward, proximal part with two setae. Vibratory plate with six filaments. Masticatory process with numerous apical setae and filaments. Walking leg (Fig. 14 F) five-segmented. Second podomere with conspicuously long antero-apical seta. Terminal claw (h 2) slender, curved. Cleaning leg (Fig. 15 A) four-segmented. First podomere with three setae. Third podomere with one seta in middle. Fourth podomere with one long (h 3) and two short (h 1, h 2) apical setae. Uropodal ramus (Fig. 15 B) with two parallel rows of setulae, anterior seta, and well-developed posterior seta situated in relatively distal part of ramus. Two terminal claws lacking denticles. Outer process (a) of hemipenis slender slightly curved, longer than inner process (b) (Fig. 15 C). Outer edge of peniferum stout at about middle part. The labyrinth of spermiduct well developed and stout at proximal part. The brusa complex (e) pointed. Zenker’s organ (Fig. 16) with 5 + 2 internal rings of spines. Description of female. Carapace 586 µm long, 394 µm high (ZIHU 3910). Carapace similar to that of male, but slightly larger. Antenna (Fig. 13 E) four-segmented. First and second podomeres and natatory setae similar to those of male. Third podomere with long G 1 and G 3, shorter G 2, one long and two shorter apical setae, one medium-long and one short midventral setae, and one mid-dorsal seta. Fourth podomere with GM, Gm, one mid-ventral seta, and aesthetasc y 3. Palp of Maxilliped (Fig. 14 C) simple, non-segmented, with three apical setae. The other parts of female similar to male.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B30862AFF6EF9716A1EF783.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Our specimens from Sarobetsu Marsh generally agree with the original description of Physocypria nipponica (cf. Okayama, Okubo 1990) and the subsequent report from Lake Biwa (Smith and Janz 2008), but show some minor differences: the distal processes of the hemipenis seem to be less curved in the Sarobetsu specimens than in the specimens from Okayama and Lake Biwa; the widest position of the peniferum appears slightly different between our specimens and the illustrations by Okubo (1990) and Smith and Janz (2008); the clasping organs (Fig. 15 D, E) are more slender than in the Lake Biwa specimens than in our specimens; the left clasping organ (Fig. 15 E) has a more slender apical hook-like process in Lake Biwa specimens than in our specimens; and there are two setae distally on the left clasping organ in our specimens, while only one seta is present in the Lake Biwa specimens. These differences are so slight that, for now, we refer the Sarobetsu population to Ph. nipponica. Smith and Janz (2008) mentioned the similarity between Ph. nipponica and Ph. kraepelini Müller, 1903, pointing out the necessity of further investigation to confirm the possible synonymy of these species. The description of Ph. kraepelini which distributed around Palearctic region by Meisch (2000) indicates that the structure of the hemipenis is different between the two taxa. In Ph. kraepelini, the peniferum is quite angular and the outer edge is stout proximally. However, there is no information on variation in the outer edge of hemipenis in either of these two taxa. For the time being, we regard Ph. nipponica is a valid species.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B378629FCF9F88F6C3DF9E8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZIHU 3903, 1 male, site E (Table 1, Fig. 1), 6 August 2005, dissected, soft parts mounted on 17 slides; ZIHU 3904, 1 male, site B (Table 1, Fig. 1), 13 May 2006, dissected, soft parts mounted on 16 slides; ZIHU 3905, 1 female, site E, 6 August 2005, dissected, soft parts mounted on 16 slides; ZIHU 3906 (1 male), ZIHU 3907 (1 female), ZIHU 3908 (1 female), site E, 17 July 2007, mount- ed on stubs for SEM observation. Comparative material. Holotype, ZIHU 2063, male. Paratype, ZIHU 2064 – 2067, 4 females; ZIHU 2071 – 2072, 2 males.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
03A267726B378629FCF9F88F6C3DF9E8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There are a few minor morphological differences between the holotype from Kushiro Marsh and our specimens from Sarobetsu Marsh. In the Kushiro Marsh specimens, the medial ridge of the hemipenis attaches to about the middle of the dorsal ridge or at the end of the zygum, and the entire outer margin of the hemipenis is gradually curved (Fig. 17 B). In the Sarobetsu Marsh specimens, the medial ridge attaches to the end of the dorsal ridge, and the hemipenis has the outer margin gradually curved over the proximal two-fifths, but nearly straight distally (Fig. 17 A). The shape of the upper clasping ramus (UR) also shows subtle variation. This backward-directed ramus is usually straight in the Sarobetsu population (Fig. 17 A), but in a few specimens it is identical in form to that in the Kushiro population (Fig. 17 B). The carapace and soft parts are identical between the two populations, and we attribute the above morphological differences to geographical variation in a single species.	en	Hiruta, Shimpei F., Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2013): Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov. Species Diversity 18: 57-74, DOI: 10.12782/sd.18.1.057
